Construct/Factor Analytic
Several studies have contributed evidence for the construct validity of the DES-IV (e.g., Blumberg & Izard,
1985, 1986 ;Fridlund, Schwartz, & Fowler 1984 ;Schwartz, 1982 ). Further evidence of construct validity has been
provided by Akande (2002) ,Youngstrom and Green (2003) , and Ricard-St-Aubin et al. (2010) . For example, Izard
et al. (1993) carried out a principal components analysis with orthogonal varimax rotation and found all
12 subscales emerged as distinct dimensions, supporting the construct validity of the DES-IV instrument. At the
higher-stratum level (cf. Boyle, 1986a, 1987a,e ,1989b ;Boyle & Katz, 1991 ), a principal components analysis with
orthogonal varimax rotation of the DES-IV scale intercorrelations suggested two broad components labeled:
Positive Emotionality and Negative Emotionality ( Izard et al., 1993 , p. 850). In addition, Kotsch, Gerbing, and
Schwartz (1982) reported the results of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the DES-III, supporting the con-
struct validity of the various subscales. A separate factor analysis of the DES-IV item intercorrelations using a
sample of 289 10 to 11-year-old public school children (see Izard et al., 1993 , p. 851) also supported the DES-IV
subscale structure.
Criterion/Predictive
Izard et al. (1993, Tables 8 & 11) reported several predictive validity coefficients (standardized betas ranging
from2.61 to .52) showing, for example, that the DES-IV scales were significant predictors of the Eysenck
Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) scales labeled: Extraversion ( R5.59), Neuroticism ( R5.63), and Psychoticism
(R5.55). Likewise, Izard et al. reported several predictive validity coefficients (standardized betas ranging from
2.87 to .69) showing that the DES-IV scales were significant predictors of Personality Research Form (PRF) scales
labeled: Affiliation ( R5.41), Aggression ( R5.62), Defendance ( R5.56), Dominance ( R5.31), Endurance
(R5.37), Understanding ( R5.36), Nurturance ( R5.37), Harm Avoidance ( R5.55), and Play ( R5.32).
Location
Izard, C.E., Libero, D.Z., Putnam, P., & Haynes, O.M. (1993). Stability of emotion experiences and their rela-
tions to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64 , 847/C0860.
Izard, C.E. (2009). Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues.
Annual Review of Psychology, 60 ,1/C025.
Results and Comments
The DES-IV appears to be a relatively reliable and valid measure of 12 fundamental emotions universally dis-
cernible in facial expressions. Depending on the instructions provided to respondents, the instrument is flexible
in allowing measurement of these affective dimensions as dispositional affects (persisting over long time periods
of time), less-stable mood-states (persisting over the past week), and transitory emotional states (fluctuating from
moment to moment).
DIFFERENTIAL EMOTIONS SCALE
Trait Instructions (DES-IV-A)
The trait version of the DES-IV includes instructions asking respondents ‘ In your daily life, how often do you ...’
experience a particular emotion. Responses are scored on a 5-point Likert-type frequency scale as follows:
15Rarely or Never; 2 5Hardly Ever; 3 5Sometimes; 4 5Often; 5 5Very Often.
1.Feel regret, sorry about something you did 12345
2.Feel sheepish, like you do not want to be seen 12345
3.Feel glad about something 12345
4.Feel like something stinks, puts a bad taste in your mouth 12345
5.Feel you can’t stand yourself 12345
6.Feel embarrassed when anybody sees you make a mistake 12345
7.Feel unhappy, blue, downhearted 12345
8.Feel surprised, like when something suddenly happens you had no idea would happen 12345
9.Feel like somebody is a low-life, not worth the time of day 12345
10.Feel shy, like you want to hide 12345202 8. MEASURES OF AFFECT DIMENSIONS
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS