---
abstract: 'We formulate the second quantization of a charged scalar field in homogeneous, time-dependent electromagnetic fields, in which the Hamiltonian is an infinite system of decoupled, time-dependent oscillators for electric fields, but it is another infinite system of coupled, time-dependent oscillators for magnetic fields. We then employ the quantum invariant method to find various quantum states for the charged field. For time-dependent electric fields, a pair of quantum invariant operators for each oscillator with the given momentum plays the role of the time-dependent annihilation and the creation operators, constructs the exact quantum states, and gives the vacuum persistence amplitude as well as the pair-production rate. We also find the quantum invariants for the coupled oscillators for the charged field in time-dependent magnetic fields and advance a perturbation method when the magnetic fields change adiabatically. Finally, the quantum state and the pair production are discussed when a time-dependent electric field is present in parallel to the magnetic field.'
author:
- Sang Pyo Kim
title: 'Second Quantized Scalar QED in Homogeneous Time-Dependent Electromagnetic Fields'
---

YITP-13-63

Introduction {#sec1}
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Recent development of intense laser sources has brought intensive study of quantum motions of charged particles in electromagnetic fields [@DMHK12]. In astrophysics, 