different timeframes (e.g., ‘[at this] Moment’, ‘Today’, ‘Past Few Days’, ‘Past Week’, ‘Past Few Weeks’, ‘Past
Month’, ‘Past Year’, etc.).
It is transitory emotional states, rather than longer-lasting moods that are more likely to be related to particular
events/stimuli ( Fisher, 1998 ). The claim that mood states are responses to situational stimuli ( Cox, 2002; Stirling &
Kerr, 2006 ) overlooks the clinical observation that many individuals fail to attribute their moods to external events
or situations ( Fernandez & Kerns, 2008 ). As Izard (2001) pointed out, ‘trait’ emotions (mood states) incorporate dis-
positional aspects of emotions. According to Izard (p. 254):
‘Individuals dispositionally prone to experience shame and anger tend to experience these emotions at a higher level of intensity
than individuals with a different disposition, and the different levels of emotional intensity have consequences for behavior ( Tangney,
Wagner, Barlow, Marschall, & Gramzow 1996 ). Characteristically happy people tend to engage in more social interactions ( Diener &
Larsen, 1993 )...Frequency of experiencing particular emotions relates significantly to particular traits of personality (e.g., interest and
joy positively relate to extraversion /C0sociability, anger and contempt negatively to agreeableness). A broad pattern of negative emotions
virtually defines the trait of neuroticism.’
Most trait dimensions exhibit only relative stability over the lifespan ( Cattell, Boyle, & Chant 2002; Fraley &
Roberts, 2005; Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer 2006a,b; Specht, Egloff, & Schmukle 2011; Watson & Walker,
1996). Moods appear more stable than emotional states because they are longer lasting in duration and lower in
intensity than their emotion equivalents. So is the state /C0trait distinction too crude? The answer depends on the
level of specificity desired (e.g., to use a factor analytic analogy, the preference for higher-order versus primary
factors). The current ‘Big Five’ personality literature, for instance, focuses on a small number of broad second-
order dimensions (cf. Boyle, 2008; Boyle et al., 1995), each of which can be broken down into more specific
dimensions (e.g., Costa & McCrae’s facet scales or Cattell’s 16PF primary factors /C0Cattell & Kline, 1977 ).
However, affects may range all the way from transient states to enduring dispositions (lasting just a few seconds,
a few minutes, a few hours, a few days, a few weeks, a few months, a few years, or many years). For example,
Spielberger’s State/C0Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), State/C0Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), State/C0Trait
Curiosity Inventory (STCI), State/C0Trait Anger Scale (STAS), State/C0Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI),
State/C0Trait Depression Scale (STDS) and State/C0Trait Personality Inventory (STPI) attempt to measure state
(emotional) versus trait (dispositional) aspects, but overlook mood states of intermediate duration that are more
stable than transitory emotional states but less stable than enduring personality traits. Although a simple dichoto-
mous state /C0trait distinction and the subsequent extension to a tripartite distinction (e.g., Izard, 1991 ) may have
been reasonable developments at the time, there appear to be discernible affect phenomena ranging all the way
from transitory/fleeting emotional episodes/states, through longer-lasting mood states, dynamic motivational
traits, to relatively stable enduring personality dispositions/traits. In this chapter, we review 10 of the most
important measures of affect dimensions as follows:
MEASURES REVIEWED HERE
1.Melbourne Curiosity Inventory ( Naylor, 1981 /2011)
2.State/C0Trait Personality Inventory ( Spielberger, Ritterband, Sydeman, Reheiser, & Unger 1995 )
3.Positive and Negative Affect Schedule /C0Expanded Form ( Watson & Clark, 1999 )
4.Differential Emotions Scale ( Izard, 1991; Izard et al., 1993 )
5.Profile of Mood States ( Heuchert & McNair, 2012 )
6.Multiple Affect Adjective Check List /C0Revised ( Zuckerman & Lubin, 1985; Lubin & Zuckerman, 1999 )
7.Multidimensional Mood-State Inventory (Boyle, 2012)
8.Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List ( Thayer, 1989 )
9.UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (Matthews et al., 1990)
10.Dundee Stress State Questionnaire ( Matthews, Hillyard, & Campbell 1999, 2002 )
OVER VIEW OF THE MEASURES
Historically, Cattell and Scheier (1963) first distinguished between state and trait constructs. State anxiety is
viewed as an emotional state while trait anxiety is an ongoing tendency to react more frequently and with greater191 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS