others to do so, while actively seeking to cause distress (e.g., “deport illegals,” “Muslims not welcomed”);

[*Offends or Discriminates:* ]{} defame, insult, or ridicule the target, showing bias, prejudice, or intolerance, while actively seeking to embarrass or harm the target’s reputation, (e.g., “Muslim \[expletive\],” “sand \[n-word\]”);

[**Framing.** ]{} \[subsec:framing\] @kuypers2010framing defines framing as the “process whereby communicators, consciously or unconsciously, act to construct a point of view that encourages the facts of a given situation to be interpreted by others in a particular manner." @benford2000framing note that framing is critical to understand social movements and collective action; it can also operate in different ways [@entman1993framing]. For our analysis, from test annotations we noticed that two frames were quite distinguishable in the text and complementary:[^8]

[*Diagnoses the cause or causes for a problem*]{} (or elements seen as possible causes): identifies what creates a problem, suggests a diagnose or disagrees with a diagnose (e.g., “terrorists exist because they come from a place that, socially, is centuries behind”);

[*Suggests a solution or solutions for a problem*]{} (or actions seen as possible solutions): proposes or defends actions seen as solving or removing the problem (e.g., “we should target the mosques and \[M\]uslims, this is 