of the black background and are due to edge effects (see Figure \[fig:translation\_invariance\_ext\]). By contrast, (b) shows that larger pooling sizes provide little to no robustness to slight shifts of the visible region. []{data-label="fig:pooling_invariance"}](confidence_maps/cifar_figures/cup-crop-2.png "fig:"){width="1.2cm"} ![ *Comparison of location invariance and fragile recognition images (CIFAR-10).* FRIs are distinct from translation-based adversarial examples. (a) shows that maximum pooling makes the DNN almost entirely robust to translation by maximizing location invariance; the remaining $10\%$ of translations that do cause variation are generally at the edge of the black background and are due to edge effects (see Figure \[fig:translation\_invariance\_ext\]). By contrast, (b) shows that larger pooling sizes provide little to no robustness to slight shifts of the visible region. []{data-label="fig:pooling_invariance"}](confidence_maps/cifar_figures/cup-crop-3.png "fig:"){width="1.2cm"}
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ![ *Comparison of location invariance and fragile recognition images (CIFAR-10).* FRIs are distinct from translation-based adversarial examples. (a) shows that maximum pooling makes the DNN almost entirely robust to translation by maximizing location invariance; the remaining $10\%$ of translations that do cause variation are generally at the edge of the black background and are due to edge effects (see Figure \[fig:translation\_invariance\_ext\]). By contrast, (b) shows that larger pooling sizes provide little to no robustness to slight shifts of the visible region. []{data-label="fig:pooling_invariance"}](confidence_maps/cifar_figures/shift_positionmulti.pdf 