Sloan Digital Sky Survey and smoothly transition to a warp near the disc’s edge. Velocity measurements from *Gaia* data will be instrumental in testing the true wave nature of the corrugations. We also compile a list of “minimum requirements" needed to observe bending waves in external galaxies.'
author:
- |
    Matthew H. Chequers[^1] and Lawrence M. Widrow[^2]\
    Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
bibliography:
- 'bibliography.bib'
date: 'Accepted XXX. Received YYY; in original form ZZZ'
title: 'Spontaneous generation of bending waves in isolated Milky Way-like discs'
---

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galaxies: kinematics and dynamics – galaxies: evolution – galaxies: structure – Galaxy: disc

Introduction
============

It is common for disc galaxies to bend in and out of their respective midplanes. The most conspicuous examples are the warps seen in the outer regions of both [H[i]{} ]{}and stellar discs (see @binney1992 and @sellwood2013, and references therein). There are classic “integral sign" warps as well as warps with more complicated morphologies. Indeed, detailed H[i]{} maps of the Milky Way reveal a complex pattern of warping and flaring beyond the Solar circle [@levine2006]. More recently, @reyle2009 showed that warped distortions similar to that in the gas also 