Statistical Significance 31
Correlation Coefficients 31
Personality Assessment 33
Reliability 34
Validity 35
Summary 37
3The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment 39
Freud Discovers the Unconscious 40
The Freudian Theory of Personality 43
The Topographic Model 43
The Structural Model 44
Libido and Thanatos 46
Defense Mechanisms 46
Psychosexual Stages of Development 49
Getting at Unconscious Material 53
Application: Psychoanalysis 56Assessment: Projective Tests 59
Types of Projective Tests 60
Evaluation of Projective Tests 62
Strengths and Criticisms of Freud ’s Theory 63
Strengths 63
Criticisms 64
Summary 65
4The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research 68
Dream Interpretation 70
The Meaning of Dream Content 70
The Function of Dreams 73
Interpreting the Evidence 75
Defense Mechanisms 75
Identifying and Measuring Defense Mechanisms 76
Developmental Differences 78
Defensive Style 78
Humor 80
Freud ’s Theory of Humor 81
Research on Freud’ s Theory of Humor 82
Interpreting the Findings 84
Hypnosis 85
What Is Hypnosis? 86
Hypnotic Responsiveness 90
Summary 92CONTENTS ix