---
address:
- ', , '
- ', , '
- ', , '
- ', , '
author:
- Mohammadali Hedayat
- 'Tatsat R. Patel'
- Marek Belohlavek
- 'Kenneth R. Hoffmann'
- 'Iman Borazjani\*'
bibliography:
- 'wileyNJD-AMA.bib'
title: ' A hybrid echocardiography-computational fluid dynamics framework for ventricular flow simulations'
---

Introduction {#sec1}
============

In the U.S. more than $375,000$ deaths are associated with heart diseases each year [@american2015heart]. Early diagnosis of heart disease can reduce the mortality rate and provide useful information on proper therapies. Several noninvasive techniques have been used to characterize abnormal blood patterns that contribute to heart failure. Medical imaging techniques including Phase Contrast-MRI (PC-MRI) [@bock20104d; @wigstrom1999particle], 3D echocardiography (3D-echo) [@sugeng2007real; @chaoui2004three], and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) [@rodriguez2013intracardiac] have been widely used to visualize flow patterns in the cardiac system. However, they typically suffer from low spatial/temporal resolution within an acceptable scanning time and thus insufficient for detailed hemodynamic analysis [@doost2016heart]. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) in combination with imaging techniques for geometric reconstruction can provide a powerful tool for investigating the flow pattern with more details in the reconstructed cardiac system [@borazjani2013left].

The flow simulations in the complex geometries with large deformations and complicated motions 