---
author:
- 'Matthieu B[é]{}thermin'
- Emanuele Daddi
- Georgios Magdis
- Claudia Lagos
- Mark Sargent
- Marcus Albrecht
- Hervé Aussel
- Frank Bertoldi
- Véronique Buat
- Maud Galametz
- Sébastien Heinis
- Olivier Ilbert
- Alexander Karim
- Anton Koekemoer
- Cedric Lacey
- 'Emeric Le Floc’h'
- Felipe Navarrete
- Maurilio Pannella
- Corentin Schreiber
- Vernesa Smolčić Myrto Symeonidis
- Marco Viero
bibliography:
- 'biblio.bib'
date: 'Received 19 September 2014 / Accepted 11 November 2014'
title: Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation
---

Introduction
============

Galaxy properties evolve rapidly across cosmic time. In particular, various studies have shown that the mean star formation rate (SFR) at fixed stellar mass increases by a factor of about 20 between z=0 and z=2 [e.g., @Noeske2007; @Elbaz2007; @Daddi2007; @Pannella2009; @Magdis2010; @Karim2011; @Elbaz2011; @Rodighiero2011; @Whitaker2012; @Heinis2014; @Pannella2014]. This very high SFR can be explained by either larger reservoirs of molecular gas or a higher star formation efficiency (SFE). Large gas reservoirs have been found in massive galaxies at high redshift [e.g., @Daddi2008; @Tacconi2010; @Daddi2010a; @Tacconi2013; @Aravena2013], which could imply high SFRs with SFE similar to 