2Hoover’s Foreign Policy “Isolationist” in nature.Saw peace conferences and treaties as moral efforts – no place for economic sanctions.League of nations (without US) had met continuously through the 1920s.
3Roose
2Hoover’s Foreign Policy “Isolationist” in nature.Saw peace conferences and treaties as moral efforts – no place for economic sanctions.League of nations (without US) had met continuously through the 1920s.
3Roosevelt’s Policies, 1933 - 1938 Good-Neighbor Policy.Policy of non-intervention in Latin America.Dollar diplomacy no longer practical.Rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy prompted FDR to seek Latin American cooperation.
4Pan-American Conferences. Hoover had been on a goodwill tour of Latin America.Reversed the interventionist policies of Wilson and Taft (Nicaragua and Haiti).Pan-American Conferences.U.S. delegation at the 1933 conference pledged the US would never again intervene in the internal affairs of Latin America.
5Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary. In 1936 Roosevelt attended the conference – if a European power (Germany) aimed “to commit acts of aggression against us,” it would find “a hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for our mutual safety and our mutual good.”
6Cuba.In 1934 FDR nullified the Platt Amendment retaining only the U.S. right to keep a naval base at Guantanamo.Mexico.Tested U.S. patience and commitment.Seized US oil properties in 1938.Roosevelt did not intervene.
7Japanese Aggression in Manchuria. Defied the Open Door Policy and the League of nations.Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931.Put in puppet regime – renamed region “Manchukuo”L of N did nothing – passed a resolution.
9Stimson Doctrine.Sec. Of State Henry Stimson - US would refuse to recognize the legitimacy of the “Manchukuo” government.L of N endorsed the doctrine.
10Economic Diplomacy.Initially Roosevelt’s foreign policy motivated by the economy.London Economic Conference (1933).Recognition of the Soviet Union (1933).Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934 provided for the independence of the Philippines.1935 Filipinos elected their own president – US still in nominal control.Lowered tariffs on goods from nations who had reciprocated.
11Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism Worldwide depression + nationalist resentments gave rise to military dictatorships.Italy.1922 – Benito Mussolini “Il Duce.”Fascists – black shirts – believed nation and race should be glorified through show of force.
12Germany. Nazi Party equivalent of Italy’s Fascists. Rose in the 1920s in reaction to depression.Adolf Hitler played on anti-Semitic sentiments.Brown shirts gained control of German legislature in 1933.
13Japan.Militarists and nationalists increased their power in 1920s and 30s.Persuaded Japan’s nominal ruler, the emperor, to invade China and S.E. Asia for raw materials.The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
14American Isolationists. Nationalism in US led to isolationist sentiment.Believed U.S. entry in WWI had been a mistake.Nye Committee in 1934 had concluded that US involvement in WWI was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers.
15Neutrality Acts. Isolationists were the majority in Congress 1938. Congress adopted acts to ensure US neutrality if war broke out in Europe.Neutrality Act, 1935 – authorized president to prohibit all arms shipments and forbid US citizens from traveling on ships of belligerent nations.Neutrality Act, 1936 – forbade the extension of loans and credit to belligerents.Neutrality Act, 1937 – forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain.
16Spanish Civil War.1936 – ideological struggle between fascism and republicanism.1939 General Francisco Franco established a military dictatorship.
17America First Committee. In 1940 war in Europe had begun.Isolationists saw Roosevelt’s policies as pro-British.America First Committee mobilized to turn public opinion against American involvement – Charles Lindbergh.
18Prelude to War1935 to 1938.Hitler created powerful military – stronger than Britain and France.Britain, France and US adopted a policy of appeasement in an effort to avoid conflict.
19Appeasement: Ethiopia, 1935. Rhineland, 1936 China, 1937. Mussolini invaded Ethiopia.L of Nations and US did nothing.Rhineland, 1936Demilitarized in the Treaty of Versailles.Hitler ordered troops to reoccupy it.China, 1937.Full-scale war between Japan and China.
20Sudetenland, 1938.Hitler insisted he had the right to a strip of Czechoslovakia – Germany speaking.Roosevelt, Chamberlain and Daladier decided to negotiate in Munich.“Peace in our time.”
21US Response.Roosevelt recognized public opinion was isolationist in US.When Japan invaded China he argued for “quarantining” the aggressor.Public reaction was negative and he dropped it.
23Preparedness.Roosevelt argued for neutrality and security - building up arms.Congress agreed in 1938 – military budget went up 2/3rds.Isolationists understood the build 