act as pedagogical evaluation, such as the correctness of a student’s answer or the time taken for the student to answer. Assessment modeling is the prediction of assessments conditioned on the surrounding context of interactions. Although it is natural to pre-train interactive features available in large amount, narrowing down the prediction targets to assessments holds relevance to the label-scarce educational problems while reducing irrelevant noises.

    To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work investigating appropriate pre-training method of predicting educational features from student-system interactions. While the effectiveness of different combinations of assessments is open for exploration, we suggest assessment modeling as a guiding principle for selecting proper pre-training tasks for the label-scarce educational problems.
author:
- 'Youngduck Choi^1,2^, Youngnam Lee^1^, Junghyun Cho^1^, Jineon Baek^1,3^, Dongmin Shin^1^'
- 'Seewoo Lee^1,4^, Youngmin Cha^1^, Byungsoo Kim^1^, Jaewe Heo^1^'
title: |
    Assessment Modeling: Fundamental Pre-training Tasks\
    for Interactive Educational Systems
---

&lt;ccs2012&gt; &lt;concept&gt; &lt;concept\_id&gt;10003456.10003457.10003527.10003540&lt;/concept\_id&gt; &lt;concept\_desc&gt;Social and professional topics Student assessment&lt;/concept\_desc&gt; &lt;concept\_significance&gt;500&lt;/concept\_significance&gt; &lt;/concept&gt; &lt;concept&gt; &lt;concept\_id&gt;10003456.10003457.10003527.10003541&lt;/concept\_id&gt; &lt;concept\_desc&gt;Social and professional topics K-12 education&lt;/concept\_desc&gt; &lt;concept\_significance&gt;500&lt;/concept\_significance&gt; &lt;/concept&gt; &lt;/ccs2012&gt;

Introduction
============

![image](fig1.pdf){width="75.00000%"}

Interactive Educational System (IES) interacts with students to assess them and design individualized optimal learning paths. The observations of student behaviors collected automatically by IESs 