Construct/Factor Analytic
Friborg et al. (2003) using a principal components analysis with a varimax rotation ( N5276), extracted five
components labeled: personal competence, social competence, family coherence , and personal structure. They added
locus-of-control items, considered imperative for resilient outcomes, a confirmatory factor analysis ( N5159)
showed that a 6-dimensional structure provided a slightly better fit ( Hjemdal et al., 2006 ). The 6-factor structure
suggested that personal competence might contain two subfactors labeled: perception of self and planned future
(Friborg et al., 2005 ).
Criterion/Predictive
RSA scores were shown to moderate the perception of pain and stress (Friborg et al., 2006). Furthermore, RSA
scores are predictive of a reduced likelihood of developing psychiatric symptoms when individuals are exposed
to stressful life events ( Hjemdal et al., 2006 ).
Location
Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Martinussen, M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience:
what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric
Research, 12 ,6 5/C076.
Friborg, O., Barlaug, D., Martinussen, M., Rosenvinge, J.H., & Hjemdal, O. (2005). Resilience in relation to per-
sonality and intelligence . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14 ,2 9/C040.
Results and Comments
Limitations of the RSA include the inconsistency of use of the 5-dimensional and 6-dimensional versions. Also,
asWindle et al. (2011) pointed out, the reason for the choice of wording of the RSA items, as well as whether the
target population was involved in item selection, remains unclear. Nonetheless, both exploratory and confirma-
tory factor analysis of the RSA item inter-correlations supports the conceptualization of resilience as a multidi-
mensional construct.
Note: Permission to use the RSA scale must be obtained from the author.
Connor /C0Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
(Connor & Davidson, 2003 ).
Variable
Resilience is viewed as an individual’s ability to manage and cope successfully with stressful life events
(Connor & Davidson, 2003 ).
Description
The original Connor /C0Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is an instrument that consists of 25 self-rated items
(Connor & Davidson, 2003 ). Each item is rated on a 5-point frequency response ranging from 0 (not at all true) to
4 (true nearly all of the time). The total score range is between 0 and 100. Higher scores correspond to greater
resilience. The rating is based on how the subject has felt over the past month. In addition, both a 10-item and
2-item version have been developed for research purposes ( Campbell-Sills & Stein, 2007 ). The 25-item, most com-
monly used version is presented in Connor and Davidson (2003, p. 78, Table 2).
Sample
The original samples in which the CD-RISC was developed/validated included a general non-clinical group
(N5577) and four additional clinical groups; primary care outpatients ( N5139); psychiatric outpatients in pri-
vate practice ( N543); participants in a study of generalized anxiety disorder ( N525); and participants in two
clinical trials of PTSD ( N522, and N522, respectively) ( Connor & Davidson, 2003 ).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the CD-RISC (for the original non-clinical group) was found to be .89
(N5577). The alpha coefficient for the abridged 10-item version was .85 ( N5131) ( Connor & Davidson, 2003 ).299 MEASURES REVIEWED HERE
III. EMOTION REGULATION