that a speaker might have (or not have) toward an event or state. From the point of view of the reader or listener, modality might indicate factivity, evidentiality, or sentiment. Factivity is related to whether an event, state, or proposition happened or didn’t happen. It distinguishes things that happened from things that are desired, planned, or probable. Evidentiality deals with the source of information and may provide clues to the reliability of the information. Did the speaker have first hand knowledge of what he or she is reporting, or was it hearsay or inferred from indirect evidence? Sentiment deals with a speaker’s positive or negative feelings toward an event, state, or proposition.

Our project was limited to modal words and phrases—and their negations—that are related to factivity. However, beyond the core cases of modality we include some aspects of speaker attitude such as intent and desire. We included these because they are often not separable from the core cases of modality. For example, [*He had to go*]{} may include the ideas that someone wanted him to go, that he might not have wanted to go, that at some point after coercion he intended to go, and that at some point 