Control-In, and Anger Expression Index .’ Ratings of items are on a 4-point response scales that measure state anger
(intensity) as well as trait anger (frequency). Software for Windows sis available that permits an unlimited num-
ber of scoring and interpretive reports.
Sample
Spielberger and Reheiser (2004) reported that:
‘The normative samples for the STAXI-2 are based on the responses of more than 1900 individuals from two populations: a hetero-
geneous sample of 1644 normal adults (977 females, 667 males) and 274 hospitalized psychiatric patients (103 females, 171 males).
The sample of normal adults included managerial, technical, and clerical personnel: participants in stress management programs; health
care managers and professionals; insurance company employees; and undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in a large urban
university’. (p. 78)
Borteyrou, Bruchon-Schweitzer, and Spielberger (2008, 2014) utilized a large French sample of 1085 respon-
dents (539 males; 546 females; aged 18 to 70 years) in validating a French adaptation of the STAXI-2. In addition,
for the STAXI-2 C/A, the normative sample consisted of 836 individuals ( M513.77 years, SD52.54) ( Brunner &
Spielberger, 2009 ).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Spielberger (1999) reported Cronbach alpha coefficients for the STAXI-2 scales ranging from 0.73 to 0.93
(Spielberger, 1999 ). In a sample of Hispanic undergraduates, Culhane and Morera (2010) reported alpha coeffi-
cients of 0.70 or higher. Cornell et al. (1999) reported alpha coefficients as follows: State Anger (.91), Trait Anger
(.90), Anger-In (.63), Anger-Out (.80), and Anger Control (.82). Spielberger and Reheiser (2004) reported alpha
coefficients based on the STAXI-2 normative sample ( N.1,900) ranging from .73 to .95 (Mdn 5.87), with alphas
for the AX index ranging from .75 to .82. For the STAXI-2 C/A, Brunner and Spielberger (2009) reported alpha
coefficients ( N5838) as follows: Trait Anger scale (.80), State Anger scale (.87), Anger Expression-Out (.70),
Anger Expression-In (.71), and Anger Control (.79). In a clinical sample ( N552), the corresponding alphas were:
Trait Anger scale (.88), State Anger scale (.94), Anger Expression-Out (.84), Anger Expression-In (.74), and Anger
Control (.89).
Test/C0Retest
For the French adaptation of the STAXI-2, Borteyrou et al. (2008) reported that over a two-month interval
(N5139), stability coefficients were .70 for the trait anger scale and .32 for the state anger scale, respectively.
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
As evidence of convergent/concurrent validity, correlations between the STAXI trait anger and the Cook and
Medley (1954) Ho scale ranged from .43 to .59, and those between the STAXI with the BDHI total score ranged
from 0.66 to 0.73. Cornell et al. (1999, Table 1) reported positive inter-correlations between all of the STAXI sub-
scales (except STAXI Anger Control). Cornell et al. also reported positive correlations between the NAS and the
STAXI scales as follows: STAXI State Anger (.39), STAXI Trait Anger (.90), STAXI Anger-In (.43), STAXI Anger-
Out (.76), as well as positive correlations with the Novaco PI as follows: STAXI State Anger (.30), STAXI Trait
Anger (.63), STAXI Anger-In (.26), and STAXI Anger-Out (.49), respectively. For the STAXI-2 C/A, in the norma-
tive sample, positive correlations were found between the scales and subscales (except for Anger Expression-In
and Anger Control) ranging from .29 to .90 ( Brunner & Spielberger, 2009 ).
Divergent/Discriminant
As evidence of divergent/discriminant validity, Deffenbacher et al. (1996) [as cited in Eckhardt et al. 2004 ]
found that Trait Anger scores ‘correlated more highly with other anger-related constructs than with measures of
anxiety, depression, intoxication, phobic anxiety, paranoid thinking, and psychoticism’ (p. 29) thereby providing
support for divergent/discriminant validity. Also, Cornell et al. (1999) reported negative correlations between the
STAXI Anger Control subscale and each of the other STAXI subscales (ranging from /C0.09 to/C0.49). As further evi-
dence of discriminant validity, Cornell et al. reported negative correlations between the Novaco NAS and STAXI
Anger Control ( /C0.46), and between the Novaco PI and STAXI Anger Control ( /C0.21), respectively. For the90 4. ANGER/HOSTILITY MEASURES
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS