Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Betz and Borgen (2008) reported correlations ( rs5/C0.13 to .65) based a sample of 160 university students for
the Holland Theme and Engagement Style scores with 17 content-based personality scales that form the Healthy
Personality Inventory (HPI): Trustworthy, Generous, Confident, Organized, Detail Oriented, Goal Directed,
Outgoing, Energetic, Adventurous, Assertive, Relaxed, Happy, Decisive, Rested, Creative, Intellectual and
Analytical. These HPI scales are intended to capture healthy personality traits and to ‘identify strengths and
adaptive personal dispositions’ (Betz & Borgen, pp. 27). Correlations were apparent for 11 of the 17 HPI scales
with the Motivation and Academic Achievement Style /C0e.g., the Styles respectively correlated .58 and .56 with
being Goal Directed, or both Styles correlated .40 with being Organized. These results demonstrated that Social,
Enterprising and Conventional confidence scores respectively correlated significantly ( p,.001) and positively
with nine, ten and eight of the HPI scales, together correlating significantly with all HPI scales except Relaxed.
For example, Social confidence correlated with being Trustworthy, Generous and Energetic; Enterprising confi-
dence with being Outgoing, Decisive and Creative; and Conventional confidence with being Organized, Detail
Oriented and Analytical. In contrast, however, Realistic and Artistic confidence correlated significantly ( p,.001)
with only the Analytical ( r5.35) and Creative ( r5.61) HPI scales respectively. Similarly, Investigative corre-
lated significantly ( p,.001) with only the Confident ( r5.29), Intellectual ( r5.35), and Analytical ( r5.65) HPI
scales. For the Engagement Styles, Extraversion, Leadership, Teamwork, Motivation and Academic Achievement
correlated significantly ( p,.001) and positively with 9, 12, 12, 15 and 15 of the HPI scales. Overall, the strongest
of these correlations were with being Confident, Outgoing, Energetic, Assertive and Happy ( rs5.29 to .68). The
Motivation and Academic Achievement Styles also shared notably strong correlations with being Organized,
Detail Oriented, Goal Directed, Intellectual and Analytical ( rs5.38 to .65). Risk Taking, however, correlated sig-
nificantly with being Analytical only ( r5.37).
Divergent/Discriminant
Realistic, Investigative, Artistic and Risk Taking Style confidence appeared largely unrelated to healthy person-
ality traits. No significant negative correlations with the HPI scales have emerged (Betz & Borgen, 2008).
Construct/Factor Analytic
The factorial structure has not been fully described outside of the scale manual. Yet research on the CCI’s pre-
decessor, the Expanded Skills Confidence Inventory (ESCI; Betz et al., 2003 ) is available and cited by Betz and
Borgen (2009) as contributing data. Betz et al. demonstrated that the factor structure of the ESCI was somewhat
supported using exploratory factor analysis, principal axis factoring with varimax rotation ( N5934 undergradu-
ate psychology students). They found that items readily defined nine of the intended subscales, while the remain-
ing items were loaded by a large single factor. With the exception of the Teamwork and Leadership dimensions,
these items separated reasonably well into their expected factors when submitted to a separate exploratory factor
analysis with an oblique rotation method (principal axis factoring with promax rotation). As expected, however,
these factors shared moderate to strong positive intercorrelations ( rs5.13 to .72).
Location
Betz, N.E., & Borgen, F.H. (2010). The CAPA Integrative Online System for College Major Exploration. Journal
of Career Assessment ,18(4), 317 /C0327.
Results and Comments
The CCI offers the advantage of assessing multiple domains, but there is evidence of redundancy in making
such fine distinctions. Although there is no published report about subscales’ factorial structural (excluding the
Manual), shared covariance with related constructs suggests that the CCI might benefit from future refinement.
Nonetheless, the CCI is the only confidence scale reported in the literature that specifically addresses vocational
competences relevant to adult populations. In its present state, the CCI may be appropriate to use with adult
populations. Future work should focus on factor analysis of the available data instead of relying on predeter-
mined subscale scores.170 7. MEASURES OF THE TRAIT OF CONFIDENCE
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS