derived analytical expressions, and indicate usefulness of them in planning and operation control of IoT networks.'
author:
- |
    Amin Azari and Cicek Cavdar\
    KTH Royal Institue of Technology, Email: {aazari, cavdar}@kth.se
bibliography:
- 'bibs.bib'
title: 'Performance Evaluation and Optimization of LPWA IoT Networks: A Stochastic Geometry Approach'
---

5G, Coexistence, Grant-free, Reliability and durability, LPWA IoT.

Introduction
============

Providing connectivity for massive Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices is a key driver of 5G [@5g_iot]. Until now, several solutions have been proposed for enabling large-scale IoT connectivity, including evolutionary and revolutionary solutions [@mag_all]. Evolutionary solutions aim at enhancing connectivity procedure of existing LTE networks, e.g. access reservation and scheduling improvement [@isl; @nL]. On the other hand, revolutionary solutions aim at providing scalable low-power IoT connectivity by redesigning the access network. In 3GPP LTE Rel. 13, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) has been announced as a revolutionary solution which handles communications over a 200 KHz bandwidth [@ciot]. This narrow bandwidth brings high link budget, and offers extended coverage [@ciot]. To provide autonomous low-latency access to radio resources, grant-free radio access is a study item in 3GPP IoT working groups, and it is expected to be included in future 3GPP standards [@gf31]. Thanks to the simplified 