 Subject Index  941
self and, 506, 566, 567 t, 578–579
social competence, 287, 386–389. 
See also Relationships
subjective well-being and, 731, 
735–736
Social functionalism, 451–456, 453 t, 
468–472, 470 f, 472 f
Social investment theory, 267 t, 
268–269, 331, 344
Social media, 814
Social psychology, 3–4
Social roles theory, 346. See also  
Roles
Social skills. See also  Social factors
adolescence and, 310–312
causal evidence from intervention 
studies, 873, 875–880, 876 f, 877 f
employment outcomes and, 
866–867
Social-cognitive variables, 676
Social–Emotional Orientation 
dimension. See  Agreeableness
Socialization, 226–227, 353–354, 
360–361, 389, 633–634, 660
Society, 260 f, 506, 566, 567 t, 572. 
See also  Culture
Sociocultural factors, 437–438, 
534–535, 600, 709–710, 773
Spirituality, 154–157, 156 t, 707–714, 
718–719. See also  Religion
Stability of personality. See 
also Continuity of traits; 
Developmental processes
adolescence and, 308–309
adulthood and, 323–324, 329–333, 
339–346
animal personality and, 177–178
attachment and, 650, 652–654
CAPS approach and, 412
childhood and, 285, 292–293
creativity and, 431–432
emotion regulation and, 532–534
gene–environment interactions (G 
× E) and, 232
life transitions and, 323–324, 
329–333
neo-socioanalytic perspective and, 
262–267, 276–277
parenting and, 352–361, 356 t, 357 f
subjective well-being and, 
733–736, 737
temporal stability of personality 
and, 160
States, 40–41, 315, 620, 810–811
Status strivings. See also  Motives and 
motivation; Self-esteem
CAPS approach and, 413
evolutionary processes and, 13–14
individual differences and, 20
overview, 85 f, 87, 88
rejection sensitivity and, 418–421
self and, 505–506, 510–511, 
576–577Status-based rejection sensitivity. See  
Rejection sensitivity (RS)
Stress
ecological sampling methods and, 
813
health and, 774–775
names or labels assigned to factors 
and, 61 t
neurobiology of personality and, 
200–201
neuroticism and, 371–372, 375, 375 f
normative stress in life processes 
and, 549–552
overview, 543, 555
self-regulation and, 547–549
Structural trait approach, 146–151, 
150t, 162, 747–748. See also  
Stability of personality; Traits
Subjective experience, 466–468
Subjective well-being (SWB), 630 t, 
724–738. See also  Happiness; 
Well-being
Substance use and substance use 
disorders
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 495, 496–497
creativity and, 431
intervention and, 797
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 265
psychopathology and, 744
shame and, 513–514
temperament and, 152–153, 153 t, 
154–157, 156 t, 163, 164
Superego Strength dimension. See  
Conscientiousness
Surgency, 288, 356 t, 613–617. See 
also Extraversion
Sympathetic nervous system, 
199–200, 396–397, 402. See also  
Neurobiology of personality
T
Task Orientation dimension. See  
Conscientiousness; Neuroticism
Task performance, 60, 856–858, 
856f, 857 f, 882 n
Taxonomy systems. See also  Big Five 
personality traits and model; 
Classification systems
adolescence and, 314–315
cross-cultural and cross-language 
studies and, 43–46
emotions and, 456–462, 458 t, 
459t–460 t, 461 t, 462 t
issues and theoretical perspectives 
and, 63–71
overview, 40–41, 71–72
situational taxonomies, 679–680
Technology, 810–814, 815–816, 841, 
843–844, 845Temperament
adolescence and, 303, 310
Big Three framework and, 148–
157, 152 t, 153 t, 155 t, 156 t
childhood and, 284, 288–289, 
292, 297
health and, 780–781
history of the concept, 145–146
identity negotiation and, 588
integrative theory of motivation, 
personality, and development 
and, 97–98
lifestyle and, 153 t, 154–157, 155 t, 
156t
narcissism and, 633–634
overview, 150–151, 168
personality development and, 
67–68
psychopathology and, 162–168, 165 t
self-regulation and, 609–610, 
612–613
structural approaches and, 
146–151, 150 t
subjective well-being and, 736
temperament and, 150–151
temporal stability of personality 
and, 160–162
Temporary states, 40
TESSERA (Triggering, Expectancies, 
States/State Expressions and 
Reactions) model, 273–275, 
275f, 345
Testosterone, 197 t, 206, 397
Thematic coherence, 126, 593
Thinking Introversion dimension. See  
Conscientiousness
Thoughts, 375–378, 376 f, 416–417, 
807f
Threat appraisals, 371, 547, 549–552
Three-factor model, 148–151, 150 t
Time preference, 853, 860–861,  
883n
Trait-descriptive adjectives (TDA), 
43, 52–59, 54 t, 56f, 58f
Traits. See also  Big Five personality 
traits and model; Emotional 
traits; Personality traits
attachment and, 660–661
creativity as, 427
culture and, 692–693
emotion regulation and, 532–534
evolutionary processes and, 5
identity negotiation and, 588
life-story model of identity and, 
125, 135–137
middle childhood and, 288–293, 
290t
molecular genetics and, 251–252
motivation-based theory of 
personality and, 92–96
needs and, 93–94
neo-socioanalytic perspective and, 
259, 260 f, 261