Personal Responsibility 277
The Here and Now 278
The Phenomenology of the Individual 278
Personal Growth 279
Carl Rogers 279
The Fully Functioning Person 279
Anxiety and Defense 281
Conditions of Worth and Unconditional Positive Regard 282
Abraham Maslow 283
Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs 284
Misconceptions About Maslow ’s Need Hierarchy 287
The Study of Psychologically Healthy People 289
The Psychology of Optimal Experience 290
Optimal Experience 290
Optimal Experience and Happiness in Everyday Activities 291
Application: Person-Centered Therapy and Job Satisfaction 294
Person-Centered Therapy 294
Job Satisfaction and the Hierarchy of Needs 296
Assessment: The Q-Sort Technique 297
Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach 301
Strengths 301
Criticisms 302
Summary 303
12 The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research 306
Self-Disclosure 307
Disclosure Reciprocity 309
Self-Disclosure Among Friends and Romantic Partners 311
Disclosing Men and Disclosing Women 312
Disclosing Traumatic Experiences 313
Loneliness 317
Defining and Measuring Loneliness 319
Chronically Lonely People 319
The Causes of Loneliness 321
Self-Esteem 324
Self-Esteem and Reaction to Failure 325
Contingencies of Self-Worth 328
Self-Esteem and Culture 330
Solitude 333
Time Alone 334
Individual Differences in Preference for Solitude 337
Summary 338CONTENTS xiii