the ZKPQ-III-R. In a second factor, the Extraversion Scales of the EPQ-R and the NEO-PI-R grouped with the
Sociability and Activity Scales of the ZKPQ. The three instruments share common factors of Extraversion and
Neuroticism within two of the primary factors.
In the three-factor structure, the Psychoticism Scale of the EPQ-R, and the Agreeableness and
Conscientiousness Scales of the NEO-PI-R define the third factor. Impulsive Sensation Seeking and the
Aggression /C0Hostility of the ZKPQ have their largest loadings on this factor. In the four-factor structure, the
Psychoticism factor was split into two factors. Conscientiousness, Psychoticism, and Impulsive Sensation Seeking
define one of them, whereas Agreeableness, Aggression /C0Hostility, and Openness load mainly on the other. In
another analysis, the 30 facets of the NEO-PI-R were used instead of the Big-Five factor scales. These results cor-
roborated the previous 4-factor structure plus an additional factor exclusively formed by the 6 NEO Openness
facets. Correlations between the ZKPQ ImpSS and EPQ and NEO scales were: 0.55, 0.28, 0.01, 20.51, 0.28, 0.01,
0.23, and 0.00 for Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism of EPQ and Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Neuroticism, Agreeableness and Openness, respectively.
Criterion/Predictive
Ball (1995) used the ZKPQ in a study of 450 cocaine abusers seeking treatment. ImpSS correlated with severity
of drug abuse and addiction and predicted treatment outcome. ImpSS is correlated with substance use and abuse
in community and college samples and risk taking in general.
The ImpSS can be broken down into two subscales: impulsivity and sensation seeking. In a laboratory study a
measure of betting persistence in the face of increasing loss was related to the impulsivity (Imp) but not to the
sensation seeking (SS) subscale ( Breen & Zuckerman, 1999 ).
In their review of sexual behavior, Hoyle et al. (2000) compared the SSS-V with the ZKPQ ImpSS. The SSS was
superior in prediction of number of partners (0.33 to 0.19) but the ZKPQ was better for predicting other high-risk
sex encounters (0.27 vs. 0.19). In any broad criterion like ‘ risky sexual behavior ’o r‘ risky driving behavior ’ there are
different kinds of criteria and the type and degree of prediction may depend on the specific criteria. For instance
in prediction of acculturation patterns in immigrants to Germany ( Schmitz, 2004 ) the ZKPQ SS subscale corre-
lated positively with integration and negatively with separation modes of adjustment, but the Imp subscale corre-
lated negatively with integration and positively with marginalization.
Location
Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M., Joireman, J., Teta, P., & Kraft, M. (1993). A comparison of three structural
models for personality: The big three, the big five, and the alternative five. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 65 , 757/C0768.
Aluja, A, Garcı ´a, O., & Garcı ´a, L.F. (2004). Replicability of the three, four and five Zuckerman’s personality
super-factors: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the EPQ-RS, ZKPQ and NEO-PI-R. Personality and
Individual Differences, 36 , 1093/C01108.
Aluja, A., Garcı ´a, O´., & Garcı ´a, L.F. (2002). A comparative study of Zuckerman’s three structural models for
personality through the NEO-PI-R, ZKPQ-III-R, EPQ-R and Goldberg’s 50-bipolar adjectives. Personality and
Individual Differences, 33 , 713/C0725.
Results and Comments
Data from Zuckerman et al. (1993) showed that the EPQ-R, ZKPQ and NEO-PI-R questionnaires could be well
described by a three-factor model. The three-factor structure highlights the negative relationships of Psychoticism
with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. This argument was also sustained by Eysenck (1991) and other
investigators although with different interpretations ( Draycott & Kline, 1995; John, 1990; Saggino, 2000 ).
The Aggression /C0Hostility and Impulsive Sensation Seeking Scales of the ZKPQ would be integrated in the
Psychoticism factor.
Replicating Costa and McCrae’s findings (1992), Openness loads on the Extraversion factor in the three-factor
model. In a four-factor analysis Impulsive Sensation Seeking loads on a factor along with EPQ Psychoticism and
NEO Conscientiousness and the primary correlations of Impulsive Sensation Seeking are with these two scales.
Significant but much lower correlations are found between Impulsive Sensation Seeking and EPQ Extraversion.
Construct and predictive validity studies have replicated many of the findings using the SSS-V scales with
a number of new findings generally supporting the construct validity of the SS scales developed within the
alternative five theory assessed by the ZKPQ. A caution is that the results are sometimes specific to the particular
subscale of the SSS or ImpSS or the particular behavioral criteria used.363 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
III. EMOTION REGULATION