 26. Naturalizing the Self 581
female” (p. 83), who immediately began acting like 
the alpha male after migrating to a new troop. To 
Sapolsky’s surprise, Hobbes was quickly treated by 
others as a high-  status animal, despite his initial 
low status in the group. Although we clearly do not 
know whether Hobbes had an overly positive self- 
representation, his narcissistic behavior does seem 
to have served the adaptive function of helping him 
attain social status and, consequently, mates. Simi -
lar benefits may accrue to humans who believe they 
are more brilliant and powerful than they really are. 
At the same time, it is worth noting that Hobbes’s 
narcissistic nature had a downside, unusually high 
cortisol levels; as Sapolsky pointed out, “It doesn’t 
come cheap to be a bastard twelve hours a day—a 
couple of months of this sort of thing is likely to 
exert a physiological toll” (p. 86).
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