production cross section in A+A collisions. The initial state (or cold nuclear matter) effects are related to the presence of a heavy nucleus in the collision and require the modification of the corresponding PDF in Eq. \[eqcs\]. The correction factors for PDFs are usually obtained from the $p$/$d$$+$$A$ data [@Helenius:2012wd; @Eskola:2016oht].

The final-state effects are related to the formation of a hot, dense medium, QGP. While the hard-scattered parton propagates through the medium, it loses a fraction of its energy (jet-quenching) [@Bjorken:1982tu; @Baier:2000mf; @Wang:1994fx] by gluon emission or elastic scatterings with the medium constituents.

Parton energy loss in the QGP is quantified with the jet transport coefficient $\hat{q}$, defined as the squared momentum exchange between the hard parton and the medium per unit path length [@Baier:2000mf]. The relation of $\hat{q}$ to other medium parameters, such as temperature, shear viscosity and entropy, is indicative of the character of the coupling to the medium [@majumder2007small].

Several phenomenological models [@qin2008gy; @chen2011x; @young2012martini; @majumder2012suppression; @xu2014azimuthal] were designed to estimate $\hat{q}$ based on ${\mbox{$R_{AB}$}\xspace}$ measurements at RHIC and the LHC. In the model calculations, the final state effects are usually accounted for by replacing $D_{c\rightarrow h}$ with the medium-modified FF $\widetilde{D}_{c\rightarrow h}$ in Eq. \[eqcs\]. 