easily in the menu of thirteen choices shown in Figure \[13-menu-choices-for-modality\]. First consider the case where negation scopes over modality. Four of the thirteen choices are composites of negation scoping over modality. For example, the annotators can choose [*try*]{} or [*not try*]{} as two separate modalities. Five modalities (Require, Permit, Want, Firmly Believe, and Believe) do not have a negated form. For three of these modalities (Want, Firmly Believe, and Believe), this is because they are often transparent to negation. For example, [*I do not believe that he left NY*]{} sometimes means the same as [*I believe he didn’t leave NY*]{}. Merging the two is obviously a simplification, but it saves the annotators from having to make a difficult decision.

The second linguistic simplification is related to a duality in meaning between [*require*]{} and [*permit*]{}. Not requiring P to be true is similar in meaning to permitting P to be false. Thus, annotators were instructed to label [*not require P to be true*]{} as [*Permit P to be false*]{}. Conversely, [*not Permit P to be true*]{} was labeled as [*Require P to be false*]{}.

After the annotator chooses the modality, the scoping of modality over negation takes place as a 