fei75766_ch14_435-462.indd 452  02/06/20 01:10 PM
Part V    Biological/Evolutionary Theories452
forgive theirmisdemeanors, whereas theyseehighPscorers asmore spiteful, disrup -
tive,andunlovable. Thus, thehighEscoring troublemakers tendtogrow intoproduc -
tiveadults, while thehighPscoring troublemakers tendtocontinue tohavelearning 
problems, togetintocrime, andtohavedifficulty making friends (S.Eysenck, 1997). 
Again, Eysenck believed strongly thatpsychologists canbeledastray iftheydonot
consider thevarious combinations ofpersonality dimensions inconducting their
research.
Personality and Disease
Canpersonality factors predict mortality from cancer andcardiovascular disease 
(CVD)? Beginning during theearly 1960s, Eysenck devoted much attention tothis
question. HeandDavid Kissen (Kissen &Eysenck, 1962) found thatpeople who
scored lowonneuroticism (N)ontheMaudsley Personality Inventory tended tosup-
press theiremotion andweremuch more likely thanhighNscorers toreceive alater
diagnosis oflungcancer. 
Later, Eysenck teamed withYugoslav physician andpsychologist Ronald 
Grossarth-Maticek (Eysenck &Grossarth-Maticek, 1991; Grossarth-Matick &
Eysenck, 1989; Grossarth-Maticek, Eysenck, &Vetter, 1988) toinvestigate notonly
therelationship between personality anddisease butalsotheeffectiveness ofbehavior 
therapy onprolonging thelifeofcancer andCVD patients. Grossarth-Maticek had
usedashort questionnaire andalongpersonal interview toplace people intooneof
fourgroups ortypes. Type Iincluded people withahopeless/helpless nonemotional 
reaction tostress; Type IIpeople typically reacted tofrustration withanger, aggres -
sion, andemotional arousal; Type IIIpeople wereambivalent, shifting from thetypi-
calreaction ofType Ipeople tothetypical reaction ofType IIsandthenbackagain; 
Type IVindividuals regarded theirownautonomy asanimportant condition totheir
personal well-being andhappiness. Intheoriginal study inYugoslavia, Type Ipeople 
weremuch more likely thanothers todieofcancer, andType IIpeople weremuch 
more likely todieofheart disease. Type IIIandType IVindividuals hadverylow
death rates from either cancer orCVD. Grossarth-Maticek, Eysenck, andVetter repli-
cated thisstudy inHeidelberg, Germany, andfound verysimilar results. 
AsEysenck (1996) pointed out,these andother studies ontherelationship 
between personality anddisease donotprove thatpsychological factors cause can-
cerandheart disease. Rather, these diseases arecaused byaninteraction ofmany 
factors. Forcardiovascular disease, these factors include family history, age,gen-
der,ethnic background, hypertension, unfavorable ratiooftotalcholesterol tohigh-
density lipoprotein (HDL), smoking, diet,inactive lifestyle, andseveral personality 
factors. Forcancer, therisksinclude smoking, diet,alcohol, sexual practices, family 
history, ethnic background, andpersonality factors (Brannon, Updegraff, &Feist, 
2018). Eysenck (1996) contended thatcigarette smoking alone doesnotcause cancer 
orCVD, butwhen itiscombined withstress andpersonality factors, ithelps con-
tribute todeath from these twodiseases. Forexample, Eysenck andhisassociates 
(Marusic, Gudjonsson, Eysenck, &Starc, 1999) developed acomplex biopsychoso -
cialmodel forheart disease thatincluded 11biological and7psychosocial factors. 
Their research withmenintheRepublic ofSlovenia supported thehypothesis that
personality factors interact withavariety ofbiological factors tocontribute toheart Final PDF to printer