We all have heard of this phrase that God is omnipresent. This phrase applies to modern-day technology as well. Wherever we go, we could find one very important phenomena you all have heard of. I am talking about Force or load.
We all have heard of this phrase that God is omnipresent. This phrase applies to modern-day technology as well. Wherever we go, we could find one very important phenomena you all have heard of. I am talking about Force or load. Whatever we do is all related to force. Even while typing, we are putting our finger force on the key of the board that results in a display of that letter on the screen. This phenomenon is vastly applicable for each branch of engineering. Since we are dealing with civil engineering so now we shall be discussing the load or force being acted on building or any infrastructure.
Force is the push or pulls that tends to move or stop the object. Here also one very important term comes into play that is stress. Stress is the force being acted on one particular area. Technically, stress is Force upon the area and Newton per mm square is its SI unit. Every activity happening around the world depends on stress. In simple words, we can say that stress is resistance against any load acting. There are many types of stress. On every object, either single stress is been acted or combined stress is been acted altogether.
There lie many types of stresses which four main types are Tensile stress, compressive stress, shear or torsional stress, and lastly bending stress. Here we shall be knowing about torsional stress.
Torsional stress has evolved from the term known as torque. Torque is the net sum of two forces been acted in opposite directions on the same line parallel to each other which tends to rotate or twist the object. Some of the common examples of torque in every day’s life are:-
- The tire rotates as a result of torque been acted.
- The tightening up of the screw is all result of torque.
- While we walk on the first floor of a building, our body force being acted downwards and resistance against the force by the longitudinal wall to which that floor is been attached is an example of torque.
From torque, torsion has been derived. One of the same thing but torque is used in a more generalized form while torsion is more into the technical aspect.
Torsion is categorized into two types. One is primary torsion and another one is secondary torsion. While to rotate or twist any object, we apply two forces in opposite directions at the same line parallel to each other. The first force is the primary torsion while the second force is the secondary torsion. The primary torsion is required for the basic static equilibrium and secondary torsion is the type of torsion which satisfies the compatibility condition between members. The combined form of primary and secondary torsion results in a couple.
Calculating torsion plays a crucial role in the overall design of a building. What dimensions we need is all about designing. And designing is more into calculating all types of stresses been acted. Calculating torsion is one aspect of that design.
T=Torque or moment of torque in Nm.
J=Torsional constant in m4
r= distance between the rotational axis to the farthest point in the section.
l= length of an object over which torque is applied
G= Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus. Simply, we can say that sheer modulus is the ratio of shear stress over shear strain having no unit.
While we have got all the values of the equation, we can easily find out the value of torsion through the above equation. J is the torsional constant which remains the same throughout.
As of now, I am sure you all are been familiar with torsion and equations to calculate it. Now we shall be looking at various cases or conditions under which torsional stresses are been calculated.
Case 1 for irregular buildings- suppose we have an L-shaped building. One stress is being acted from downward direction upwards and the other being acted on the perpendicular side at the perpendicular end as shown below.
The concentrated load will be at the slanted line at the mid-point at which two different stress is been acte