to occur, they require some predesigned or evolutionary match (sometimes called “understanding”) between source and recipient.

Pragmatic information is then defined as *that which represents the univocal correspondence pattern $\rightarrow$ change*; it is the reason why we call Category 2) *information-driven interactions* (Roederer 2003).[^3] By “univocal” we mean that the interaction process is deterministic and must yield identical results when repeated under similar conditions of preparation[^4]. This in turn means that the triggering pattern must be stable during some finite time and be amenable to be copied. When an information-driven interaction has occurred, we say that pragmatic information was transferred from the source $S$ (where the pattern resides) to the recipient $R$ (where the pattern-specific change occurs). We wish to emphasize that in this definition, the concept of pattern refers to a physical/topological property in space and/or instants of time;[^5] it includes, but is not limited to, symbols to which one can assign syntactic and semantic dimensions (e.g., see Küppers, 1990, Chapter 3).

Note that in the preceding we do not imply that information “resides” in the patterns—the concept of pragmatic information is one of *relationship* between patterns and changes, mediated by some interaction mechanism. A pattern all by itself 