---
abstract: 'The solar radiation focusing effect is related to the specific phenomenon of propagation of the Sun-emitted HF and VHF waves through terrestrial ionosphere. This natural effect is observed with ground-based radio instruments running within 10-200 MHz range, as distinctive patterns – the Spectral Caustics (SCs) – on the solar dynamic spectra. It has been suggested that SCs are associated with medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). In this paper, we present the first direct observations of SCs induced by MSTIDs, using solar dynamic spectra with SCs obtained by different European radio telescopes on January 8, 2014 and simultaneous two-dimensional detrended total electron content (dTEC) maps over Europe. Spatial examination of dTEC maps as well as precise timing analysis of the maps and the dynamic spectra have been performed. First, we found several pairs of one-to-one (TID-SC) correspondences. The study provides strong observational evidence supporting the suggestion that MSTIDs are the cause of SCs.'
author:
- 'Artem Koval, Yao Chen, Takuya Tsugawa, Yuichi Otsuka, Atsuki Shinbori, Michi Nishioka, Anatoliy Brazhenko, Aleksander Stanislavsky, Aleksander Konovalenko, Qing-He Zhang, Christian Monstein, Roman Gorgutsa'
title: |
    Direct Observations of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances\
    as Focusers of Solar Radiation: Spectral Caustics
---

Introduction {#Sect:Introduction}
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The 