firstly screen printing the formulated graphene ink directly on to a thin ($\sim$30 $\mu$m), water soluble SF of PVA that has been previously cast on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plate using screen printing; Fig. \[panel2\]a. For this, the water-insoluble graphene ink is first flooded over the screen. A squeegee is then drawn across it as shown in figure \[panel2\]a, applying shear forces to push the ink through the open pores of the screen [@Ng2019a] directly on to the SF, producing an array of conductive patterns (length, 200 mm; height, 50 mm per pattern); Fig. \[panel2\]b. When printing multi-layered structures, the first deposited layer of ink is allowed to dry before the next layer is printed over the first print. The SF containing the single and multi-layered patterns are then detached from the PTFE plate *via* simple peeling.

The printed patterns on the SF are then floated on to the surface of a de-ionised water bath (25 $^{\circ}$C); Fig. \[panel2\]c. This allows the dissolution of PVA ($\sim$120 s PVA dissolution time), while retaining the single and multi-layered patterns which are water insoluble with the exception of an ultrathin layer of still wet PVA SF ($\sim$20 $\mu$m); Fig. \[panel2\]d. The object to be 