entangled state vector, the electrodynamic arrow of time is reversed, whereby a premonitory signal is activated between the location of a measurement and an observer situated in the past light cone of the measurement event, who in turn communicates the results of the measurement to the spacelike separated event associated with the other state of the entangled system. The exchange of information occurs at the speed of light. Measurements of [*local*]{} quantum observables do not involve such a reversal of the electrodynamic arrow of time, so that only the retarded field influences the acceleration of particles. Moreover, when no measurements are performed, the classical electromagnetic fields obey the standard retarded field solutions, the wave function satisfies the deterministic, unitary Schrödinger equation, and quantum fields obey deterministic relativistic field equations. All the paradoxes associated with EPR experiments are resolved, for the [*anti-causal*]{} information exchange between spacelike separated systems makes the wave function reduction consistent with special relativity and quantum mechanics.

Expanding universes in conventional cosmology reverse the direction of the arrow of time during the wave function collapse, selecting the advanced electromagnetic field boundary conditions for [*nonlocal*]{} measurements of systems that are spacelike separated. Thus, standard expanding FRW universes with zero, 