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Impact of Nature and Nurture on Gender 
Identity Formation 233
Social Pressure to Conform to Typical Gender 
Identity 234
Age of Gender Identity Disclosure and Social 
Networks 234
Critique of Erikson 236
Concept of Humanity 237
CHAPTER 8   Fromm: Humanistic 
Psychoanalysis 242
Overview of Humanistic  
Psychoanalysis 243
Biography of Erich Fromm 244
Fromm’s Basic Assumptions 246
Human Needs 247
Relatedness 247
Transcendence 248
Rootedness 249
Sense of Identity 250
Frame of Orientation 250
Summary of Human Needs 251
The Burden of Freedom 251
Mechanisms of Escape 252
Authoritarianism 252
Destructiveness 252
Conformity 253
Positive Freedom 253
Character Orientations 253
Nonproductive Orientations 254
Receptive 254
Exploitative 254
Hoarding 254
Marketing 255
The Productive Orientation 256
Personality Disorders 256
Necrophilia 257
Malignant Narcissism 257
Incestuous Symbiosis 257
Psychotherapy 259
Fromm’s Methods of Investigation 259Social Character in a Mexican Village 259
A Psychohistorical Study of Hitler 261
Related Research 262
Testing the Assumptions of Fromm’s  
Marketing Character 262
Estrangement from Culture and Well-Being 264
Authoritarianism and Fear 265
Critique of Fromm 266
Concept of Humanity 267
PART III  Humanistic/Existential 
Theories  271
CHAPTER 9   Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic 
Theory 272
Overview of Holistic-Dynamic Theory 273
Biography of Abraham H. Maslow 274
Maslow’s View of Motivation 277
Hierarchy of Needs 278
Physiological Needs 278
Safety Needs 279
Love and Belongingness Needs 280
Esteem Needs 281
Self-Actualization Needs 281
Aesthetic Needs 282
Cognitive Needs 282
Neurotic Needs 283
General Discussion of Needs 283
Reversed Order of Needs 284
Unmotivated Behavior 284
Expressive and Coping Behavior 284
Deprivation of Needs 284
Instinctoid Nature of Needs 285
Comparison of Higher and Lower  
Needs 285
Self-Actualization 286
Maslow’s Quest for the Self-Actualizing 
Person 286
Criteria for Self-Actualization 287
Values of Self-Actualizers 288
Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People 288ContentsFinal PDF to printer