persistent (Endurance), careful (low Impulsiveness), and deliberate
(need for Cognitive Structure).
Table 6 also shows something else: Many of the needs have high
loadings on two or more factors. Nurturance, for example, is relatedto both Extraversion and Agreeableness; Aggression is related to bothNeuroticism and (low) Agreeableness. These findings are completelyreasonable (McCrae & Costa, 1989d). We expect nurturant people tobe both sociable and selfless and aggressive people to be both angryand selfish. But joint loadings like this make the correspondence be -
tween needs and the five factors less obvious. Researchers who begin
by thinking in terms of nurturance and aggression are unlikely tocome up with the dimensions of Extraversion, Agreeableness, andNeuroticism, even though these dimensions make perfect sense inhindsight. Perhaps this is one of the reasons why the FFM was notdiscovered sooner.
Similar analyses have shown that the scales in the Guilford–
Zimmerman Temperament Survey (GZTS), the Eysenck PersonalityQuestionnaire (EPQ), the Myers–Briggs T ype Indicator (MBTI), and theCalifornia Psychological Inventory (CPI) can also be related to the basicfive factors (McCrae, 1989; McCrae, Costa, & Piedmont, 1993). Table 7shows how the scales can be classified. Note that the EPQ contains nomeasure of Openness, the MBTI no measure of Neuroticism, and theGZTS a disproportionate number of scales measuring Neuroticism andExtraversion. Only the broad summary measures from the CPI aregiven, but some of the individual scales do measure Openness (e.g.,Achievement via Independence). Curiously , Agreeableness is largelyabsent from CPI content. The five factors appear to be both necessaryand sufficient for describing the basic dimensions of personality; noother system is as complete and yet as parsimonious.
Researchers have related almost every major personality inventory
to the NEO-PI-R, including the Adjective Check List (Piedmont, Mc -
Crae, & Costa, 1991), the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
(Piedmont, McCrae, & Costa, 1992), the Comrey Personality Scales(Hahn & Comrey , 1994), Lorr’s Interpersonal Style Inventory (McCrae& Costa, 1994), the MMPI (Costa, Busch, Zonderman, & McCrae,1986), and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF; Conn& Rieke, 1994). Indeed, in an Annual Review article on personality
structure, Ozer and Riese concluded: “Just as latitude and longitudepermit the precise description of any location on earth, the FFM prom -Measuring Personality 55