Applications
Research on the role of dark personalities in the workplace is well underway (e.g., Harms, Spain, & Hanna,
2012; Hogan & Hogan, 1997 ), including applications of the Dark Triad framework ( Jonason et al., 2012; O’Boyle,
Forsyth, Banks, & McDaniel, 2012 ). Too often, individuals who successfully gain employment go on to exhibit
counterproductive behaviors that wreak havoc in the organization. By contrast, there may be advantages to pos-
sessing one of these traits: Consider, for example, that narcissists flourish in job interviews (Paulhus et al., 2013).
For limited purposes, Machiavellians may prove useful to organizations ( Shultz, 1993 ). Research on such trade-
offs will greatly benefit from use of the brief measures covered in the present review.
References
Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality ,40, 440/C0450.
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., & Worth, N. (2010). Status-driven risk taking and the major dimensions of personality.
Journal of Research in Personality ,44, 734/C0737.
Ashton-James, C. E., & Levordashka, A. (2013). When the wolf wears sheep’s clothing: Individual differences in the desire to be liked influence
nonconscious behavioral mimicry. Social Psychological and Personality Science ,4, 643/C0648.
Back, M. D., Ku ¨fner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry:
Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,105, 1013/C01037.
Barelds, D. P. H., & Luteijn, F. (2002). Measuring personality: A comparison of three personality questionnaires in the Netherlands. Personality
and Individual Differences ,33, 499/C0510.
Brittain, R. P. (1970). The sadistic murderer. Medicine, Science, and the Law ,10, 198/C0207.
Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborski, M. (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin ,35,
951/C0964.
Brown, R. P., & Tamborski, M. (2011). Of tails and their dogs: A critical view of the measurement of trait narcissism in social-personality
research. In W. K. Campbell, & J. D. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (pp. 141 /C0145). Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley & Sons.
Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science ,24, 2201/C02209.
Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or
self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,75, 219/C0229.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. P. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,63, 452/C0459.
Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical
theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review ,28, 638/C0656.
Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and
validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment ,83,2 9/C045.
Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Bac kground, an extended agency model , and ongoing controversies.
In C. Sedikides, & S. J. Spencer (Eds.), The self (pp. 115 /C0138). New York: Psychology Press.
Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (Eds.), (2011). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical find-
ings, and treatments . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Chabrol, H., Leeuwen, N. V., Rodgers, R., & Sejourne, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic per-
sonality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences ,47, 734/C0739.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism . New York: Academic Press.
Clark, L. A. (1993). Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation . Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press.
Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity . Oxford, England: Mosby.
Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S., & Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality
Assessment ,90, 593/C0600.
Crysel, L. C., Crosier, B. S., & Webster, G. D. (2013). The Dark Triad and risk behavior. Personality and Individual Differences ,54,3 5/C040.
Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of Management ,
35, 219/C0257.
Davies, J., & Hand, N. (2003, March). Sadistic interest: An exploratory study . Paper presented at Division of Forensic Psychology Annual
Conference, Cambridge, England.
de Vries, R. E., de Vries, A., de Hoogh, A., & Feij, J. (2009). More than the Big Five: Egoism and the HEXACO model of personality. European
Journal of Personality ,23, 635/C0654.
de Vries, R. E., & van Kampen, D. (2010). The HEXACO and 5DPT models of personality: A comparison and their relationships with psychop-
athy, egoism, pretentiousness, immorality, and Machiavellianism. Journal of Personality Disorders ,24, 244/C0257.
Douglas, H., Bore, M., & Munro, D. F. (2012). Distinguishing the Dark Triad: Evidence from the Five Factor Model and the Hogan
Development Survey. Psychology ,3, 237/C0242.
Egan, V., Austin, E., Elliot, D., Patel, D., & Charlesworth, P. (2003). Personality traits, personality disorders and sensational interests in men-
tally disordered offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology ,8,5 1/C062.
Egan, V., Auty, J., Miller, R., Amadi, S., Richardson, C., & Gargan, I. (1999). Sensational interests and general personality traits. Journal of
Forensic Psychiatry ,10, 567/C0582.
Egan, V., Chan, S., & Shorter, G. W. (2014). The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences ,67,
17/C022.590 20. MEASURES OF DARK PERSONALITIES
V. VICES AND VIRTUES