Derakshan, 2011; Matthews et al., 2011 ), and in assessing affective response in various settings ( Zeidner, 1998 ).
In comparison with the more comprehensive mapping of affect dimensions (e.g., Izard et al., 1993 ), the STPI
provides measures of only four affect dimensions.
Note: The STPI is available from: Mind Garden, Inc., 855 Oak Grove Avenue, Suite 215, Menlo Park, CA 94025,
USA. www.mindgarden.com/products/staisad.htm (Retrieved January 5, 2014).
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule /C0Expanded Form (PANAS-X)
(Watson & Clark, 1999 ).
Variable
The original PANAS ( Watson, Clark & Tellegen 1988 ) comprised 10 adjectives for each of the two domains.
The expanded version (PANAS-X) retains these 20 items and adds another 40 items to assess three additional
Positive Affect (PA) scales (labeled: Joviality, Self-assurance, and Attentiveness), and four additional Negative
Affect (NA) dimensions (Fear, Guilt, Sadness, and Hostility).
Description
The PANAS-X measures both Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as well as 11 primary affects
labeled: Fear, Sadness, Guilt, Hostility, Shyness, Fatigue, Surprise, Joviality, Self-Assurance, Attentiveness, and
Serenity. The PANAS-X includes eight different temporal instructions ranging from: ‘Right Now’, ‘Today’, ‘Past
Few Days’, ‘Past Week’, ‘Past Few Weeks’, Past Month’, ‘Past Year’, and ‘In General’ (Watson & Clark, 1994). As a
measure of transitory emotions, the instructions ask respondents to rate how they feel ‘right now (at the present
moment)’ scored on a 5-point Likert-type intensity scale ranging from ‘Very slightly or not at all’; ‘A little’;
‘Moderately’; ‘Quite a bit’; to ‘Extremely’ . Using the timeframe of ‘Past Few Weeks’, respondents are instructed to
indicate to what extent they have felt this way ‘during the past few weeks’ thereby measuring longer-lasting, mood
states. With instructions to respond as to how they felt ‘during the past year’ the PANAS-X is measuring disposi-
tional affect dimensions. Given this wide range of temporal instructions, the PANAS-X can provide greater flexi-
bility in the measurement of affects, as compared with state /C0trait measures.
Sample
Although extensive data are available for all eight sets of temporal instructions with samples as large as 3622
undergraduates for the original PANAS ( Watson et al., 1988 ), data for the PANAS-X are also provided for all
eight instruction sets with multiple, diverse samples (see Watson & Clark, 1994, Table 3). For example, used as a
state affect measure (with ‘right now’ instructions), samples comprised 2213 Southern Methodist University under-
graduates, 279 Australian National University undergraduates, 158 VA substance abusers, and 56 psychiatric
inpatients. Used as a trait affect measure (with general trait instructions), samples comprised 3,622 SMU under-
graduates, 202 SMU employees, 815 Detroit-area adults, 229 Australian adults, 117 psychiatric inpatients, and a
mixed clinical sample of 107 patients.
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Median Cronbach alpha coefficients for each of the primary scales were reported by Watson and Clark (1994,
p. 11) as follows: Fear (.87), Sadness (.87), Guilt (.88), Hostility (.85), Shyness (.83), Fatigue (.88), Surprise (.77),
Joviality (.93), Self-Assurance (.83), Attentiveness (.78), and Serenity (.76). Alpha coefficients for the broad PA and
NA scales ranged from .83 to .90, and from .84 to .91, respectively (see Watson & Clark, 1994, Table 4). Ready
et al. (2011, p. 786) reported alpha coefficients for the specific PA and NA scales ranging from .70 to .93, and
from .79 to .92 respectively. Likewise, alpha coefficients for the state and trait PA and NA subscales were
reported as being .91 and .87, and .72 and .86, respectively ( Kashdan & Roberts, 2004 ).
Test/C0Retest
Used as a mood state measure (past week instructions), test /C0retest coefficients of .43 for Positive Affect and .41
for Negative Affect over a two-month retest interval ( N5308) were reported. Used as a trait affect measure (gen-
eral trait instructions), stability coefficients ( N5502) increased up to .70 and .71, respectively. For the 11 specific
affect scales, when used with mood state (past week) instructions, test /C0retest coefficients were fairly low, ranging198 8. MEASURES OF AFFECT DIMENSIONS
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS