derived within an effective supergravity context on the understanding that at some scale above the effective cutoff $(\Lambda)$, this field theory would have to be replaced by its ultra-violet completion. Here the latter will be assumed to be string theory.

Several comments about the formula are in order here. The first term on the RHS is the (real part of the) holomorphic gauge coupling of the theory defined in . Its functional form may be read off from the relevant string theory whose low-energy effective action is being studied. It will also include the holomorphic corrections coming from integrating out massive string states. The second term is the usual field theory running from the cutoff scale down to the scale $\mu$. The fourth term comes from the rescaling anomaly that comes when the gauge field prepotential is redefined so as to get (from the standard superspace form in ) to the canonically normalized form of the gauge/gaugino field kinetic terms [@ArkaniHamed:1997mj]. The fifth term comes from the Konishi anomaly whose origin is in the the rescaling necessary to get the canonical kinetic terms for the chiral scalar/fermion fields. These all occur already in global SUSY and together constitute the (integrated 