 28. Self‑Regulation and Personality  621
Banfield, J., Wyland, C. L., Macrae, C. N., Münte, 
T. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (2004). The cognitive 
neuroscience of self-  regulation. In R. F. Bau -
meister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self- 
regulation: Research, theory, and applications 
(pp. 62–83). New York: Guilford Press.
Cain, N. M., Meehan, K. B., Roche, M. J., Clarkin, 
J. F., & De Panfilis, C. (2019). Effortful control 
and interpersonal behavior in daily life. Journal 
of Personality Assessment, 101, 315–325.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention 
and self-  regulation: A control-  theory approach 
to human behavior . New York: Springer.
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral 
inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective 
responses to impending reward and punishment: 
The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and 
Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.
Caspi, A., Gegg, D., Dickson, N., Harrington, H., 
Langley, J., Moffitt, T. E., et al. (1997). Person -
ality differences predict health-  risk behaviors in 
young adulthood: Evidence from a longitudinal 
study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol -
ogy, 73,  1052–1063.
Chamorro-  Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2003). 
Personality predicts academic achievement: Evi -
dence from two longitudinal university samples. 
Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 319–338.
Converse, B. A., Juarez, L., & Hennecke, M. 
(2019). Self-  control and the reasons behind our 
goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol -
ogy, 116,  860–883.
Corr, P. J. (2013). Approach and avoidance be -
havior: Multiple systems and their interactions. 
Emotion Review, 5, 285–290.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal 
personality assessment in clinical practice: The 
NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological As -
sessment, 4, 5–13.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & Piedmont, R. L. (2003). Multi -
variate assessment: NEO-PI-R profiles of Mad -
eline G. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), Paradigms of per -
sonality assessment  (pp. 262–280). New York: 
Guilford Press.
Courneya, K. S., & Hellsten, L. M. (1998). Per -
sonality correlates of exercise behavior, motives, 
barriers, and preferences: An application of the 
five- factor model. Personality and Individual 
Differences, 24,  625–633.
Davydenko, M., Werner, K. M., & Milyavskaya, M. 
(2019). Frozen goals: Identifying and defining a 
new type of goal. Collabra: Psychology, 5 (1), 17.
Denissen, J. J. A., & Penke, L. (2008). Motivational 
individual reaction norms underlying the five- 
factor model of personality: First steps towards a 
theory-  based conceptual framework. Journal of 
Research in Personality, 42, 1285–1302.
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. (1999). Neurobiology 
of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facili -tation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. 
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491–569.
Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reac -
tive and effortful processes in the organization of 
temperament. Development and Psychopathol -
ogy, 9,  633–652.
De Young, C. G. (2006). Higher-  order factors of 
the Big Five in a multi-  informant sample. Jour-
nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 
1138–1151.
De Young, C. G. (2010). Toward a theory of the Big 
Five. Psychological Inquiry, 21, 26–33.
De Young, C. G. (2011). Impulsivity as a personality 
trait. In K. D. Vohs & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), 
Handbook of self-  regulation: Research, theory, 
and applications  (pp. 485–502). New York: 
Guilford Press.
De Young, C. G. (2015). Cybernetic Big Five theory. 
Journal of Research in Personality, 56, 33–58.
De Young, C. G., Quilty, L. C., & Peterson, J. B. 
(2007). Between facets and domains: 10 aspects 
of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social 
Psychology, 93, 880–896.
Dickman, S. J. (1990). Functional and dysfunction -
al impulsivity: Personality and cognitive corre -
lates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychol -
ogy, 58,  95–102.
Duckworth, A. L., Milkman, K. L., & Laibson, D. 
(2018). Beyond willpower: Strategies for reduc -
ing failures of self-  control. Psychological Science 
in the Public Interest, 19, 102–129.
Duckworth, A. L., & Steinberg, L. (2015). Unpack -
ing self-  control. Child Development Perspec -
tives, 9,  32–37.
Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of 
objective self-  awareness . New York: Academic 
Press.
Eisenberg, N., Duckworth, A. L., Spinrad, T. L., & 
Valiente, C. (2014). Conscientiousness: Origins 
in childhood? Developmental Psychology, 50, 
1331–1349.
Eisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., Sallquist, J., & Ed -
wards, A. (2010). Relations of self-  regulatory/
control capacities to maladjustment, social com -
petence, and emotionality. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), 
The handbook of personality and self-  regulation 
(pp. 21–46). Malden, MA: Wiley-  Blackwell.
Eisenberg, N., & Morris, A. S. (2002). Children’s 
emotion-  related regulation. In R. Kail & H. 
Reese (Eds.), Advances in child development and 
behavior  (Vol. 30, pp. 189–229). San Diego, CA: 
Academic Press.
Favini, A., Gerbino, M., Eisenberg, N., Lunetti, 
C., & Thartori, E. (2018). Personality profiles 
and adolescents’ maladjustment: A longitudinal 
study. Personality and Individual Differences, 
129, 119–125.
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). Auto -
matic self-  regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. 