view of the sand tray and pendulum launcher. The marble in the foreground is 16 mm in diameter. Prior to each experiment we raked the sand flat. The rake we used is shown on the left and has nails that penetrate to a depth of 2 cm. \[fig:setup\_close\]](close_up_small.jpg){width="3.5in"}

![A top view of the pendulum marble launcher showing the lighting and high speed camera viewing position. \[fig:ric\_lighting\] ](ric_lighting.png){width="3.4in"}

[0.95]{} ![We show three different types of impact craters. These are photographs taken from above of the sandbox after three impact experiments. The top photo shows a ricochet, the middle one a roll-out and the bottom one a stop event. Ricochet events have a clear gap between the primary and secondary craters when the marble was above the sand. A roll-out event is one where the marble rolled out of the primary crater, but never lost contact with the sand. The stop event occurs when the marble remains within its primary crater. The marble shown has a diameter of 16.15 mm. Ricochets and roll-outs tend to occur at higher velocity and lower (or grazing) impact angles. []{data-label="fig:craters"}](pend030_crater_small.jpg "fig:"){width="1\linewidth"}

[0.95]{} ![We show three different types of impact craters. These are photographs taken from above 