458 v. AFFECTI vE PROCESSES
Fischer, & van der Schalk, 2009; Scherer & 
Wallbott, 1994). Examples of vocal bursts 
include cries, sighs, laughs, shrieks, growls, 
hollers, roars, oohs, and ahhs (Banse & 
Scherer, 1996; Cordaro et al., 2016). Cur -
rent evidence indicates that 13 emotions can 
be identified from vocal bursts, at rates sub -
stantially better than chance (Cordaro et al., 
2016; Laukka et al., 2013). The capacity to 
recognize emotion in vocal bursts has been 
observed in more than 14 cultures, including 
two remote cultures with minimal Western influence (Cordaro et al., 2016; Laukka et 
al., 2013; Sauter, Eisner, Ekman, & Scott, 
2010). By 2 years of age, children are able 
to reliably match appropriate causes, as por -
trayed in photographs, to vocal bursts relat -
ed to five positive emotion concepts: funny, 
excitement, delicious, adorable, and sympa -
thy (Wu, Muentener, & Schulz, 2017).
Progress is being made in mapping the 
distinct peripheral physiological profiles of 
emotions beyond the Basic Six as well. In 
her synthesis of over 130 empirical stud -TABLE 21.2.  Evidence Related to the Expression of Emotion in Different Modalities
Emotion Face/Posture Voice Touch Music Dance
Amusement yesa, b, c yess, t, v n/a n/a yesc
Anger yesc, i yess, u, v yesx, y Yesz yesc
Awe/Wonder yesa, c yess no n/a yesc
Boredom yesj yesu n/a n/a n/a
Confusion yesq n/a n/a n/a n/a
Contempt yesr yess, u n/a n/a n/a
Contentment yesa yest n/a n/a yesc
Coyness yesd, e, f n/a n/a n/a n/a
Desire yesgnosn/a n/a n/a
Disgust yesc, iyess, u, vyesx, yn/a yesc
Embarrassment yesc, h, iyessnoyn/a yesc
Fear yesc, iyess, u, vyesx, yyeszyesc
Gratitude n/a nosyesx, yn/a n/a
Happiness/Joy yesa, i,yesuyesxyeszn/a
Interest yesjyessn/a n/a n/a
Love yesa, c, gnosyesx, yyeszyesc
Pain Yesk, l, m, nYeswn/a n/a n/a
Pride yesa, o, pnosnoyn/a n/a
Relief n/a yess, t, u, vn/a n/a n/a
Sadness yesi,yess, vyesx, yyeszyesc
Shame yesc, hnosn/a n/a yesc
Surprise yesiyess, vnoyn/a n/a
Sympathy n/a yessyesx, yn/a n/a
Triumph n/a yess, tn/a n/a n/a
Note . aCampos, Shiota, Keltner, Gonzaga, and Goetz (2013). b Bonanno and Keltner (1997). cHejmadi, Davidson, and 
Rozin (2000). dReddy (2000). eReddy (2005). fBretherton and Ainsworth (1974). gGonzaga et al. (2006). hKeltner (1996b). 
iEkman and Rosenberg (1997). jReeve (1993). kPrkachin (1992). lWilliams (2002). mGrunau and Craig (1987). n Botvinick 
et al. (2005). oTracy and Robins (2004). pTracy and Matsumoto (2008). qRozin and Cohen (2003). rMatsumoto (1992). 
s Simon-Thomas et al. (2009). tSauter and Scott (2007). uSchroder (2003). vSauter, Eisner, Ekman, and Scott (2010). 
w Dubois et al. (2008). xHertenstein et al. (2009). yHertenstein and Keltner (2006). zJuslin and Laukka (2003).