the network for migration, which are respectively in the orders of $24\mathsf{x}$ and $36\mathsf{x}$. This is particularly important for bandwidth or time constrained connections. Total migration times and data transfers for the Game Server, RAM Simulation, and No Application do not improve significantly, but are also not worse than with two layers when the application is found at the migration target. The relative reductions in total migration time and data transfers are smaller for KVM, because the application and associated data count for a smaller proportion of the total size of a KVM virtual machine.

We note that Video Streaming and Face Detection both have large filesystems compared to RAM Simulation and Game Server, and it is from this the three-layer model derives its benefit. The larger the application or associated data, the greater the benefit from introducing an intermediate layer. This can be seen in Figure \[fig:lxcMigrationTimesforApps\], which shows how the migration of application data can account for a significant portion of the total time it takes to migrate an application.

The three-layer model does have a downside, in that if the application has not been found at the migration destination, the total migration time can be longer than 