in the EV charging market.'
author:
- 'Chao Luo, Yih-Fang Huang,  and Vijay Gupta, [^1]. [^2]'
title: 'Placement of EV Charging Stations—Balancing Benefits among Multiple Entities'
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Electric vehicle, charging station placement, consumer behavior, nested logit model, Bayesian game, oligopoly.

Introduction
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The continued technological innovations in battery and electric drivetrain have made electric vehicles (EVs) a viable solution for a sustainable transportation system. Currently, most EV charging is done either at residences, or for free at some public charging infrastructure provided by municipalities, office buildings, etc. As the EV industry continues to grow, commercial charging stations will need to be strategically added and placed. Development of effective management and regulation of EV charging infrastructure needs to consider the benefits of multiple constituencies—consumers, charging station owners, power grid operators, local government, etc. In this paper, we concentrate on striking a balance among the profits of charging station owners, consumer satisfaction, and power grid’s reliability.

Our work is motivated by the desire of service providers to make a forward-looking decision on charging station placement to obtain a good return on their investment. We use the most up-to-date information (i.e., travel pattern, traffic flow, road network, power grid, etc.) to make the 