 567
TABLE 26.1.  Layers and Structures of the Self
Levels/locus 
of audience Orientation Description Example Basis of self-regardCultural 
differences Individual differences
Personal Private Traits, values, and 
abilities“I am a kind 
person.”Personal aspirations and 
standardsIndependent/
individualisticPersonal Identity Orientation
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales
Private Self-Consciousness
Individualism Scale
Relational Intimate Other people with 
whom we have close 
personal contact“I am Katie’s 
best friend.”Mutual regard; pride in oneself 
as a relationship partner; 
validation from intimate othersInclusion of Other in Self Scale
Mutuality Scale
Interdependent Self-Construal Scale
Internal Working Models
Social Interpersonal Social roles and 
reputation“I am a popular 
professor.”Public recognition; praise from 
others; pride in roleSocial Identity Orientation
Public Self-Consciousness Scale
Social Self-Confidence (vs. Shyness)
Collective Communal Social categories to 
which we belong“I am Italian.” Ethnic pride; pride in one’s 
social groupsInterdependent/
collectivisticCollective Identity Orientation
Collective Self-Esteem Scale
Inclusion of Other in Group Scale
Collectivism Scale