|                 |                 |
|                 | young*]{}" (R)  |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Diagnoses       | “[*the left     |                 | “[*we should    |
| causes          | say, look they  |                 | deport Muslim   |
|                 | were not        |                 | scumbags and    |
|                 | refugees; the   |                 | their           |
|                 | fact is that    |                 | families*]{}"   |
|                 | this would      |                 | (R)             |
|                 | never happen if |                 |                 |
|                 | we would have   |                 |                 |
|                 | banned          |                 |                 |
|                 | them*]{}” (R)   |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Characterizing Hate Speech {#sec:characterizing}
==========================

Here, we present example themes from messages posted in the aftermath of extremist events (listed in §\[sec:analysis\]), and characterize them along four dimensions (stance, target, severity, and framing), which we then use to analyze the data.

Exploration of Post-Event Messages {#subsec:qualitative}
----------------------------------

To understand how the content and themes of messages vary with respect to who is mentioned, what is said, and how the content is framed, we review messages posted after one terrorist and two Islamophobic attacks: [*Manchester Arena bombing*]{}, an Islamist terrorist attack in Manchester that targeted concert goers, killing 23 people and wounding 512 others; [*Portland 