fei75766_ch04_107-148.indd 123  02/19/20 09:00 AM
Chapter 4    Jung: Analytical Psychology123
unconscious ofeveryone. Toactualize orfullyexperience theself,people must over-
come theirfearoftheunconscious; prevent theirpersona from dominating theirper-
sonality; recognize thedarksideofthemselves (their shadow); andthenmuster even
greater courage tofacetheiranima oranimus.
Ononeoccasion during hismidlife crisis, Junghadavision inwhich hecon-
fronted abearded oldmanwhowasliving withabeautiful blind young girlandalarge 
black snake. Theoldmanexplained thathewasElijah andthattheyoung girlwas
Salome, bothbiblical figures. Elijah hadacertain, sharp intelligence, although Jung
didnotclearly understand him.Salome gaveJungafeeling ofdistinct suspiciousness, 
while theserpent showed aremarkable fondness forJung. Atthetimeheexperienced 
thisvision, Jungwasunable tocomprehend itsmeaning, butmany years laterhe
came toseethethree figures asarchetypes. Elijah represented thewiseoldman, 
seemingly intelligent, butnotmaking agood dealofsense; theblind Salome wasan
anima figure, beautiful andseductive, butunable toseethemeaning ofthings; and
thesnake wasthecounterpart ofthehero, showing anaffinity forJung, theheroof
thevision. Jung(1961) believed thathehadtoidentify these unconscious images in
order tomaintain hisownidentity andnotlosehimself tothepowerful forces ofthe
collective unconscious. Helaterwrote:
Theessential thing istodifferentiate oneself fromthese unconscious contents 
bypersonifying them, andatthesame timetobring them intorelationship with
consciousness. Thatisthetechnique forstripping them oftheirpower. (p.187)
Dynamics of Personality
Inthissection onthedynamics ofpersonality, welookatJung’s ideas oncausality 
andteleology andonprogression andregression.
Causality and Teleology
Does motivation spring from pastcauses orfrom teleological goals? Jung insisted 
thatitcomes from both. Causality holds thatpresent events havetheirorigin in
previous experiences. Freud relied heavily onacausal viewpoint inhisexplanations 
ofadult behavior interms ofearly childhood experiences (seeChapter 2).Jung 
criticized Freud forbeing one-sided inhisemphasis oncausality andinsisted thata
causal viewcould notexplain allmotivation. Conversely, teleology holds thatpresent 
events aremotivated bygoals andaspirations forthefuture thatdirect aperson’s 
destiny. Adler heldthisposition, insisting thatpeople aremotivated byconscious 
andunconscious perceptions offictional finalgoals (seeChapter 3).Jung wasless
critical ofAdler thanofFreud, butheinsisted thathuman behavior isshaped byboth 
causal andteleological forces andthatcausal explanations must bebalanced with
teleological ones.
Jung’s insistence onbalance isseeninhisconception ofdreams. Heagreed 
withFreud thatmany dreams spring from pastevents; thatis,theyarecaused by
earlier experiences. Ontheother hand, Jungclaimed thatsome dreams canhelpa
person make decisions about thefuture, justasdreams ofmaking important discover -
iesinthenatural sciences eventually ledtohisowncareer choice.Final PDF to printer