symptomatic ( Wagner et al., 1996 ). Also, within samples of Catholic gay men, internalized homophobia as mea-
sured on the IHS was not correlated with religious beliefs or behavior ( Dohrenwend et al., 1987 ).
Location
Wagner, G., Brondolo, E., & Rabkin, J. (1996). Internalized homophobia in a sample of HIV 1gay men, and its
relationship to psychological distress, coping, and illness progression. Journal of Homosexuality, 32 ,9 1/C0106.
Wagner, G., Serafini, J., Rabkin, J., Remien, R., & Williams, J. (1994). Integration of One’s Religion and
Homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality ,26,9 1/C0110.
Results and Comments
The IHS ( Wagner et al, 1994 ), based heavily on Nungesser’s (1983) NHAI, assesses internalized homophobia
as a unidimensional construct reflecting the adoption of negative attitudes toward homosexuality among gay
men and the application of these attitudes to the self. The validity of the IHS is supported by positive correlations
with multiple measures of psychological distress and negative correlations with participation in the gay commu-
nity ( Wagner et al., 1994; Wagner et al. 1996). The IHS is best suited for use by researchers specifically interested
in personally directed internalized homophobia among gay men.
IHS SAMPLE ITEMS
1.When I am sexually attracted to another gay man, I
do not mind if someone else knows how I feel. (R)
2.Most problems that homosexuals have come from
their status as an oppressed minority, not from their
homosexuality per se. (R)
3.Whenever I think a lot about being gay, I feel
depressed.
4.If there was a pill that could change my sexual
orientation, I would take it.5.For the most part, I do not care who knows I am
gay. (R)
Notes :
Items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging
from: 1 5Strongly disagree to 55Strongly agree .
(R) Reverse scored item.
Reproduced with permission.
Internalized Homophobia Scale (IHP)
(Meyer & Dean, 1998 ).
Internalized Homophobia Scale /C0Revised (IHP-R)
(Herek et al., 2009 ).
Variable
The IHP ( Meyer & Dean, 1998 ) assesses the extent to which gay men are uneasy or avoidant about their homo-
sexuality drawing directly from the diagnostic criteria for ego-dystonic homosexuality (DSM-III, 1980). The
Revised version (IHP-R; Herek et al., 2009 ) assesses this construct among lesbians and bisexuals as well.
Description
The original IHP consists of nine items based on the diagnostic criteria for ego-dystonic homosexuality (DSM-
III, 1980. This category was removed in the 4th edition published in 1987). Though it has since been adapted for
self-administration, the IHP was originally administered orally during interviews with subjects who respond
using a 4-point scale (ranging from: 1 5Never to 45Often ). Scores are calculated by summing item responses
(reverse scored where appropriate). Herek and colleagues ( Herek, Cogan, Gillis, & Glunt, 1998; Herek & Glunt,
1995) have adapted this scale for administration to lesbians and bisexuals as well. Noting that several of the items
don’t lend themselves well to such adaptation, Herek and colleagues (e.g., Herek et al., 2009 ) later revised and
shortened this scale such that all items are applicable to gay men as well as lesbians and bisexuals. The Revised
Internalized Homophobia scale (IHP-R) consists of five items rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Scale scores are
computed by summing all responses and dividing by the number of items, with higher scores indicative of739 MEASURES OF INTERNALIZED ANTI-LGB BIAS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT