 Subject Index  937
Needs. See also  Integrative theory 
of motivation, personality, and 
development
achievement goals and, 109–110
basic needs, 84–87, 85 f
compound needs, 87–89
implicit motives and, 392–396, 
393f
motivation and, 89–92, 91 f
motivation-based theory of 
personality and, 92–96, 98
Negative affect (NA), 95–96, 450, 
630t. See also  Affect; Negative 
emotionality; Neuroticism
Negative emotionality. See also  
Emotions; Negative affect (NA); 
Neuroticism
childhood and, 285 f, 288
dimensions of life stories and, 130
emotional differentiation and, 
466–468
genetic and environmental 
contributions to, 157–160
health and, 780–782, 784
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 462–466
names or labels assigned to factors 
and, 60, 61 t
parenting and, 354–356, 356 t
psychopathology and temperament 
and, 162–168, 165 t
subjective well-being and, 726
taxonomy of emotions and, 
456–462, 458 t, 459 t–460 t, 461 t, 
462t
temperament and, 149, 151–157, 
152t, 153 t
Negotiation, identity. See  Identity 
negotiation
Neo-socioanalytic perspective on 
personality
adult personality development and, 
344, 346
applying to personality 
development, 261–267
overview, 259–267, 260 f, 276–277
person–environment transactions 
and, 272–276, 275 f
principles of personality 
development and, 267–272, 267 t
Neurobiology of personality. See also  
Biological factors
agreeableness and, 205–207
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 70–71
conscientiousness and, 204–205
extraversion and, 196–199
implicit motives and, 396–398
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 464–465
naturalist view of the self and, 
562–563
neurotheology and, 573–574
neuroticism and, 199–202openness/intellect and, 202–204
overview, 193–195
personality traits and, 195–196, 
197t
religion and spirituality and, 713
self and, 572–575
temperament and, 147
Neuroimaging techniques, 193–194, 
203–204, 207, 397, 574–575
Neurophysiology, 181
Neurotheology, 713
Neuroticism. See also  Big Five 
personality traits and model
adolescence and, 303, 304–309, 
307t
adulthood and, 344–346
animal personality and, 183–184, 
185
attachment and, 660–661
childhood and, 290 t
cognitive approaches and, 369, 
371–375, 375 f
dimensions of life stories and, 130
economics and, 863–873, 864 f, 
865f, 868 t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 
872f, 873 f, 874 f
emotions and, 450, 467–472, 470 f, 
472f
environmental heterogeneity and, 
23
genetic and environmental 
contributions to, 157–160, 244, 
246, 248 t–249 t
health and, 780–782
intervention and, 797
motivation-based theory of 
personality and, 95–96
names or labels assigned to factors 
and, 59–62, 61 f
narcissism and, 630 t
needs and, 93–94
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 264, 265
neurobiology of personality and, 
197t, 199–202
overview, 36 t–37t, 42t, 50t, 71–72, 
242–243
parenting and, 354–356, 356 t
personality disorders and, 760, 
761t, 762, 763
psychopathology and temperament 
and, 162–168, 165 t, 744–745, 
746–747, 750
research directions and, 207–208
self-regulation and, 609–610, 
613–617
subjective well-being and,  
736–737
temperament and, 146, 147, 149, 
151–157, 152 t, 153 t
young adulthood and, 322–323
Neurotransmitters, 197 t, 464–465
Niche specialization, 20, 231–232, 
267t, 270–271Noncognitive skills
economics and, 855–863, 856 f, 
857f, 858 f, 882 n–884 n
predictive power of, 863–873, 
864f, 865 f, 868 t, 869 f, 870 f, 
871f, 872 f, 873 f, 874 f
Nonselective evolutionary processes, 
7, 27. See also  Evolutionary 
perspective and processes
Nonshared environmental influences. 
See Environmental factors
Norm-Favoring dimension. See  
Conscientiousness
Norms, 60, 827, 828–829
Nurturance dimension. See  
Agreeableness
O
Obsessive–compulsive (OC) spectrum 
disorders, 163, 495
Obsessive–compulsive personality 
disorder, 756, 762, 766–767
OCEAN acronym, 60–62, 61 t
Online acts and experiences, 90–91, 
94, 98
Open-mindedness, 42t , 48t, 61t. See 
also Openness
Openness. See also  Big Five 
personality traits and model; 
Intellect
adolescence and, 303, 304–309, 
307t
adulthood and, 344–346
animal personality and, 183, 185
childhood and, 285 f, 290 t, 291, 
293
creativity and, 439 n
dimensions of life stories and, 130
economics and, 863–873, 864 f, 
865f, 868 t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 
872f, 873 f, 874 f
emotions and, 468–472, 470 f,  
472f
molecular genetics and, 248 t–249 t
motivation-based theory of 
personality and, 96
names or labels assigned to factors 
and, 59–62, 61 f
narcissism and, 630 t
needs and, 93
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 263, 265
neurobiology of personality and, 
197t, 202–204
overview, 36 t–37t, 42t, 50t, 71–72
personality disorders and, 760, 
761t, 762, 763
psychopathology and, 744
self-regulation and, 613–617
young adulthood and, 322–323
Optimism, 546, 552–554, 736–737, 
782–783, 784