*wrong* hold that quantum states are *incomplete* specifications of the physical properties of quantum systems (pilot wave approaches, for example, inasmuch as according to them the quantum state specifies *some* features of physical reality, though not all), the epistemic conception of states denies that quantum states are appropriately regarded as specifications of physical properties in the first place. Assumption 1.C (outcome determinateness) is left untouched, and the ramifications for assumption 1.B are essentially the same as for 1.A since the notion of “*the* wave-function” of a system is rejected, as it presupposes that of a quantum state a quantum system is in. Agents who are competent in applying quantum theory do of course *assign* quantum states to quantum systems and they *make them* undergo unitary time-evolution according to the Schrödinger equation, but acknowledging this is very different from endorsing an interpretation of unitary time-evolution as corresponding to the evolution of physical properties of the system itself.

In the application of quantum theory the measurement problem does not arise as a practical difficulty, as it is circumvented by what is widely seen as an act of brute force, namely, by invoking the notorious von Neumann measurement collapse of the wave-function. From 