spectra above $E_F$ and in affinity spectra below $E_F$. Moreover, characteristic atomic spectra at around $-0.5~{\mbox{eV}}$ in Fe and Ni originate from both ionization and affinity process; ${\mbox{d}}^6 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^7$ and ${\mbox{d}}^7 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^6$ in Fe in Figs. \[fig:dos-Fe-Ni\]-(1c)(1d) and ${\mbox{d}}^8 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^9$ and ${\mbox{d}}^9 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^8$ in Ni in Figs. \[fig:dos-Fe-Ni\]-(2c)(2d). These effects comes from the fact that higher energy occupied states are not fully occupied.

Characteristic structure in both atomic ionization and affinity spectra originate from various multiplet scattering; ${\mbox{d}}^7 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^6$ and ${\mbox{d}}^6 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^5$ at around $-4.0~{\mbox{eV}}$ and $-6.0~{\mbox{eV}}$ and ${\mbox{d}}^7 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^8$ and ${\mbox{d}}^6 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^7$ at around $1.5~{\mbox{eV}}$ in Fe of Figs. \[fig:dos-Fe-Ni\]-(1c)(1d) and ${\mbox{d}}^9 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^8$ and ${\mbox{d}}^8 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^7$ at around $-5.5~{\mbox{eV}}$ in Ni of Figs. \[fig:dos-Fe-Ni\]-(2c)(2d). This is due to the multiplet scattering caused by the exchange interaction $J$. The primary splitting of multiplets comes from the Coulomb interaction $U$, for example the transition spectrum of ${\mbox{d}}^8 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^7$ should locate in the lower energy region than that of ${\mbox{d}}^9 {\rightarrow}{\mbox{d}}^8$ of Ni spectra. Then additional multiplet splitting is caused by $J$. In LFT spectra in $-6.0~{\mbox{eV}}< {\omega}< 1.5~{\mbox{eV}}$, the energetic order of the spectral positions does not follow the above first simple rule and this fact implies that the scattering process 