6-point scale. Scoring is accomplished by summing item responses, reverse scoring where appropriate. Possible
scores range from 23 to 138, with higher values indicating greater homonegativity.
Sample
A total of 241 ( Mage533.9, SD59.6) gay men living within the U.S. were recruited from community events,
organizations, and over the Internet. The majority of this sample was White (88.7%). Mean scores for the full
IHNI and each of its three subscales are as follows: INHI ( M541.01, SD515.93), Personal homonegativity
(M512.21, SD510.06), Gay Affirmation ( M513.46, SD55.99), Morality of homosexuality ( M56.34, SD52.74).
Total INHI scores in this sample ranged from 23 to 123 ( Mayfield, 2001 ).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Cronbach alpha coefficients were .91 for the full IHNI and .89, .82, and .70 for the Personal, Affirmation, and
Morality subscales, respectively ( Mayfield, 2001 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
INHI scores were significantly correlated with the Gay Identity Questionnaire (GIQ; Brady & Busse, 1994 ),
which assesses level of homosexual identity formation according to Cass’s (1979) six-stage model. The IHNI also
correlated with the Nungesser Homosexuality Attitudes Inventory (NHAI; Nungesser, 1983 ) at .85 (subscale correla-
tions ranged from .53 to .82). Additionally, IHNI scores were correlated with neuroticism ( r5.25; subscales ran-
ged from .10 to .29) as assessed by Saucier’s (1994) ‘mini-marker’ subscale.
Divergent/Discriminant
The IHNI correlated negatively with the GIQ (scored as a continuous variable) at r5/C0.68 (subscales ranged
from /C0.39 to /C0.65), such that gay men’s internalized homonegativity tended to decrease as they moved through
the stages of identification. Correlations between the Morality Subscale and all other validity variables were the
lowest in absolute magnitude ( Mayfield, 2001 ). Total IHNI and subscale scores were negatively related to the per-
cent of friends reported to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual ( r5/C0.31 for INHI, /C0.25 for Personal, /C0.33 for
Affirmativeness, and /C0.14 for Morality). IHNI scores also correlated negatively with extraversion (surgency;
Saucier, 1994 )a t r5/C0.24 (subscale correlations ranged from /C0.14 to /C0.24). Correlations between the
Marlowe /C0Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960 ) and the IHNI and its subscales
ranged from /C0.11 to .08 ( Mayfield, 2001 ).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Principal factor analyses using oblique (promax) rotation and testing solutions ranging from one to four factors
were conducted on the intercorrelations of the original 42 items. A three-factor solution provided the best fit for
the construct of interest. Items that did not load at .33 or greater, or cross-loaded at above .30 were removed and
a second principal factor analysis was conducted on the intercorrelations of the 30 remaining items. Using these
same criteria, an additional seven items were removed, leaving a final scale with 23 items and dimensions
labeled: Personal Homonegativity (11 items), Morality (5 items), and Gay Affirmation (7 items). Intercorrelations
among factors ranged from .40 to .51 ( Mayfield, 2001 ).
Criterion/Predictive
The predictive validity of the IHNI scale remains to be established.
Location
Mayfield, W. (2001). The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. Journal of
Homosexuality ,41,5 3/C076.
Results and Comments
The IHNI draws on Nungesser’s (1983) definition of homonegativity as including both global and personal
level attitudes. Mayfield’s scale, however, improves upon earlier measures by separating these attitudes from fac-
tors relating to outness and identification with gay culture and community. Mayfield (2001) argues that inclusion742 25. MEASURES OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEXUAL ORIENTATION: HETEROSEXISM, HOMOPHOBIA, AND INTERNALIZED STIGMA
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT