### IGF1 Gene Overview

The **IGF1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1)** gene, located on chromosome 12 in humans, is pivotal in growth and development, primarily due to its role as a potent growth factor that mediates various biological processes in multiple tissues.

#### 1. Associated Genes

The IGF1 gene is associated with several other genes, including:
- **IGF1R** (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor): The primary receptor for IGF1, mediating its effects.
- **IGFBP1-6** (Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins): These proteins bind IGF1, modulating its availability and activity in tissues.
- **IGF2** (Insulin-like Growth Factor 2): Another member of the IGF family that plays a similar role in growth and development.
- **AKT1** (AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1): A downstream target that is activated by IGF1 signaling, involved in promoting cell survival and growth.
- **MAPK1** (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1) and **MAPK3**: Part of the signaling cascades activated by IGF1, influencing cellular responses such as growth and differentiation.

#### 2. Aging and Age-Related Diseases

The IGF1 gene and its signaling pathways have been associated with:
- **Aging**: IGF1 signaling has been implicated in the aging process. Reduced IGF1 signaling is associated with increased lifespan in various model organisms, suggesting a role in longevity.
- **Age-related diseases**: High levels of IGF1 are linked to various age-related conditions such as:
  - **Cancer**: Increased IGF1 levels have been correlated with higher risks of certain cancers.
  - **Diabetes**: Elevated IGF1 may contribute to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, conditions prevalent in aging populations.
  - **Cardiovascular diseases**: Abnormal IGF1 signaling may influence cardiovascular health, potentially increasing the risk of heart disease.

#### 3. Drug Interactions

While there are no specific drugs that solely target the IGF1 gene, several drug classes have been investigated for their interactions:
- **IGF1 receptor antagonists**: Compounds such as **figitumumab** and **turoctocog alfa** have been or are being studied in the context of cancer treatment.
- **Targeted therapies**: Agents that inhibit downstream signaling pathways activated by IGF1, such as **PI3K inhibitors** or **MAPK inhibitors**, may indirectly influence IGF1-mediated processes.
- **Metformin**: Known for its use in diabetes management, metformin has been observed to affect IGF1 levels and signaling pathways.

#### 4. Pathways and Biological Processes

The IGF1 gene is involved in several critical biological pathways and processes, including:
- **Insulin signaling pathway**: IGF1 interacts with IGF1R to activate the insulin signaling cascade, influencing metabolism.
- **PI3K-AKT signaling pathway**: Initiated through IGF1R activation, this pathway influences cell growth, proliferation, and survival.
- **Ras-MAPK signaling pathway**: Activated through IGF1R, this pathway regulates cell division and differentiation.
- **Osteoblast differentiation and function**: IGF1 plays a crucial role in promoting bone formation through stimulating osteoblast activity and glucose transport in these cells.
- **Nervous system development**: IGF1 is involved in neural growth and synaptic maturation, contributing to cognitive functions and sensory perception.

These roles underscore the importance of IGF1 in various physiological and pathological contexts, positioning the gene as a significant focus in research on growth disorders, metabolic diseases, cancer, and aging.