as [*not*]{} or [*n’t*]{}. Often, modality or negation is expressed without a lexical trigger. For a typical declarative sentence (e.g., [*John went to NY*]{}), the default modality is strong belief when no lexical trigger is present. Modality can also be expressed constructionally. For example, Requirement can be expressed in Urdu with a dative subject and infinitive verb followed by a verb that means to happen or befall.

-   [**Requirement:**]{} does H require P?

-   [**Permissive:**]{} does H allow P?

-   [**Success:**]{} does H succeed in P?

-   [**Effort:**]{} does H try to do P?

-   [**Intention:**]{} does H intend P?

-   [**Ability:**]{} can H do P?

-   [**Want:**]{} does H want P?

-   [**Belief**]{}: with what strength does H believe P?

Linguistic Simplifications for Efficient Operationalization {#linguistic-simplifications}
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Six linguistic simplifications were made for the sake of efficient operationalization of the annotation task. The first linguistic simplification deals with the scope of modality and negation. The first sentence below indicates scope of modality over negation. The second indicates scope of negation over modality:

-   He tried not to criticize the president.

-   He didn’t try to criticize the president.

The interaction of modality with negation is complex, but was operationalized 