region allowed by the ordering constraints, and $\bar{\alpha}\equiv 3\alpha _s/\pi$. In the CCFM model, only the singular terms, $1/z$ and $1/(1-z)$, in the splitting functions are included. The $1/z$ pole is important in the BFKL region and the $1/(1-z)$ pole and the Sudakov factor are more important in the DGLAP region. Since the non-singular terms in the splitting function are not included, DGLAP is not fully reproduced in the large $Q^2$ and the large $x$ limits.

The LDC (Linked Dipole Chain) model, [@e1], is a reformulation and a generalization of the CCFM model. The main idea in this model is that certain gluons in the initial state radiation of the CCFM model, namely those gluons which satisfy the constraint $q_{\perp i}< \textrm{min}(q_{\perp (i-1)},q_{\perp (i+1)} )$, can be treated as final state emissions from dipoles, which are formed by the remaining initial state gluons. These remaining gluons, the initial state gluons in the LDC model, will then satisfy $q_{\perp i}\approx \textrm{max}(k_{\perp
  i},k_{\perp (i-1)})$. They will be ordered in both positive and negative light-cone momenta, $q_{-}=q_0-q_l$. A single chain in the LDC model corresponds to several chains in CCFM, and it was shown in [@e1] that the non-eikonal factors in CCFM add 