---
author:
- 'Leonard W. T. Ng'
- Xiaoxi Zhu
- Guohua Hu
- Nasiruddin Macadam
- Dooseung Um
- 'Tien-Chun Wu'
- Frederic Le Moal
- Chris Jones
- Tawfique Hasan
title: 'Conformal printing of graphene for single and multi-layered devices on to arbitrarily shaped 3D surfaces'
---

Introduction
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Although a number of methods have been explored for the deposition of 2D materials for functional devices, printing holds specific promise for high-volume, low-cost and large-area manufacturing [@Cui2016; @Ng2019; @Hu2018; @Torrisi2012]. These include inkjet [@Hu2018; @Torrisi2012; @Mcmanus2017; @Howe2015], screen [@Joseph2016; @Secor2014] and roll-to-roll (R2R) gravure and flexographic printing which are already widely used in the large-scale, ultra-low-cost production of packaging materials, everyday documents, magazines and newspapers [@Ng2019a]. Among these, screen printing has emerged as an effective method in depositing high-viscosity graphene inks directly on to the substrates, typically *via* a stencil made of a fine synthetic fibre mesh that is capable of depositing $\sim$10-16 $\mu$m thick layers of ink [@R.H.Leach1993; @Ng2019a]. Recent investigations have shown customised screen printing can achieve high resolution ($<\sim$40 $\mu$m) patterns of 2D materials on a variety of substrates, including glass, paper, textiles, polyester film and even solid graphite [@Zhang2017; @Rowley-Neale2017; @Hyun2015; @Arapov2016; @Xu2013; @Yeates2017]. 