include stereotyping, judgment, and impressions, whereas evaluative biases include affect, preferences, and social
distance ( Amodio & Devine, 2006 ).
Although evaluation is a critical dimension, the primary aversive-racism dimension appears to differentiate
racial ingroup /C0outgroup, as these effects are independent (e.g., Dovidio et al., 1986 ).
Criterion/Predictive
This kind of priming measure tends to predict nonverbal behavior in interracial interactions ( Dovidio,
Gaertner, Kawakami, & Hodson, 2002 ;Dovidio, Kawakami et al., 2002 ;Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, &
Howard, 1997 ). (Overt attitudes predict overt verbal behavior.) Priming measures also predict selection biases,
especially in ambiguous cases ( Dovidio & Gaertner, 2000; Dovidio, Gaertner et al., 2002 ).
Location
Dovidio, J.F., Evans, N., & Tyler, R.B. (1986). Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology ,22(1), 22 /C037.
Results and Comments
Each of the response-time measures (IAT, evaluative priming, conceptual priming) contributes to the evidence
for barely-conscious racial ingroup favoritism and sometimes outgroup dis-favoritism. Each has
acceptable psychometric properties, so the choice to use them depends on the researcher’s purposes. Focused on
different levels, the IAT may operate more categorically, the indirect priming measure more evaluatively, and the
aversive racism measure more as ingroup /C0outgroup distinction.
AVERSIVE RACISM MEASURE
Steps
1.Practice: think about typical member of category
using male, female, and house.
2.Main task:
(a)Think about typical members of categories
‘black,’ ‘white,’ or ‘house’
(b)Primed (2 sec) with ‘black,’ ‘white,’ or ‘house’
(c).5 sec interval(d)Answer yes, ‘could ever be true’ of, or no, ‘always
false’ about primed category, for each of 16
adjectives, related to objects or stereotypic.
Notes :
Procedure schematized by authors from Dovidio
et al., 1986 (cf.Gaertner & McLaughlin, 1983 ;Perdue
et al., 1990 ).
Reproduced with permission.
Modern Sexism Scale (MSS)
(Swim et al., 1995 ).
Variable
Overall parallels between sexism and racism include their historical association, similar cognitive processes,
comparable norms, analogous social structures, and equivalent beliefs ( Swim et al., 1995 ). Old-fashioned and
modern sexism should correlate but also prove distinct, as do old-fashioned and modern racism ( McConahay &
Hough, 1976 ; see previous section). The modern-sexist construct should moreover show gender differences, cor-
relate with relevant values such as individualism and humanism, and predict under-estimating problems such as
gendered job segregation.
Description
Participants completed a packet of racism questionnaires and an unspecified number of items designed to
reflect old-fashioned and modern sexism on 5-point strongly-agree tostrongly-disagree Likert-type response scales.
Sample
Psychology undergraduates ( n5418 women, 265 men; mostly White) completed the first study. A second
study ( n5477 women, 311 men) replicated the confirmatory factor analysis. Subsequent work has generalized700 24. MEASURES OF STEREOTYPING AND PREJUDICE: BAROMETERS OF BIAS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT