of six personality scales: Discipline, Harmony, Relationship Orientation, Social Sensitivity, Traditionalism vs.
Modernity, and Thrift vs. Extravagance. Finally, the Social Potency factor consists of eight personality scales:
Aesthetics, Divergent Thinking, Diversity, Enterprise, Extraversion vs. Introversion, Leadership, Logical vs.
Affective Orientation, and Novelty.
In the development of the CPAI scale, five approaches were used to generate the items ( Cheung et al., 1996 ).
First, a content analysis was performed on 15 popular contemporary Chinese novels recommended by Chinese
scholars from Hong Kong and Beijing. The characters in these novels exhibit a representative range of Chinese
personality characteristics. Second, personality descriptors were extracted based on content analysis of compen-
dia of Chinese proverbs. Third, self-descriptions were collected from a convenient sample of Hong Kong
Chinese. Fourth, a sample of Hong Kong Chinese professionals were invited to generate personality adjectives
and their attendant behavioral tendencies that were pertinent to interactions with close others at work or in daily
adjustment. Finally, a review of the psychological studies of Chinese personality was carried out.
For the CPAI-2, six new scales related to Openness were added to original 22 CPAI personality scales, and
some facets were renamed. There are 10 dimensions in the CPAI Dependability factor but only eight remain in
the CPAI-2 Dependability factor. Graciousness vs. Meanness and Veraciousness vs. Slickness were moved to the
CPAI-2 Accommodation factor. The number of items was reduced to shorten the scale. The CPAI-2 has three
forms. Form A (all scales) consists of 541 items. Form B (personality and validity scales) consists of 341 items.
Form C (clinical and validity scales) consists of 268 items. A dichotomous yes-no response format is used in all
items.
Sample
Item analyses of the CPAI-2 were performed in Hong Kong and China ( Cheung et al., 2004b ). In Hong Kong,
the sample consisted of adult participants from a random sample of the households in Hong Kong. In China,
quota sampling was used to recruit participants with matched demographic characteristics from six regions in
China: North, Northeast, East, Central South, Southwest and Northwest.
Reliability
Internal Consistency
For CPAI-2, the mean Cronbach alpha coefficient was .67 (ranging from .47 to .85) ( Cheung et al., 2004b ).
Test/C0Retest
The test /C0retest reliability for a one-week interval ranged from .56 to .94. Test /C0retest reliabilities (one week
time interval) were mostly over .70 for the personality scales and over .60 for the clinical scales ( Cheung et al.,
1996 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
The CPAI has meaningful correlations with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 ( Cheung et al.,
2004a ). For the Dependability facets, Emotionality correlates with all 15 MMPI-2 content scales, and most strongly
with MMPI-2 Work Interference ( r5.50) and Depression ( r5.48). External vs. Internal Locus of Control corre-
lates with all MMPI-2 content scales, and most strongly with MMPI-2 Depression ( r5.39) and Negative
Treatment Indicators ( r5.39). Family Orientation correlates with 19 MMPI-2 content scales. Inferiority vs. Self-
Acceptance correlates with all MMPI-2 content scales, and most strongly with MMPI-2 Work Interference
(r5.63), Low Self-Esteem ( r5.61) and Anxiety ( r5.59).
For the Interpersonal Relatedness facets, Relatedness correlates with four MMPI-2 content scales, and most
strongly with MMPI-2 Cynicism ( r5.33). Thrift vs. Extravagance correlates with MMPI-2 Obsessiveness only
(r5.24). Face correlates with 14 MMPI-2 content scales, and most strongly correlated with MMPI-2 Type A
Behavior ( r5.47) and Cynicism ( r5.45).
For the Social Potency facets, Introversion vs. Extraversion correlates with seven MMPI-2 content scales, and
most strongly with MMPI-2 Social Discomfort ( r5.66). For the Accommodation facets, Defensiveness correlates
with 14 MMPI-2 content scales and most strongly with Cynicism ( r5.57). Self- vs. Social Orientation correlates
with 12 MMPI-2 content scales and most strongly with Family Problems ( r5.36).642 22. MEASURES OF CROSS-CULTURAL VALUES, PERSONALITY AND BELIEFS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT