936 Subject Index
Life transitions. See also  Life 
experiences
overview, 324–329, 333
parenting and, 360–361
personality stability and change 
during, 329–333, 340–342
research directions and, 331–333
young adulthood and, 323–324
Life-history theory, 690–691
Lifespan developmental theory, 
346–347, 776–778, 784. See also  
Developmental processes
Life-story model of identity. See 
also Identity; Narratives and 
narrative identity
culture and, 133–135
dimensions of life stories and, 
128–130, 129 t
middle childhood and, 298
narrating negative events and, 
131–133
nomothetic and idiographic inquiry 
and, 135–137
overview, 122–125, 124 f, 137–138
self-knowledge and, 838–839
Lifestyle
intervention and, 798–799
measurement of self-knowledge 
and, 841
psychopathology and, 750
temperament and, 153 t, 154–157, 
155t, 156 t
Liking, 398–400, 399 f
“Little Five” traits, 354
“Little Six” traits, 285 f, 288–293, 
290t, 354. See also  Traits
Longevity, 65, 185, 589–590, 
749–750, 864
Loss, 549–552, 735–736
M
Major depressive disorder (MDD), 
252, 495–496. See also  
Depression
Mania, 163, 497
Marriage. See  Relationships; 
Romantic relationships
Masculinity, 264–265
Mastery-approach goals. See also  
Goals
achievement goals and, 107, 
112–113, 115, 116 n
achievement motive and, 385–386
middle childhood and, 294–295
overview, 105
Mating motivation, 14–15, 18, 
19, 20. See also  Motives 
and motivation; Romantic 
relationships
Maturity principle of personality 
development, 267 t, 268, 
323–324Meaning, 89, 108–109, 126–127, 
129t
Mean-level stability, 160–161, 
177–178, 285, 292–293, 
323–324, 417. See also  Stability 
of personality
Measurement approaches. See  
Assessment/measurement 
approaches
Mechanism, 6, 21–22, 27, 28
Memory, 126, 203, 371–372, 401
Mental health. See also  Personality 
pathology and disorders; 
Psychopathology
attachment and, 651 t
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 495–497
creativity and, 431, 439 n
emotional differentiation and, 
467–468
molecular genetics and, 251–252
narcissism and, 634–637
narcissistic personality disorder 
(NPD) and, 626
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 265
neuroticism and, 199–200
Mental representations, 564–565. See 
also BEATs
Middle childhood, 284–285, 285 f, 
286–293, 290 t, 297–298. See 
also Childhood; Developmental 
processes
Midlife, 127, 336–337, 344–347. See 
also Adulthood; Developmental 
processes
Mindfulness, 373, 374, 848
Molecular genetics. See also  Genetic 
factors
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 70–71
human genome and, 243–244
individual differences and, 23
mutation–selection balance and, 
26–27
overview, 194, 242–243, 252–253
research directions and, 252–253
studies of personality and, 
244–251, 248 t–249 t
Monitoring stage of emotion 
regulation, 525–526, 525 f, 526 f, 
530. See also  Emotion regulation
Mood, 151–153, 152 t, 153 t, 
448–449
Moral judgments, 453–454, 453 t
Motives and motivation. See also  
Achievement motive; Explicit 
motives; Goals; Implicit motives; 
Integrative theory of motivation, 
personality, and development; 
Values
achievement goals and, 109–115, 
110f, 114 f
approach motivation and, 490–491creativity and, 431
culture and, 695
evolutionary processes and, 12–17
identity negotiation and, 589
implicit motives and, 398–402, 
399f
life-story model of identity and, 
124f
motivation-based theory of 
personality and, 92–96, 98
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 259, 260 f, 261
overview, 3–4, 5, 84, 89–92, 91 f
religion and spirituality and, 
709–710
self processes and, 578, 838–839
Multiculturalism, 587, 695–697. See 
also Culture
Multiple selves concept, 566, 567 t. 
See also  Self and self-processes
N
Narcissism
development of, 629, 631–634
entitlement, grandiosity, and 
vulnerability and, 627–629, 
628t, 630 t
history of, 625–627
narcissism spectrum model (NSM) 
and, 627
overview, 625, 637
parenting and, 356 t
research directions and, 634–637
self and, 578–579, 580 n–581 n
temperament and, 163
Narcissistic personality disorder 
(NPD)
development of, 631
overview, 626, 627, 756, 759–760, 
766–767
personality research and, 760,  
761t
Narratives and narrative identity. See 
also Life-story model of identity
childhood and, 298
culture and, 133–135
development of, 126–128
dimensions of life stories and, 
128–130, 129 t
implicit motives and, 390–391
narrating negative events and, 
131–133
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 259, 260 f, 261
overview, 122–125, 124 f,  
137–138
religion and spirituality and, 
711–712
Naturalist view of self, 562–563, 
579–580, 840–842. See also  Self 
and self-processes
Nature vs. nurture, 435–437