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[*Dedicated to Professor Misner on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, June 1992.*]{} To appear in the Proceedings of a Symposium on [*Directions in General Relativity*]{}, College Park, May 1993, Volume 1, edited by B. L. Hu, M. P. Ryan and C. V. Vishveshwara (Cambridge University Press 1993)    umdpp 93-60

Introduction
============

In the five years between 1967 and 1972, Charlie Misner made an idelible mark in relativistic cosmology in three aspects.

First he introduced the idea of chaotic cosmology. In contrast to the reigning standard model of Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universe where isotropy and homogeneity are ‘put in by hand’ from the beginning, chaotic cosmology assumes that the universe can have arbitrary irregularities initially. This is perhaps a more general and philosophically pleasing assumption. To reconcile an irregular early universe with the observed large scale smoothness of the present universe, one has to introduce physical mechanisms to dissipate away the anisotropies and inhomogeneities. This is why dissipative processes are essential to the 