 Subject Index  929
Aesthetic–Intellectual dimension. See  
Openness
Affect
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 493–494
implicit motives and, 399 f
overview, 448–449
personality psychology and, 
449–451
self-regulation and, 545
subjective well-being and, 726
Affective priming, 370, 371–372
Affiliation motive, 386–388, 
392–393, 393 f, 397, 399–402. 
See also  Implicit motives
Age differences, 127, 308–309, 
491, 659, 801. See also  
Developmental processes
Agency
dimensions of life stories and, 129 t
middle childhood and, 284, 285 f, 
293–297, 298
narcissism and, 630 t
narrative identity and, 132
personality stability and change 
and, 342
Aggression
agreeableness and, 375
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 495
intervention and, 796
narcissism and, 630 t
neurobiology of personality and, 206
neuroticism and, 375, 375 f
parenting and, 354, 355, 356 t
psychopathology and, 744, 747
self-conscious emotions and, 
507–508
Agreeableness. See also  Big Five 
personality traits and model
adolescence and, 303, 304–309, 
307t
adult personality development and, 
344–346
animal personality and, 183, 185
Big Five personality measures and, 
55–57, 56 f
cognitive approaches and, 369, 
375–378, 376 f
economics and, 863–873, 864 f, 
865f, 868 t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 
872f, 873 f, 874 f
emotions and, 468–472, 470 f, 472 f
environmental heterogeneity and, 
23
middle childhood and, 285 f, 290 t, 
291, 293
molecular genetics and, 248 t–249 t
motivation-based theory of 
personality and, 95
names or labels assigned to factors 
and, 59–62, 61 f
narcissism and, 630 tneeds and, 93–94
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 263–264, 265
neurobiology of personality and, 
197t, 205–207
overview, 36 t–37t, 42t, 48t, 50t, 
71–72
parenting and, 354–356, 356 t
personality disorders and, 760, 
761t, 762
psychopathology and, 744–745
religion and spirituality and, 
710–711
self-regulation and, 613–617
subjective well-being and, 736–737
young adulthood and, 322–323
Altruism, 206, 853. See also  
Agreeableness
Ambulatory assessment, 806, 807 f, 
811–814. See also  Assessment/
measurement approaches; 
Ecological sampling methods
Amity (vs. Enmity), 61 t, 62
Anger
agreeableness and, 375, 378
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 495
culture and, 694
narcissism and, 630 t
self-conscious emotions and, 
507–508
social functionalism and emotions 
and, 453 t, 455–456
Animal models of personality
evolutionary processes and, 
179–180, 181–186
historical development of research 
in, 177
overview, 176–177, 186
psychological underpinnings of, 
180–181
reliability and validity and, 
177–179
research directions and, 186
self and, 570–572, 580 n–581 n
Antagonism, 165 t. See also  
Agreeableness
Antisocial behavior, 163, 164, 
795–796
Antisocial personality disorder, 756, 
757–758, 760, 761 t, 766–767
Anxiety. See also  Neuroticism
anxiety disorders, 163, 495, 
535–536, 746–747
CAPS approach and, 414–417
health and, 799
identity negotiation and, 592
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 464–465
molecular genetics and, 245
overview, 42 t
self-regulation and, 609–610
shame and, 513–514Appraisals
appraisal tendency framework and, 
452–454, 453 t, 461, 468–472, 
470f, 472 f
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 493
biases and, 463–464
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 463–464
overview, 452
process model of identity 
negotiation and, 597
stress and, 547
Approach system, 490–491, 
495–497, 545, 618, 630 t. See 
also Behavioral approach system 
(BAS); Motives and motivation
Artistic creativity. See  Creativity
Aspects, 195. See also  Personality 
traits
Assertiveness, 42 t, 61t, 197 t. See also  
Extraversion
Assessment/measurement approaches. 
See also  Ecological sampling 
methods; Self-reports
adolescence and, 304–308, 307 t
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 458–493, 489 t
emotion regulation and, 531–532
genius and, 428–430
identity and, 261
implicit motives and, 389–392, 
390f
middle childhood and, 289–291, 
290t, 298
neurobiology of personality and, 
193–195
parenting and, 352–361, 356 t, 357 f
personality disorders and, 
757–760, 766–767
psychopathology and, 750
rejection sensitivity and, 414
religion and spirituality and, 710
self-conscious emotions and, 508
of situations, 679–680
subjective well-being and, 727–729
Attachment
anxious attachment, 649 f, 
660–661
anxious–resistant attachment, 
644–645, 644 f
in adults, 647–650, 649 f
antecedents of, 654–660
dismissing–avoidant attachment, 
649f
individual differences and, 18–19
insecure attachment patterns, 
644–645, 644 f, 649 f, 654–660
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 464–465
overview, 642–647, 644 f, 658, 661
research directions and, 650–661, 
651t–652 t