differentiation, and heterosexual intimacy. Together hostile and benevolent sexism form a coherent ideology that
punishes some women and rewards others, so they co-exist.
Description
The original survey used 140-items about ‘attitudes toward men and women and their relationships in contem-
porary society.’ Items were designed to tap the six theorized dimensions. Items with extreme means or low vari-
ance were deleted, leaving 112 items, further selected by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (including
ones on new samples). Finally, three additional principles guided paring items down to the 22 items in the ASI
(11 HS, 11 BS; see below): (a) the items that highly and consistently loaded on HS and BS factors in men’s and
women’s separate factor analyses; (b) diversity across various aspects of sexism; and (c) consistent item perfor-
mance in later studies ( Glick & Fiske, 1996 ).
Sample
The first of six original studies sampled 833 students (480 women; 76 /C086% White) at three colleges (Amherst
College, Lawrence University, University of Massachusetts at Amherst). Across about two-dozen countries, tens
of thousands of respondents have completed the ASI in their own languages ( Glick, Fiske, & Mladinic, 2000;
Glick, Lameriras, & Fiske, 2004 ), as well as nonstudent samples in the original studies ( Glick & Fiske, 1996 ) and
subsequent ones (e.g., Belgium: Roets, Van Hiel, & Dhont, 2012 ; Sweden: Zakrisson, Anderze ´n, Lenell, &
Sandelin, 2012 ). In the first cultural comparison across 19 nations ( Glick et al., 2000 ), 15,000 men and women
showed that HS and BS correlate positively across nations, as well as demonstrating other forms of validity
(below).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
In the original six studies, Cronbach alpha coefficients for the overall scale ranged from .83 to .92, for the HS
subscale ranged from .80 to .92, and for BS ranged from .73 to .85. Other researchers have obtained comparable
results (e.g., in Germany, respectively, .88, .84, .88; Eyssel & Bohner, 2007 ). Likewise, Sakalli-U ˘gurlu (2002)
reported a Cronbach alpha coefficient of .85.
Test/C0Retest
To this review’s knowledge, the only test /C0retest reliability was assessed in Turkish in a Turkish sample, where
the stability coefficient was .87 ( Sakalli-U ˘gurlu, 2002 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
The ASI correlates with other measures of sexism, but as would be expected, HS especially correlates with
AWS (.68), old-fashioned sexism (.48), MSS (.65), and rape-myth acceptance (.61), even controlling for social desir-
ability or BS. In contrast, BS, controlling for HS, does not ( /C0.03,/C0.04,Glick & Fiske, 1996 ). HS also correlates
with NS (.52 to .81 in three samples, Masser & Abrams, 1999 ). ASI, especially HS, likewise correlates with mod-
ern racism (MRS with ASI .38 to .51, HS controlling for BS .35 to .42, BS controlling for HS, .01 to .24, Glick &
Fiske, 1996 ). ASI tends to correlate with acceptance of stereotyping in a variety of ways: measures across groups,
authoritarianism, SDO, fixed and uncomplicated cognitive style ( Carter et al., 2006 , Table 3; Glick & Fiske, 1996 ,
Tables 11 /C014). Recognition of racial discrimination correlates with HS and less so with BS.
Divergent/Discriminant
From the outset, men have scored higher on the ASI, especially on HS, but also on BS ( Glick & Fiske, 1996;
Glick et al., 2000 ). Women especially reject HS relative to men in more sexist cultures. Highly gender-identified
women especially reject both ASI subfactors ( Becker & Wagner, 2009 ).
Only the BS subfactor captures the subjectively benevolence of protective, complementary, intimate sexism,
according to Masser and Abrams (1999) .
The ASI has 6 out of 22 items reverse-scored. The social-desirability self-deception scale does not correlate
with the overall scale, with HS, or with BS ( /C0.01/C0.07,Glick & Fiske, 1996 ). ASI correlates weakly (.26 /C0.31) with
its impression-management subscale, but that reduces (.13 /C0.18) when isolating the unique variance of HS and
BS, each controlling for the other.705 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT