 3. Toward an Integrative Theory of Motivation, Personality, and Development 99
Cai, H., Wu, Q., & Brown, J. D. (2009). Is self- 
esteem a universal need?: Evidence from The Peo -
ple’s Republic of China. Asian Journal of Social 
Psychology, 12, 104–120.
Cantor, N. (1990). From thought to behavior: 
“Having” and “doing” in the study or personal -
ity and cognition. American Psychologist, 45 (6), 
735–750.
Clark, A. (2015). Perceiving as predicting. In D. 
Stokes, M. Matthen, & S. Biggs (Eds.), Percep -
tion and its modalities (pp. 23–43). New York: 
Oxford University Press.
Cooper, M. L., Agocha, V. B., & Sheldon, M. S. 
(2000). A motivational perspective on risky be -
haviors: The role of personality and affect reg -
ulatory processes. Journal of Personality, 68, 
1059–1088.
Cooper, R. P., & Aslin, R. N. (1990). Preference for 
infant-  directed speech in the first month after 
birth. Child Development, 61, 1584–1595.
Corr, P. J., DeYoung, C. G., & McNaughton, N. 
(2013). Motivation and personality: A neuropsy -
chological perspective. Social and Personality 
Psychology Compass, 7, 158–175.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). From catalog 
to classification: Murray’s needs and the five- 
factor model. Journal of Personality and Social 
Psychology, 55, 258–265.
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). 
Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientious -
ness: A revision of the NEO Personality Inven -
tory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 
887–898.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies 
of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593–
623.
Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2009). Natural peda -
gogy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 148–153.
Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling 
the links of parental responsiveness to distress 
and warmth to child outcomes. Child Develop -
ment, 77,  44–58.
DeCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation . Hills -
dale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and 
“why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the 
self- determination of behavior. Psychological In -
quiry, 11,  227–268.
Denison, S., Reed, C., & Xu, F. (2013). The emer -
gence of probabilistic reasoning in very young 
infants: Evidence from 4.5- and 6-month-olds. 
Developmental Psychology, 49, 243–249.
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology 
of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facili -
tation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. 
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491–569.
Dodge, K. A., & Frame, C. L. (1982). Social cogni -
tive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. Child 
Development, 3,  620–635.Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. 
W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self- 
esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behav -
ior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 
328–335.
Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-  theories: Their role in mo -
tivation, personality, and development.  Phila -
delphia: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press.
Dweck, C. S. (2017). Needs, goals, and represen -
tations: Foundations for a theory of motivation, 
personality, and development. Psychological Re -
view, 124,  689–719.
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, 
C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations 
among positive parenting, children’s effortful 
control, and externalizing problems: A three-
wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 
76, 1055–1071.
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach– 
avoidance motivation in personality: Approach 
and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal 
of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 804–
818.
Epstein, S. (1990). Cognitive-  experiential self- 
theory. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of person -
ality: Theory and research (pp. 165–192). New 
York: Guilford Press.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society . New 
York: Norton.
Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Adjust -
ment following sexual abuse discovery: The role 
of shame and attributional style. Developmental 
Psychology, 38, 79–92.
Field, T. (1995). Infants of depressed mothers. In -
fant Behavior and Development, 18, 1–13.
Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E. (2015). Whole 
trait theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 
56, 82–92.
Fonagy, P. (2001). Attachment theory and psycho -
analysis . New York: Other Press Professional.
Fonagy, P., Target, M., & Gergely, G. (2000). At -
tachment and borderline personality disorder: A 
theory and some evidence. Journal of the Ameri -
can Psychoanalytic Association, 23, 103–122.
Freud, S. (1927). The ego and the id . London: Hog -
arth Press.
Freud, S. (1956). The defence psycho-  neuroses. 
In J. Riviere (Trans.), Collected papers (Vol. 1, 
pp. 59–75). London: Hogarth Press. (Original 
work published 1894)
Fromm, E. (1955). The sane society . New York: 
Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Fu, A. S., & Markus, H. R. (2014). My mother and 
me: Why tiger mothers motivate Asian Ameri -
cans but not European Americans. Personality 
and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 739–749.
Glass, D. C., & Singer, J. E. (1972). Urban stress: 
Experiments on noise and social stressors . New 
York: Academic Press.