(r52 .16) and non-significant with Self-Deceptive Enhancement. The correlation with self-esteem was also small
(r5.13) ( Campbell et al., 2004 ).
Construct/Factor Analytic
A confirmatory factor analysis ( N5918) supported a one-factor solution for the PES. Campbell et al. (p. 33)
reported that a single-factor model provides a good fit to the data (GFI 5.98; CFI 5.98; SRMR 5.13). When the
NPI Entitlement facet items were included, a 2-factor solution emerged ( Campbell et al., 2004 ). Despite the over-
lap, the PES proved to be psychometrically distinguishable from the NPI Entitlement facet.
Criterion/Predictive
The authors demonstrated that PES scores could predict behavioral outcomes. When given the opportunity to
take ‘as much as you deserve’ from a candy-bowl intended for children, PES scores predicted that selfish behav-
ior (r5.24). In a second study, PES scores predicted aggression in response to ego-threat ( Campbell et al., 2004 ).
Criterion validity was also supported by a number of conceptually related self-report outcomes, for example,
deserving a higher salary and problematic relationship patterns ( Campbell et al., 2004 ).
Location
Campbell, W.K., Bonacci, A.M., Shelton, J., Exline, J.J., & Bushman, B.J. (2004). Psychological entitlement:
Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure . Journal of Personality Assessment, 83 ,2 9/C045.
Results and Comments
Of all the narcissism measures reviewed here, the PES has the narrowest focus, and, arguably, the most toxic
outcomes. The measure has drawn support from successful applications by other researchers ( Brown, Budzek, &
Tamborski, 2009; Rosenthal & Hooley, 2010 ).
PSYCHOLOGICAL ENTITLEMENT SCALE
Rate your degree of agreement for each of the nine
items on a scale of (1) 5Strong Disagreement to (7) 5
Strong Agreement).
1.I honestly feel I’m just more deserving than others.
2.Great things should come to me.
3.If I were on the Titanic, I would deserve to be on the
firstlifeboat!
4.I demand the best because I’m worth it.5.I do not necessarily deserve special treatment (R)
6.I deserve more things in my life.
7.People like me deserve an extra break now and then.
8.Things should go my way.
9.I feel entitled to more of everything.
Notes : Reverse scored item (R).
Reproduced with permission.
5. Communal Narcissism Inventory (CNI)
(Gebauer et al., 2012 ).
Variable
In their unified model of narcissism, the authors distinguish between agentic and communal variants: agentic
narcissists seek to satisfy self-motives of grandiosity, esteem, entitlement, and power in agentic domains whereas
communal narcissists seek to satisfy the same self-motives in communal domains. Measures of the former concept
are numerous, but there were no previous measures of the latter ( Gebauer et al., 2012 ).
Description
The instrument comprises 16 items presented in 7-point Likert-type format. Both English and German-
language versions are available.579 DARK TRIAD MEASURES
V. VICES AND VIRTUES