logic and formal scientific modelling point to the necessity of introducing natural time itself into our formal treatment of science, mathematics, and logic. We first discuss some of the difficulties in logic and scientific theory that arise either from a failure to include time in the formal system, or if it is included, from the way it is represented. We then provide examples of the explanatory power that becomes available with the introduction of natural time into formal systems. Finally, the last part of the contribution offers an outline of the way forward.

THE ROLE OF TIME IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE
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By the end of the nineteenth century the question of the certainty of mathematics itself was being raised. This led initially to efforts to show that mathematics could be formalised as a logical system. Problems in the form of paradox soon emerged in this programme, and those difficulties in turn led to attempts to demonstrate that the programme was at least feasible in principle. However those attempts also failed when it was proven that mathematics must contain unprovable or undecidable propositions. The result was that mathematics came to resemble an archipelago of certainties surrounded by a sea of 