the largest longitudinal database with data from 65 countries across six continents, covering more than 75% of
the world’s population ( Inglehart & Baker, 2000 ).
The WVS is available from the sources listed above and can be downloaded from the WVS website. Retrieved 25 May 30,
2014 from www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
WORLD VALUES SUR VEY (VERSION 2010 /C02012)
The Traditional vs. Secular /C0Relational value dimen-
sion consists of four items and the Autonomy index. The
four items measure the perceived importance of God in
the respondents’ life (‘God is very important in respon-
dent’s life.’); the perceived undesirability of having
greater respect for authority (‘Respondent favors more
respect for authority.’); the justifiability of abortion
(‘Abortion justifiable: Never’), and the extent to which
the respondent feels proud of the self (‘Respondent has
strong sense of national pride’). The Autonomy Index
consists of four items, which measure the perceived
desirability of teaching children to become independent
(reverse scored), determined and perseverant (reverse
scored), obedient and religious. When scoring this
dimension, the composite score is reversed; higher
scores indicate stronger endorsement of secular-
relational values (Inglehart & Baker, 2000).
The Survival vs. Self-Expression value dimension
consists of 4 items and the Materialist/Post-Materialistindex. The four items measure how happy the respon-
dent is (‘feeling of happiness: not happy (1) to very
happy (4)’); how trusting the respondent is (‘You have
to be very careful about trusting others.’), how likely
they would take political action such as signing a peti-
tion (‘Signing a petition: Would never do’), and how jus-
tifiable homosexuality is (‘Homosexuality justifiable:
Never’). The Materialist/Post-Materialist index is a mea-
sure of the relative importance of (a) maintaining order
in the nation (materialist option); (b) fighting rising
prices (materialist option); (c) giving people more to say
in important government decisions (post-materialist
option); and (d) protecting freedom of speech (post-
materialist option). When scoring this dimension, the
composite score is reversed; higher scores indicate stron-
ger endorsement of self-expression values (Inglehart &
Baker, 2000).
GLOBE Cultural Values (GCV)
(House et al., 2004 ).
Variable
House et al. (2004) defined culture as ‘shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretations or mean-
ings of significant events that result from common experiences of members of collectives that are transmitted
across generations’ (p. 15). The GCV measures nine cultural value dimensions: Assertiveness, Ingroup
Collectivism, Institutional Collectivism, Gender Egalitarianism, Power Distance, Future Orientation, Humane
Orientation, Performance Orientation, and Uncertainty Avoidance. For each dimension, two measures are created
to capture two types of cultural manifestations: (a) societal values, which refer to the actual consensus among
members of the culture with respect to the desirability of each dimension; and (b) societal practices, which refer
to the perception of the extent members of entities (e.g., families, schools, work organizations, economic and legal
institutions, and political institutions) practice the cultural dimension. In short, the GLOBE cultural scale contains
18 subscales (9 dimensions 32 cultural manifestations).
Description
The nine value dimensions measured by the GCV refer to the social desirability of (1) being assertive, confron-
tational, and aggressive in social relationships (Assertiveness); (2) expressing pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in
one’s organizations or families (Ingroup Collectivism); (3) encouraging and rewarding collective distribution of
resources and collective action (Institutional Collectivism); (4) minimizing gender role differences while promot-
ing gender equality in an organization or society (Gender Egalitarianism); (5) unequal sharing of power (Power
Distance); (6) engaging in future-oriented behaviors, such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying indi-
vidual or collective gratification (Future Orientation); (7) encouraging and rewarding individuals for being fair,
altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others (Humane Orientation); (8) encouraging and rewarding
group members for performance improvement and excellence (Performance Orientation); and (9) avoiding633 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT