Self-concept
spontaneous measures, 161–162stability of personality and, 119–122
Self-Concept (FFT)
description of, 187, 188, 192, 214–216identity and, 228–231life narrative and, 231–233postulates of, 190trait influences on, 227–228
Self-monitoring, 129Self-report measures
accuracy of, 38, 39–40observer ratings and, 41–43, 120–122psychodynamic psychology and, 151spontaneous self-concept, 161–162stability coefficients for longitudinal
studies using, 110–111
validity scales and, 44–45
Sentence completion test, 148, 152, 155–
156, 157
Sequential strategies for research, 70–74Serials, 146Shared environment, 194Sheehy , Gail, 2, 5, 170Siegler, Ilene C., 6, 132, 196Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
(16PF)
cross-sectional study of, 61development of, 34Five-Factor Model and, 55longitudinal study of, 67–70
Social clock projects, 221–222The Social Contract (Rousseau), 233
Social identity , 215Social independence, 68–70Social learning theory
environmental position on personality
and, 101–102
human nature, perspective on, 22, 23
Social roles, 211–213, 228–229Social Role Theory , 203SOC (selection, optimization, and
compensation) theory , 17–18
South Korea, history of, 94Spontaneous self-concept measures, 161–
162
Spouse ratings. SeeObserver ratings
Stability of personality
age and, 114–115alternative views of, 9argument for, 2case studies in, 133–137cross-cultural evidence for, 96–97evidence for, 78, 81–82in groups and in individuals, 98–101longitudinal evidence for, 109–112, 113methodological issues in assessment of,
116–119
overview of, 234–235pendulum of opinion on, 3–6planning for future and, 137–138, 218predictions of correlations and, 108psychotherapy and, 9–10self-concept and, 119–122time course of, 112–115trait model and, 21
Stage theories of adult development
Erikson, 4, 11, 12–14, 149history of, 5Jung, 4, 12, 140Levinson, 170–175midlife crisis and, 178–182
Structure postulate (FFT), 201–202Sullivan, Harry Stack, 31
T
Tendency , definition of, 26Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 151,
154, 158–161
Theories of adult development
Gould, 175–178interview-based, 169Levinson, 170–175See also Stage theories of adult development
Theories of change
Baltes, 17–18Erikson, 11, 12–14Gould, 17Gutmann, 15Jung, 11–12Levinson, 16–17Neugarten, 14research and, 14strengths and weaknesses of, 18–19Vaillant, 15–16
Theory , definition of, 184Time-of-measurement effect, 72–74Time-sequential designs, 72Trait measures
behavioral observation and, 38–40correspondence between observation and
self-report, 39–40
development of, 29–31reliability coefficients for, 107response sets and, 117–119sources of error in completing, 123validity of, 57See also Self-report measures
Trait models of personality
common-sense system of, 24–25consistency and, 28Index 267