velocity is shown in Fig. \[fig:freesurfacevelocityschematic\], where the main features of the signal have been labeled. The arrival of the shock wave increases the pressure and particle velocity in the liquid to state (1), which transitions to state (2) as the reflected expansion front relieves the pressure and doubles the particle velocity. On the free-surface velocity trace, the shock wave manifests itself as a sharp increase in pressure, with the peak velocity ($u_\mathrm{max}$) corresponding to state (2). As can be seen in Fig. \[fig:freesurfacevelocityschematic\], wave reverberations in the Mylar sheet cause a slight delay in reaching the peak velocity behind the shock. The interaction of both expansion fronts further reduces the pressure into the tensile region (state (2)-(3)), which manifests itself on the free-surface velocity trace as a nearly linear decrease in velocity. This velocity pullback signal has a slope which is proportional to the rate at which tension develops in the sample. The state of maximum tension ($P_\mathrm{s}$, state (3)), corresponds to the point where tension is relieved by cavitation in the liquid, while state (4) corresponds to the minimum free-surface velocity ($u_\mathrm{min}$) observed in Fig. \[fig:freesurfacevelocityschematic\], which occurs at the arrival of the cavitation-induced spall pulse.

![Labeled schematic 