taking a longer route and telecommunications equipment having taken on additional load. NDT also provides different approaches to this measurement, which allow alternative perspectives on the network. The minimum round trip time record (MinRTT) mostly occurs before the network reached a point of congestion, and therefore is generally not thought to be indicative of real performance. Alternatively, the average of RTTs, through the division of the sum of all round trip times by the number of trips may more closely approximate latency, but is also vulnerable to outlier values. [@findingthelatency]

Packet Loss

:   ($\frac{CongSignals}{SegsOut}, \frac{SegsRetrans}{DataSegsOut}$)\
    The transmission of traffic across a route is not guaranteed to be reliable, and network systems are designed to cope with and avoid failure. These mechanisms include maintaining an internal timer that will give up on traffic the system has sent, alerts from the network that congestion is occurring, and notification from the other end that data is missing. Packet loss for our purposes is defined as the the number of transmission failures that occurred, due to all forms of congestion signals recorded under NDT’s test, including *fast retransmit*, *explicit congestion notifications* and *timeouts*. In order to address this relative to the amount of extensiveness 