Correlation coefficient, 31 –32
Countertransference, 58
Culture and personality, 10 –11
Death instinct (Thanatos), 46, 131
Defense (Rogers ’theory), 281 –282
Defense mechanisms, 46 –49, 75 –80
Defensive style, 78 –80
Defensive pessimism, 216 –219
Deficiency motive, 284
Denial, 48, 76 –80
Dependent variable, 23 –24
Depression, 8 –10, 246, 399 –401,
403–404, 445 –451
Depressive cognitive triad, 446
Depressive schema, 446 –449
Differential Loneliness Scale, 323 –324
Disclosure reciprocity, 309 –310
Discriminant validity, 36Discrimination, 350Disorganization, 282Displaced aggression, 135 –137
Displacement, 47Dispositional optimism (see Optimism)Distress Disclosure Index, 314D-love, 286
“Dora, ”case of, 57 –58
Dreams, 53 –54, 57 –58, 70 –75
Effect size, 31
Efficacy expectation, 362 –364
Ego (Freudian), 44 –46
Ego integrity versus despair, 111
Elderly, 398 –399
Ellis, Albert, 425 –428
Emotions, 204 –212 (see also Anxiety,
Depression)
Emotional affectivity, 204 –207
Emotional expressiveness, 210 –212
Emotional Expressivity Scale, 211Emotional intensity (see Affect
intensity)
Emotional memories, 441 –442
Emotion-focused coping strategies,
127–130
Enactive
mastery experiences, 363
Erikson, Erik, 105 –111, 118 –119
Esteem needs, 287
Evaluation apprehension, 202 –203
Evolutionary personality theory,
236–238, 247 –248, 264 –272
Existential psychologists, 276Externals (see Locus of control)
Extinction, 346, 348
Extraversion (Big Five factor), 160 –161
Extraversion-Introversion (Eysenck ’s
theory), 224 –225, 258 –264
Eysenck, Hans, 223 –229
Face validity, 35 –36
Factor analysis, 158 –159
Faking, 175 –176
Feelings of self-worth, 325Feminine psychology (Horney ’s theory),
114–115
Five-factor model (see Big Five
personality factors)
Fixation, 49
Flow (see Optimal experience)
Free association, 41, 54
Free will, 14Freud, Sigmund, 40 –43 (see also
Freudian theory of personality)
Freudian slips, 55Freudian theory of personality,
43–65, 115
Fromm, Erich, 117
Frustration 131 –135
Frustration-aggression hypothesis,
131–132
Fully functioning person, 279 –281
Gao kao , 177
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl (see Social interest)
Gender roles, 375 –378
General Aggression Model, 436 –438
Generalization, 350, 396
Generalized expectancies (see Locus
of control)
Generativity, 109, 118 –119
Generativity versus stagnation, 109,
118–119
Genetic influences on personality
(see Heritability)
Genital stage of development, 53
Goodness of Fit Model, 241 –242
Growth needs, 284
Guided mastery, 363 –364
Happiness (see Well-being)
Health,
193–198, 206 –207, 215 –216,
313–316, 320 –321, 406 –408
“Here and now, ”278
Heritability, 13, 251 –261
“Hidden observer, ”88–89
Hierarchy of needs, 284 –290, 296 –297
Horney, Karen, 111 –115
Hostility, 195 –198
Human Figure Drawing test, 60 –61
Humor, 80 –85
Hypnosis, 51, 55, 85 –92
Hypothesis, 20 –22
Hypothesis-testing approach, 20 –27
Id, 44 –45
Ideal self, 299 –301, 423 –424
Identification, 77
Identity versus Identity Diffusion
Scale, 110
Identity versus role confusion, 108
Idiographic approach, 153
Impression Management Scale, 178
Independent variable, 22 –26
Index of Self-Actualization, 288Individualistic cultures, 11
Industry versus inferiority, 108Inferiority complex, 98
Inhibited and uninhibited children,
232–236
Initiative versus guilt, 108Instincts (Freud’ s theory), 46
Intellectualization, 49
Intelligence, 253
Interaction (statistical), 24
Internal consistency, 35Internals (see Locus of control)
Intimacy versus isolation, 109
Intrasexual selection, 266Introversion (see Extraversion-
introversion)
Jung, Carl, 101 –105, 115 –117
Kelly, George, 411 –415, 428 –431
Latency stage of development, 53Law of parsimony, 20 –21
Learned helplessness, 395 –401,
449–450
Libido
(life or sexual instincts), 46
“Little Albert, ”case of, 358 –359
Locus of control, 352, 401 –408
Loneliness, 317 –324
Manipulated independent variable,
24–25
Masculinity-femininity, 396
Maslow, Abraham, 283 –290,
296–297, 334
Mass media, 389 –393
Mastery goals, 191 –193
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI), 173 –175, 396
Moving against people, 114
Moving away from people, 114
Moving toward people, 113 –114
Murray, Henry, 60, 155 –157, 184
Natural selection, 236 –237
“Nature-nurture ”debate
(see Heritability)
Need for Achievement, 184 –188
Need for privacy (see Solitude)Negative affect, 204 –207
Negative cognitive style, 449 –451
Negative reinforcement, 348
Neodissociation theory, 88
Neurosis (Horney ’s theory), 111 –114
Neurotic anxiety, 46, 126Neuroticism (Big Five factor), 159 –160
Neuroticism (Eysenck ’s theory), 225
Nomothetic approach, 153Nonadditive effects, 258Nonmanipulated independent variable,
25–26
Object relations theory, 139 –140
Observational learning, 356 –357,
377–378, 386 –395, 398SUBJECT INDEX 517