parcel flows. Beyond the realm of an urban agglomeration, the network of gateway hubs connects to a network of regional hubs (RH) covering entire blocks of the world (e.g. North America), and these regional hubs connect to a worldwide network of global hubs. This paper focuses on access hubs which are small logistics hubs located at the neighborhood level within minutes of customers, enabling parcel transfer between different vehicle types temporarily holding parcels close to pickup and delivery points. Access hubs are to be used by logistics carriers, and not by consumers as smart lockers are. Access hubs can materialize in many forms including a parked trailer, a smart locker bank, or a storage shed as illustrated in Figure \[fig: AHExample\]. Trailer based solutions like Figure \[fig: AHExample\] (a) and (d) offer all-or-nothing mobile solutions, while capacity module based solutions like Figure \[fig: AHExample\] (b) and (c) offer flexible capacity adjustment over time. The scope of this paper is a capacity module based solution.

Parcel logistics networks have undergone significant changes in the last 20 years, notably in urban contexts as seen in [@janjevic2020characterizing], and have received an increasing attention in the academic literature. Strategic and tactical network design problems 