### Gene Overview: CACNA1E

The **CACNA1E** gene encodes the alpha-1E subunit of the R-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, which are crucial for excitatory cellular activities. These channels facilitate calcium ion entry into excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, playing pivotal roles in a variety of physiological processes.

### 1. Associated Genes
While the summaries do not list specific associated genes, commonly studied genes related to voltage-gated calcium channels include:

- **CACNB2**: This gene encodes the beta subunit known to modulate the calcium channel properties and effects.
- **CACNA1A**: This gene encodes the alpha-1A subunit of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels, often explored in the context of similar physiological processes.
- **CACNA2D1**: Encodes a protein that interacts with calcium channel subunits, also influencing their functionality.
- **KCNB1**: While primarily a potassium channel gene, it can have interactive effects with calcium channels in certain contexts.

### 2. Aging and Age-Related Diseases
Research has indicated that calcium signaling is significantly impacted by aging. Changes in calcium channel function may contribute to age-related disorders. Specific associations of CACNA1E with aging or age-related diseases are still being investigated, but they may involve:

- Neurodegenerative diseases: Alterations in calcium signaling are linked to diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, with potential disruptions in neuronal firing patterns.
- Cardiac dysfunction: Age-related decreases in calcium channel efficiency can influence heart health and contribute to conditions such as arrhythmias.

### 3. Drug Interactions
Known drugs that interact with calcium channels, particularly relevant to the CACNA1E gene, include:

- **Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)**: Although R-type channels are known to be relatively resistant to dihydropyridines, other CCBs may still have effects due to their general action on calcium channels, particularly in pathological settings.
- **Nickel**: Known as a blocker for R-type calcium channels, interacting specifically with alpha-1E subunits.
- **Some anticonvulsants and neuropathic pain medications**: These may indirectly affect calcium channel function.

### 4. Pathways and Biological Processes
The CACNA1E gene is linked to several important biological processes and pathways:

- **Calcium ion transport**: This is fundamental to numerous cellular activities, particularly in neurons and muscle cells.
- **Signal transduction**: Involving the transduction of calcium signals to initiate various cellular responses.
- **Muscle contraction**: Calcium entry is fundamental for muscle contraction and related signaling processes.
- **Neurotransmitter release**: CACNA1E channels are significant in synaptic transmission and neuronal signaling.
- **Rho GTPase signaling**: Interconnected with calcium signaling, which is essential for cell motility and divison.

In summary, the CACNA1E gene plays a critical role in calcium signaling networks, influencing a host of physiological processes and potentially having implications for neural health and disease, particularly as they relate to aging. Its interactions with various biological pathways underscore its significance in cellular communication and function.