replacing “X” with grammatical categories and then with categories corresponding to semantic units.

The semantic units that we examined in this effort were modalities and negation (indications that a statement represents something that has/hasn’t taken place or is/isn’t a belief or an intention) and named entities (such as people or organizations). Other semantic units such as relations between entities and events, were not part of this effort, but we believe they could be similarly incorporated into the framework. We chose to examine semantic units that canonically exhibit two different syntactic types: verbal, in the case of modality and negation, and nominal, in the case of named entities.

Although used in this effort, named entities were not the focus of our research efforts in SIMT. Rather, we focused on the development of an annotation scheme for modality and negation and its use in MT, while relying on a pre-existing HMM-based tagger derived from Identifinder  [@Bikel:1999] to produce entity tags. Thus, the remainder of this paper will focus on our modality/negation annotation scheme, two MN taggers produced by the effort, and on the integration of semantics in the SIMT paradigm.

Modality and Negation {#modality-section}
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Modality is an extra-propositional component of meaning. 