E. Donnall Thomas, in full Edward Donnall Thomas (born March 15, 1920, Mart, Texas, U.S.—died October 20, 2012, Seattle, Washington), American physician who in
E. Donnall Thomas, in full Edward Donnall Thomas (born March 15, 1920, Mart, Texas, U.S.—died October 20, 2012, Seattle, Washington), American physician who in 1990 was corecipient (with Joseph E. Murray) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in transplanting bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells (which form blood cells) from one person to another—an achievement related to the treatment of patients with leukemia and other blood cancers or blood diseases.
Thomas studied at the University of Texas (B.A., 1941; M.A., 1943) and the Harvard Medical School (M.D., 1946). He served at a few hospitals and a research centre before becoming a professor of medicine at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons (1955–63) and the University of Washington School of Medicine (from 1963) in Seattle. He became professor emeritus at the University of Washington in 1990. In 1975 Thomas and his research team transferred to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, where he established and led the world’s first bone marrow transplant centre for the treatment of leukemia, aplastic anemia, and other blood disorders.
In 1956 Thomas performed the first successful bone marrow transplant between two humans: a leukemic patient and his identical twin. The recipient’s body accepted the donated marrow and used it to make new, healthy blood cells and immune system cells. Thomas adopted methods to match the tissues of donor and recipient closely enough to minimize the latter’s rejection of the former’s marrow (graft-versus-host disease), and he also developed techniques to reduce the chances of transplant rejection. In 1968 these refinements enabled him to perform the first successful bone marrow transplant in a leukemia patient using bone marrow from a relative who was not an identical twin. Before his work, acute lymphocytic leukemia had a very high mortality rate. By 1990, partially as a result of his research, approximately 85 percent of all lymphocytic leukemia patients with good human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matches could be expected to survive.
In 1990 Thomas was awarded the U.S. National Medal of Science. He also wrote several books during his career, including Aplastic Anemia (1978), Frontiers on Bone Marrow Transplantation: Fetal Hematopoiesis (1991), and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (1999; cowritten with Stephen J. Forman and Karl G. Blume).