of the test, packet loss is measured as a probability against the number of packets sent.

Network-Limited Time Ratio

:   ($\frac{TimeCwnd}{TimeRwin + TimeCwnd + TimeSnd}$)\
    The network stack of operating systems maintain internal windows of the amount of traffic that has been sent and not acknowledged by the other party. This enables the system to avoid over-saturating a network with traffic and to detect when a failure has occurred in communications. The NDT test attempts to send enough traffic to create congestion on the network, where the transmitting end of traffic exceeds this window of unacknowledged traffic and is waiting for clearance from the other side to continue sending. The Network-Limited Time Ratio is calculated as the percentage of the time of the test spent in a ‘Congestion Limited’ state, where sending of traffic by the client or server was limited due to the congestion window.

Network Throughput

:   ($\frac{HCThruOctetsAcked*8}{TimeRwin + TimeCwnd + TimeSnd}$)\
    The NDT test attempts to send as much data as quickly as possible between the client and an M-Lab server for a discrete amount of time in order to stress the capacity of the network link. For the upload performance, this is calculated based of the 