Construct/Factor Analytic
From the outset, the ASI most consistently shows two correlated but distinct primary dimensions, HS and BS,
with BS breaking down into the three predicted subfactors (complementary gender differentiation, heterosexual
intimacy, and protective paternalism), but with HS remaining a single dimension ( Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001,
2011 ). In the original studies, after the initial study to select items (above), the two-factor model fit five samples’
confirmatory factor analyses better than the single-factor model. The full model (with three BS subfactors) yielded
acceptable fit indices. Altogether, ASI research consistently shows that BS and HS correlate positively, but not
redundantly, often in the .4 to .5 range across individual respondents ( Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001, 2011 ). The ASI’s
2-factor structure (HS and BS) replicates over a diverse array of nations. Across cultures, the HS-BS correlations
within nations suggest a coherent sexist cultural ideology, yielding correlations approaching .9 ( Glick et al., 2000,
2004 ).
Criterion/Predictive
In the original studies ( Glick & Fiske, 1996 , Tables 11 /C014), overall ASI scores predicted ambivalent attitudes
and stereotypes toward women, the HS scale correlating with negative ones, and the BS scale (for nonstudent
men) with subjectively positive ones. Cross-nationally ( Glick et al., 2000 ), HS predicts attributing to women nega-
tive stereotypes (median /C0.25, range /C0.12 to /C0.43) and BS attributing positive ones (median .21, .11 to .33). HS
and BS apparently represent complementary ideologies supporting gender inequality, given that national
averages on both scales predict United Nations’ indices of national gender inequality in structural power,
resources, and outcomes (men’s HS, /C0.47,/C0.53; men’s BS, /C0.40,/C0.43; women’s HS, .03, /C0.38; women’s BS, /C0.32,
/C0.42;Glick et al., 2000 ).
In the context of other recent sexism scales, the unique feature of the ASI is the utility of its BS dimensions,
illustrated by BS predictive validity, independent of HS: Male BS predicts blaming a victim of acquaintance rape
if she violated feminine purity norms ( Abrams et al., 2003 ). Male BS in China predicts a preference for women
returning to domestic duties ( Li, Huang, & Cui, 2012 ) and for preferring submissive, home-oriented mates ( Chen,
Fiske, & Lee, 2009 ).
Even more so, women’s BS predicts system-maintaining ideology and behavior. Meta-analysis (32 samples,
half male, half female; n55459) found high-BS women preferring high-resource partners (.24, Sibley & Overall,
2011 ; replicated for Chinese women, Chen et al., 2009 ). High-BS women accept a partner’s protective but sexist
and restrictive paternalism ( Moya, Glick, Expo ´sito, de Lemus, & Hart, 2007 ), and also expect husbands to react
with threat and violence to a wife’s workplace success ( Expo´sito, Herrera, Moya, & Glick, 2010 ). Women’s egali-
tarian beliefs do in fact predict partner violence ( Karakurt & Cumbie, 2012 ). Women expecting workplace BS per-
form worse because of distracting intrusive thoughts about their own potential weakness ( Dardenne, Dumont, &
Bollier, 2007; Dumont, Sarlet, & Dardenne, 2010 ). Priming BS activates women’s tendency to justify the existing
system and undermines their resisting inequality ( Jost & Kay, 2005 ).
On the hostile side of the equation, meta-analysis indicates that men’s HS predicts preferences for physically
attractive partners (.20, Sibley & Overall, 2011 ). In China and the U.S., men’s HS predicts marriage norms favor-
ing female subservience, male dominance, and acceptance of male violence ( Chen et al., 2009 ). Outside of mar-
riage, HS, with its combative view of gender relations, predicts a variety of dehumanizing reactions to sexualized
(scantily clad) women: Men in general deny these women’s agency but view them as objects of the male viewer’s
actions, remembering their bodies but not their faces, and high-HS men deactivate the brain’s social-cognition
network ( Cikara, Eberhardt, & Fiske, 2011 ). Although ASI and BS both predict appreciating sexist jokes (.38 /C0.52,
.28/C0.32), HS especially does so (.34 /C0.54,Eyssel & Bohner, 2007 ).
Location
Glick P., & Fiske S.T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70 (3), 491 /C0512.
Results and Comments
The ASI appears uniquely to measure subjective benevolence in some aspects of sexism. Relative to MSS and
NS, ASI focuses on more intimate, relational aspects of sexism, consistent with its analysis of male-female inter-
dependence. Applicable across cultures, it shows good psychometric properties.706 24. MEASURES OF STEREOTYPING AND PREJUDICE: BAROMETERS OF BIAS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT