Test/C0Retest
A sample of 53 youths who completed the measure approximately 3 weeks apart provided test /C0retest data.
Interclass Correlation Coefficients (absolute agreement) ranged from .58 to .77. Paired sample t-tests showed nosignificant differences between Times 1 and 2 (Ungar & Lindenberg, 2013).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Convergent validity evidence for the CYRM-28 is currently unavailable.
Divergent/Discriminant
Evidence of divergent/discriminant validity is currently available.
Construct/Factor Analytic
Initial exploratory factor analyses (unrotated) were conducted across four samples to identify initial compo-
nents. A second wave of international research has allowed us to continue validation of the CYRM. Canadian
data on 497 concurrent users of multiple services (aged 12 to 21 years) was subjected to an EFA with obliquerotation (direct oblimin), identifying three subscales of the CYRM: individual, relational, and contextual. Itemsrelated to individual components include personal skills, peer support and social skills; caregiver componentsinclude psychological caregiving and physical caregiving; and contextual components include educational, cul-tural and spiritual components. This structure was then confirmed with an additional sample of 410 multipleservice using youth. The data set was split into visible minority and visible majority youth, accounting for cul-tural variation in the analysis. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed high invariance and model sta-
bility across the two groups ( χ
2
(53, N5410)598.00, p,.001; TLI 5.96; CFI 5.98; RMSEA 5.05) (Ungar &
Liebenberg, 2013).
Criterion/Predictive
No criterion/predictive validity evidence is currently available.
Location
Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L. (2009). Cross-cultural consultation leading to the development of a valid measure
of youth resilience: The International Resilience Project. Studia Psychologica, 51 , 259/C0268.
Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L. (2011). Assessing resilience across cultures using mixed-methods: Construction of
the child and youth resilience measure-28. Journal of Mixed-Methods Research, 5 ,1 2 6/C0149.
Results and Comments
In developing the CYRM-28, the authors broke with procedures typically used for instrument design
where validity is sought through validity coefficients (testing a new measure against existing measures) or
group comparisons (comparing the results of youth who are doing well with those youth who are not doingwell). The authors chose to avoid using existing meas ures that might reintroduce biased notions of what
resilience should look like among those at risk. Conven tional practices for scale development would identify
this as a potentially serious shortcoming. However, t he authors report that by engaging with their commu-
nity partners through focus groups and mixed methods d ata collection they compensated for this limitation.
Similar concerns exist regarding measurement of risk and the degree to which their samples were in truth,
at-risk youth. No standardized test of risk was used to se lect youth across all 14 research sites. That said, the
authors report more than 100 researchers are now using the CYRM-28 in studies ranging from investigations
with children with physical disabilities in India, de-institutionalized children in Ethiopia, Aboriginal childrenat risk of suicide in Canada, and Californian youth who are disengaged from their communities. Validation
of the instrument is ongoing and its use to-date ha s been primarily for research as opposed to clinical
application.307 MEASURES REVIEWED HERE
III. EMOTION REGULATION