 15. Personality Development in Adulthood and Later Life  349
Klimstra, T. A., Bleidorn, W., Asendorpf, J. B., van 
Aken, M. A. G., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2013). 
Correlated change of Big Five personality traits 
across the lifespan: A search for determinants. 
Journal of Research in Personality, 47 (6), 768–
777.
Kluckhohn, C., Murray, H. A., & Schneider, D. M. 
(Eds.). (1953). Personality in nature, society, and 
culture  (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Knopf.
Le, K., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. (2014). 
Personality development at work: Workplace 
conditions, personality changes, and the corre -
sponsive principle. Journal of Personality, 82 (1), 
44–56.
Lehnart, J., Neyer, F. J., & Eccles, J. (2010). Long-
term effects of social investment: The case of 
partnering in young adulthood. Journal of Per -
sonality, 78 (2), 639–670.
Lincoln, A. (2001). Letter to Albert G. Hodges. In 
R. P. Basler (Ed.), The collected works of Abra -
ham Lincoln  (Vol. 7, pp. 281–283). New Bruns -
wick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Löckenhoff, C. E., Terracciano, A., & Costa, P. T., 
Jr. (2009). Five-  factor model personality traits 
and the retirement transition: Longitudinal and 
cross-  sectional associations. Psychology and 
Aging, 24 (3), 722–728.
Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011). Personali -
ty development across the life span: Longitudinal 
analyses with a national sample from Germany. 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 
101(4), 847–861.
Lüdtke, O., Roberts, B. W., Trautwein, U., & Nagy, 
G. (2011). A random walk down university av -
enue: Life paths, life events, and personality trait 
change at the transition to university life. Jour-
nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101 (3), 
620 – 637.
Magee, C. A., Heaven, P. C., & Miller, L. M. 
(2013). Personality change predicts self-  reported 
mental and physical health. Journal of Personal -
ity, 81 (3), 324–334.
Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., & Morin, A. J. S. 
(2013). Measurement invariance of Big-Five fac -
tors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, 
plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects. De -
velopmental Psychology, 49 (6), 1194–1218.
McAdams, D. P. (2015). The art and science of 
personality development . New York: Guilford 
Press.
McCrae, R. R. (2015). A more nuanced view of 
reliability: Specificity in the trait hierarchy. Per-
sonality and Social Psychology Review, 19 (2), 
97–112.
McGue, M., Bacon, S., & Lykken, D. T. (1993). Per -
sonality stability and change in early adulthood: 
A behavioral genetic analysis. Developmental 
Psychology, 29 (1), 96–109.
Mõttus, R. (2016). Towards more rigorous person -ality trait–  outcome research. European Journal 
of Personality, 30 (4), 292–303.
Mõttus, R., Johnson, W., & Deary, I. J. (2012). 
Personality traits in old age: Measurement and 
rank-order stability and some mean-level change. 
Psychology and Aging, 27 (1), 243–249.
Mroczek, D. K. (2014). Personality plasticity, 
healthy aging, and interventions. Developmental 
Psychology, 50 (5), 1470–1474.
Mroczek, D. K., & Almeida, D. M. (2004). The 
effects of daily stress, age, and personality on 
daily negative affect. Journal of Personality, 72, 
354–378.
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2003). Modeling in -
traindividual change in personality traits: Find -
ings from the Normative Aging Study. Journals 
of Gerontology B: Psychological Sciences and 
Social Sciences, 58 (3), 153–165.
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2005). Change in life 
satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the 
Veterans Affairs normative aging study. Jour -
nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 (1), 
189–202.
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2007). Personality 
change influences mortality in older men. Psy -
chological Science, 18 (5), 371–376.
Mroczek, D. K., Spiro, A., Griffin, P. W., Neupert, 
S. (2006). Social influences on adult personality, 
self- regulation and health. In K. W. Schaie & L. 
L. Carstensen (Eds.), Social structures, aging and 
self- regulation in the elderly  (pp. 69–84). New 
York: Springer.
Mueller, S., Wagner, J., Drewelies, J., Duezel, S., 
Eibich, P., Specht, J., et al. (2016). Personality 
development in old age relates to physical health 
and cognitive performance: Evidence from the 
Berlin Aging Study II. Journal of Research in 
Personality, 65,  94–108.
Mueller, S., Wagner, J., & Gerstorf, D. (2017). On 
the role of personality in late life. In J. Specht 
(Ed.), Personality development across the lifes -
pan (pp. 69–84). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
Mund, M., & Neyer, F. J. (2014). Treating 
personality–  relationship transactions with re -
spect: Narrow facets, advanced models, and ex -
tended time frames. Journal of Personality and 
Social Psychology, 107 (2), 352–368.
Mund, M., & Neyer, F. J. (2016). The winding 
paths of the lonesome cowboy: Evidence for mu -
tual influences between personality, subjective 
health, and loneliness. Journal of Personality, 
84(5), 646–657.
Mund, M., Zimmermann, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2018). 
Personality development in adulthood. In V. 
Ziegler-  Hill & T. D. Shackleford (Eds.), The 
SAGE handbook of personality and individual 
differences: Vol. 1. Origins of personality and 
individual differences  (pp. 260–277). Los Ange -
les: SAGE.