Description
The original version was constructed from items best discriminating criminals from non-criminals and crimi-
nal recidivists from non-recidivists ( Kneˇzevi´c, 2003 ).
Three versions of the instrument are available: the full 108-item version, a reduced 54-item version, and short
18-item version. The latter is presented here: It comprises 18 5-point Likert-type items separated into three facets.
The longer versions allow for scoring of the three facets within each subscale.
Sample
The original samples included a comparison of 83 criminals and 152 non-criminals ( Kneˇzevi´c, 2003 ).
Subsequent studies included 359 Yugoslavian and 452 Australian students as well as juvenile offenders and con-
scripted soldiers serving in Yugoslavian armed forces. The sample yielding the final three subscales comprised
282 Psychology students at Belgrade University. Of these, 15% were male and 85%, female.
Reliability
Internal Consistency
The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the total scale score was found to be .78 ( Kneˇzevi´c, 2003 ).
Test/C0Retest
No test /C0retest reliability coefficients have been reported to-date.
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Typical intercorrelations of the three subscales range from 1.11 to1.55. One recent study indicates that (as
with the Dark Triad measures), all three correlate negatively with the Honesty-Humility factor of the HEXACO
inventory ( Kneˇzevi´c, 2012 ).
Divergent/Discriminant
Joint analyses of nine amoralism facet scales together with 30 facets of the NEO PI-R revealed that Frustralia
and Crudelia are relatively independent of the Big Five. By contrast, subscales belonging to Lascivia correlate
negatively with Conscientiousness. Also reported were cross-correlations with the Dark Triad variables.
Psychopathy was the strongest correlate of all three moralism factors ( rsranged from .46 to .52) and narcissism
was the weakest ( rsranged from /C0.03 to .17) ( Kneˇzevi´c et al., 2008 ).
Construct/Factor Analytic
At first, it appeared that two factors could explain the amoralism variance ( Stankov & Kne ˇzevi´c, 2005 ).
Subsequent development distinguished three higher-order factors of amoralism labeled: Lascivia ,Frustralia , and
Crudelia (Kneˇzevi´c et al., 2008 ), respectively.
Criterion/Predictive
In a study of drug addicts in a prison hospital, Crudelia was found to be the only significant predictor of crim-
inal recidivism (odds ratio 3.02, p,.05). That result emerged from a logistic regression that included Lascivia,
Frustalia, as well as a variety of other predictors, for example, the Psychopathy Check List, and a Big Five mea-
sure ( Kneˇzevi´c et al., 2008 ).
Location
Kneˇzevi´c, G. (2003). Koreni amoralnosti (Roots of amoralism) . Beograd: Centar za primenjenu psihologiju, IKSI,
Institut za psihologiju.
Kneˇzevi´c, G., Radovic, B., & Perunicic, I. (2008, July). Can amorality be measured ? Proceedings of the 14th
European Conference on Personality, Tartu, Estonia.
Results and Comments
Of all the measures reviewed in this chapter, the AMRL-9 targets the broadest diversity of malevolent person-
alities. To date, however, research is limited because the original instrument was written in Serbian; the English
version has only recently been made available.588 20. MEASURES OF DARK PERSONALITIES
V. VICES AND VIRTUES