fei75766_ch18_569-609.indd 607  02/24/20 10:50 AM
Chapter 18     Rotter and Mischel: Cognitive Social Learning Theory607
•Need value isthedegree towhich aperson prefers onesetofreinforcements 
toanother.
•Inmany situations, people develop generalized expectancies forsuccess 
because asimilar setofexperiences hasbeen previously reinforced.
•Locus of control isageneralized expectancy thatrefers topeople’s belief that
theycanorcannot control theirlives.
•Interpersonal trust isageneralized expectancy thattheword ofanother is
reliable.
•Maladaptive behavior refers tothose actions thatfailtomove aperson closer 
toadesired goal.
•Rotter’s method ofpsychotherapy aimstoward changing goals and
eliminating lowexpectancies.
•Mischel’s cognitive-active personality system (CAPS) suggests thatpeople’s 
behavior islargely shaped byaninteraction ofstable personality traits and
thesituation, which include anumber ofpersonal variables.
•Personal dispositions havesome consistency overtimebutlittleconsistency 
from onesituation toanother.
•Relatively stable personality dispositions interact withcognitive-affective units 
toproduce behavior.
•Cognitive-affective units include people’s encoding strategies, ortheirway
ofconstruing andcategorizing information; theircompetencies and self-
regulatory plans, orwhat theycandoandtheirstrategies fordoing it;their
expectancies and beliefs about theperceived consequences oftheiractions; 
theirgoals and values; andtheiraffective responses.
References
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perceptions: Beyond thepersonsituation Final PDF to printer