490 v. AFFECTI vE PROCESSES
sumption can be distinguished. Animal re -
searchers have been able to distinguish key 
neurotransmitters involved in consumma -
tory pleasure versus anticipatory pleasure, 
also termed liking  and wanting  (Berridge, 
Robinson, & Aldridge, 2009). Dopamine 
plays a key role in goal-  oriented anticipatory 
pleasure, as well as reward learning, where -
as opioid mechanisms appear more crucial 
in consummatory pleasure. Accordingly, the 
TEPS provides one subscale for anticipatory 
pleasure and a separate subscale for con -
summatory pleasure.
Both TEPS scales cover responses to spe -
cific and general pleasurable stimuli across 
all five sensory modalities (Gard et al., 
2006). Similar to the rationale for provid -
ing a summed total for the SR scale, scores 
on the TEPS are summed to provide one an -
ticipation score and one consumption score 
across sensory modalities. A two-  factor 
structure of anticipation versus consump -
tion scores was identified across five sepa -
rate university samples (Gard et al., 2006).
Convergent and  Discriminant Validity 
of Approach  Motivation
The self-  report measures described here 
show expected correlations with each other. 
The Carver and White BAS scales are mod -
erately intercorrelated (Carver & White, 
1994; Jorm et al., 1999; Johnson et al., 
2003). Moreover, the TEPS Anticipatory 
Pleasure and Consummatory Pleasure scales 
and the SR subscale of the SPSRQ have all 
shown significant correlations with all BAS 
subscales (Gard et al., 2006; Cogswell et al., 
2006). The SHAPS also displays the expect -
ed inverse relationships with BAS subscales 
(Franken et al., 2007).
Researchers have also considered conver -
gent and divergent validity with other per -
sonality traits, most commonly measures 
of extraversion, neuroticism, and affective 
temperament. Extraversion is particularly 
relevant, as most models today empha -
size pursuit of incentives as being a central 
mechanism driving extraversion (Carver & 
Scheier, 2012). Consistent with such mod -
els, a series of studies provides evidence that 
reward sensitivity is highly related to extra -
version (Lucas, Diener, Grob, Suh, & Shao, 
2000). In Carver and White’s (1994) origi -nal validation of the BIS/BAS, all three BAS 
subscales were significantly associated with 
extraversion, with Fun Seeking showing the 
strongest relationship. Similarly, the SR sub -
scale and TEPS Anticipatory and Consum -
matory Pleasure scales correlate positively 
with extraversion measures (Gard et al., 
2006; Segarra et al., 2014; Torrubia et al., 
2001).
One might expect that positive affectivity 
would also correlate with measures of BAS 
sensitivity, though not be entirely overlap -
ping with them, as measures of BAS sensi -
tivity focus on affective responses to cues 
of reward, whereas measures of positive af -
fectivity per se are less focused on the role 
of context. Consistent with this, BAS scales 
have shown significant but modest rela -
tionships with positive affectivity measures 
(Carver & White, 1994). The SHAPS has 
also shown expected inverse relationships 
with measures of positive affect (Franken et 
al., 2007).
Findings on whether the various BAS- 
relevant scales relate to negative affectivity 
are mixed and tend to differ by measure. 
As noted earlier, across measures, most fac -
tor analyses have found that responses to 
threat and punishment are separable from 
responses to incentives. Consistent with this 
separability, BAS Drive, BAS Fun Seeking, 
SHAPS, and TEPS Consummatory Pleasure 
scores have been found not to relate signifi -
cantly to negative affectivity (Franken et al., 
2007; Franken & Muris, 2006; Gard et al., 
2006; Johnson et al., 2003). An exception 
to this pattern is the SRSPQ, in which both 
sensitivity to reward (SR) and sensitivity to 
punishment (SP) have been found to relate 
to neuroticism (Torrubia et al., 2001; Mitch -
ell et al., 2007). Indeed, Torrubia and col -
leagues (2001) argued that both SR and SP 
should confer a general heightened sensitiv -
ity in line with Gray’s original impulsivity– 
anxiety dimensions.
Moderate positive correlations have been 
observed of the BAS Reward Responsive -
ness scale and the TEPS Anticipatory Plea -
sure scale with the BIS scale (Franken & 
Muris, 2006; Gard et al., 2006; Johnson 
et al., 2003). These associations are consis -
tent with the idea that there is a more gen -
eral reactivity to environmental cues, or an 
overall affective reactivity, which would lead 