### COMMD1 Gene Overview

The **COMMD1** gene (copper metabolism Murr1 domain 1) encodes a protein that functions as a proposed scaffold involved in various cellular processes, especially related to ubiquitination and the regulation of signaling pathways. Its activities contribute to essential physiological functions such as metal ion homeostasis, protein localization, and the regulation of transcription factors.

### 1. Associated Genes
COMMD1 is implicated in regulatory pathways involving several genes. Some additional genes associated with COMMD1 include:

- **SLC12A2**: An epithelial sodium channel which is regulated by COMMD1 in terms of its membrane expression and ubiquitination.
- **CFTR**: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, where COMMD1 plays a role in promoting its cell surface expression.
- **NEDD4L**: A ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitination of ENaC subunits, which is regulated by COMMD1.
- **RELA**: A subunit of the NF-kappa-B complex, whose ubiquitination and subsequent degradation are facilitated by COMMD1.
- **HIF1A (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha)**: COMMD1 competes with ARNT/Hif-1-beta for binding to this factor and impairs its transcriptional activity.
- **SOD1 (Superoxide dismutase 1)**: ComMD1 down-regulates its activity by interfering with its dimerization.

### 2. Aging and Age-Related Diseases
Studies indicate that COMMD1 may have implications in aging:

- **Neurodegenerative Diseases**: COMMD1 has been linked to diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, where its role in regulating protein degradation may influence the accumulation of neurotoxic protein aggregates.
- **Metabolic Syndrome**: By regulating sodium transport, COMMD1 may also have a connection to age-related metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular diseases.
- **Inflammation**: Through its negative regulation of NF-kappa-B, COMMD1 might be involved in chronic inflammatory conditions that often emerge with aging.

### 3. Drug Interactions
While specific drugs targeting COMMD1 directly may not be well-characterized, it is associated with pathways influenced by various drug classes, such as:

- **Diuretics**: Given COMMD1's role in sodium channel regulation, diuretics may indirectly affect its function.
- **Copper Chelators**: Drugs that sequester copper might interplay with the COMMD1's role in copper metabolism and homeostasis.
- **Ubiquitination Modulators**: Compounds that modulate ubiquitination pathways may indirectly interact with COMMD1 by influencing its scaffold functions.

### 4. Pathways and Biological Processes
COMMD1 is involved in numerous biological pathways and processes, including:

- **Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolysis**: Acts to facilitate protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
- **Cul2-RING Ubiquitin Ligase Complex**: Serves as a part of this complex to modulate ubiquitination patterns of target proteins.
- **Regulation of NF-kappa-B Signaling**: Directly impacts the degradation of RELA and the signaling activity of NF-kappa-B.
- **Copper Ion Homeostasis**: Involved in trafficking of copper transporters and may regulate biliary copper excretion.
- **Membrane Protein Localization**: Regulates the expression and localization of specific ion channels and transporters at the cell surface.

In summary, the COMMD1 gene plays a multifaceted role in cellular processes and pathways, contributing to important regulatory mechanisms involving ubiquitination and signaling. Its involvement in physiological regulation indicates potential implications for studies in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic regulation.