Therefore, alternative attractiveness can moderate the effects of regret and dissatisfaction with switching intention"  And so, pull motivation can be an attracting desire when negative influences come into the picture. The self-control aspect of motivation is increasingly considered to be a subset of
Therefore, alternative attractiveness can moderate the effects of regret and dissatisfaction with switching intention"  And so, pull motivation can be an attracting desire when negative influences come into the picture. The self-control aspect of motivation is increasingly considered to be a subset of emotional intelligence ;  it is suggested that although a person may be classed as highly intelligent as measured by many traditional intelligence tests, they may remain unmotivated to pursue intellectual endeavours.
Vroom's " expectancy theory " provides an account of when people may decide to exert self-control in pursuit of a particular goal. A drive or desire can be described as a deficiency or need that activates behavior that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which motivates a person to seek food whereas more subtle drives might be the desire for praise and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others. Another basic drive is the sexual drive which like food motivates us because it is essential to our survival.
Drive theory grows out of the concept that people have certain biological drives, such as hunger and thirst. As time passes the strength of the drive increases if it is not satisfied in this case by eating. Upon satisfying a drive the drive's strength is reduced. Created by Clark Hull and further developed by Kenneth Spence, the theory became well known in the s and s. Many of the motivational theories that arose during the s and s were either based on Hull's original theory or were focused on providing alternatives to the drive-reduction theory, including Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which emerged as an alternative to Hull's approach.
Drive theory has some intuitive validity. For instance when preparing food, the drive model appears to be compatible with sensations of rising hunger as the food is prepared, and, after the food has been consumed, a decrease in subjective hunger. Suggested by Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two cognitions: their views on the world around them, and their own personal feelings and actions.
Their feeling that another purchase would have been preferable is inconsistent with their action of purchasing the item. The difference between their feelings and beliefs causes dissonance, so they seek to reassure themselves. While not a theory of motivation, per se, the theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. The cognitive miser perspective makes people want to justify things in a simple way in order to reduce the effort they put into cognition. They do this by changing their attitudes, beliefs, or actions, rather than facing the inconsistencies, because dissonance is a mental strain.
Dissonance is also reduced by justifying, blaming, and denying. It is one of the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology. The content theory was one of the earliest theories of motivation. Content theories can also be referred to needs theories, because the theory focuses on which categories of goal needs motivate people.
Content theory of human motivation includes both Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory.
Maslow's theory is one of the most widely discussed theories of motivation. Abraham Maslow believed that man is inherently good and argued that individuals possess a constantly growing inner drive that has great potential. The needs hierarchy system, devised by Maslow, is a commonly used scheme for classifying human motives. The American motivation psychologist Abraham H. Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs consisting of five hierarchic classes. According to Maslow, people are motivated by unsatisfied needs.
The needs, listed from basic lowest-earliest to most complex highest-latest are as follows:. The basic requirements build upon the first step in the pyramid: physiology. If there are deficits on this level, all behavior will be oriented to satisfy this deficit. Essentially, if you have not slept or eaten adequately, you won't be interested in your self-esteem desires.
Subsequently, we have the second level, which awakens a need for security. After securing those two levels, the motives shift to the social sphere, the third level.
Psychological requirements comprise the fourth level, while the top of the hierarchy consists of self-realization and self-actualization. One of the first influential figures to discuss the topic of Hedonism was Socrates, and he did so around BC in ancient Greece. Hedonism, as Socrates described it, is the motivation wherein a person will behave in a manner that will maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
The only instance in which a person will behave in a manner that results in more pain than pleasure is when the knowledge of the effects of the behavior is lacking. Sex is one of the pleasures people pursue. Sex is on the first level of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. It is a necessary physiological need, like air, warmth, or sleep, and if the body lacks it will not function optimally. That being said, sex as a basic need is different from the need for sexual intimacy, which is located on the third level in Maslow's Hierarchy.
There are multiple theories for why sex is a strong motivation, and many fall under the Theory of Evolution. Species that reproduce more, survive and pass on their genes. Therefore, species have sexual desire that leads to sexual intercourse as a means to create more offspring. Without this innate motivation, a species may determine that attaining intercourse is too costly in terms o