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More Efficient Perception of Reality 289
Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature 289
Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness 290
Problem-Centering 290
The Need for Privacy 290
Autonomy 290
Continued Freshness of Appreciation 291
The Peak Experience 291
Gemeinschaftsgefühl 292
Profound Interpersonal Relations 292
The Democratic Character Structure 293
Discrimination Between Means and Ends 293
Philosophical Sense of Humor 293
Creativeness 294
Resistance to Enculturation 294
Love, Sex, and Self-Actualization 294
Maslow’s Psychology and Philosophy  
of Science 295
Measuring Self-Actualization 296
The Jonah Complex 298
Psychotherapy 299
Related Research 299
Empirical Testing and an Evolutionary Update  
to the Hierarchy of Needs 300
Positive Psychology 302
Critique of Maslow 303
Concept of Humanity 305
CHAPTER 10  Rogers: Person-Centered  
Theory 309
Overview of Client-Centered Theory 310
Biography of Carl Rogers 311
Person-Centered Theory 314
Basic Assumptions 314
Formative Tendency 314
Actualizing Tendency 315
The Self and Self-Actualization 316
The Self-Concept 316
The Ideal Self 317
Awareness 317
Levels of Awareness 318
Denial of Positive Experiences 318Becoming a Person 318
Barriers to Psychological Health 319
Conditions of Worth 319
Incongruence 320
Defensiveness 321
Disorganization 321
Psychotherapy 322
Conditions 322
Counselor Congruence 323
Unconditional Positive Regard 324
Empathic Listening 325
Process 326
Stages of Therapeutic Change 326
Theoretical Explanation for Therapeutic 
Change 327
Outcomes 327
The Person of Tomorrow 328
Philosophy of Science 330
The Chicago Studies 331
Hypotheses 331
Method 331
Findings 332
Summary of Results 333
Related Research 334
Real-Ideal Self Discrepancy, Online Gaming, 
and the Brain 334
Motivation and Pursuing  
One’s Goals 337
Critique of Rogers 339
Concept of Humanity 340
CHAPTER 11  May: Existential 
Psychology  345
Overview of Existential Psychology 346
Biography of Rollo May 347
Background of Existentialism 350
What Is Existentialism? 350
Basic Concepts 351
Being-in-the-World 351
Nonbeing 352
The Case of Philip 354ContentsFinal PDF to printer