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TABLE 29.1.  Attributes Associated with Narcissism in Current Research
ConstructKrizan & Herlache 
(2018)Brown et al. 
(2009)Narcissistic 
admiration and 
rivalry concept 
(NARC; Back et 
al., 2013)Pincus & 
Lukowitsky (2010)DSM-5 
criteriaFive-factor model 
dimension/facet (e.g., 
Glover et al., 2012; 
Lynam & Widiger, 
2001; Miller et al., 2017; 
Samuel & Widiger, 2008) Relevant scales
Entitlement: 
Willingness 
to put oneself 
before others and 
to exploit others 
for personal 
gain. (“I am bet -
ter than everyone 
else and thus I 
deserve more”)Entitlement: Self-
importance that 
manifests as entitle -
ment. This is the core 
feature that unites 
grandiosity and 
vulnerability.Entitlement: 
Primarily 
interpersonal 
elements con -
cerned with a 
socially objec -
tifying sense of 
self in relation 
to othersRivalry: 
Devaluation and 
aggressiveness 
that motivates 
interpersonal 
conflict. 
Antagonistic 
self-protection#4 requires 
excessive 
admiration; 
#5, sense 
of entitle -
ment; #6, 
exploitative; 
#7, lack of 
empathy; #8, 
envious; #9, 
arrogant and 
haughtyAgreeableness versus 
antagonism and all facets 
but also includes angry 
hostility (i.e., NEO facet 
N2)Psychological Entitle -
ment Scale (PES; 
Campbell et al., 2004). 
Entitlement–Rage sub -
scale of the Pathological 
Narcissism Inventory 
(PNI; Pincus et al., 
2009). Narcissistic 
Exploitative Entitle -
ment Scale (Lessard, 
Greenberger, Chen, & 
Faruggia, 2011)
Grandiosity: 
Belief in personal 
greatness and 
sense of impor -
tance (“I am 
great”)Grandiosity: Bold -
ness and approach 
orientation. Mani -
fests as hubris and 
exhibitionismGrandios -
ity: Primary 
intrapersonal 
elements 
concerned with 
self-importanceAdmiration: 
Grandiosity and 
self-assuredness 
that motivates 
social potency. 
Assertive self-
enhancencementPathological 
Grandiosity: 
Overvalued and 
entitled self-image 
that motivates 
exploitative and 
exhibitionistic 
behaviors and 
feelings#1 Self-
importance; 
#2 Fantasies 
of success, 
power, bril -
liance; #3 
Believes self 
is specialExtraversion especially 
assertiveness, excitement 
seeking, and gregari -
ousness (if extremely 
high levels are seen as 
exhibitionistic) but not 
warmth. Also includes 
low self-consciousness 
(NEO facet N4), low 
modesty (NEO facet A5), 
and high achievement 
striving (NEO facet C4)Narcissistic Grandios -
ity Scale (Rosenthal et 
al., 2020). Scales from 
the PNI associated with 
grandiosity (Self-Sacri -
ficing Self-Enhancement 
and Grandiose Fantasy; 
Wright et al., 2010)
Vulnerability: 
Brittle self-image 
that produces 
negative affect 
and interpersonal 
animosity (“I am 
insecure about 
myself and I will 
lash out when 
threatened”)Vulnerability: 
Defensiveness or a 
preoccupation with 
detecting and coun -
teracting threats to 
the self-image. Reac -
tivity or stress-prone 
dispositions that 
motivate avoidance 
behaviors.N/A N/A Pathological 
Vulnerability: 
Depleted and 
enfeebled 
self-image that 
motivates angry, 
shameful, hyper -
sensitive, and 
depressed feelings 
and actionsN/A Neuroticism/Emotional 
Instability, especially 
Self-Consciousness (NEO 
facet N4) and Vulnerabil -
ity (NEO facet N6)Hypersensitive Narcis -
sism Scale (Cheek, 
Hendin, & Wink, 2007; 
Hendin & Cheek, 
1997). Scales from the 
PNI associated with vul -
nerability (the Contin -
gent Self-Esteem, Hiding 
the Self, and Devaluing 
scales ; Wright et al., 
2010)