fei75766_ch04_107-148.indd 129  02/19/20 09:00 AM
Chapter 4    Jung: Analytical Psychology129
andafewverymature individuals havecultivated three. Aperson whohastheoreti -
callyachieved self-realization orindividuation would haveallfourfunctions highly 
developed.
Development of Personality
Jungbelieved thatpersonality develops through aseries ofstages thatculminate in
individuation, orself-realization. Incontrast toFreud, heemphasized thesecond half
oflife,theperiod afterage35or40,when aperson hastheopportunity tobring 
together thevarious aspects ofpersonality andtoattain self-realization. However, the
opportunity fordegeneration orrigidreactions isalsopresent atthattime. Thepsy-
chological health ofmiddle-aged people isrelated totheirability inachieving balance 
between thepoles ofthevarious opposing processes. Thisability isproportional to
thesuccess achieved injourneying through theprevious stages oflife.
Stages of Development
Junggrouped thestages oflifeintofourgeneral periods— childhood, youth, middle life, 
andold age. Hecompared thetripthrough lifetothejourney ofthesunthrough the
sky,withthebrightness ofthesunrepresenting consciousness. Theearly morning sun
ischildhood, fullofpotential, butstilllacking inbrilliance (consciousness); themorn -
ingsunisyouth, climbing toward thezenith, butunaware oftheimpending decline; 
theearly afternoon sunismiddle life,brilliant likethelatemorning sun,butobviously 
headed forthesunset; theevening sunisoldage,itsonce bright consciousness now
markedly dimmed (seeFigure 4.4).Jung(1931/1960a) argued thatvalues, ideals, and
modes ofbehavior suitable forthemorning oflifeareinappropriate forthesecond 
half,andthatpeople must learn tofindnewmeaning intheirdeclining years oflife.TABLE 4.1
Examples of the Eight Jungian Types
Thinking
Feeling
Sensation
IntuitionPhilosophers, theoretical 
scientists, some inventors
Subjective movie critics, art
appraisers
Artists, classical musicians
Prophets, mystics, religious 
fanaticsResearch scientists, accountants, 
mathematicians
Realestate appraisers, objective 
movie critics
Wine tasters, proofreaders, 
popular musicians, house 
painters
Some inventors, religious 
reformersFunctions  Attitudes
 Introversion  ExtraversionFinal PDF to printer