sciences. Molecular biology is the foundation of biological sciences and molecular mechanism, which is governed by all the valid mechanics, including quantum mechanics when it is relevant, and is the ultimate truth of life science. One trend of biological sciences in the 21$^{\rm st}$ century is that many traditional disciplines, such as epidemiology, neuroscience, zoology, physiology and population biology, are transforming from macroscopic and phenomenological to molecular-based sciences. Another trend is that biological sciences in the 21$^{\rm st}$ century are transforming from qualitative and descriptive to quantitative and predictive, as many other disciplines in natural science have done in the past. Such a transformation creates unprecedented opportunities for mathematically driven advances in life science [@Wei:2016].

Biomolecules, such as proteins and the nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are essential for all known forms of life, such as animals, fungi, protists, archaea, bacteria and plants. Indeed, proteins perform a vast variety of biological functions, including membrane channel transport, signal transduction, organism structure supporting, enzymatic catalysis for transcription and the cell cycle, and immune agents. In contrast, nucleic acids function in association with proteins and are essential players in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information, which is stored through nucleic acid sequences, 