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PART VI  Learning-Cognitive Theories 495
CHAPTER 16   Skinner: Behavioral 
Analysis 496
Overview of Behavioral Analysis 497
Biography of B. F. Skinner 498
Precursors to Skinner’s Scientific 
Behaviorism 501
Scientific Behaviorism 502
Philosophy of Science 503
Characteristics of Science 503
Conditioning 504
Classical Conditioning 505
Operant Conditioning 506
Shaping 506
Reinforcement 508
Punishment 509
Conditioned and Generalized Reinforcers 510
Schedules of Reinforcement 511
Extinction 513
The Human Organism 513
Natural Selection 514
Cultural Evolution 515
Inner States 515
Self-Awareness 515
Drives 516
Emotions 516
Purpose and Intention 516
Complex Behavior 517
Higher Mental Processes 517
Creativity 517
Unconscious Behavior 518
Dreams 518
Social Behavior 519
Control of Human Behavior 519
Social Control 519
Self-Control 520
The Unhealthy Personality 521
Counteracting Strategies 521
Inappropriate Behaviors 522
Psychotherapy 522Related Research 523
How Conditioning Affects Personality 523
How Personality Affects Conditioning 524
Mutual Influence Between Personality  
and Conditioning 526
Critique of Skinner 528
Concept of Humanity 529
CHAPTER 17   Bandura: Social Cognitive 
Theory 534
Overview of Social Cognitive Theory 535
Biography of Albert Bandura 536
Learning 537
Observational Learning 538
Modeling 538
Processes Governing Observational  
Learning 539
Enactive Learning 540
Triadic Reciprocal Causation 541
An Example of Triadic Reciprocal  
Causation 542
Chance Encounters and Fortuitous  
Events 543
Human Agency 544
Core Features of Human Agency 544
Self-Efficacy 545
What Is Self-Efficacy? 545
What Contributes to Self-Efficacy? 547
Proxy Agency 549
Collective Efficacy 549
Self-Regulation 550
External Factors in Self-Regulation 551
Internal Factors in Self-Regulation 551
Self-Observation 551
Judgmental Process 552
Self-Reaction 553
Self-Regulation Through Moral Agency 553
Redefine the Behavior 554
Disregard or Distort the Consequences  
of Behavior 555
Dehumanize or Blame the Victims 555
Displace or Diffuse Responsibility 556ContentsFinal PDF to printer