874 vIII. EMERGING  ISSuES AND  NEW  DIRECTIONS
FIGURE 42.11. Labor market outcomes differences by age: NLSY79—Males: (a) Annual Earnings, (b) 
Hourly Wage. Source: Heckman et al. (2014, Chapter 3), NLSY79. Controls: “Raw”—age, race, and 
region of residence; “Abil”—age, race, region of residence, and AFQT adjusted for schooling at time of 
test; “BG”—mother’s highest grade completed, urban status at age 14, family income in 1978, broken 
home status at age 14, living in the south at age 14, AFQT, and factors based on adolescent behav -
ioral measures, crime and school performance. Regressions exclude those reporting earning more than 
$300,000 or working more than 4,000 hours. Note: All regressions allow for heteroskedastic errors 
and, when appropriate, clustering at the individual level.
0 10000 20000 30000Annual Earnings
Age 20 to 24 Age 25 to 29 Age 30 to 34 Age 35 to 39Raw AbilBG Raw AbilBG Raw AbilBG Raw AbilBG
GED HSG SEA
−5 0 5 10Hourly Wage
Age 20 to 24 Age 25 to 29 Age 30 to 34 Age 35 to 39Raw AbilBG Raw AbilBG Raw AbilBG Raw AbilBG
GED HSG SEB