The whole process *defines* the magnitude (the observable in quantum mechanics) that is being measured.[^7] And it has an observer-related purpose: that of changing his/her state of knowledge in a very specific way. It is clear then, that even in classical physics, it is impossible to detach the measurement process from the observer (or his/her measurement artifacts). In summary, the fundamental interaction stages in any measurement process are: \[patterns from an object\] $\rightarrow$ \[change in the apparatus\], and \[pattern of change in the apparatus\] $\rightarrow$ \[change in the state of the brain of the observer\], who thus has *extracted pragmatic information from the object*. Of course, in most cases that information can be represented as a number (value of an observable) and linked to Shannon or algorithmic information.

And here we should turn to another fundamental, inextricable link of the concept of information to biology, by pointing out that all the operations mentioned above are ultimately related to how the human brain of the observer creates internal mental images, plans, makes decisions, and reacts to and processes external sensory information. As already mentioned above, these operations ultimately have the purpose of changing the neural cognitive state from “not-knowing” to “knowing”, 