aim to fight mosquito populations that transmit Zika virus, Dengue fever and Chikungunya. All of these projects involve the release of male [*Aedes aegypti*]{} mosquitoes infected with the [*Wolbachia*]{} bacteria to the wild. For instance, 20000 male [*Aedes aegypti mosquitoes*]{} carrying [*Wolbachia*]{} bacteria were released on Stock Island of the Florida Keys in the week of April 20, 2017. Google’s Verily is about to release 20 million machine-reared [*Wolbachia*]{}-infected mosquitoes in Fresno (see [@Google]). A factory in Southern China is manufacturing millions of “mosquito warriors" (male [*Aedes aegypti*]{} mosquitoes carrying [*Wolbachia*]{} bacteria) to combat epidemics transmitted by mosquitoes [@Xinhua].

The science behind these projects is based on the following two facts: (i) [*Wolbachia*]{} often induces cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) which leads to early embryonic death when [*Wolbachia*]{}-infected males mate with uninfected females and (ii) [*Wolbachia*]{}-infected females produce viable embryos after mating with either infected or uninfected males, resulting in a reproductive advantage over uninfected females. In practice, [*Wolbachia*]{} has been successfully transferred into [*Aedes aegypti*]{} or [*Aedes albopictus*]{} by embryonic microinjections, and the injected infection has been stably maintained with complete CI and nearly perfect maternal transmission [@Wolbachia1; @Wolbachia2; @Wolbachia3; @Wolbachia4; @Wolbachia5; @Wolbachia7; @Wolbachia6; @Wolbachia8]. Thus, the bacterium is expected to 