A patient has been diagnosed with achalasia. He refused surgery initially, preferring to try nonoperative therapy. He tried life-style modification, calcium channel blockers, botulin toxin injection, and endoscopic pneumatic dilatation. None of the treatments alleviated his symptoms. What are his surgical options?
Esophagectomy Surgical esophagomyotomy proximal to the LES Modified Heller myotomy and partial fundoplication Repeat pneumatic dilation using pressures of loops