possibility that this trait would emerge as a major factor or a separate facet of sensation seeking. All of the origi-
nal sensation-seeking items were included. One hundred items for each potential factor including 20 items foreach of the five hypothesized facets were included.
Scale development occurred in two phases. First, fact or analyses were done on the 20 items within each facet
of each factor. The ten best items for each facet were selected on the basis of highest loadings on the facet totaland relatively lower loadings on the other facets within the factor. Next factor analyses were done using the 25
facet scores. The result was that some facets within som e factors were too weak so that the weakest facet was
removed from each factor leaving four facets for each. For instance an antisocial facet had been postulated for
the SS factor, but the factor analysis of facets did not justify the existence of such a facet on this or other factors.A separate impulsivity facet was predicted for the SS fact or, but instead the original four factors from the SSS
IV and V emerged again from this analysis. They were eas ily recognized from their content although all items
from the SSS with specific content relating to sex, dru gs, or drinking had been replaced by more general items.
However some items from the Lack of Premediation impuls ivity scale did load on the Boredom Susceptibility
facet so this facet was renamed. The final four facets o f the SS factor were labeled: SS1. Thrill and Adventure
Seeking; SS2. Experience Seeking; SS3. Disinhibition; SS4. Boredom Susceptibility/Impulsivity.
Thus we have come back to the original structure of facets in the SSS, with impulsivity relegated to
some items in the BS scale and exclusion of content confounding items. Given the confirmation of the factorstructure in other samples, it is recommended that investigators use this new sensation seeking scale in prefer-ence to the older one in the SSS-V. This scale is extracted from the larger ZKA-PQ and the results could be differ-ent from those using the SSS-V scales. Replication should be checked. Note that it uses a four-point Likert-typeresponse format in place of the true /C0false format of the original ZKPQ and the forced choice form of the SSS-V.
Sample
Five samples were analyzed in the development of the ZKA-PQ. The first two samples consisted of Spanish
individuals who answered the questionnaire anonymously. The first sample consisted of 1042 subjects
(559 women, and 483 men) with a mean age of 38.6 years ( SD516.02). The second sample had 529 subjects
(271 women and 258 men) with a mean age of 44.2 ( SD518.12). The third sample consisted of 480 American
undergraduate students (360 women, 119 men) from an introductory psychology course with a mean age of18.48 years ( SD50.87).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Cronbach alpha coefficients for the total factor and the facet scores were estimated in the Spanish and
American samples. The mean alpha coefficient for the five factors was 0.88 (Spanish sample) and 0.91 (Americansample). Alpha coefficients for the Sensation Seeking dimension were 0.70 and 0.72 for the Spanish andUSA samples, respectively. For the four SS facets, alpha coefficients for the Spanish sample were: SS1: 0.73; SS2:0.70; SS3: 0.72; and SS4: 0.65, respectively. For the USA sample, they were 0.81, 0.73, 0.73, and 0.61 respectively.Only alpha coefficient for the SS4, Boredom susceptibility/Impulsivity, was less than 0.70.
Test/C0Retest
Test/C0retest reliability coefficients are not currently available for the ZKA-PQ.
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Convergent validity of the ZKA-PQ was studied by correlating its factors with the NEO-FFI-R and the TCI-R
140. The ZKA-PQ alternative Big Five scales correlated positively with the corresponding scales of the NEO-FFI-
R Neuroticism (0.71), Extraversion (0.62), Openness (0.27), Agreeableness (0.32), and Conscientiousness (0.34).
Also positive correlations were obtained between the ZKA-PQ scales and the corresponding scales of the TCI-R140 Novelty Seeking (0.51), Harm Avoidance (0.58), Reward Dependence (0.47) and Persistence (0.69) respectively(Aluja et al., 2010). Likewise, Garcı ´a et al. (2012) reported that:
the ZKPQ and the TCI-R Impulsive Sensation Seeking correlated with Novelty Seeking (0.66), Neuroticism /C0Anxiety with Harm
Avoidance (0.68), and Aggression /C0Hostility with Cooperativeness (0.60), with some lower correlations: Activity correlated with369 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
III. EMOTION REGULATION