written with English example sentences [@Baker:2010b]. The guidelines can be used to derive hand tagged evaluation data for English and they also include a section that contains a set of Urdu trigger-word examples.

During the SCALE workshop, some Urdu speakers used the guidelines to annotate a small corpus of Urdu by hand, which we reserved for future work. The Urdu corpus could be useful as an evaluation corpus for automatically tagged Urdu, such as one derived from rule projection in the Urdu-English machine translation system, a method we describe further in section \[joshua\]. Also, although we did not annotate a very large Urdu corpus, more data could be manually annotated to train an automatic Urdu tagger in the future.

Anatomy of Modality/Negation in Sentences
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In sentences that express modality, we identify three components: a trigger, a target, and a holder. The trigger is the word or string of words that expresses modality or negation. The target is the event, state, or relation over which the modality scopes. The holder is the experiencer or cognizer of the modality. The trigger can be a word such as [*should*]{}, [*try*]{}, [*able*]{}, [*likely*]{}, or [*want*]{}. It can also be a negative element such 