assumes the reference image given by the temporal intensity mean over all frames can accurately approximate the underlying true image, which is usually not the case. Similarly, a subsampling method introduced by Roggemann [@roggemann1994image] selects subsamples from images produced by adaptive-optics systems to generate a temporal mean with higher signal-to-noise ratio.

To enhance the accuracy of the registration onto a reference image, a feasible approach is to stabilize the video and reduce the deformation between each frame and the reference image. The SGL method purposed by Lou [*et al.*]{} [@lou2013video] incorporates Sobolev gradient and Laplacian for stabilization of the video sequence, and finds the latent image by the Lucky-Region method.

Robust Principle Component Analysis (RPCA) [@candes2011robust] is a recent approach to solve the deturbulence problem. Low-rank decomposition method proposed by He [*et al.*]{} [@he2016atmospheric] decomposes the video sequence into the low-rank and sparse parts. A variational approach introduced by Xie [*et al.*]{} [@xie2016removing] is applied to improve the initial reference image as the low-rank image that captures the texture information and suppresses geometric distortions, although it usually looks blurry. Registration may sometimes fail when there is a large deformation between the observed video frames and the reference image.

Another recent 