Capacity Relocation, Capacity Pooling, Stochastic Optimization, Physical Internet ]{}
author:
- Louis Faugère
- Walid Klibi
- Chelsea White III
- Benoit Montreuil
bibliography:
- 'Bibliography.bib'
title: |
    Dynamic Pooled Capacity Deployment\
    for Urban Parcel Logistics
---

Introduction
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Global urbanization, growth of e-commerce and the ever increasing desire for speed put pressure on the need for innovation in designing, managing and operating urban logistics systems in a sustainable and cost-efficient way. In 2018, $55\%$ of the world’s population lived in urban areas (up to $82\%$ in North America). The [@united20182018] predict that global urbanization will reach $68\%$ by 2050, with an increasing number of megacities (cities of 10+M inhabitants). Increasing population density is a challenge for city logistics in terms of traffic congestion, vehicle type restrictions, limited parking spaces, expensive and rare logistic facility locations, and is further complex in megacities due to their extremely high density [@fransoo2017reaching]. For urban parcel logistics systems, the growth of e-commerce is currently one of the main challenges to tackle with an annual growth over $20\%$ on the 2017-2019 period, projected to be over $15\%$ until 2023 [@statista_2019_growth]. Online-retailing with goods being transported to consumers’ homes increase the number of freight movements within 