Location
Watson, D., & Clark, L.A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect Schedule /C0
Expanded form. Cedar Rapids, IA: University of Iowa.
Results and Comments
The original PANAS has been widely used to measure the broad dimensions of positive and negative affect
(cf.Tellegen, Watson, & Clarke, 1999 ). Both the PANAS and PANAS-X versions have almost unrivalled flexibility
in terms of timeframe of the adjective ratings, buttressed by considerable data for all instruction sets. Since the
observed alpha coefficients were all high, the item composition of the PANAS-X scales might be enhanced some-
what by including a greater diversity of items allowing broader measurement of the particular constructs being
measured (cf. Boyle, 1991).
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT SCHEDULE /C0EXPANDED FORM
Sample PANAS-X Protocol Illustrating ‘Past Few Weeks’ Time Instructions
This scale consists of a number of words and phrases that describe different feelings and emotions. Read each
item and then mark the appropriate answer in the space next to that word. Indicate to what extent you have felt this
way during the past few weeks . Use the following scale to record your answers:
12 3 4 5
very slightly a little moderately quite a bit extremely
or not at all
______ cheerful ______ sad ______ active ______ angry at self
______ disgusted ______ calm ______ guilty ______ enthusiastic
______ attentive ______ afraid ______ joyful ______ downhearted
______ bashful ______ tired ______ nervous ______ sheepish
______ sluggish ______ amazed ______ lonely ______ distressed
______ daring ______ shaky ______ sleepy ______ blameworthy
______ surprised ______ happy ______ excited ______ determined
______ strong ______ timid ______ hostile ______ frightened
______ scornful ______ alone ______ proud ______ astonished
______ relaxed ______ alert ______ jittery ______ interested
______ irritable ______ upset ______ lively ______ loathing
______ delighted ______ angry ______ ashamed ______ confident
______ inspired ______ bold ______ at ease ______ energetic
______ fearless ______ blue ______ scared ______ concentrating
______ disgusted ______ shy ______ drowsy ______ dissatisfied
with self with self
Notes :
The PANAS-X includes eight different sets of temporal instructions intended to measure affects ranging all the way
from transitory emotional states, longer-lasting mood states , to relatively stable, enduring personality traits. The above
example provides instructions relating to mood states th at remain relatively stable over a period of some weeks.
Copyright r1994, David Watson and Lee Anna Clark.
Reproduced with permission.
The PANAS-X manual is available from the University of Iowa website located at: http://ir.uiowa.edu/psychology_
pubs/11/ (Retrieved January 5, 2014).
Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV)
(Izard, 1991; Izard et al., 1993 ).200 8. MEASURES OF AFFECT DIMENSIONS
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS