the initial investment cost for deploying renewable energy generators, since it is a constant. Note that it is easy to incorporate the storage degradation cost due to charging/discharging by the model in [@Sun2]. Since the renewable energy production is intermittent and unpredictable, a storage device, for example a battery, is equipped for every charging station. It can also cut down the electricity cost since a battery as a buffer can store energy when electricity price is low and release energy for EVs’ charging when price is high, to reduce the cost. The energy level of the storage device for the $i$-th charging station is $B_i(t)$, bounded by $[0,B_{i,max}]$, and $B_{i,max}\!\in\! (0,B_{max}]$. In the following, we refer the battery as the storage device in each station except for other specification. Given that the SOC of each battery is upper bounded by the battery’s capacity, not all amount of renewable energy $U_i(t)$ in time slot $t$ is charged into it. For every charging outlet $j$ in the $i$-th charging station, the charging rate $r_{ij}\!(t\!)$ is also constrained by $r_{ij}(t)\!\in\![0,r_{i,max}]$ and $r_{i,max}\in(0,r_{max}]$. The PEV charging load is firstly supplied by harvested energy from renewable energy generator. If there is still redundant energy, it 