printed on is then immersed into the water bath to ‘fish’ out the conductive pattern, allowing the pattern to adhere to it with the wet SF acting as the main interface between the ink patterns and the substrate; Fig. \[panel2\]e, f. The printed pattern conforms directly to the topography of the 3D object. Upon desiccation, the residual SF under the conductive patterns dries, reduces in thickness to $\sim$15 $\mu$m and acts as an adhesive for the graphene patterns directly on to the substrate; Fig. \[panel2\]e. We note that this process is still in the proof-of-concept stage and will require further optimisation before it can be scaled-up.

The success of this method of conformal printing relies on the interaction between the water-insoluble graphene ink previously printed in a pattern with the water soluble SF film. To illustrate this in figure \[panel2\]d, the water-soluble PVA is artificially coloured brown with food dye and a water-insoluble graphene pattern printed on to it *via* screen printing. This composite structure is then exposed to water and observed for 120 s which is the time needed for the water-soluble SF to fully dissolve around the printed pattern at 25 $^{\circ}$ C, while leaving the graphene pattern 