fei75766_ch04_107-148.indd 139  02/19/20 09:00 AM
Chapter 4    Jung: Analytical Psychology139
thanbydecisiveness, efficiency, andimplementation. Ifthisisso,thennewwork -
places mayincreasingly demand andreward leaders whoareexpected tomotivate 
teams ofemployees much asacoach does, astyleofleading wellsuited tothefeeling 
function. Future research, following uponbusiness students’ actual careers, willtell.
Personality Type among Clergy and Churchgoers
Awell-established empirical literature inthepsychology ofreligion exploring Jungian 
personality types illuminates areas ofchurch lifeinavariety ofChristian denomi -
nations. Studies havecompared thepersonality profiles ofclergymen andclergy -
women, churchgoers, andthegeneral population. Inaddition tousing theMBTI, 
researchers inthisareaalsoemploy aninstrument developed byFrancis (2005) 
called theFrancis Psychological Type Scale, specifically designed forcompletion 
within thecontext ofachurch service (with fewer forced-choice items thanthe
MBTI). Onestudy inthistradition examined thepersonality types of3,715 Christian 
clergy inAustralia, England, andNewZealand (Francis, Robbins, Kaldor, &Castle, 
2009). Interestingly, results showed preferences forthesensing (versus intuiting) 
andjudging (versus perceiving) functions among clergy inthese countries. Recall 
thatsensing isapreference tobeconcrete, down-to-earth, andrelyondirect experi -
ence(versus interpreting what things mean, orintuiting). Judging involves adesire 
forplanning, organizing, andgetting closure versus being spontaneous andflexible 
andkeeping anopen mind tonewinformation (perceiving). Further studies show 
ahighproportion ofsensing types among churchgoers (80%) (Francis, Robbins, 
Williams, &Williams, 2007).
Powell, Robbins, andFrancis (2012) explored thepsychological typeprofiles 
ofmale andfemale laychurch leaders andchurchgoers inAustralia. Atotalof2,336 
individuals completed theFrancis Psychological Type Scales, 845ofwhom identified 
themselves aslaypersons serving inleadership roles intheirchurches. Laychurch 
leaders arenotprofessional clergy, butinstead leaders whocontribute onavoluntary 
basis tomaintaining church communities. Whereas professional clergy maycome and
go,depending ondenomination, layleaders areoften partofandshape theculture 
oftheirchurches forfarlonger periods. Thestudy showed fascinating differences 
between andamong female andmale laychurch leaders andchurchgoers. Among 
the444Australian female laychurch leaders, there wasastrong preference forsens-
ing(75%) overintuition (25%), forfeeling (66%) overthinking (34%), andforjudging 
(83%) overperceiving (17%) functions, withnosignificant differences between intro -
verted andextraverted attitudes. Indeed, Sensing-Judging (SJ)preference accounted 
fortwooutofevery three female laychurch leaders. Interestingly, theprofiles ofthe
936Australian female churchgoers wereremarkably similar tothese layleaders, with
again marked preferences fortheSJfunctions. 
The401male laychurch leaders alsodisplayed strong preferences forsensing 
(75%) overintuition (25%) andforjudging (86%) overperceiving (14%). However, 
incontrast withtheirfemale layleader counterparts, male layleaders showed clear 
preferences forintroversion (61%) overextraversion (39%) andforthinking (55%) 
overfeeling (45%). Again, theSJfunctions werehighly represented. And, again, the
profiles ofthe591male churchgoers surveyed matched these male layleaders’, with
highly similar preferences forintroversion, sensing, thinking, andjudging. Final PDF to printer