be offered to different network service providers (NSPs). In Fig. \[fig:example1\], a simple illustration of WNV is presented. In order to offer services to the users, the NSPs in Fig. \[fig:example1\] will ask the InSPs about the resources. Then, the physical BSs from different InSPs can be virtualized to virtual BSs (vBSs) and provided to different NSPs. Hereinafter, we consider the InSPs as the ones who own the resources, including infrastructures (hardware and software), spectrum and many others, and refer to the NSPs as the ones who do not have own substrate networks and need to acquire the resources from the InSPs and provide services to end-users or other parties. It is also worth mentioning that when the NSP acts as a reseller or broker with respect to the resources, then naturally becomes a InSP for the ones who buy the resources from them. Consequently, a service-oriented wireless architecture which allows flexible and programmable operation can be built upon the proper decoupling of the hardware, software and radio resources. Nevertheless, the inherit properties of the wireless communications make the problem more complicated. Particularly, virtualizing the wireless networks is to realize the process of radio resource virtualization, hardware sharing, virtualization of 