Хоар: "Нулевые ссылки -- ошибка стоимостью в миллиард долларов"
Tony Hoare. "Null References: The Billion Dollar Mistake"
Track: Historically bad ideas

Abstract: I call it my billion-dollar mistake. It was the invention of the null reference in 1965. At that time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object oriented language (ALGOL W). My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn't resist the temptation to put in a null reference, simply because it was so easy to implement. This has led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last forty years. In recent years, a number of program analysers like PREfix and PREfast in Microsoft have been used to check references, and give warnings if there is a risk they may be non-null. More recent programming languages like Spec# have introduced declarations for non-null references. This is the solution, which I rejected in 1965.

Стоит ли упоминать, что в ФП нет ссылок, а следовательно и проблемы нулевых ссылок...

ЗЫ. Говорят, в Аде эта проблема не так остра, так как там есть non-null references. Вот вам и язык, который "doomed to success"...