uncertainty by relying on established social norms, rituals, and bureaucratic practices (Uncertainty Avoidance)
(House et al., 2004 ).
The GCV items were generated from interviews and focus groups conducted in several countries. Back transla-
tion ( Brislin, 1980 ) was used to ensure that the concepts were translated accurately. Item selection and refinement
were based on the results of two pilot studies. In the first pilot study, the items measuring Ingroup Collectivism
were not relevant to the construct, and new items were developed based on Triandis (1995) and tested in the sec-
ond pilot study. Subsequently, the validity of GCV scales was confirmed in the second phase of the GLOBE
study.
There are two forms of GLOBE: alpha and beta. The cultural value scales are included in Form Beta. GLOBE
Form Beta consists of 190 items. However, only 78 items are used to measure cultural values. There are three
items in the Assertiveness subscale, four in the subscales of Ingroup Collectivism, Institutional Collectivism,
Future Orientation and Humane Orientation, and 5 in the subscales of Gender Egalitarianism, Performance
Orientation, Power Distance, and Uncertainty Avoidance. Each item is framed as a societal value item (a question
concerning actual value consensus; e.g., ‘In this society, children should take pride in the individual accomplish-
ments of their parents.’) or a societal practice item (a question concerning perceived value consensus; e.g., ‘In this
society, children take pride in the individual accomplishments of their parents’). The respondents indicate their
response to each item on a 7-point Likert-type scale.
Sample
Respondents in the validation study were middle managers from 951 organizations across 62 societies. These
respondents were practitioners in the industries of food processing, financial services, and telecommunications
services ( House et al., 2004 ).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Cronbach alpha coefficients for the subscales are shown in Table 22.2 below ( House et al., 2004 ).
Test/C0Retest
No test /C0retest reliability coefficients are available for the GCV scales to-date.
Aggregation and Inter-Rater
Average rwg(j) scores /C0an index of inter-rater agreement in a group, for the GCV scales were reported by
Hanges and Dickson (2004) . The average rwg(j) scores for societal practices and values scales were .85 and .80,
respectively. Data for societies with at least 45 respondents were included in the computation of ICC(1) and ICC
(2) scores, which are shown in Table 22.2 .
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Assertiveness (Practices) is positively correlated with VSM’s Masculinity ( r5.37; Hartog, 2004 ). Ingroup
Collectivism (Practices) is positively correlated with SVS’s Embeddedness ( r5.66;Gelfand, Bhawuk, Nishii, &
Bechtold, 2004 ). Gender Egalitarianism (Values) is positively correlated with SVS’s Egalitarianism ( r5.65;
Hanges & Dickson, 2004 ). Future Orientation (Values) is positively correlated with SVS’s Embeddedness ( r5.50;
Ashkanasy, Gupta, Mayfield, & Trevor-Roberts, 2004 ).
Furthermore, Carl, Gupta, and Javidan (2004) reported a significant positive correlation between Power
Distance (Practices) and VSM’s Power Distance ( r5.57). Hanges and Dickson (2004) also reported a significant
positive correlation of Power Distance (Values) with SVS’s Hierarchy ( r5.33).
Divergent/Discriminant
Assertiveness (Practices) is negatively correlated with SVS’s Egalitarianism ( r52.44; Hanges & Dickson,
2004 ). Ingroup Collectivism (Practices) is negatively correlated with VSM’s Individualism ( r52.82), and SVS’s
Affective Autonomy ( r52.67). Institutional Collectivism (Values) is negatively correlated with VSM’s
Individualism ( r52.55;Gelfand et al., 2004 ). Future Orientation (Values) is negatively correlated with SVS’s
Affective Autonomy ( r52.43) and Intellectual Autonomy ( r52.46). Finally, Sully de Luque and Javidan (2004)634 22. MEASURES OF CROSS-CULTURAL VALUES, PERSONALITY AND BELIEFS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT