cities while reducing the size of each shipment [@savelsbergh201650th] which makes first and last mile logistic activities harder to plan. Moreover, consumers’ desire for speed (i.e. same-day delivery and faster) has yet to be met by online retailers [@statista_2019_speed]. With promises as fast as 1-hour delivery (e.g. Amazon Prime in select U.S cities), the cost of last-mile logistics becomes an ever more critical part of urban parcel logistics. These trends have been accelerated due to attempts to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., sequestering in place), requiring companies to increase their last-mile delivery capabilities and to deal with the dramatic shift to online channels [@mitsloancovid19].\
To tackle these challenges, a number of innovations have emerged from academia and industry. [@savelsbergh201650th] provide an overall view of recent innovations and modeling of solutions such as multi-echelon networks, dynamic delivery systems, pickup and delivery point networks, omni-channel logistics, crowd-sourced transportation and the integration of public and freight transportation networks. Many of these innovations are considered in the Physical Internet initiative, introduced in @montreuil2011toward, which seeks global logistics efficiency and sustainability by transforming the way physical objects are handled, moved, and stored by applying concepts from internet data transfer to real-world shipping 