13 The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach: Theory,
Application, and Assessment 340
Behaviorism 341
Basic Principles of Conditioning 345
Classical Conditioning 345
Operant Conditioning 346
Social Learning Theory 350
Social-Cognitive Theory 353
Reciprocal Determinism 353
Imagination and Self-Regulation 355
Observational Learning 356
Application: Behavior Modification and Self-Efficacy Therapy 357
Explaining Psychological Disorders 358
Behavior Modification 360
Self-Efficacy 362
Assessment: Behavior Observation Methods 364
Direct Observation 365
Self-Monitoring 366
Observation by Others 367
Strengths and Criticisms of the Behavioral/Social Learning
Approach 368
Strengths 368
Criticisms 371
Summary 372
14 The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach: Relevant
Research 374
Individual Differences in Gender-Role Behavior 375
Masculinity –Femininity 378
Androgyny 379
Gender Type and Psychological Well-Being 380
Gender Type and Interpersonal Relationships 382
Unmitigated Communion 384
Observational Learning of Aggression 386
Bandura’ s Four-Step Model 386
Mass Media Aggression and Aggressive Behavior 389
Violent Video Games 393
Learned Helplessness 395
Learning to Be Helpless 395
Learned Helplessness in Humans 396
Some Applications of Learned Helplessness 398xiv CONTENTS