192 II. BIOLOGICAL  FOuNDATIONS
Assessing chimpanzee personality and subjective 
well-being in Japan. American Journal of Prima -
tology, 71,  283–292.
Weiss, A., & King, J. E. (2015). Great ape origins 
of personality maturation and sex differences: 
A study of orangutans and chimpanzees. Jour -
nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 
648–664.
Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Enns, R. M. (2002). Sub -
jective well-being is heritable and genetically 
correlated with dominance in chimpanzees ( Pan 
troglodytes ). Journal of Personality and Social 
Psychology, 83, 1141–1149.
Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Hopkins, W. D. (2007). 
A cross-  setting study of chimpanzee ( Pan trog -
lodytes ) personality structure and development: 
Zoological parks and Yerkes National Primate 
Research Center. American Journal of Primatol -
ogy, 69,  1264–1277.
Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Perkins, L. (2006). Per -
sonality and subjective well-being in orangutans 
(Pongo pygmaeus  and Pongo abelii ). Journal of 
Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 501–511.
Weiss, A., & Luciano, M. (2015). The genetics and 
evolution of covitality. In M. Pluess (Ed.), Ge -
netics of psychological well-being: The role of 
heritability and genetics in positive psychology (pp. 146–160). Oxford, UK: Oxford University 
Press.
Weiss, A., Staes, N., Pereboom, J. J. M., Inoue- 
Murayama, M., Stevens, J. M. G., & Eens, M. 
(2015). Personality in bonobos. Psychological 
Science, 26, 1430–1439.
Weiss, A., Wilson, M. L., Collins, D. A., Mjungu, 
D., Kamenya, S., Foerster, S., & Pusey, A. E. 
(2017). Personality in the chimpanzees of Gombe 
National Park. Scientific Data, 4,  Article No. 
170146.
Whitman, W., & Washburn, D. A. (2017). A his -
tory of animal personality research. In J. Vonk, 
A. Weiss, & S. Kuczaj (Eds.), Personality in non -
human animals  (pp. 3–16). Cham, Switzerland: 
Springer.
Wilson, D. S., Clark, A. B., Coleman, K., & 
Dearstyne, T. (1994). Shyness and boldness in 
humans and other animals. Trends in Ecology 
and Evolution, 9, 442–446.
Wolf, M., van Doorn, S., Leimar, O., & Weissing, 
F. J. (2007). Life-  history trade-offs favour the 
evolution of animal personalities. Nature, 447,  
581–585.
Wrangham, R. W., Wilson, M. L., & Muller, M. N. 
(2006). Comparative rates of violence in chim -
panzees and humans. Primates, 47,  14–26.