### TTLL5 Gene Overview

**Gene Symbol:** TTLL5  
**Protein Name:** Tubulin Tyrosine Ligase-like 5

**Function Summary:**
The TTLL5 gene encodes a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family and is primarily known for its role as a polyglutamylase. This protein attaches polyglutamate side chains to the C-terminal tail of tubulin, influencing various cellular functions. It is involved in modifying alpha-tubulin preferentially and plays a critical role in the localization of proteins, such as CCSAP, to polyglutamylated spindle and cilia microtubules. Additionally, TTLL5 acts as a co-regulator for glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression by enhancing the functionality of transcriptional coactivators.

### 1. Associated Genes
TTLL5 has been noted to interact with several other genes and proteins, including:
- **NCOA2 (Nuclear receptor coactivator 2 or TIF2):** A coactivator for nuclear receptors including the glucocorticoid receptor.
- **TUBA1A and TUBB (Tubulin Alpha and Beta):** Interactions relate to its function in polyglutamylation of tubulin.
- **GR (Glucocorticoid Receptor):** As it regulates glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression.
- **AR (Androgen Receptor):** Involved in androgen receptor-mediated induction.

### 2. Age-Related Information
- There is limited specific data directly linking TTLL5 to aging or age-related diseases. However, due to its role in microtubule dynamics and cellular processes, it may influence cellular stability and function, which can be crucial in age-related degeneration of tissues, particularly in organs with high turnover rates (like neurons).
- Alterations in microtubule dynamics and post-translational modifications of tubulin, such as those mediated by TTLL5, have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and may contribute to age-associated decline in cellular functions.

### 3. Drugs and Drug Classes
Currently, there are no specific drugs or drug classes documented in the literature that directly target or interact with the TTLL5 gene. However, as its function relates to glucocorticoid signaling, drugs that affect glucocorticoid receptors (such as corticosteroids) can indirectly influence its activity. 

### 4. Pathways and Biological Processes
TTLL5 is involved in several biological processes and pathways, including:
- **Cytoskeleton organization:** By modifying tubulin, TTLL5 plays a critical role in maintaining microtubule structure and stability.
- **Signal transduction pathways:** As a co-regulator of glucocorticoid and androgen receptors, it participates in signaling pathways activated by these hormones.
- **Cellular response to stress:** In the context of glucocorticoids, TTLL5 may influence gene expression changes in response to stressors.
- **Mitotic spindle assembly and function:** By modifying tubulin within mitotic spindles, TTLL5 contributes to proper cell division.

Understanding TTLL5's role continues to be a subject of ongoing investigation, especially regarding its implications in cellular dynamics, signaling pathways, and potential associations with age-related conditions.