fei75766_glo_G1-G15.indd G-8  02/19/20 09:26 AM
GlossaryG-8
internalization (object relations theory)  Aprocess in
which theperson takes in(introjects) aspects ofthe
external world andthenorganizes those introjections ina
psychologically meaningful way.
interpersonal trust (Rotter)  Ageneralized expectancy 
heldbyaperson thatother people canberelied onto
keeptheirword. TheInterpersonal Trust Scale attempts 
tomeasure degree ofinterpersonal trust.
intimacy (Erikson)  Theability tofuseone’s identity with
thatofanother person without fearoflosing it.The
syntonic element ofyoung adulthood.
introjection (Freud)  Adefense mechanism whereby 
people incorporate positive qualities ofanother person 
intotheirego.
introjection (Klein)  Fantasizing taking external objects, 
suchasthemother’s breast, intoone’s ownbody.
introversion (Eysenck)  (Seeextraversion, Eysenck )
introversion (Jung)  Anattitude ortypecharacterized by
theturning inward ofpsychic energy withanorientation 
toward thesubjective.
intuition (Jung)  Anirrational function thatinvolves 
perception ofelementary datathatarebeyond our
awareness. Intuitive people “know” something without 
understanding howtheyknow.
isolation (Erikson)  Theinability toshare trueintimacy 
ortotakechances withone’s identity. Thedystonic 
element ofyoung adulthood.
J
Jonah complex  Thefearofbeing ordoing one’s best.
L
latency (Erikson)  Thepsychosexual mode ofthe
school-age child. Aperiod oflittlesexual development. 
latency stage (Freud)  Thetimebetween infancy and
puberty when psychosexual growth isatastandstill. 
latent dream content (Freud)  Theunderlying, 
unconscious meaning ofadream. Freud heldthatthe
latent content, which canberevealed onlythrough dream 
interpretation, wasmore important thanthesurface or
manifest content.
law of effect  Thorndike’s principle thatresponses to
stimuli followed immediately byasatisfier tendto
strengthen theconnection between those responses and
stimuli; thatis,theytendtobelearned.
learning-(social) cognitive theories  Learning theorists 
argue thatifyouwant tounderstand behavior then
focus onlyonbehavior, nothypothetical and
unobservable internals states suchasthoughts, feelings, 
drives, ormotives. Allbehavior andultimately personality arelearned through association and/or their
consequences (whether itisreinforced orpunished). 
Social-cognitive theories believe personality isaresult of
theinteraction between person qualities—especially 
thoughts andassumptions about selfandothers—and 
theenvironment.
libido (Freud)  Psychic energy ofthelifeinstinct; sexual 
drive orenergy.
life instinct (Freud)  Oneoftwoprimary drives or
impulses; thelifeinstinct isalsocalled Erosorsex.
locus of control (Rotter)  Thebelief people havethat
theirattempts toreach agoalarewithin theircontrol 
(internal locus ofcontrol) orareprimarily dueto
powerful events suchasfate,chance, orother people 
(external locus ofcontrol). Locus ofcontrol ismeasured 
bytheInternal –External Control Scale.
love (Erikson)  Thebasic strength ofyoung adulthood 
thatemerges from thecrisis ofintimacy versus isolation.
love (Fromm)  Aunion withanother person inwhich a
person retains separateness andintegrity ofself.
love (May)  Todelight inthepresence oftheother 
person andtoaffirm thatperson’s value anddevelopment 
asmuch asone’s own.
love and belongingness needs  Thethird levelon
Maslow’s hierarchy ofneeds; theyinclude boththeneed 
togiveloveandtheneed toreceive love.
M
maintenance needs (Rogers)  Those basic needs that
protect thestatus quo.They maybeeither physiological 
(e.g., food) orinterpersonal (e.g., theneed tomaintain 
thecurrent self-concept).
malignant aggression (Fromm)  Thedestruction oflife
forreasons other thansurvival. 
mandala (Jung)  Symbol representing thestriving for
unity andcompletion. Itisoften seenasacircle within a
square orasquare within acircle.
manifest dream content (Freud)  Thesurface or
conscious levelofadream. Freud believed thatthe
manifest levelofadream hasnodeep psychological 
significance andthattheunconscious orlatent levelholds 
thekeytothedream’s truemeaning.
marketing characters (Fromm)  People whosee
themselves ascommodities, withtheirpersonal value 
dependent ontheirability tosellthemselves.
masculine protest  Adler’s termfortheneurotic and
erroneous belief heldbysome menandwomen thatmen
aresuperior towomen.
masochism  Acondition characterized bythereception 
ofsexual pleasure from suffering painandhumiliation 
inflicted either byselforbyothers.Final PDF to printer