278 III. DEvELOPMENT
Bleidorn, W., Klimstra, T. A., Denissen, J. J., Rent -
frow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2013). 
Personality maturation around the world: A 
cross-  cultural examination of social-  investment 
theory. Psychological Science, 24, 2530–2540.
Borghuis, J., Denissen, J. J. A., Oberski, D., Sijtsma, 
K., Meeus, W. H. J., Branje, S., et al. (2017). Big 
Five personality stability, change, and codevel -
opment across adolescence and early adulthood. 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 
113, 641–657.
Borkovec, T. D., Mathews, A. M., Chambers, A., 
Ebrahimi, S., Lytle, R., & Nelson, R. (1987). The 
effects of relaxation training with cognitive or 
nondirective therapy and the role of relaxation- 
induced anxiety in the treatment of generalized 
anxiety. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psy -
chology, 55,  883–888.
Botwin, M. D., Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. 
(1997). Personality and mate preferences: Five 
factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction. 
Journal of Personality, 65, 107–136.
Branje, S. J., van Lieshout, C. F., van Aken, M. A., 
& Haselager, G. J. (2004). Perceived support in 
sibling relationships and adolescent adjustment. 
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 
1385–1396.
Briley, D. A., & Tucker-  Drob, E. M. (2014). Genetic 
and environmental continuity in personality de -
velopment: A meta-  analysis. Psychological Bul -
letin, 140 (5), 1303–1331.
Burt, S. A., Donnellan, M. B., Humbad, M. N., 
Hicks, B. M., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. 
(2010). Does marriage inhibit antisocial behav -
ior?: An examination of selection vs. causation 
via a longitudinal twin design. Archives of Gen -
eral Psychiatry, 67, 1309–1315.
Buss, D. M. (1987). Selection, evocation, and ma -
nipulation. Journal of Personality and Social 
Psychology, 53, 1214–1221.
Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Milne, B., Amell, J. W., 
Theodore, R. F., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Chil -
dren’s behavioral styles at age 3 are linked to 
their adult personality traits at age 26. Journal of 
Personality, 71,  495–513.
Caspi, A., & Roberts, B. W. (1999). Personality 
continuity and change across the life course. In 
L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of 
personality: Theory and research (pp. 300–326). 
New York: Guilford Press.
Chow, P. I., & Roberts, B. W. (2014). Examining 
the relationship between changes in personality 
and changes in depression. Journal of Research 
in Personality, 51, 38–46.
Clausen, J. A., & Gilens, M. (1990). Personal -
ity and labor force participation across the life 
course: A longitudinal study of women’s careers. 
Sociological Forum, 5, 595–618.
Costello, C., Srivastava, S., & Saucier, G. (2017). Stability and change in the Big Five and Big 
Six: New tests of the maturity and cumulative 
continuity principles . Eugene, OR: Unpublished 
manuscript.
Damian, R. I., Spengler, M., Sutu, A., & Roberts, 
B. W. (2019). Sixteen going on sixty-six: A longi -
tudinal study of personality stability and change 
across 50 years. Journal of Personality and So -
cial Psychology, 117 (3), 674.
De Fruyt, F., Bartels, M., Van Leeuwen, K. G., 
De Clercq, B., Decuyper, M., & Mervielde, I. 
(2006). Five types of personality continuity in 
childhood and adolescence. Journal of Personal -
ity and Social Psychology, 91, 538–552.
Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M. C., Starr, J. M., Whal -
ley, L. J., & Fox, H. C. (2004). The impact of 
childhood intelligence on later life: Following up 
the Scottish Mental Surveys of 1932 and 1947. 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 
86, 130 –147.
Denissen, J. J., Ulferts, H., Lüdtke, O., Muck, P. 
M., & Gerstorf, D. (2014). Longitudinal trans -
actions between personality and occupational 
roles: A large and heterogeneous study of job be -
ginners, stayers, and changers. Developmental 
Psychology, 50 (7), 1931–1942.
Donnellan, M. B., Conger, R. D., & Burzette, R. 
G. (2007). Personality development from late 
adolescence to young adulthood: Differential sta -
bility, normative maturity, and evidence for the 
maturity-  stability hypothesis. Journal of Person -
ality, 75,  237–264.
Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2008). Age 
differences in the Big Five across the life span: 
Evidence from two national samples. Psychology 
and Aging, 23, 558–566.
Durbin, C. E., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., John -
son, W., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2016). 
Personality trait change across late childhood to 
young adulthood: Evidence for nonlinearity and 
sex differences in change. European Journal of 
Personality, 30,  31–44.
Elder, G. H. (1969). Appearance and education in 
marriage mobility. American Sociological Re -
view, 34,  519–533.
Ferguson, C. J. (2010). A meta-  analysis of normal 
and disordered personality across the life span. 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 
98, 659– 667.
Fraley, R. C., & Roberts, B. W. (2005). Patterns of 
continuity: A dynamic model for conceptualizing 
the stability of individual differences in psycho -
logical constructs across the life course. Psycho -
logical Review, 112, 60–74.
Fujita, F., & Diener, E. (2005). Life satisfaction set 
point: Stability and change. Journal of Personal -
ity and Social Psychology, 88, 158–164.
Galdiolo, S., & Roskam, I. (2014). Development 
of personality traits in response to childbirth: A 