Part II    Psychodynamic Theories26
fei75766_ch02_019-071.indd 26  02/19/20 08:59 AMAlthough Interpretation of Dreams didnotcreate theinstant international stir
Freud hadhoped, iteventually gained forhimthefame andrecognition hehad
sought. Inthe5-year period following itspublication, Freud, nowfilled withrenewed 
self-confidence, wrote several important works thathelped solidify thefoundation 
ofpsychoanalysis, including On Dreams (1901/1953), written because Interpre -
tation of Dreams hadfailed tocapture much interest; Psychopathology of Everyday 
Life (1901/1960), which introduced theworld toFreudian slips; Three Essays on 
the Theory of Sexuality (1905/1953b), which established sexasthecornerstone of
psychoanalysis; andJokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905/1960), which 
proposed thatjokes, likedreams andFreudian slips, haveanunconscious mean -
ing.These publications helped Freud attain some local prominence inscientific and
medical circles.
In1902, Freud invited asmall group ofsomewhat younger Viennese physi -
cians tomeet inhishome todiscuss psychological issues. Then, inthefallofthat
year, these fivemen—Freud, Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Stekel, MaxKahane, andRudolf 
Reitler—formed theWednesday Psychological Society, withFreud asdiscussion 
leader. In1908, thisorganization adopted amore formal name—the Vienna Psycho -
analytic Society.
In1910, Freud andhisfollowers founded theInternational Psychoanalytic 
Association withCarlJung ofZürich aspresident. Freud wasattracted toJung 
because ofhiskeen intellect andalsobecause hewasneither Jewish norVien-
nese. Between 1902 and1906, all17ofFreud’s disciples were Jewish (Kurzweil, 
1989), andFreud wasinterested ingiving psychoanalysis amore cosmopolitan fla-
vor.Although Jung wasawelcome addition totheFreudian circle andhadbeen 
designated asthe“Crown Prince” and“themanofthefuture,” he,likeAdler and
Stekel before him,eventually quarreled bitterly withFreud andleftthepsychoana -
lyticmovement. Theseeds ofdisagreement between Jung andFreud were probably 
sown when thetwomen, along withSandor Ferenczi, traveled totheUnited States 
in1909 todeliver aseries oflectures atClark University nearBoston. Topassthe
timeduring theirtravels, Freud andJung interpreted eachother’s dreams, apoten -
tially explosive practice thateventually ledtotheendoftheirrelationship in1913 
(McGuire, 1974).
Theyears ofWorld WarIweredifficult forFreud. Hewascutofffrom com-
munication withhisfaithful followers, hispsychoanalytic practice dwindled, his
home wassometimes without heat, andheandhisfamily hadlittlefood. After the
war,despite advancing years andpainsuffered from 33operations forcancer ofthe
mouth, hemade important revisions inhistheory. Themost significant ofthese were
theelevation ofaggression toalevelequal tothatofthesexual drive; theinclusion 
ofrepression asoneofthedefenses oftheego;andhisattempt toclarify thefemale 
Oedipus complex, which hewasnever abletocompletely accomplish.
What personal qualities didFreud possess? Amore complete insight intohis
personality canbefound inBreger (2000), Clark (1980), Ellenberger (1970), Fer-
ris(1997), Gay(1988), Handlbauer (1998), Isbister (1985), E.Jones (1953, 1955, 
1957), Newton (1995), Noland (1999), Roazen (1993, 1995, 2001),  Silverstein 
(2003), Sulloway (1992), Vitz(1988), anddozens ofother books onFreud’s life.
Above all,Freud wasasensitive, passionate person whohadthecapacity forintimate, Final PDF to printer