Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ)
(Hendriks et al., 1999 ).
The BFQ is intended to measure both the five higher order domains of the Big Five Model and 10 primary
facets: Openness to culture and Openness to experience (Openness), Scrupulousness and Perseverance
(Conscientiousness), Dynamism and Dominance (Energy), Cooperativeness and Politeness (Friendliness),
Emotion Control and Impulse Control (Emotional Stability). The BFQ was developed in Italian and translated
into several other European languages. Cronbach alpha coefficients were found to range from .55 to .85 ( Caprara,
Barbaranelli, Bermu ´dez, Maslach, & Ruch, 2000 ). In a study examining structural and measurement equivalence
both in EFA and CFA as well as DIF, Caprara et al. (2000) reported congruence coefficients (all above .90) and
evidence for equal factor loadings in CFA, but also multiple items with both uniform and non-uniform bias (see
Table 26.1 ). In summary, structural equivalence of the instrument in the studied languages has been established,
but there was weak support for scalar equivalence and considerable item bias spread across items. Further evi-
dence especially from non-Western samples would enhance conclusions about the instrument’s properties in
cross-cultural application.
Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI)
(Hendriks et al., 1999 ).
The FFPI is designed to measure the Big Five higher order factors: Extraversion, Agreeableness,
Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. The FFPI was developed in Dutch with specific attention to
translatability to English and German. The instrument has since been translated into a number of languages from
different language families. Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from .74 to .89 ( Hendriks et al., 2003 ). They found
mostly acceptable congruence coefficients in comparisons between each of 13 countries and a combined
Dutch/C0US reference sample (most values were above .90; see Table 26.1 ). So, there is evidence for structural
equivalence of the FFPI in a number of European and non-European cultures. In the development of the
instrument, guidelines have been followed that specifically aimed to facilitate item comprehensibility and cross-
cultural transfer. Further studies in other, non-Western cultures will help to broaden the support of the
instrument’s cross-cultural applicability.
NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)
(Costa & McCrae, 1992 ).
The NEO-FFI is a short, 60-item version of the NEO-PI-R (see next section) that measures the five domains of
the FFM. In Aluja, Garcı ´a, et al. (2005) , Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from .71 to .85. Hˇrebı´ˇckova ´et al.
(2002) reported alpha coefficients ranging between .60 and .86. In Rolland, Parker, and Stumpf (1998) , Cronbach
alpha coefficients ranged from .50 to .87 (see Table 26.1 ).Borkenau and Ostendorf (1991) , whose sample was
used as reference sample for the target rotation by Rolland et al. (1998) , reported test /C0retest reliability coefficients
over a two-year interval ranging from .65 (A) to .81 (E and C) in a sample of 146 German participants. Aluja,
Garcı ´a, et al. (2005) found convergent correlations between .60 and .80 with the domain scales of the NEO-PI-R.
In a Czech sample, Hˇrebı´ˇckova ´et al. (2002) found (in absolute values) convergent correlations between .30 and
.76 and discriminant correlations between .01 and .49 with the BFQ, FFPI, and a Czech lexical marker measure.
Rolland et al. (1998) found convergent correlations with the NEO-PI-R between .77 and .92 and median divergent
correlations of .13 and .20 in their student and military French samples, respectively. Borkenau and Ostendorf
(1991) found convergent correlations with Norman’s (1963) scales between .23 and .72 across self- and peer-
reports and self-peer convergent correlations on the NEO-FFI between .33 and .54.
The NEO-FFI has been used in various cross-cultural studies (e.g., Cheung, Cheung, Leung, Ward, & Leong,
2003 ). Three studies have directly examined the equivalence of the NEO-FFI across cultures (see Table 26.1 ).
Aluja et al. (2005) found support for structural equivalence between a Spanish and a French Swiss sample.
Hˇrebı´ˇckova ´et al. (2002) , in pairwise comparisons of (somewhat heterogeneous) Slavic, German, and US samples,
found acceptable congruence coefficients for N, E, and C, but lower coefficients for O and A. Finally, Rolland
et al. (1998) found satisfactory congruence coefficients in comparisons of French students with a German1and a
Canadian sample for all factors except O, but much lower coefficients in comparisons of a French military sample
with the same target samples. Although the NEO-FFI has been used in different cultures, the direct evidence on
1The German data were obtained with an earlier version of the NEO-FFI ( Costa & McCrae, 1989 ).767 INVENTORIES BASED ON THEORETICAL MODELS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT