fei75766_ch04_107-148.indd 113  02/19/20 09:00 AM
Chapter 4    Jung: Analytical Psychology113
Although Jungtraveled widely inhisstudy ofpersonality, heremained acitizen 
ofSwitzerland, residing inKüsnacht, nearZürich. Heandhiswife,whowasalso
ananalyst, hadfivechildren, fourgirlsandaboy.JungwasaChristian, butdidnot
attend church. Hishobbies included wood carving, stone cutting, andsailing hisboat
onLake Constance. Healsomaintained anactive interest inalchemy, archeology, 
gnosticism, Eastern philosophies, history, religion, mythology, andethnology.
In1944, hebecame professor ofmedical psychology attheUniversity ofBasel, 
butpoorhealth forced himtoresign hisposition thefollowing year. After hiswifedied
in1955, hewasmostly alone, the“wise oldmanofKüsnacht.” HediedonJune6,
1961, inZürich, afewweeks short ofhis86thbirthday. Atthetimeofhisdeath, 
Jung’s reputation wasworldwide, extending beyond psychology toinclude philoso -
phy,religion, andpopular culture (Brome, 1978).
Levels of the Psyche
Jung, likeFreud, based hispersonality theory ontheassumption thatthemind, or
psyche, hasbothaconscious andanunconscious level. Unlike Freud, however, Jung
strongly asserted thatthemost important portion oftheunconscious springs notfrom 
personal experiences oftheindividual butfrom thedistant pastofhuman existence, a
concept Jungcalled thecollective unconscious. Oflesser importance toJungian theory 
aretheconscious andthepersonal unconscious.
Conscious
According toJung, conscious images arethose thataresensed bytheego,whereas 
unconscious elements havenorelationship withtheego.Jung’s notion oftheegois
more restrictive thanFreud’s. Jungsawtheegoasthecenter ofconsciousness, butnot
asthecoreofpersonality. Egoisnotthewhole personality, butmust becompleted by
themore comprehensive self,thecenter ofpersonality thatislargely unconscious. Ina
psychologically healthy person, theegotakes asecondary position totheunconscious 
self(Jung, 1951/1959a). Thus, consciousness plays arelatively minor roleinanalyti -
calpsychology, andanoveremphasis onexpanding one’s conscious psyche canlead
topsychological imbalance. Healthy individuals areincontact withtheirconscious 
world, buttheyalsoallow themselves toexperience theirunconscious selfandthusto
achieve individuation, aconcept wediscuss inthesection titled Self-Realization.
Personal Unconscious
Thepersonal unconscious embraces allrepressed, forgotten, orsubliminally perceived 
experiences ofoneparticular individual. Itcontains repressed infantile memories and
impulses, forgotten events, andexperiences originally perceived below thethreshold 
ofourconsciousness. Ourpersonal unconscious isformed byourindividual experi -
ences andistherefore unique toeachofus.Some images inthepersonal uncon -
scious canberecalled easily, some remembered withdifficulty, andstillothers are
beyond thereach ofconsciousness. Jung’s concept ofthepersonal unconscious 
differs littlefrom Freud’s viewoftheunconscious andpreconscious combined (Jung, 
1931/1960b).Final PDF to printer