MEASURES REVIEWED HERE
We have partitioned our review into four categories of measures: standard measures of the Dark Triad, combi-
nation measures, brief measures, and miscellaneous measures. Because the four categories are qualitatively differ-
ent, we will treat them separately.
We acknowledge that the notion of dark personalities, even when defined as socially aversive, remains fuzzy
and ultimately, arbitrary. A wide range of potential candidates had to be ruled out of our review. We drew the
line at constructs that were insufficiently normal or insufficiently malevolent. For example, we considered includ-
ing hypersensitive narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality, but ruled them out because
they involve pathological levels of personal distress ( Miller et al., 2010 ). Also in contention were alexithymia
(Hall et al., 2013) and status-driven risk-taking ( Ashton, Lee, Pozzebon, Visser, & Worth, 2010; Visser, Pozzebon,
and Tamayo in press ), but we considered them to be insufficiently malevolent. Note that we distinguish between
pathological (in the sense of personal maladjustment) and socially maladaptive (interpersonal maladjustment).
Measures of the latter may qualify but not the former. A few others, such as social dominance and authoritarian-
ism, are malevolent (or not) depending on one’s political orientation ( Haidt, 2013 ).
Similarly, we will not cover the multi-scale psychopathology inventories that happen to include one or more
members of the Dark Triad (e.g., Millon, 1983 ). Although some of these inventories have been usefully applied to
non-clinical samples, they tend to be lengthy, proprietary, and largely clinically-oriented: Among these are the
SNAP ( Clark, 1993 ), the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) /C0(Morey, 2007 ) and the Dimensional
Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP) /C0(Livesley & Jackson, 2009 ). Another broad inventory, the Hogan
Development Survey ( Hogan & Hogan, 1997 ), does target the subclinical level of maladaptive personalities. It
maps 11 personality disorders onto more mundane types of workplace misbehavior. We cannot review it here,
however: Its coverage goes well beyond our current mandate and the items have proprietary status.
Finally, we acknowledge, but will not review, measures derived from a novel approach developed by Widiger
and colleagues (2012) . The method involves selecting items from Big Five instruments to serve as proxy measures
of personality disorders (see Miller, Lynam, Widiger, & Leukefeld, 2001; Widiger, Lynam, Miller, & Oltmanns,
2012 ). The assumption is that darker aspects of personality can be captured by judicious choice of items from
measures aimed at normal personality. A clear advantage is the ability to assemble ad hoc measures from broad
datasets collected for other purposes. As with inventories targeting personality disorders, the resulting measures
tend to be rather lengthy and are not framed in terms of the Dark Triad.
List of Measures Reviewed Here
A. Standard Measures of Dark Triad
1.Mach IV ( Christie & Geis, 1970 )
2.Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) /C0(Raskin & Hall, 1979 )
3.Self Report Psychopathy (SRP) scale ( Paulhus, Neumann, & Hare, 2014 ).
B. Combination Measures of Dark Triad
1.Dirty Dozen (DD) ( Jonason & Webster, 2010 )
2.Short Dark Triad (SD3) ( Jones & Paulhus, 2014 )
C. Brief Measures
Machiavellianism
1.Trimmed MACH ( Rauthmann, 2013 )
2.Mach VI ( Jones & Paulhus, 2008; 2009 )
3.Machiavellian Personality Scale (MPS) ( Dahling, Whitaker, & Levy, 2009 )
Narcissism, Egotism, and Egoism
1.Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) ( Ames, Rose, & Anderson, 2006 )
2.Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire ( Back et al., 2013 )
3.Supernumery Personality Inventory /C0Egotism (Paunonen, 2002)
4.Psychological Entitlement Scale ( Campbell et al., 2004 )
5.Communal Narcissism Inventory ( Gebauer et al., 2012 )
6.Egoism Scale ( Weigel et al., 1999 )564 20. MEASURES OF DARK PERSONALITIES
V. VICES AND VIRTUES