Divergent/Discriminant
Divergent validity was assessed by correlating the RS score with measures of depression ( /C0.41) using the Beck
Depression Inventory. Wagnild (2013) reported that many studies have shown that the RS total score is consis-
tently and inversely related to measures of poor adaptation to adversity and stress including depression, anxiety,
and perceived stress.
Construct/Factor Analytic
Although initially developed to capture three core constructs, a principal components analysis suggested a
two-dimensional solution with 17 items in Component I that suggested self-reliance, independence, determina-
tion, invincibility, mastery, resourcefulness, and perseverance. This component was labeled Personal
Competence. The eight items constituting Component II ‘suggested’ adaptability, balance, flexibility, and a bal-
anced perspective of life. They reflected acceptance and a sense of peace despite adversity. This factor was
labeled Acceptance of Self and Life. The items of the two components (personal competence and acceptance of
self and life) were loaded on more than one factor, thus limiting support for this analysis. Subsequent studies
have not consistently supported two components; instead there is growing support for a one-dimensional scale
(Wagnild, 2012).
Criterion/Predictive
Leppert, Gunzelmann, Schumacher, Strauss, and Bra ¨hler (2005) studied 599 elderly adults in Germany whose
mean age was about 70 years. The mean RS score was 132.6 ( SD522.17). Higher RS scores were predictive of
elders who reported lower subjective body complaints. ES scores was a significant predictor of physical well-
being. Strauss et al. (2007) studied the influence of resilience on fatigue in cancer patients undergoing radiation
therapy. RS scores strongly predicted patients’ fatigue at the beginning of radiation therapy. The authors con-
cluded that resilience is a psychological predictor of quality of life and coping in cancer patients.
Location
Wagnild, G. (2009). The Resilience Scale User’s Guide for the US English version of the Resilience Scale and the 14-
item Resilience Scale (RS-14) . Worden, MT: The Resilience Center.
Wagnild, G., & Young, H.M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal
of Nursing Measurement ,1,1 6 5/C0177.
Results and Comments
The RS was constructed in 1987 and initial psychometric analyses conducted in two studies in 1989 and 1990
(Wagnild & Young, 1993 ). Subsequently, it has been used worldwide and translated into at least 36 languages.
According to the author, there have been more than 5000 requests to use the RS for a variety of purposes includ-
ing research, employment assistance programs, clinical assessment, education, and continuing education confer-
ences and workshops. Although developed initially in association with healthy aging (used with middle and
elderly adults to measure resilience in these populations), it has also been used with other populations including
youth, and young adults. A 14-item short version is also available ( Wagnild, 2009 ).
Notes: Permission to use the Resilience Scale as well as a Resilience Scale User’s Guide may be obtained on the
Resilience Scale websites: www.resiliencescale.com/ (Retrieved January 10, 2014); www.resiliencescale.com/pro-
ducts.html (Retrieved January 6, 2004).
The Resiliency Scale is located at: www.resiliencescale.com/en/rstest/rstest_25_en.html (Retrieved January
6, 2014).
Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA)
(Friborg et al., 2003 ).
Variable
Intrapersonal and interpersonal protective resources may promote resilience in adults, facilitating adaptation,
or regaining and maintaining mental health in the face of stress, adversity, or maltreatment ( Friborg et al., 2003 ).
Resilience is viewed as a multidimensional construct.297 MEASURES REVIEWED HERE
III. EMOTION REGULATION