Our Father who art in heaven,hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread,and forgive us our trespasses,as we forgive those who trespass against
Our Father who art in heaven,hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread,and forgive us our trespasses,as we forgive those who trespass against us, and lead us not into temptation,but deliver us from evil.
For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory,
for ever and ever. Amen.
Observe the commands of the Lord your God, walking in obedience to him and revering him.
For the Lord your God is bringing you into a good land —
a land with brooks, streams, and deep springs gushing out into the valleys and hills;
a land with wheat and barley, vines and figtrees, pomegranates, oliveoil and honey;
a land where bread will not be scarce and you will lack nothing…
The Seven Species ( Seven Kinds ) are seven agricultural products that are listed in the Bible as being special products of the Land of Israel. They were the staple foods of the Jewish in the Promised Land during biblical times.
Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicocum ), a tetraploid hybrid, was first cultivated in the Fertile
Crescent at around 10,000 BC. However, emmer wheat require time-consuming pounding or roasting to remove its husk.
During the Iron Age ( 1,300 – 600 BC ), durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), another tetraploid hybrid become the dominant cultivated species. Durum wheat yield higer, easily detached from chaff, and easily hulled. However, it was difficult to grind to obtain fine flour, thus was seldom use for making bread.
After the Greek conquest ( circa 300 BC ), common wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), a hexaploid hybrid, replace the durum wheat as the primary wheat crop. As did usage of wheat flour for bread-making, replacing barley and durum wheat.
Wheat is harvested around the time of Shavuot ( Festival of Weeks ) ( Exo 34:22 ) ( Christian : Pentecost ) in the month of Sivan. 20,000 cors of wheat were sent to Hiram king of Tyre year after year, in exchange of cedar and juniper logs King Solomon wanted for building the Temple ( 1Kings 5:11 ).
Barley is Hordeum vulgareL., a self-pollinating, annual, diploid grass species with 14 chromosomes. The wild ancestor of today’s domesticated barley is Hordeum vulgare spontaneum, grown abundantly throughout the Fertile Crescent.
Barley is made into bread ( Judges 7:13, 2Kings 4:42, Ezekiel 4:12, John 6:9-13 ), used in soups and stews. Barley was considered cheaper by half of the finest wheat flour. ( 2Kings 7:18 )
The 7th plague was that of hail, which destroyed the then blooming flax and headed barley ( Exo 9:31 ). The event took place just prior to the first Passover, which falls in the spring month of Nisan. Barley and wheat were both sowed in autumn, yet barley matured faster and would be harvested sooner. Thus the bread during the Feast of Unleavened Bread would have been barley.
Gideon dreamed of a barley bread tumbled into the Midianites camp ( Judges 7:13 ), Elisha fed a hundred men with twenty loaves of barley bread ( 2Kings 4:42 ), and Jesus feeds the five thousand with five loaves of barley bread and two small fish ( John 6:9 ).
Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread is celebrated during the onset of barley harvest, in April
Vines ( Grapes )
The grapes are most probably Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia.
Today’s cultivated grape include American species V. labrusca, V. riparia, V. rotundifoia, and Asian species V. amurensis.
Grapes are deciduous woody vines. The fruit is a berry, grows in clusters of 15 to 300, colour ranging from crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, to pink.
Grape are propagated via cuttings, clefting, and layering. Vineyards are planted on fertile hill, fenced with watchtower, and in-house winepress ( Isa 5:1-2, Mat 21:33 ), harvested together with olive in October, during Feast of Tabernacles.
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. Freshly pressed grape juice with 7-23% of solid content ( pomace ) is called as “must” ( H : tirosh, G : gleukos ). The juice is often sold fresh or fermented, and made into wine ( H : yayin, G :methusma ), brandy ( H : shekar, G : sikera ) or vinegar ( H : chomets, G : oxos ). Dried grapes are called “raisin”.
The common fig is Ficus carica, a temperate species native to southwest Asia and the Mediterranean region.
Ficus is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs and vines, occupying a wide variety of ecological niches. Specific identification can be difficult, but figs as a group are relatively easy to recognized. Many have aerial roots, latex-producing, tri-veined, paired stipules or circular stipule scar, and syconium fruit.
Fig fruit is a false fruit. The flowers and seeds grow together to form a single mass, called a multiple fruit. Ea