fei75766_glo_G1-G15.indd G-13  02/19/20 09:26 AM
GlossaryG-13
reciprocal causation (Bandura)  Scheme thatincludes 
environment, behavior, andperson asmutually 
interacting todetermine personal conduct.
regression (Freud)  Adefense mechanism whereby a
person returns toanearlier stage inorder toprotect the
egoagainst anxiety.
regression (Jung)  Thebackward flowofpsychic energy; 
regression involves theintroverted attitude andmovement 
toward adaptation totheinternal world.
reinforcement (Skinner)  Anycondition within the
environment thatstrengthens abehavior. (Seealso
negative reinforcer andpositive reinforcer )
reinforcement-reinforcement sequences  Rotter’s term
indicating thatthevalue ofanevent isafunction ofone’s 
expectation thatareinforcement willleadtofuture 
reinforcements.
reinforcement value (Rotter)  Thepreference aperson 
attaches toanyreinforcement when theprobabilities are
equal fortheoccurrence ofanumber ofdifferent 
reinforcements.
relatedness (Fromm)  Theneed forunion withanother 
person orpersons. Expressed through submission, power, 
orlove.
reliability  Theextent towhich atestorother measuring 
instrument yields consistent results.
repetition compulsion (Freud)  Thetendency ofan
instinct, especially thedeath instinct, torepeat orrecreate 
anearlier condition, particularly onethatwasfrightening 
oranxiety arousing.
repression (Freud)  Theforcing ofunwanted, anxiety-
laden experiences intotheunconscious asadefense 
against thepainofthatanxiety.
resacralization (Maslow)  Theprocess ofreturning 
respect, joy,awe,andrapture toanexperience inorder to
make thatexperience more subjective andpersonal.
resistance  Avariety ofunconscious responses by
patients, designed toblock therapeutic progress.
role (Kelly)  Apattern ofbehavior thatresults from 
people’s understanding oftheconstructs ofothers with
whom theyareengaged insome task.
role repudiation (Erikson)  Theinability tosynthesize 
different self-images andvalues intoaworkable identity.
rootedness (Fromm)  Thehuman need toestablish roots, 
thatis,tofindahome again intheworld.
S
sadism  Acondition inwhich aperson receives sexual 
pleasure byinflicting painorhumiliation onanother person.
safeguarding tendencies (Adler)  Protective mechanisms 
suchasaggression, withdrawal, andthelikethatmaintain 
exaggerated feelings ofsuperiority.safety needs  Thesecond levelonMaslow’s hierarchy of
needs; theyinclude physical security, protection, and
freedom from danger.
school age (Erikson)  Thefourth stage ofpsychosocial 
development; covers theperiod from about ages6–12
or13andischaracterized bypsychosexual latency and
thepsychosocial crisis ofindustry versus inferiority.
science  Abranch ofstudy concerned withobservation 
andclassification ofdataandwiththeverification of
general lawsthrough thetesting ofhypotheses. 
secondary dispositions (Allport)  Theleastcharacteristic 
andreliable personal dispositions thatappear withsome 
regularity inaperson’s life.
secondary narcissism (Freud)  Self-love orautoerotic 
behavior inanadolescent. (Seenarcissism )
secondary process (Freud)  Areference totheego,which 
chronologically isthesecond region ofthemind (after 
theidorprimary process). Secondary process thinking is
incontact withreality.
selective activation  Bandura’s belief thatself-regulatory 
influences arenotautomatic butrather operate onlyif
theyareactivated.
self (Jung)  Themost comprehensive ofallarchetypes, 
theselfincludes thewhole ofpersonality, although itis
mostly unconscious. Theselfisoften symbolized bythe
mandala motif.
self-accusation  Adlerian safeguarding tendency whereby 
aperson aggresses indirectly against others through self-
torture andguilt.
self-actualization needs (Maslow)  Thehighest levelof
human motivation; theyinclude theneed tofullydevelop 
allofone’s psychological capacities.
self-actualization (Rogers)  Asubsystem ofthe
actualizing tendency; thetendency toactualize theselfas
perceived.
self-concept (McCrae and Costa)  Theknowledge, views, 
andevaluations oftheself.
self-concept (Rogers)  Aspects ofone’s being and
experiences thatanindividual isconsciously aware of.
self-efficacy (Bandura)  People’s expectation thatthey
arecapable ofperforming those behaviors thatwill
produce desired outcomes inanyparticular situation.
self-hatred (Horney)  Thepowerful tendency for
neurotics todespise theirrealself.
selfobjects (Kohut)  Parents orother significant adults in
achild’s lifewhoeventually become incorporated intothe
child’s sense ofself.
self-realization (Jung)  Thehighest possible levelof
psychic maturation; necessitates abalance between 
conscious andunconscious, egoandself,masculine and
feminine, andintroversion andextraversion. AllfourFinal PDF to printer