### Overview of PTPRE Gene

**Gene Symbol:** PTPRE  
**Full Name:** Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type E

The PTPRE gene encodes a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family, which plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, and the mitotic cycle. The gene is known to produce multiple isoforms through alternative splicing, with different structural characteristics that influence their physiological roles.

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### 1. Associated Genes

While the summaries provided mention several roles of the PTPRE gene, it is often implicated in conjunction with various signaling molecules and pathways. Notable genes associated with PTPRE include:

- **RAS**: As PTPRE is involved in RAS-related signal transduction, there is a direct association with genes involved in RAS signaling, such as **KRAS**, **NRAS**, and **HRAS**.
- **Cytokine Receptors**: Genes encoding cytokine receptors may also be associated, considering PTPRE's role in cytokine-induced signaling.
- **KCN family (voltage-gated potassium channels)**: Genes coding for potassium channels such as **KCNB1** and others involved in K+ signaling may be indirectly associated due to PTPRE's involvement in voltage-gated K+ channel activation.

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### 2. Aging and Age-related Diseases

Research suggests that alterations in protein tyrosine phosphatases, including PTPRE, can play a role in aging and age-associated diseases, particularly those involving cellular signaling and inflammation. Although specific studies on PTPRE are limited in aging contexts, its regulatory roles in cellular processes suggest it could potentially influence:

- **Age-associated decline in immune function**: Since PTPRE is involved in signaling pathways related to cytokines, dysregulation could contribute to the altered immune responses seen in aging.
- **Osteoporosis**: Given its potential role in osteoclast formation and function, PTPRE may influence bone density and health in the context of aging and age-related bone disorders.

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### 3. Drug Interactions

Currently, specific drugs that directly target PTPRE are not widely documented, but known drug classes that may broadly interact with protein tyrosine phosphatases include:

- **Immunosuppressants**: Certain drugs used in transplant medicine may impact signaling pathways related to PTPs, potentially influencing PTPRE activity indirectly.
- **Antineoplastic agents**: These may interact with pathways involving protein tyrosine dephosphorylation, impacting cancer progression where PTPRE could be involved.

Research into targeted therapies focusing on protein tyrosine phosphatases is ongoing, so future drugs may more directly modulate PTPRE function.

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### 4. Pathways and Biological Processes

PTPRE is involved in several critical biological pathways and processes:

- **Signal Transduction Pathways**: PTPRE modulates various signaling cascades, particularly those pertaining to cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.
- **Cytokine Signaling**: PTPRE is implicated in signaling pathways activated by cytokines, influencing immune responses and inflammation.
- **Regulation of Ion Channels**: Plays a role in the regulation of voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels, contributing to cellular excitability and signaling.
- **Ras Pathway**: Influences the RAS signaling cascade, which is crucial for cell proliferation and survival.

PTPRE's enzymatic action in dephosphorylating tyrosine residues affects the functional dynamics of numerous pathways, underscoring its role as a pivotal regulator in cellular signaling networks. 

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In summary, PTPRE is an important gene in cellular signaling with implications in various biological processes, possible associations with age-related conditions, and a role in immune response regulation. Further research is necessary to clarify its precise involvement in these areas, especially in the context of therapy and disease.