Location
Bierbrauer, G., Meyer, H., & Wolfradt, U. (1994). Measurement of normative and evaluative aspects in individ-
ualistic and collectivistic orientations: The cultural orientation scale (COS). In U. Kim, H.C. Triandis,
C¸. K a ˘g/C16tc¸/C16ba¸s/C16, S-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp.
189/C0199). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Results and Comments
Like the GCV scales, the COS measures the normative and evaluative aspects of cultural values separately and
found them to be distinct aspects of a cultural value system. Although this scale has not been widely used,
research that has used this scale has found the normative subscale to be important, if not more important than
the evaluative subscale, in explaining cultural differences in behaviors ( Zou et al., 2009 ).
COS SAMPLE ITEMS
Respondents use the following scale to answer items 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25:
12 3 4 5 6 7
not at all very rarely rarely sometimes often very often always
Respondents use the following scale to answer items 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26:
I think this is ...
12 3 4 5 6 7
very bad bad rather bad neither good nor bad rather good good very good
1.How often do teenagers in your native country listen to their parents’ advice on dating?
2.What do you think of teenagers in your native country listening to their parents’ advice on dating?
3.How often do people in your native country share their ideas and newly acquired knowledge with their parents?
4.What do you think of people in your native country sharing their ideas and newly acquired knowledge with their
parents?
5.How often do people in your native country listen to the advice of their parents or close relatives when choosing
a career?
6.What do you think of people in your native country listening to the advice of their parents or close relatives when
choosing a career?
7.How often do people in your native country talk to their neighbors about politics?
8.What you think of people talking to their neighbors about politics?
Note: Reproduced with permission.
Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI-2)
(Cheung, Cheung, & Zhang, 2004b ).
Variable
Unlike the measures reviewed above, the CPAI-2 was designed to measure cultural traits rather than cultural
values. It was developed from the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI).
Description
CPAI-2 consists of three validity scales, 28 personality scales, and 12 clinical scales. Only the personality scales
are reviewed in this chapter. There are four personality factors in CPAI: Accommodation, Dependability,
Interpersonal Relatedness and Social Potency. The Accommodation factor consists of five personality scales:
Defensiveness, Graciousness vs. Meanness, Interpersonal Tolerance, Self- vs. Social Orientation and
Veraciousness vs. Slickness. The Dependability factor consists of nine personality scales: Emotionality, Face,
Family Orientation, Inferiority vs. Self-Acceptance, Internal vs. External Locus of Control, Meticulousness,
Optimism vs. Pessimism, Practical Mindedness, and Responsibility. The Interpersonal Relatedness factor consists641 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT