what you need to do when at war with these \[expletive\]");

[*Both diagnoses causes and suggests solutions*]{}: if both of the above categories apply to the message.

Terms or sentences may perform multiple of these framing functions, but they may also perform none of them [@entman1993framing]. Thus, for annotation purposes we add a catch-all category for those cases where none of these functions apply.

Methodological Framework {#sec:method}
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To quantify how extremist violence events affect the prevalence of various types of speech, we treat these events as interventions on observed time series. Following existing techniques for causal inference on time series [@eichler2012causal; @brodersen2015inferring], we measure this effect by comparing the behavior of an observed time series (which we refer to as [*treated*]{}) after an event with a counterfactual time series of its behavior had the event not taken place. This synthetic unobserved counterfactual time series (which we refer to as [*control*]{}) is modeled from several observed time series that may be correlated to the treated time series (yet not affected by the event), as we describe below. The causal effect is then estimated based on the differences between the treated and the control time series. Broadly, since we model the 