Moses Maimonides, the medieval Jewish philosopher, writing in the twelfth century, laid down for the first time in the history of Jewish doctrine, thirteen fundamentals of Jewish belief. While they have been criticised by later academics, they are generally taken as as the official creed of Judaism.\n\n\n1. God is the creator of all that is;\n2. God is one;\n3. God is incorporeal (without material form);\n4. God is eternal;\n5. God alone is to be worshipped;\n6. God communicates to man through the medium of prophecy;\n7. Moses was the greatest of the prophets;\n8. The whole of the Torah was revealed to Moses by God;\n9. The Torah will not be changed or supplanted by another revelation from God;\n10. God is knowledgeable about the deeds of mankind;\n11. God rewards and punishes people for their good and evil ways;\n12. The belief in the arrival of the Messiah and the messianic age;\n13. The belief in the resurrection of the dead.\n\nThe last doctrine has generally been replaced by non-Orthodox Jews with a doctrine that the soul continues to exist after death.