 28. Self‑Regulation and Personality  623
chology. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), 
Handbook of self and identity (pp. 15–43). New 
York: Guilford Press.
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive- 
affective system theory of personality: Reconcep -
tualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and 
invariance in personality structure. Psychologi -
cal Review, 102, 246–268.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988). The 
nature of adolescent competencies predicted by 
preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Per -
sonality and Social Psychology, 54, 687–696.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witz -
ki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wagner, T. D. (2000). 
The unity and diversity of executive functions 
and their contributions to complex “frontal 
lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive 
Psychology, 41, 49–100.
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, 
N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., et al. (2011). 
A gradient of childhood self-  control predicts 
health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of 
the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 
108, 2693–2698.
Morf, C. C., & Horvath, S. (2010). Self-  regulation 
processes and their signatures. In R. H. Hoyle 
(Ed.), Handbook of personality and self- 
regulation  (pp. 117–144). Malden, MA: Wiley- 
Blackwell.
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling 
the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self- 
regulatory processing model. Psychological In -
quiry, 12,  177–196.
Mõttus, R., Kandler, C., Bleidorn, W., Riemann, 
R., & McCrae, R. R. (2016). Personality traits 
below facets: The consensual validation, longitu -
dinal stability, heritability, and utility of person -
ality nuances. Journal of Personality and Social 
Psychology, 112, 474–490.
Nigg, J. T. (2017). Annual Research Review: On the 
relations among self-  regulation, self-  control, ex -
ecutive functioning, effortful control, cognitive 
control, impulsivity, risk-  taking, and inhibition 
for developmental psychopathology. Journal of 
Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 361–383.
Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2002). The positive 
psychology of negative thinking. Journal of Clin -
ical Psychology, 58, 993–1001.
Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to 
action: Willed and automatic control of behav -
ior. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Sha -
piro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-  regulation: 
Advances in research (Vol. 4, pp. 1–18). New 
York: Plenum Press.
Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., & 
Voelker, P. (2012). Control networks and neuro -
modulators of early development. Developmen -
tal Psychology, 48, 827–835.
Robins, R. W., John, O. P., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-  Loeber, M. (1996). Resilient, 
overcontrolled, and undercontrolled boys: Three 
personality types in early adolescence. Journal of 
Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 157–171.
Romer, D., Duckworth, A. L., Sznitman, S., & 
Park, S. (2010). Can adolescents learn self- 
control?: Delay of gratification in the develop -
ment of control over risk taking. Prevention Sci -
ence, 11,  319–330.
Ross, S. R., Canada, K. E., & Rausch, M. K. (2002). 
Self- handicapping and the five-  factor model of 
personality: Mediation between neuroticism and 
conscientiousness. Personality and Individual 
Differences, 32,  1173–1184.
Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Temperament, develop -
ment, and personality. Current Directions in 
Psychological Science, 16, 207–212.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Tempera -
ment. In W. Damon, R. L. Lerner, & N. Eisen -
berg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 
3. Social, emotional, and personality develop -
ment  (6th ed., pp. 99–166). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self- 
determination theory and the facilitation of in -
trinsic motivation, social development, and well-
being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-  regulation 
and the problem of human autonomy: Does psy -
chology need choice, self-  determination, and 
will? Journal of Personality, 74, 1557–1585.
Schaefer, P. S., Williams, C. C., Goodie, A. S., & 
Campbell, W. K. (2004). Overconfidence and the 
Big Five. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 
473–480.
Schlam, T. R., Wilson, N. L., Shoda, Y., Mischel, 
W., & Ayduk, O. (2013). Preschoolers’ delay of 
gratification predicts their body mass 30 years 
later. Journal of Pediatrics, 162, 90–93.
Schweinhart, L. J., Montie, J., Xiang, Z., Barnett, 
W. S., Belfield, C. R., & Nores, M. (2005). Life -
time effects: The HighScope Perry Preschool 
study through age 40 (Monographs of the High -
Scope Educational Research Foundation, 14). 
Ypsilanti, MI: HighScope Press.
Seeyave, D. M., Coleman, S., Appugliese, D., Cor -
wyn, R. F., Bradley, R. H., Davidson, N. S., et 
al. (2009). Ability to delay gratification at age 
4 years and risk of overweight at 11 years. Ar -
chives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 
163, 303–308.
Sethi, A., Mischel, W., Aber, L., Shoda, Y., & Rodri -
guez, M. (2000). The relationship between stra -
tegic attention deployment and self-  regulation: 
Predicting preschoolers’ delay of gratification 
from mother–  toddler interactions. Developmen -
tal Psychology, 6, 767–777.
Shiner, R. L., Buss, K. A., McClowry, S. G., Put -
man, S. P., Saudino, K. J., & Zentner, M. (2012). 
What is temperament now ?: Assessing progress 