greater internalized homophobia. IHP and IHP-R scores correlate highly among all sexual orientation groups
studied ( r..90;Herek et al., 2009 ).
Sample
The IHP was developed as part of the Longitudinal AIDS Impact Project, which included more than 1000 gay
and bisexual men who were recruited in two cohorts. The first cohort of men were followed over seven years
beginning in 1985 ( Mage536, 87% White), and a second cohort of young men were recruited in 1990 and followed
for two years ( Mage522, 71% White). Scale means are presented for 738 men from the first cohort ( M512.1) who
completed Wave 3 (1987) and 174 men ( M513.1) from the young cohort (Wave 1, 1990). In both samples, scores
ranged from 9 to 33 ( Meyer & Dean, 1998 ).Herek et al. (1998) collected IHP data (using a 5-point Likert-type
scale) from 74 women and 73 men at a lesbian/gay/bisexual street fair in Sacramento, CA. Means for each iden-
tity group were as follows: 14.79 for gay men, 19.91 for bisexual men, 11.69 for lesbians, 19.87 for bisexual
women. The IHP-R was administered to a sample of 2259 lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals (1170 women,
1089 men) in Sacramento ( Herek et al., 2009 ). Sixty five percent ( N51321) provided follow-up data one year
later. Mean scores were: gay men ( M51.54), lesbians ( M51.24), Bisexual Men ( M52.17), Bisexual Women
(M51.53) ( Herek et al., 2009 ).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
A Cronbach alpha coefficient of .79 has been reported for the IHP ( Meyer, 1995; Meyer & Dean, 1998 ).Herek
et al. (1998) reported alpha coefficients of .71 among women and .83 among men. Subsequently, Herek et al.
(2009) reported an alpha coefficient of .85 for the original IHP and .82 for the IHP-R.
Test/C0Retest
Baseline scores on the IHP-R were positively correlated ( r5.67) with scores one year later ( Herek et al., 2009 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Herek et al. (1998) found gay men’s IHP scores to be positively correlated with depressive symptoms ( r5.67),
and with demoralization ( r5.40). Also, regression analyses ( Herek et al., 2009 ) indicated that IHP-R scores are
significantly related to depressive symptoms ( β5.27; CES-D; Radloff, 1977 ), and with state anxiety ( β5.16;
Marteau & Bekker, 1992 ).
Divergent/Discriminant
Herek et al. (1998) found that gay men’s IHP scores correlated with self-esteem ( r5/C0.45), with outness to
friends ( r5/C0.37), and with collective self-esteem ( r5/C0.38). For lesbians, significant negative correlations
emerged only for outness to friends ( r5/C0.30) and collective self-esteem ( r5/C0.47). Herek et al. (1998) also found
that IHP scores for both gay men and lesbians were uncorrelated with perceived stigma ( rs5.12 and .14, respec-
tively). Herek et al. (2009) found that IHP-R scores were negatively predictive of self-esteem as measured via the
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ( β5/C0.27).
Criterion/Predictive
Meyer and Dean (1998) reported that those with high IHP scores were less likely to be explicitly out, have a
long-term partner, read a gay newspaper, or belong to a gay organization. As well, among those who were part-
nered, relationships were shorter, partners were less likely to live together, and reported more problems in their
relationship when IHP was high. Those with greater IHP scores were also more likely to be religious (but not
part of a gay-affirmative congregation) and to report sexual problems. Meyer (1995) found that IHP scores above
the mean were associated with a two to three-fold increase in demoralization, anxiety, depression, and suicidal
ideation as measured using the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Instrument (PERI; Dohrenwend et al., 1987 ) and
AIDS-related traumatic stress response.
Using the IHP-R, Herek et al. (2009) found that Republicans scored significantly higher than did Democrats or
Independents. Similarly, self-identified conservatives scored significantly higher ( M51.80) than did Moderates
(M51.57), who, in turn, scored significantly higher than liberals ( M51.36). Religiosity was also related to IHP-R740 25. MEASURES OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEXUAL ORIENTATION: HETEROSEXISM, HOMOPHOBIA, AND INTERNALIZED STIGMA
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT