stars.'
author:
- |
    M. M. Rosenthal$^{1\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-3099}{\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{orcid.pdf}}}$[^1], E. I. Chiang$^{2,3\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6246-2310}{\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{orcid.pdf}}}$, S. Ginzburg$^{2}$, R. A. Murray-Clay$^{1\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-0462}{\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{orcid.pdf}}}$\
    $^{1}$ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA\
    $^{2}$ Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, USA\
    $^{3}$ Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
bibliography:
- 'refs.bib'
date: Released 
title: How Consumption and Repulsion Set Planetary Gap Depths and the Final Masses of Gas Giants
---

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accretion, accretion discs – planets and satellites: formation – planets and satellites: gaseous planets – planets and satellites: physical evolution – planet-disc interactions – protoplanetary discs

Introduction {#sec:intro}
============

Annular gaps in protoplanetary discs are often attributed to embedded planets. The interpretation stems from the theory of satellite-disc interactions that successfully predicted the existence of shepherd moons in planetary rings (e.g., @gt_1982). Satellites in rings, and by analogy planets in discs, repel material away from their orbits as the waves they excite at Lindblad resonances dissipate and impart angular momentum to the ambient medium (see also @gr_2001; @gs_2018). The repulsive, gap-forming planetary Lindblad torque competes against the disc’s viscous torque which diffuses material back into the gap.

Most studies of protoplanetary disc 