of brief measures instead of the gold standard. A few other measures of Machiavellianism warrant mention. As
far as we know, the version developed by Henning and Six (1977) is only available in German. A 5-item version
of the Mach IV developed by Valentine and Fleischman (2003) fared well against the full measure ( Zagenczyk
et al., 2014 ). Finally, the Organizational Mach Scale, at 31 items and two new facets (Power & Harsh Tactics), is
not sufficiently brief to be reviewed here ( Kessler et al., 2010 ).
Several issues need further attention in future Mach research. One is the impact of first person wording
(I manipulate) vs. strategy recommendation (manipulation works). Second is the difference between short-term
and long-term manipulation. The latter form seems most relevant to Machiavellianism and the former more
relevant to psychopathy.
Brief Measures of Narcissism, Egotism, and Egoism
These measures are reviewed in order of similarity to the standard self-report measure of narcissism, namely,
the original Narcissistic Personality Inventory ( Raskin & Hall, 1979 ). Although the terms narcissism, egotism, and
egoism seem to be conceptually interchangeable, their measures are not.
1. Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16)
(Ames et al. , 2006 ).
Variable
The authors sought to shorten the original NPI while remaining true to the original construct espoused by
Raskin and Hall (1979; 1981) . As noted in the introduction, the key concepts were self-promotion and self-
centeredness.
Description
All items came from the original NPI. The primary criteria for item selection were conceptual: (1) coverage of
the factors found in earlier research and (2) avoidance of items regarding ancillary concepts (e.g., leadership,
assertiveness). The final version comprises 20 dichotomous (forced choice) items.
Sample
The five studies reported by Ames and colleagues (2006) were performed on large student samples, including
undergraduates and MBA students. Total sample sizes were Study 1 (776), Study 2 (167), Study 3 (117), Study 4
(176), and Study 5 (43).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Across five studies, the Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from .65 to .85 ( Ames et al., 2006 ).
Test/C0Retest
The authors reported a 5-week test /C0retest reliability of .85 in a sample of 158 undergraduate students ( Ames
et al., 2006 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
The validation process was largely focused on concurrent validity. That is, the NPI-16 was shown to perform
very similarly to the total 40-item NPI. For example, the 16-item version correlated .71 with the remaining 24
items (Ames et al., 2008) and .90 with the total 40 items ( Gebauer et al., 2012 ). As expected, the correlation with
Rosenberg self-esteem was moderate in size (.38) ( Ames et al., 2006 ).
Divergent/Discriminant
By showing non-significant correlations, the authors ruled out confounds with trait measures of disposition-
ism, cooperativeness, and belief in a just world. In a group discussion, the NPI-16 was unrelated to objective per-
formance ( Ames et al., 2006 ).574 20. MEASURES OF DARK PERSONALITIES
V. VICES AND VIRTUES