928 
Abilities, 259, 260 f, 261, 263, 428, 601
Abridged Big Five Circumplex 
(AB5C), 43, 48 t, 64
Absorption dimension. See  Openness
Academic achievement and outcomes. 
See also  Achievement motive
adolescence and, 313–314
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 65–66
economics and, 863–864, 864 f, 
868–873, 868 t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 
872f, 873 f, 874 f, 881 n
measurement of self-knowledge 
and, 841
middle childhood and, 287
personality stability and change 
and, 327–328
Acceptance. See also  Needs; Self-
esteem
motivation-based theory of 
personality and, 93–94
overview, 84, 85 f, 86
self and, 553, 576–577
Accumulation models, 777
Achievement, 157, 431–432, 857–
858, 857 f. See also  Academic 
achievement and outcomes; 
Achievement motive
Achievement goal complex, 108, 116 n
Achievement motive. See also  
Academic achievement and 
outcomes; Achievement; Goals; 
Implicit motives; Motives and 
motivation
biopsychological aspects of, 397–398
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 264–265overview, 104–107, 106 f, 115–116
self-attributed needs and goals and, 
392–393, 393 f
the “what” of, 104–107, 106 f
the “why” of, 108–115, 110 f, 114 f
Achievement tests, 854–855, 
868–873, 868 t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 
872f, 873 f, 874 f
Achievement via Independence 
dimension. See  Openness
Action tendencies
BEATs and, 90–92, 91 f
overview, 461
self-regulation and, 545, 619–620
social functionalism and emotions 
and, 454–456, 471–472, 472 f
Activity trait, 289, 291. See also  
Extraversion
Adaptive functions and strategies
frequency-dependent selection and, 
24–25
human nature and, 8–10
individual differences and, 18, 
20–22, 27–28
overview, 6–7, 11
psychological mechanisms and, 9
religion and spirituality and, 712
self and, 576–579, 614, 846–847
self-conscious emotions and, 510–512
subjective well-being and, 735–736
Adjustment, 65, 535–536. See also  
Neuroticism
Adolescence. See also  Developmental 
processes; Young adulthood
attachment and, 655
Big Five traits and, 52, 67–68, 
304–308, 307 tchange in personality traits and, 
293
consequential outcomes and, 
309–314
development of narrative identity 
and, 126–127
intervention and, 795–796
neo-socioanalytic perspective 
of personality and, 263–264, 
276–277
overview, 303–304
parenting and, 360–361
personality development and, 
308–309
research directions and, 314–316
self-regulation and, 609, 612–613
sex differences and, 308–309
Adoption studies. See  Environmental 
factors; Genetic factors
Adulthood. See also  Developmental 
processes
attachment and, 647–650, 649 f, 
654–660
creativity and, 432–433
development of narrative identity 
and, 127
history of the concept of 
temperament, 146
levels of trajectories and,  
337–338
neo-socioanalytic perspective 
of personality and, 263–264, 
276–277
overview, 336–337, 346–347
personality development and, 
339–346
self-regulation and, 609, 612–613Subject Index
Note . f, t, or n following a page number indicates a figure, a table, or a note.