fei75766_ch09_271-308.indd 297  02/06/20 12:09 PM
Chapter 9    Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory297
Recently, onenewmeasure hasbeen published, namely, theCharacteristics 
of Self-Actualization Scale  (CSAS) (Kaufman, 2018). Aprimary goalKaufman had
inmaking thenewest self-actualization measure wastotestandvalidate which of
the17qualities ofself-actualizing people thatMaslow (1950) putforth holdup
toempirical scrutiny. InStudy 1,Kaufman administered anearly version ofthe
questionnaire to375U.S.adults which consisted of91questions tapping eacha
characteristic ofself-actualizing people mentioned byMaslow (1950) (e.g., resis-
tance toenculturation, creativeness, peak experience, more efficient perception of
reality, etc.). Items thatdidnotconsistently/reliably measure theintended dimen -
sionwere dropped. Moreover, characteristics thatwere notcoherent orreliable 
were dropped andafewwere combined. Forexample, Spontaneity andCreativeness 
were combined intoCreative Spirit ,andResistance toEnculturation andAutonomy 
were combined intoAuthenticity. Moreover, forclarity, Kaufman changed Gemein -
schaftsgefühl toHumanitarianism, andDiscrimination between Means andEnds to
Good Moral Intuition. Thisresulted inafinalmeasure of30items on10dimensions 
(seeTable 9.1).
Maslow (1950)/Initial CSAS Final CSAS
More Efficient Perception ofReality Efficient Perception ofReality
Acceptance (Self, Others, Nature) Acceptance 
Spontaneity; Simplicity; Naturalness Creative Spirit
Creativeness Creative Spirit
Problem Centering Purpose
Autonomy; Independence ofCulture Authenticity
Resistance toEnculturation Authenticity
Continued Freshness ofAppreciation Continued Freshness ofAppreciation
Mystical/Peak Experiences Peak Experiences
Gemeinschaftsgefühl Humanitarianism
Discrimination Between Means andEnds Good Moral Intuition
Interpersonal Relations Interpersonal Relations
Democratic Character Structure Democratic Character Structure
Detachment/Need forPrivacy Detachment/Need forPrivacy
Imperfections ofSelf-Actualizing People Imperfections ofSelf-Actualizing People
Resolution ofDichotomies Resolution ofDichotomies
Philosophical, Unhostile Sense ofHumor Philosophical, Unhostile Sense ofHumor
EquanimityTABLE 9.1
Maslow’s 17 Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People with the Initial and Final Dimensions of 
the Characteristics of Self-Actualization Scale (CSAS) (Kaufman, 2018)Final PDF to printer