Oil and gas production operations from depleted oil and gas fields often result in the production of enormous amount of water. Even though, disposal of this oil-field produced water itself is a challenging task, however at the same time, treated oil-field produced water
Oil and gas production operations from depleted oil and gas fields often result in the production of enormous amount of water. Even though, disposal of this oil-field produced water itself is a challenging task, however at the same time, treated oil-field produced water can provide an unconventional source of water that could be used for certain beneficial reuses.
The present study reports on the review of various currently available oil-field water treatment technologies with a focus on heavy metals removal technologies.It appears that the photo catalyticmethods are the most promising methods for removing heavy metals from oil-field produced water. However, several factors including the initial metal concentration, the component of the wastewater, capital investment and operational cost, plant flexibility and reliability, environmental impact, and utility of the treated water have a great influence on the selection of the most suitable treatment techniques.
Extraction of oil and gas from underground reservoirs often is accompanied by water or brine, which is referred to as produced water. Produced water is the largest waste-stream of oil and gas exploration which includes water trapped in underground formations and water injected into the stratum to drive out the crude oil. In early stages of oil production, water content is usually low but can rise to as high as 80% during the later 