fei75766_ch16_495-533.indd 532  02/06/20 01:34 PM
Part VI    Learning-Cognitive Theories532
•Unhealthy behaviors arelearned inthesame wayasallother behaviors, that
is,mostly through operant conditioning.
•Tochange unhealthy behaviors, behavior therapists useavariety ofbehavior 
modification techniques, allofwhich arebased ontheprinciples ofoperant 
conditioning.
References
Bjork, D.W.(1993). B. F. Skinner: A life. New
York: Basic Books.
Carver, C.S.,&White, T.L.(1994). Behavioral 
inhibition, behavioral activation, and
affective responses toimpending reward and
punishment: TheBIS/BAS scales. Journal of 
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.
Corr, P.J.(2008). The reinforcement sensitivity 
theory of personality .NewYork, NY:
Cambridge University Press.
Corr, P.J.(2010). Thepsychoticism–psychopathy 
continuum: Aneuropsychological model 
ofcoredeficits. Personality & Individual 
Differences, 48, 695–703.
Corr, P.J.,&Cooper, A.J.(2016). The
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of
Personality Questionnaire (RST –PQ): 
Development andvalidation. Psychological 
Assessment, 28 (11), 1427–1440.
Elms, A.C.(1981). Skinner’s darkyearand
Walden Two. American Psychologist, 36,
470–479.
Elms, A.C.(1994). Uncovering lives: The uneasy 
alliance of biography and psychology. NewYork: 
Oxford University Press.
Eysenck, H.J.(1988). Skinner, Skinnerism, and
theSkinnerian inpsychology. Special Issue: 
Stress counseling. Counseling Psychology 
Quarterly, 1, 299–301.
Ferster, C.B.,&Skinner, B.F.(1957). 
Schedules of reinforcement. NewYork: 
Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Freud, S.(1926/1959a). Inhibitions, symptoms and 
anxiety. InStandard edition (Vol. 20).
Goddard, M.J.(2018). Extending B.F.Skinner’s 
selection byconsequences topersonality 
change, implicit theories ofintelligence, skill
learning, andlanguage. Review of General 
Psychology,  22,421–426.
Hewitt, P.L.,&Flett, G.L.(1991). 
Perfectionism intheselfandsocial contexts: 
Conceptualization, assessment, andassociation 
withpsychopathology. Journal of Personality 
and Social Psychology, 60, 456–470.Hirst, E.S.,Dozier, C.L.,&Payne, S.W.(2016). 
Efficacy ofandpreference forreinforcement 
andresponse costintoken economies. Journal 
of Applied Behavior Analysis,  49,329–345.
Hughes, K.A.,Moore, R.A.,Morris, P.H.,&
Corr, P.J.(2012). Throwing lightonthedark
sideofpersonality: Reinforcement sensitivity 
theory andprimary/secondary psychopathy in
astudent population. Personality and Individual 
Differences, 52, 532–536.
Levenson, M.R.,Kiehl, K.A.,&Fitzpatrick, C.
M.(1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes 
inanoninstitutionalized population. Journal 
of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 
151–158.
Petry, N.M.,Alessi, S.M.,&Rash, C.J.(2012). 
Contingency management treatments decrease 
psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Consulting 
and Clinicial Psychology,  81,926–931.
Saber, J.L.(2017). Dojo Tokens: Theeffects of
atoken economy onundergraduate student 
behaviour andperformance. Journal for 
Advancement of Marketing Education,  25,1–13.
Sigmon, S.C.,Tidey, J.W.,Badger, G.J.,
&Higgins, S.T.(2003). Acute effects 
ofD-amphetamine onprogressive-ratio 
performance maintained bycigarette smoking 
andmoney. Psychopharmacology, 167 (4),
393–402.
Skinner, B.F.(1938). The behavior of organisms: 
An Experimental analysis. Englewood Cliffs, 
NJ:Prentice-Hall.
Skinner, B.F.(1945). Theoperational analysis of
psychological terms. Psychological Review, 52, 
270–277, 291–294.
Skinner, B.F.(1948). Walden two. NewYork: 
Macmillan.
Skinner, B.F.(1953). Science and human behavior. 
NewYork: Macmillan.
Skinner, B.F.(1954). Thescience oflearning 
andtheartofteaching. Harvard Educational 
Review, 24, 86–97.
Skinner, B.F.(1957). Verbal behavior. NewYork: 
Appleton-Century-Crofts.Final PDF to printer