modern value, and $f_{X_{\odot}}$ is the modern soft X-ray surface flux ($\sim$10$^{4.57}$ erg/s/cm$^{2}$ in 0.1-2.4 keV band). Equation 7 (Model B of @Tarduno2010) predicts a higher mass loss of 1.5 x 10$^{-12}$ M$_{\odot}$/yr and a smaller standoff of $\sim$4 R$_{e}$. Even using the more conservative mass loss of Model A, the standoff distance is expected to be only $\sim$50% of the present-day value. @Sterenborg2011 presented results of a magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation of Palearchean conditions utilizing modules of the Space Weather Modeling Framework [@Toth2005]. They obtained standoff distances within error of our estimates, confirming the compressed Paleoarchean magnetosphere.

The change in standoff relative to today may in itself seem abstract, but we have a very good idea of what these conditions are like because they are typically experienced during modern events, such as the Halloween solar storms of 2003 [e.g. @Rosenqvist2005]. However, during modern events like the Halloween storms, reduced standoffs occur on hour to day timescales. In contrast, these conditions would represent the typical day 3.4 to 3.45 billion years ago. Thus, while the magnetic field was present and provided some shielding from the solar wind, the reduced standoff conditions suggest there nevertheless could have been important modifications of the 