data service rate[^10]. Although, the transmission rate policy is pre-determined along with the energy demand policy, it is indeed a function of the available energy in the battery given in (\[eq:power\_level\]), and hence it is stochastic. Another challenge in the wireless medium is the channel fading. When the transmission is exposed to deep fading in one frame, reliable decoding at the receiver may not be possible. In other words, if the instantaneous channel capacity falls below the transmission rate, a *transmission outage* occurs; that is, the receiver fails to decode the data. Therefore, even if the desired energy rate is met, a transmission outage may occur due to channel fading.

We consider a block-fading channel model, and assume that the fading coefficient, $h(i)$, stays constant during one time frame and changes independently from one frame to the next. Now, given that the transmission power is as given in (\[eq:power\_level\]), the instantaneous channel capacity in the $i^{\text{th}}$ time frame is $\mathcal{I}(i)\triangleq N\log_{2}\left(1+\frac{|h(i)|^2p_c(i)}{N\sigma_{w}^{2}}\right)$ bits/frame, assuming Gaussian codebooks[^11] are employed [@book_information_theory Ch. 9.1][@caire1999optimum]. $N$ is the number of transmitted symbols in one time frame, which is assumed to be sufficiently large, and $\sigma_{w}^{2}$ is the variance of the zero-mean noise in the wireless 