a battery and a data buffer. Assuming that both data and harvested energy packets randomly arrive at the data buffer and the battery, respectively, the authors in [@yang2012optimal] developed optimal offline scheduling policies to adaptively change transmission rates under a deterministic system setting. The authors in [@6144764] and [@6253061] extended this analysis to a transmitter with finite-capacity battery, where the latter also considered energy leakage at the transmitter. The authors in [@5992840] considered the offline minimization of transmission completion time in broadcast links under EH constraints.

A hybrid energy storage system model with one unlimited battery and a limited super-capacitor is considered in [@6620534], where the authors maximize the throughput under a data transmission deadline constraint. Moreover, having a transmitter utilizing both the harvested energy and the grid energy, the authors in [@liu2015delay] provided an analysis on the average data queueing delay and the average power consumption from the grid by formulating the data queueing and energy storage as a two-dimensional Markov chain. The authors in [@arafa2015optimal] and the authors in [@arafa2017energy] investigated the effects of decoding and processing costs in one-way and two-way channels, respectively, where the transmitter needs to adjust its transmission power policies regarding not only its 