MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALES
Duke University Religion Index (DUREL)
(Koenig et al., 1997a ).
Variables
Organizational religious activity (ORA), non-organizational religious activity (NORA), and intrinsic religiosity
(IR) are assessed with the DUREL. ORA involves religious behaviors performed in a group or social setting;
NORA are behaviors performed alone or in private; and IR involves the subjective or cognitive aspect of religious
motivation ( Koenig & Futterman, 1995 ).
Description
The 5-item DUREL assesses the three major dimensions of religiosity (ORA, NORA, and IR or subjective religi-
osity) identified during a National Institute on Aging /C0Fetzer Institute Consensus Conference ( Koenig &
Futterman, 1995 ). The index is designed for large epidemiological studies that have little room in their question-
naires to assess religiosity.
Sample
The first two items of the DUREL (ORA and NORA) were administered to two random community samples
of 2962 adults of all ages and 3968 adults aged 65 years or over ( Koenig, 1997 ). The 10-item Hoge Intrinsic
Religiosity (IR) scale was administered to a consecutive series of 455 hospitalized adults aged 60 years or over
(Koenig, George, & Peterson, 1997b ). Three items from the Hoge scale were chosen for the IR dimension of the
DUREL based on their loadings on the intrinsic component, correlation with the total score, and relationship
with health outcomes (depressive symptoms, severity of medical illness, functional status, social support, and
speed of recovery from depression).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.91 across multiple studies and samples ( Koenig & Bussing,
2010).
Test/C0Retest
The two-week test /C0retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) was found to be 0.91 ( Storch, Strawser, &
Storch, 2004a ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Strong positive correlations have been demonstrated with other measures of religiosity (0.71 to 0.86) ( Koenig &
Bussing, 2010 ).
Divergent/Discriminant
Relatively weak correlations between the three subscales and depression ( 20.15 to 0.03), social support (0.08
to 0.24), and physical health outcomes ( 20.20 to 0.04) have been reported ( Koenig & Bussing, 2010 ).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Studies vary on how many factors have been identified for the index. A principal components analysis based
on the item intercorrelations of the scale in a sample of 628 college students identified a single component with
loadings ranging from 0.85 to 0.91 ( Storch et al., 2004b ). Likewise, a study of 557 medical students in Iran using
the Farsi version of the scale found that a principal components analysis revealed a single factor with factor load-
ings ranging from 0.72 to 0.89 ( Hafizi et al. 2013 ). However, a recent study conducted in China using the Chinese
version of the scale revealed three factors, which is consistent with theoretical expectations ( Wang, Sun, Rong,
Zhang, & Wang, 2013 ). In the Chinese sample of 1285 college students and 387 community residents, exploratory
factor analysis revealed the following variances explained: Factor 1 (ORA) 55.0% in students and 61.5% in544 19. MEASURES OF RELIGIOSITY
V. VICES AND VIRTUES