Reliability
Internal Consistency
All scales exhibited Cronbach alpha coefficients above 0.70 in each country, except for the Agg-Host scale in
Germany, Spain and Switzerland, and the Sy scale in Germany. However, these latter alpha coefficients were
only slightly lower (0.60 to 0.68) ( Aluja et al., 2006 ).
Test/C0Retest
No test /C0retest reliability coefficients have been reported to-date.
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Convergent validity of the ZKPQ-50-CC was analyzed by Aluja and Blanch (2011) correlating similar ZKPQ-
50-CC with TCI-R and NEO-FFI-R scales. The positive correlations with similar content scales were found
between ZKPQ-50-CC and TCI-R scales: ImpSS and Novelty Seeking (0.50), N-Anx and Harm Avoidance (0.58),
Sy and Reward Dependence (0.55), Act and Persistence (0.52), and ImpSS and Self-Transcendence (0.30). The pos-
itive correlations between the ZKPQ-50-CC and the NEO-FFI-R similar content scales were: ImpSS and
Extraversion (0.41), N-Anx and Neuroticism (0.68), and Sy and E (0.64). Positive correlations were found between
the ZKPQ-50-CC and NEO-FFI-R instruments: ImpSS and Extraversion (0.41), N-Anx and Neuroticism (0.68), and
Sy and E (0.64). The convergent validity results are similar to those found between the full ZKPQ and the TCI.
Divergent/Discriminant
Negative correlations were found between the ZKPQ-50-CC and NEO-FFI-R instruments: e.g., ZKPQ Agg-
Host correlated ( 20.43) with Agreeableness. The ZKPQ ImsSS correlation with conscientiousness was ( 20.51),
while with extraversion it was only 0.23.
Construct/Factor Analytic
Structural validity was analyzed by both exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Five
factors were explicitly extracted in the EFA calibration sample using a principal components method with
Varimax rotation ( N54621). The five factors accounted for 25.69% of the variance. A CFA was then performed
on the 50 items ( χ255664.66; d.f. 51165; χ2/d.f.54.86; SMSR 50.01; CFI 50.78; GFI 50.90; RMSEA 50.04).
Correlations between the latent variables for oblique models were: ImpSS/N-Anx: 20.11/20.04; ImpSS/Agg-
Host: 0.31/0.34, ImpSS/Act: 0.19/0.14, ImpSS/Sy: 20.40/20.36, N-Anx/Agg-Host: 0.28/0.24, N-Anx/Act:
20.05/20.08, N-Anx/Sy: 0.17/0.19, Agg-Host/Act: 0.04/0.03, Agg-Host/Sy: 20.08/20.09 and Act-Sy: 20.18/
20.19.
Criterion/Predictive
The ZKPQ-50-CC predicts MCMI-III personality disorder (PD) scales. ImpSS is the most relevant predictor for
the Narcissistic, Antisocial and Obsessive /C0Compulsive (negative) PDs. Finally, Agg-Host and Agreeableness pre-
sented an opposite pattern of results. Agg-Host was the most predictive dimension for the Sadistic disorder, and
contributed to the Paranoid, Antisocial, Narcissistic, Dependent and Passive /C0Aggressive PDs (Aluja et al., 2007).
Location
Aluja, A, Rossier, J., Garcı ´a, L.F, Angleitner, A., Kuhlman, D.M., & Zuckerman, M. (2006). A cross-cultural
shortened form of the ZKPQ (ZKPQ-50-CC) adapted to English, French, German and Spanish languages.
Personality and Individual Differences, 41 , 619/C0628.
Results and Comments
The results of ZKPQ-50-CC study represent, therefore, a double contribution to the ZKPQ literature: (1) dem-
onstrating the cross-cultural validity of Zuckerman’s Alternative Five Factor Personality Model; and (2) develop-
ing a short version with good psychometric and structural properties in four different languages (English,
French, German, and Spanish). The cross-cultural design and the use of multivariate statistical procedures in its
development give this short version the edge over the 35-item, and 69-item ZKPQ versions, developed with
American and Spanish samples, respectively.367 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
III. EMOTION REGULATION