Furthermore, Tausch, Hewstone et al. (2007) reported significant positive correlations between contact quan-
tity and quality and the GES ( r5.42 and .46, respectively). Tam et al. (2007) reported significant positive cor-
relations between the GES and intergroup contact ( r5.26), intergroup forgiveness ( r5.34), and positive
emotions towards the outgroup ( r5.33). S w a r te ta l .( 2 0 1 1 ) found, cross-sectionally, that their short-form GES
correlated significantly with cr oss-group friendships at time 1 ( r5.17) and time 3 ( r5.21), but not at time 2
(r5.09). Similarly, Swart et al. found their GES correlated significantly with outgroup variability at time 2
and 3 ( r5.12 and .25, respectively), but non-significantly at time 1 ( r5.05). Furthermore, Swart et al.
reported positive, significant cross-sectional correlations between their GES and intergroup empathy ( rtime 15.26,
rtime 25.17,rtime 35.39).
Divergent/Discriminant
Wright et al. (1997) reported that the GES correlated moderately and negatively with their Affective Prejudice
scale ( r5/C0.31; Study 1).10Eller et al. (2011) reported a significant negative correlation between the GES and inter-
group anxiety ( r5/C0.43; see Tausch, Hewstone et al., 2007 ;Voci & Hewstone, 2003 ).Tausch, Hewstone et al.
(2007) reported significant negative correlations between the GES and symbolic ( r5/C0.47) and realistic ( r5/C0.36)
threats, whereas Tam et al. (2007) reported significant negative correlations between the GES and fear of
(r5/C0.29) and ange rtowards ( r5/C0.44) the outgroup. Harwood et al. (2005, Study 2) reported a non-significant
correlation between the GES and intergroup salience (e.g., r5/C0.18). The Swart et al. (2011) short-form GES corre-
lated negatively and significantly with outgroup anxiety ( rtime 15/C0.30,rtime 25/C0.29,rtime 35/C0.38) and negative
action tendencies ( rtime 15/C0.32,rtime 25/C0.29,rtime 35/C0.37).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Tausch, Hewstone et al. (2007) , in a confirmatory analysis, included the GES as part of their measurement
model. They reported satisfactory model fit statistics, thus helping to demonstrate that the GES is empirically dis-
tinguishable from contact quantity and quality, threats to the ingroup, and intergroup anxiety ( Tausch, Hewstone
et al., 2007 ).
Swart et al. (2011) provided EFA (maximum likelihood extraction with direct oblimin rotation) and CFA sup-
port for the factor structure of the short-form of the GES, and reported the short-form to be unidimensional. In a
series of CFAs, Swart et al. found that the individual GES items were loaded significantly and strongly by the
GES latent variable at all three time points (all factor loadings $.49). Furthermore, the factor loadings were
invariant across measurement occasions ( Swart et al., 2011 ).
Criterion/Predictive
Voci and Hewstone (2003) reported a positive association between intergroup contact and the GES. Eller and
Abrams (2004, Study 1) reported significant positive regression weights between cross-group friendships with an
outgroup and GES scores towards that outgroup ( β55 .39) and GES scores towards an uninvolved outgroup
(β5.44). Furthermore, Eller et al. (2011) also showed that both the quality of contact and extended contact with
an outgroup was predictive of later, more favorable GES ratings of that outgroup. Tausch, Hewstone et al. (2007)
reported significant negative associations between threats to the ingroup and the GES ( β5/C0.26) as well as
between intergroup anxiety and the GES ( β5/C0.31; see also Eller et al., 2011 ;Voci & Hewstone, 2003 ).
For the short-form GES, Swart et al. (2011) reported that empathy towards the outgroup was positively associ-
ated with later outgroup GES scores.
Location
Original six-item scale:
Wright, S.C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S.A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of
cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,73,7 3/C090.
10Across three time points spaced roughly two hours apart, Wright et al.(1997, Study 3) found their eight-item version of the GES, which was
based on the original six-item version, correlated with two other measures of outgroup attitudes, namely a scale measuring intergroup
differentiation ( rtime 15/C0.25;rtime 25/C0.46;rtime 35/C0.49) and a measure of intergroup bias in resource allocation ( rtime 15/C0.36;rtime 25/C0.25;
rtime 35/C0.26).678 23. MEASURES OF INTERGROUP CONTACT
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT