Location
Scheier, M.F., & Carver, C.S. (1985). The self-consciousness scale: A revised version for use with general popu-
lations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15 , 687/C0699.
Results and Comments
The 23-item Self-consciousness Scale has been the primary operationalization of self-consciousness and has
been translated into at least 16 languages ( Fenigstein, 2009 ). The revised scale correlates highly with the original,
and the factor loadings are similar for the two scales. Most research of the PuSC Scale’s validity used the original
scale, but researchers should be reasonably confident using the revised scale with general populations given its
similarities in structure and operation to the original measure.
PUBLIC SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS SCALE
Instructions: For each of the statements, indicate how
much each statement is like you by using the following
scale:
35a lot like me
25somewhat like me
15a little like me
05not like me at all
Please be as honest as you can throughout, and try
not to let your responses to one question influence your
response to other questions. There are no right or wrong
answers.1.I’m concerned about my style of doing things.
2.I care a lot about how I present myself to others.
3.I’m self-conscious about the way I look.
4.I usually worry about making a good impression.
5.Before I leave my house, I check how I look.
6.I’m concerned about what other people think
of me.
7.I’m usually aware of my appearance.
Notes : Revised PuSC Scale. (Reproduced with
permission.)
Self-Monitoring (SM) Scale
(Snyder & Gangestad, 1986 ).
Variable
Self-monitoring refers to the degree to which people monitor and control their self-presentations. The Self-
Monitoring (SM) Scale measures the degree to which people consciously manage their behavior and public
images in social interactions to meet situational demands and particularly to be viewed as socially appropriate.
High self-monitors tend to rely on situational factors to guide their self-presentations, whereas low self-monitors’
self-presentations tend to be influenced more strongly by their self-views.
Sample
The original, 25-item SM Scale was constructed using a sample of 192 Stanford University undergraduates
(Snyder, 1974 ). The revised, 18-item version was based on reanalyses of data obtained on numerous samples that
had completed the original scale ( Gangestad & Snyder, 1985; Snyder & Gangestad, 1986 ).
Description
The original SM Scale ( Snyder, 1974 ) consisted of 25 items that measured five interrelated aspects of self-moni-
toring: concern for social appropriateness, the degree to which people attend to social cues indicating appropriate
self-presentation, the ability to tailor one’s self-presentations to the current context, the use of this ability in inter-
personal situations, and the degree to which people’s self-presentations and expressive behavior vary across
situations ( Fuglestad & Snyder, 2009 ). To address psychometric concerns involving the multidimensionality of
the original scale, a revised measure consisting of 18 of the original 25 items was developed ( Snyder &
Gangestad, 1986 ). Scores on the revised 18-item SM Scale correlated 0.93 with the original scale ( Gangestad &
Snyder, 1985 ). The modified measure is generally agreed to be psychometrically superior to the original 25-item
SM Scale due to its higher internal consistency and unidimensional factor structure ( Gangestad & Snyder, 2000 ).452 16. MEASURES OF CONCERNS WITH PUBLIC IMAGE AND SOCIAL EVALUATION
IV. INTERPERSONAL STYLES