---
author:
- 'Elie Alhajjar [^1]'
- 'Paul Maxwell [^2]'
- 'Nathaniel D. Bastian [^3]'
bibliography:
- 'sample-base.bib'
title: '**Adversarial Machine Learning in Network Intrusion Detection Systems**'
---

Introduction
============

It is becoming evident each and every day that machine learning algorithms are achieving impressive results in domains in which it is hard to specify a set of rules for their procedures. Examples of this phenomenon include industries like finance [@WONG1997301; @BOSE2001211], transportation [@10.1162/neco.1991.3.1.88], education [@stanczyk2007machine; @10.1561/1500000005], health care [@KOUROU20158] and tasks like image recognition [@simonyan2014deep; @He_2015; @He_2016], machine translation [@sutskever2014sequence; @Chen_2018], and speech recognition [@vaswani2017attention; @Lee_2018; @Zhang_2018; @xiong2016achieving].

Motivated by the ease of adoption and the increased availability of affordable computational power (especially cloud computing services), machine learning algorithms are being explored in almost every commercial application and are offering great promise for the future of automation. Facing such a vast adoption across multiple disciplines, some of their weaknesses are exposed and sometimes exploited by malicious actors. For example, a common challenge to these algorithms is “generalization” or “robustness”, which is the ability of the algorithm to maintain performance whenever dealing with data coming from a different distribution with which it was trained.

For a long period of time, 