Variable
The LGB-KASH assesses both positive and negative attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals as
well as knowledge about these identity groups.
Description
Development of the LGB-KASH began with a review of existing measures of homophobia, racism, and sexism,
and is based on the Worthington, Savoy, and Navarro (2002) model of heterosexual identity. Pilot studies were
conducted to reduce and adapt the 211 items initially generated into the 60-item version used for validational
analyses. Based on factor analytic results, a final 28-item scale was created containing the following five factors:
Hate, Knowledge of LGB History, Symbols, and Community, LGB Civil Rights, Religious Conflict, and
Internalized Affirmativeness. Response options are on a 6-point scale. Higher scores indicate greater endorsement
of the relevant factor, which, depending on the subscale may indicate either greater anti-LGB bias, (e.g., Hate) or
greater affirmativeness (e.g. Civil Rights).
Sample
Worthington et al. (2005) validated the LGB-KASH over 4 studies. Study 1 included 422 heterosexual respon-
dents (50% female). Of these, 214 were from Midwestern universities and 208 were recruited over the Internet.
Ages ranged from 18 to 57 ( M523.89, SD57.55). Study 2 consisted of 574 participants recruited either online
(183 total, 143 women, 40 men) or as part of a campus climate survey (312 total, 191 women, 121 men). Study 3
was completed by 45 heterosexual participants (27 women, 18 men). Study 4 included 190 participants (95
women, 93 men, 2 transgender). Of these, 111 identified as heterosexual, 27 as gay, 29 as bisexual, 22 as lesbian,
and 1 as other. In all cases the majority of participants (78.4 to 82.5%) identified as White European/American
(Worthington et al., 2005 ). Subscale means for each sample were as follows:
LGB-KASH SUBSCALE MEANS
Variable Study 1 M
(SD)Study 2 M
(SD)Study 3a M
(SD)Study 3b M
(SD)Study 4 M
(SD)
Hate 1.82 (1.02) 1.62 (0.85) 1.72 (0.79) 1.47 (0.68) 1.39 (0.70)
LGB Knowledge 2.14 (1.22) 2.06 (1.06) 1.51 (0.79) 1.56 (1.01) 3.31 (2.11)
Religious Conflict 2.96 (1.29) 2.69 (1.09) 3.02 (1.07) 3.00 (1.00) 2.45 (1.13)
LGB Civil Rights 4.94 (1.84) 4.44 (1.50) 3.89 (1.57) 4.21 (1.23) 5.37 (1.64)
Internalized
Affirm2.91 (1.66) 2.71 (1.24) 2.23 (1.02) 2.11 (1.06) 4.03 (2.07)
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Cronbach alpha coefficients were moderate to high (all αs..70) across studies for all five subscales
(Worthington et al., 2005 ).
Test/C0Retest
Test/C0retest reliability, assessed over a two-week period, yielded the following reliability estimates for each
subscale: Hate, .76; Knowledge, .85; Civil Rights, .85; Religious Conflict, .77; Internalized Affirmativeness, .90
(Worthington et al., 2005 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
All subscales correlated positively with the Social Dominance Scale (SDS; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999 ), with corre-
lation coefficients ranging from .13 to .32. Subscales were also correlated with the four components of the734 25. MEASURES OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEXUAL ORIENTATION: HETEROSEXISM, HOMOPHOBIA, AND INTERNALIZED STIGMA
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT