 Subject Index  939
health and, 782–783, 784
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 462–466
parenting and, 354–356, 356 t
psychopathology and temperament 
and, 162–168, 165 t, 746–747
subjective well-being and, 726
taxonomy of emotions and, 
456–462, 458 t, 459 t–460 t, 461 t, 
462t
temperament and, 149, 151–157, 
152t, 153 t, 162–168, 165 t
Positive Emotionality dimension. See  
Agreeableness; Extraversion
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 
163
Power motive, 388–389, 392–393, 
393f, 396–397, 399–402. See 
also Implicit motives
Preferences, 853, 860–862, 864–866, 
867, 883 n
Preoccupied attachment, 649 f. See 
also Attachment
Preschool years. See  Childhood; 
Developmental processes; Early 
childhood
Prevention. See  Intervention
Pride
culture and, 694
overview, 506–507, 510–511, 
512–513
self and, 578–579
social functionalism and emotions 
and, 453 t
Primary control strategies, 296. See 
also Coping
Process model of emotion regulation, 
523–526, 525 f. See also  Emotion 
regulation
Process model of identity negotiation, 
593–599, 594 f, 602–603
Productiveness, 42 t, 429, 594 f. See 
also Conscientiousness
Prosocial orientation, 60, 713–714
Prototype approach, 47, 49–51, 50 t, 
307–308
Prudence (vs. Impulsivity) dimension. 
See Conscientiousness
Psychiatric traits, 251–252
Psychodynamic processes, 647
Psychological mechanisms, 8–17, 84, 
166–167. See also  Mental health
Psychopathology. See also  Mental 
health; Personality pathology 
and disorders
adolescence and, 310–312
assessment and intervention and, 
750
attachment and, 651 t
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 495–497
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 65creativity and, 431
developmental factors and, 
748–750
emotion regulation and, 467–468, 
535–536
frequency-dependent selection and, 
24–25
narcissism and, 634–637
overview, 743, 750
parenting and, 356, 356 t
personality research and, 743–747, 
744f
structural models of, 747–748
temperament and, 162–168, 165 t
Psychopharmacological 
manipulation, 194, 201, 
797–798. See also  Intervention
Psychosocial stress model, 780–781
Psychoticism, 149, 165 t, 183, 
242–243, 431, 651 t. 
See also  Agreeableness; 
Conscientiousness; Openness
Punishment, 453–454, 547
Punishment reactivity, 372
Q
Quality of life, 310–312, 468–472, 
470f, 472 f, 594 f. See also  Well-
being
R
Race-based rejection sensitivity. See  
Rejection sensitivity (RS)
Rank-order stability. See also  
Stability of personality
adolescence and, 312
adulthood and, 323, 340
childhood and, 285, 292
temporal stability of personality 
and, 161
Reactivity, 181, 345, 354, 359, 609
Rebelliousness dimension. See  
Openness
Reciprocity, 183, 853
Redemption, 129 t, 132, 133
Reference bias, 858–859, 858 f, 882 n
Reference value, 544
Rejection sensitivity (RS), 411, 
413–421, 463, 675
Relational self, 566, 567 t. See also  
Self and self-processes
Relationships. See also  Peer 
relationships; Romantic 
relationships; Social skills
adolescence and, 312–313
adulthood and, 647–650, 649 f
affiliation motive and, 386–388
attachment and, 647–650, 649 f, 
652–654, 652 t, 658behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 494–495
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 66–67
CAPS approach and, 416–417
emotions and, 471–472, 472 f
identity negotiation and, 591, 598
narcissism and, 630 t
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 260, 265
parent–child relationship and, 
360, 361
personality stability and change 
and, 340, 341
process model of identity 
negotiation and, 593–596, 594 f, 
599
rejection sensitivity and, 413–421
self-conscious emotions and, 
506–507
social functionalism and emotions 
and, 451–456, 453 t
subjective well-being and, 731
Reliability, 6–7, 53, 54 t, 177–179
Religion. See also  Spirituality
behavioral genetics and, 218–219
health and, 777
overview, 707–714, 718–719
personality research and, 715–718
Reputation, 261, 844
Resilience, 131, 134, 307–308
Reward system, 196–198, 370–371, 
397–398
Risk aversion, 853, 860–861, 
865–866, 882 n, 883 n
Risk behaviors, 613, 750
Roles, 260, 260 f, 267 t, 271–272, 
324–333, 601
Romantic relationships. See also  
Relationships
CAPS approach and, 416–417
evolutionary processes and, 9–10
individual differences and, 18–19, 
20
personality stability and change 
and, 324–326, 340
social functionalism and emotions 
and, 451
universal mechanisms of emotion 
and, 15–16
Rule following, 60, 287
Rumination, 310, 373, 514
S
Schizoid personality disorder, 756
Schizophrenia, 467–468, 746
Schizotypal dimension. See   
Openness
Schizotypal personality disorder, 
756, 758–759, 760, 761 t, 763, 
766–767