There are three classic single dimensional scales that we will briefly mention here so that the reader is aware
of them, since they are used frequently in religion-health research. The first is the 7-item Christian Orthodoxy
Index that is often used to measure religious belief in Christian traditions ( Hill & Hood, 1999 , pp. 280, 288 /C0290).
The second is the 21-item Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) that assesses both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity
(Hill & Hood, 1999 , pp. 144 /C0153), and the third scale is the 10-item Intrinsic Religiosity Scale (IRS) that more suc-
cinctly measures intrinsic religiosity (or the extent to which a person’s religious faith is the object of their ultimate
concern) ( Hill & Hood, 1999 , pp. 135 /C0137). Even today, the ROS and IRS are some of the best measures for asses-
sing a person’s religious commitment.
The Attachment to God Scale (AGS), Trust/Mistrust in God Scale (TMGS), and the Religious Coping Scale
(RCOPE) have subscales, but these are single dimensional scales that measure specific aspects of religious
involvement (attachment, trust, religious coping). The subscales are not considered separate dimensions, but sim-
ply related aspects within each dimension (typically positive or negative aspects, which are often the opposite of
each other or represent blocks of negatively or positively worded statements). In contrast, multi-dimensional
instruments in this field assess different dimensions of religiosity in one measure /C0public religious practices, pri-
vate religious practices, religious commitment, religious motivation, religious coping, etc. The latter are standard
and well-accepted dimensions in the research field of religion and health, which may have different aspects to
them measured by subscales. The approach we describe here is the same one taken by Hill & Hood in the now
standard text on this subject in the field [Measures of Religiosity, 1999, Religious Education Press]. Scales that we
examine in depth include the following.
Single Dimensional Scales
1.Attachment to God Scale ( Rowatt & Kirkpatrick, 2002 )
2.Trust/Mistrust in God Scale ( Rosmarin, Pargament, & Mahoney, 2009a; Rosmarin, Pirutinsky, &
Pargament, 2011 )
3.Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale ( Underwood & Teresi, 2002 )
4.Religious Coping Index ( Koenig, 1994; Koenig et al., 1992 )
5.Religious Coping Scale ( Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, 2000; Pargament, Smith, Koenig, & Perez, 1998 )
6.Faith Maturity Scale ( Benson, Donahue, & Erickson, 1993 )
7.Religious History Scale ( George, 1999 )
Multidimensional Scales
1.Duke Religion Index ( Koenig, Meador, & Parkerson, 1997a )
2.Springfield Religiosity Scale ( Koenig, Smiley, & Gonzales, 1988a )
3.Fetzer Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality ( Fetzer Institute, 1999 )
Religion Specific Scales
1.JCOPE ( Rosmarin, Pargament, & Krumrei, 2009b )
2.Muslim Religiosity Scale ( Koenig, Sehlo, Khalifa, & Zaben, 2013 )
3.Santosh-Francis Scale of Attitude towards Hinduism ( Francis, Santosh, Robbins, & Vij, 2008 )
4.Buddhist Beliefs and Practices Scale ( Emavardhana & Tori, 1997 )
5.New Age Orientation Scale ( Granqvist & Hagekull, 2001 )
OVER VIEW OF THE MEASURES
The measures described below represent those used today to examine many of the key dimensions of religios-
ity listed earlier. The criteria used to select these scales were that they were published relatively recently (at least
since 1988) and are commonly used in religion-health research today. A third consideration is that the scale was
not generally contaminated with items measuring health constructs (especially mental health) to which investiga-
tors might wish to relate religiosity. The latter consideration is particularly important since researchers might
wish to determine whether religious involvement affects mental, social, behavioral, or physical health.
Some of these measures assess single dimensions, such as the Attachment to God Scale ( Rowatt & Kirkpatrick,
2002) and Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale ( Underwood & Teresi, 2002 ), whereas others measure more than one
dimension, such as the Duke Religion Index ( Koenig et al., 1997a ) and the Multidimensional Measure of531 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
V. VICES AND VIRTUES