---
author:
- 'Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan'
title: |
    Massive Computation for Understanding\
    Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
---

[Shell : Bare Demo of IEEEtran.cls for Journals]{}

Introduction
============

Core-collapse supernova explosions come from stars more massive than $\sim$$8-10$ times the mass of the Sun. Ten core-collapse supernovae explode per second in the universe, automated astronomical surveys discover multiple per night, and one or two explode per century in the Milky Way. Core-collapse supernovae outshine entire galaxies in photons for weeks and output more power in neutrinos than the combined light output of all other stars in the universe, for tens of seconds. These explosions pollute the interstellar medium with the ashes of thermonuclear fusion. From these elements, planets form and life is made. Supernova shock waves stir the interstellar gas, trigger or shut off the formation of new stars, and eject hot gas from galaxies. At their centers, a strongly gravitating compact remnant, a neutron star or a black hole, is formed.

![Schematic of core collapse and its simplest outcomes. The image shows SN 1987A, which exploded in the Large Magellanic Cloud.[]{data-label="fig:collapse"}](f1.pdf){width="0.97\columnwidth"}

As the name alludes, the explosion is preceded by collapse of a stellar core. 