The influence of a transverse electric field at the sample is modelled, indicating that a field of 1 V/$\mu$m can be resolved.'
author:
- 'C. W. Barlow Myers'
- 'N. J. Pine'
- 'W. A. Bryan'
bibliography:
- 'fstembib.bib'
title: An apparatus architecture for femtosecond transmission electron microscopy
---

Introduction
============

Direct observation of the time evolution of ultrafast processes is challenging due to the characteristic small length and time scales over which these dynamics occur. Nonetheless, it is achievable providing one has a probe of sufficient brightness, short wavelength and temporal duration: electron matter waves meet these requirements and fit on a table-top. The coupling of the spatial resolution achievable in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [@Palatinus2017; @Nellist2004; @Batson2002] with the temporal resolution of femtosecond (fs) laser technology was pioneered by Zewail et al with picosecond (ps) resolution [@Zewail2000; @Williamson1997; @ihee1] and later extended into the fs regime by Miller et al [@Siwick2003]. This provides a route to achieving the ultimate goal of ultrafast imaging: the ‘molecular movie’ [@Sciaini2011]. Observations of other processes facilitated by ultrafast electron imaging include phonon dynamics [@siwickgraphene; @Cremons2016; @Park2005; @Gao2012], laser induced ablation [@Carbone2011], probing evanescent fields near nanostructures [@Barwick2009; @Feist2015; @Piazza2015; @ryabov2016; @Quinonez2013a; @Yurtsever2012], 