train attack*]{}, carried out by a man shouting racial and anti-Muslim slurs who fatally stabbed two people and injured a third; and [*Quebec City mosque shooting*]{} that targeted worshipers, leaving 6 dead and 19 injured. We focus on these particular events for their overall difference in nature. Table \[table:examples\] includes example messages.

[**Who is mentioned?** ]{} Naturally, many messages mentioned (directly or indirectly) Arabs, Muslims, or Islam, given how we collected our data and the focus of our study. Yet, we also found messages mentioning the victims of the attacks, the mainstream media, political and religious groups (e.g., “the left", “Christians"), immigrants in general, and high-profile individuals (e.g., politicians, journalists).

[**What is said, and why?** ]{} The content of the messages ranged from blaming Arabs and Muslims for the attack, to providing context and defending Islam. Some messages made crude generalizations or included denigrating insults, while others appeared to either intimidate or incite violence.

[**How is the content framed?** ]{} According to @entman1993framing, content may be framed according to whether it defines a problem, diagnoses its causes, makes a moral judgment, or suggests a remedy. Several messages echoed similar points of view about what the “problem" might be, what the 