Sample
An early sample comprised 353 undergraduate students ( Novaco, 1977 ). Subsequently, Novaco (1994) uti-
lized 142 hospital inpatients and another sample of 158 pat ients in undertaking initial validational studies.
Biaggio (1980) utilized a sample of 150 undergraduate students ( 72 male; 78 female) in her validation study of
the original NAS. Mills, Kroner, and Forth (1998) compared samples of 102 non-violent offenders ( M533 years,
range 19 /C069 years) with 102 violent offenders ( M528 years, range 18-55). Jones, Thomas-Peter, and Trout
(1999) investigated the NAS-PI in a sample of 58 men ( M532.47 years, SD 58.32), Monahan et al. (2001) uti-
lized a sample of 1102 mentally disturbed inpatients. Jones, Thomas-Peter, and Gangstad (2003) used a sample
of 354 anger management outpatients, Lindqvist, Waterman, and Hellstro ¨m (2003) employed a sample of 100
male undergraduates ( M533.2 years, SD512.5), Lindqvist, Waterman, and Hellstro ¨m (2005) utilized a sample
of 95 violent prisoners (ranging from 18 /C067 years), Baker, Van Hasselt, and Sellars (2008) utilized samples of
prisoners (638 males; 349 females). Hornsveld, Muris, and Kraaimaat (2011) utilized samples of 142 male foren-
sic psychiatric inpatients ( M533.16 years, range 21 /C056 years), 194 male outpatients ( M522.79 years, range
16/C056 years), and 320 secondary vocational students (160 males; M517.35 years, range 16 /C021; 160 females;
M518.36 years, range 16 /C027 years). Finally, the commercially prod uced version of the NAS-PI was validated
on an age-stratified national standardization s ample of 1546 non-clinical individuals aged from 9 /C084 years
(Novaco, 2003 ).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Novaco (1977) reported an alpha coefficient ( N5353) for the original NAS of .96 (cf. Biaggio, 1980 ;Boyle,
1991).Novaco (1994) reported alpha coefficients ( N5126) for the NAS (.95), and PI (.95). Mills et al. (1998)
reported alpha coefficients NAS (.95) and PI (.96) in non-violent sample (N 5102), and NAS (.94) and PI (.95) in
violent sample ( N5102). Jones et al., (1999) reported alpha coefficients for NAS (.92) and PI (.92). Novaco and
Taylor (2004) reported an alpha coefficient of 0.92 for both the NAS and PI modified versions. Lindqvist et al.
(2005) reported alpha coefficients ranging from .78 to .91. Baker et al. (2008) reported alpha coefficients for men
on the NAS (.93) and PI (.92), and women on the NAS (.89) and PI (.87), respectively. Hornsveld et al. (2011)
reported alpha coefficients for the NAS subscales ranging from .77 to .95, and the PI for inpatients (.90) and out-
patients (.94), respectively.
Test/C0Retest
Novaco (1994) reported stability coefficients over an interval of two weeks for the NAS (.84) and PI (.86). Mills
et al. (1998) reported stability coefficients over a four-week interval for NAS (.89) and PI (.85). Cornell, Peterson,
and Richards (1999) reported alpha coefficients for the NAS (.94) and PI (.91). Subsequently, Hornsveld et al.
(2011) using a group of 90 forensic psychiatric outpatients, reported stability coefficients for the NAS over a four-
week interval as follows: NAS Anger (.80), NAS Cognitive (.71), NAS Arousal (.78), and NAS Behavior (.79),
respectively. They also reported a high alpha coefficient (.90) for the PI (cf. Boyle, 1991 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
As evidence of convergent/concurrent validity, Biaggio (1980) had reported positive correlations ( N5150)
between the NAS and all eight BDHI subscales plus BDHI Total score (ranging from .05 to .45), with all seven
ASR subscales plus ASR Total score (ranging from .07 to .64), and with the RI (.82). Novaco (1994) reported posi-
tive correlations with both the Spielberger (1980) State/C0trait Anger Scale or STAS (.84), and the BDHI (.84),
respectively. Mills et al. (1998) reported that the NAS and PI correlated positively with the BPAQ (.79 and .68,
respectively). Cornell et al. (1999) reported that the NAS correlate .63 with the PI, and that both the NAS and PI
correlated positively with the Spielbeger STAXI scales (ranging from .26 to .90), except for the STAXI Anger
Control scale. Lindqvist et al. (2005) reported positive correlations between the NAS Total and Swedish adapta-
tions of the BPAQ (.86) and the STAXI-2 (.79). Baker et al. (2008) reported a positive correlation of .69 between
both components of the NAS-PI and STAS, and BDHI, respectively.
Divergent/Discriminant
As evidence of divergent/discriminant validity, Biaggio (1980, p. 296) reported that the NAS correlated
negatively ( /C0.26) with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Subsequently, Biaggio et al. (1981) also85 MEASURES REVIEWED IN DETAIL
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS