Divergent/Discriminant
For the Dependability facets, Optimism vs. Pessimism correlates with 14 MMPI-2 scales and most strongly
with MMPI-2 Anxiety ( r52.59), Depression ( r52.56), and Work Interference ( r52.51). Practical Mindedness
correlates with 13 MMPI-2 content scales, and most significantly with MMPI-2 Work Interference ( r52.43).
Responsibility correlates strongly with nine MMPI-2 content scales, and most strongly with MMPI-2 Work
Interference ( r52.40). Graciousness vs. Meanness correlates with 14 MMPI-2 content scales, and most strongly
with MMPI-2 Cynicism ( r52.62), Type A Behavior ( r52.60), Antisocial Practices ( r52.56) and Anger
(r52.52). Veraciousness vs. Slickness correlates with 10 MMPI-2 content scales, and most strongly with MMPI-2
Antisocial Practices ( r52.47). For the Interpersonal Relatedness facets, Harmony correlates only with MMPI-2
Anger in the negative dimension ( r52.24,p,.01). For the Social Potency facets, Leadership correlates with six
MMPI-2 content scales, and most strongly with MMPI-2 Social Discomfort ( r52.41) and Low Self-Esteem
(r52.37). Family Orientation correlates most strongly with MMPI-2 Family Problems ( r52.62).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Four orthogonal factors were identified from a principal component analysis with varimax rotation performed
on the intercorrelations of the CPAI personality scales ( N52444). Component 1, labeled as Dependency, had high
positive loadings from Responsibility, Practical-Mindedness, Graciousness, Optimism, Veraciousness, Family-
Orientation, and Meticulousness, and high negative loadings from Emotionality, Inferiority, External Locus of
Control and Face. Component 2, labeled as Chinese Tradition, had high positive loadings from Harmony,
Relationship Orientation, and Thrift and high negative loadings from Flexibility and Modernization. Component 3,
labeled as Social Potency, had high positive loadings from Leadership and Adventurousness and high negative
loading from Introversion. Factor 4, labeled as Individualism, had high positive loadings from Self-Orientation,
Logical Orientation, and Defensiveness. The four factors accounted for 59% of the total variance ( Cheung et al.,
1996). The factor structures obtained from a Mainland Chinese and Hong Kong Chinese sample are very similar;
the mean congruence coefficient of the extracted factors was .88 (range 5.77 to .98) ( Cheung et al., 1996, 2001 ). This
factor structure was subsequently replicated in Singaporean and Caucasian samples ( Cheung et al., 2003 ).
Scales that measure the Openness Dimension were added to the CPAI to form the CPAI-2. Factor analysis of
the original and the new Openness Scales was performed. The new Openness Scales loaded on a separate factor
(Cheung et al., 2008 ).
Location
Cheung, F.M., Leung, K., Song, W.-Z., & Zhang, J.-X. (2001). The Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality
Assessment Inventory 22 (CPAI-2).
Results and Comments
Although the CPAI was originally developed as a measure of indigenous Chinese personality, the personality
dimensions identified in the CPAI may have relevance beyond Chinese culture ( Chiu, Kim, and Wan, 2008 ). For
example, when the CPAI was translated into English and tested with a sample of Chinese Singaporeans and
Caucasian Americans, the factor structure of the English version of the CPAI was similar to that of the original
Chinese version. Based on these results, Cheung et al. (2003) concluded that the ‘interpersonal relatedness’ factor
is also relevant to European American culture.
CPAI-2
(Available from F.M., Cheung, Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong
Kong at the following email address: fmcheung@cuhk.edu.hk ).
Social Axioms Survey (SAS)
(Leung et al., 2002; Leung et al., 2012 ).
Variable
The SAS measures five social axioms: Social Cynicism, Social Complexity, Reward for Application, Religiosity
and Fate Control. According to Leung and Bond (2008) , a social axiom is a generalized belief ‘about people, social643 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT