MEASURES REVIEWED HERE
In this chapter, we review some of the self-report instruments used to assess anti-LGB bias. The measures
selected here were chosen to reflect the diversity of available self-report measures, with a particular focus on
those most recently developed and widely employed. We have divided the measures reviewed here into two
broad categories: those that assess anti-LGB bias among heterosexuals and those that assess internalized negative atti-
tudes among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals .
Anti-LGB Bias Measures
1.Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men ( Herek, 1988, 1994 )
2.Evaluation Thermometer ( Haddock et al., 1993 )
3.Homophobia Scale ( Wright et al., 1999 )
4.Components of Attitudes Toward Homosexuality ( Lamar & Kite, 1998 )
5.Modern Homophobia Scale ( Raja & Stokes, 1998 )
6.Modern Homonegativity Scale ( Morrison & Morrison, 2003 )
7.Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale ( Worthington et al., 2005 )
8.Attitudes Regarding Bisexuality Scale ( Mohr & Rochlen, 1999 )
Internalized Measures
1.Internalized Homophobia Scale ( Wagner et al., 1994 )
2.Internalized Homophobia Scale (IHP: Meyer & Dean, 1998 ; IHP-R: Herek et al., 2009 )
3.Internalized Homonegativity Inventory ( Mayfield, 2001 )
4.Short Internalized Homonegativity Scale ( Currie et al., 2004 )
5.Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale ( Szymanski & Chung, 2001 )
OVER VIEW OF THE MEASURES
This section begins with the most widely employed measure of anti-homosexual attitudes, the Attitudes toward
Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (ATLG; Herek, 1988 ). The ATLG was one of the first self-report measures designed to
assess attitudes toward lesbians as well as gay men, including subscales for each (the ATL and ATG). Reviewed
next is Haddock et al. (1993) Evaluation Thermometer , unique among measures reviewed here in that it is the only
‘scale’ that uses a single item to assess the respondent’s overall, evaluative attitude toward the target out-group.
We then review two multi-dimensional measures: Wright et al. (1999) Homophobia Scale and Lamar & Kite (1998)
Components of Attitudes toward Homosexuality Scale. Next we review two scales, the Modern Homophobia Scale
(MHS: Raja & Stokes, 1998 ) and the Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS; Morrison & Morrison, 2003 ), designed to
assess modern manifestations of prejudicial attitudes toward lesbians and gay men drawing on work on modern
sexism ( Swim, Aiken, Hall, & Hunter, 1995; Tougas, Brown, Beaton, & Joly, 1995 ) and racism ( McConahay, 1986 ).
Worthington and colleagues (2005) , whose scale we then review, argue that previous instruments and research
regarding attitudes toward LGB individuals have been overly focused on the negative end of the spectrum of
attitudes. These authors developed the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale for Heterosexuals
(LGB-KASH) to address this shortcoming. Next we review Mohr and Rochlen’s (1999) Attitudes Regarding
Bisexuality Scale (ARBS), which assesses negative attitudes toward bisexuals specifically. This is critical as such
attitudes are distinct from those regarding homosexuals and may be held by gay men and lesbians as well as het-
erosexuals ( Eliason, 1997 ).
All of the measures discussed thus far concern people’s attitudes toward sexual minority outgroups. The next
section reviews measures assessing the attitudes and reactions of sexual minorities toward their own, and in
some cases, other group members’ same-sex attractions. These measures focus on individuals’ internalized views
about homosexual characteristics, inclinations, and dispositions.
This section begins with a review of Wagner and colleagues’ (1994) Internalized Homophobia Scale (IHS). This
unidimensional assessment of internalized homophobia includes items taken directly from Nungesser’s
Homosexuality Attitudes Inventory (NHAI, 1983), an early and widely cited measure. Reviewed next is the
Internalized Homophobia (IHP) scale, which defines and assesses the construct within a minority stress framework
(Meyer, 1995; Meyer & Dean, 1998 ). As such, it distinguishes internalized homophobia from outness, depression,722 25. MEASURES OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEXUAL ORIENTATION: HETEROSEXISM, HOMOPHOBIA, AND INTERNALIZED STIGMA
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT