divided by the abundances considering only EISI. The largest changes occur in the vicinity of Fe$^{16+}$, which is formed over a very broad temperature range. The effect of including EIMI versus EISI is to decrease the temperature at which Fe$^{16+}$ and the surrounding charge states are formed. The CSD for low charge states is not greatly affected by EIMI, because for these ions the ionization thresholds are spaced out such that multiple ionization becomes significant at temperatures where the abundance of that charge state has already become small due to EISI. Similarly, EIMI is less important for higher charge states because for those ions the direct ionization cross section is very small and they are open $L$-shell ions so that IA occurs mainly through the formation of $K$-shell holes, which requires ever higher energies relative to the EISI threshold. We find that the CIE calculations, including or excluding EIMI, agree to within 5% for all the charge states. This demonstrates that, as expected, EIMI can be safely ignored in CIE calculations unless extremely high precision is required.

Dynamic Ionization Balance {#sec:dynamic}
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EIMI is expected to be more important in plasmas in which the electron temperature changes rapidly. As EIMI 