facial expressions in Black but not White faces ( Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003 ), as well as immediate judg-
ments of trustworthiness ( Stanley, Sokol-Hessner, Banaji, & Phelps, 2011 ).
Various neural regions have been implicated in racial IAT responses and in more general interracial perception
(amygdala, perhaps related to vigilance and motivational importance; anterior cingulate cortex, perhaps related
to discrepancy in social cognition; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, perhaps related to cognitive control, and the
fusiform face area; Kubota, Banaji, & Phelps, 2012 ).
Behaviorally, the IAT also predicts deliberate behavior: vote in the 2008 McCain-Obama election ( Greenwald,
Smith, Sriram, Bar-Anan, & Nosek, 2009 ), as well as intergroup economic choices ( Rudman & Ashmore, 2007;
Stanley et al., 2011 ; see also meta-analysis collapsing across behavior, judgment, affect, and physiology,
Greenwald et al., 2009 ).
Location
Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cogni-
tion: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6) , 1464 /C01480.
Note: For on-line examples, stimuli, and programs, see https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ orhttp://
faculty.washington.edu/agg/iat_materials.htm .
Results and Comments
Implicit real-world attitudes may originate in a durable, simple, slow-learning memory system, whereas
explicit attitudes may originate in a flexible, context-sensitive, fast-learning memory system ( DeCoster, Banner,
Smith, & Semin, 2006 ). Implicit attitudes are primarily associations, perhaps from early preverbal experiences,
affective experiences, cultural associations, and cognitive-consistency principles ( Rudman, 2004; Sinclair,
Dunn, & Lowery, 2005 ). In contrast, explicit attitudes may be later-acquired verbal propositions subjectively
judged as true ( Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006 ). Implicit associations now form an important teaching, assess-
ment, and research tool, causing less controversy than when the IAT first appeared.
IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST (RACE)
Sequence 1 2 3 4 5
Task
descriptionInitial target-
concept
discriminationAssociated
attribute
discriminationInitial combined
taskReversed target-
concept
discriminationReversed
combined task
Task
instructionsBLACK
WHITEpleasant
unpleasantBLACK
pleasant
WHITE
unpleasantBLACK
WHITEBLACK
pleasant
WHITE
unpleasant
Sample
stimuliMeredith
Latonya
Shavonn
Heather
Tashika
Katie
Betsy
Ebonylucky
honor
poison
grief
gift
disaster
happy
hatredJasmine
pleasure
Peggy
evil
Colleen
miracle
Temeka
bombCourtney
Stephanie
Shereen
Sue-Ellen
Tia
Sharise
Megan
Nichellepeace
Latisha
filth
Lauren
rainbow
Shanise
accident
Nancy
Notes :
‘Schematic description and illustration of the implicit association test (IAT). The IAT procedure ...involved a series of
five discrimination tasks (numbered columns). A pair of target concepts and an attribute dimension are introduced in
the first two steps. Categories for each of these discriminations are assigned to a left or right response, indicated by the
black circles in the third row. These are combined in the third step and then recombined in the fifth step, after revers-
ing response assignments (in the fourth step) for the target-concept discrimination. The illustration uses stimuli for the
specific tasks for one of the task-order conditions ..., with correct responses indicated as open circles.’
Copyright APA. Reproduced with permission.696 24. MEASURES OF STEREOTYPING AND PREJUDICE: BAROMETERS OF BIAS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT