items on the seven value constructs were invariant, indicating equivalent meaning of the value constructs across
countries (RMR 50.08, NFI 50.89, CFI 50.91, RMSEA 50.01, and PCLOSE 51.0).
Criterion/Predictive
Caprara et al. (2006) compared values with personality traits as predictors of voting behavior, within a diverse
sample of 3,044 individuals who had voted in the Italian national election of 2001. As predicted, Universalism
consistently showed the strongest positive point-biserial correlation with voting for the center-left rather than the
center-right party ( r5.28). The hypothesized negative correlations were found for Security ( r52.20), Power
(r52.14), and Achievement ( r52.08).
Location
Schwartz, S.H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M, & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-
cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-
Cultural Psychology, 32 ,5 1 9/C0542.
Results and Comments
The PVQ is an interesting approach to measuring values, one that seems well suited for broad survey use,
such as the ESS. Its utility is limited by the qualities that suit it well for use with less educated samples; that is,
as Lindeman and Verkasalo have note d ,t h el a n g u a g el e v e lo ft h eP V Qm a k e si t‘ n o tt h eb e s tv a l u eq u e s t i o n -
naire for educated, Western adults’ (2005, p. 177). Perha ps for this reason, limited empirical evidence has yet
accumulated regarding its predictive utility, although work by Caprara et al. (2006) and von Collani and
Grumm (2009) is promising. In addition, existence of multiple length versions of the PVQ may create some
ambiguity among potential users, and equivalence a mong the multiple versions of the PVQ has not been
established.
Existing evidence for convergence among equivalent value scales (e.g., Schwartz, 2006 ) ranges from weak to
reasonable. Schwartz (2012) has provided initial demonstrations of the PVQ fit to the standard circumplex config-
uration. In contrast, Hinz et al. (2005) analyses led them to conclude that the Schwartz circumplex structure was
‘not confirmed;’ however, the somewhat closer confirmation using ipsative data is consistent with Schwartz’s
admonition to use centered rather than raw scores. Davidov et al. did establish sufficient invariance of the ESS
PVQ to provide ‘legitimacy’ for cross-country work with that measure; however, they concluded that ‘the ESS
values scale may not capture all of the fine-tuned distinctions in the theory’ (2008, p. 431). Hinz et al. (2005)
raised questions regarding the scope of PVQ items and scales, suggesting that the PVQ items do not include
‘areas of daily life such as health, work, or family’ (2005, p. 191).
Finally, there is ambiguity regarding Schwartz’s methodology for converting PVQ value scores into relative
value priorities. As noted above, Schwartz (2012) recommends subtracting respondents’ mean response across all
portrait items from the response to each item. In order to avoid ‘the problem of linear dependency in some analy-
ses,’ Lindeman and Verkalso calculated respondents’ mean response tendency using only a representative set of
30 out of the 40 PVQ portrait items. That is, they calculated scores for the 10 value scales by ‘dividing the sum of
the appropriate items by the personal mean of all 30 [representative] items multiplied by the number of items on
the scale’ (2005, p. 172).
PVQ SAMPLE ITEMS
‘He likes to be in charge and tell others what to do. He wants people to do what he says.’ (Power)
‘Being very successful is important to him. He likes to stand out and to impress other people.’ (Achievement)
Notes : Items (portraits) are rated on a 6-point scale ranging from: 6 5‘Very much like me’ to 1 5‘Not at all
like me’.
From Caprara et al. (2006) Table 1.
The 40-item PVQ appears in Schwartz et al., (2001) . The 21-portrait, ESS version of the PVQ is available in
Davidov et al. (2008) and in Schwartz (2003) .
Reproduced with permission.520 18. MEASURES OF VALUES AND MORAL PERSONALITY
V. VICES AND VIRTUES