932 Subject Index
Culture (cont.)
status strivings and, 13–14
theoretical perspectives and, 
687–689, 688 f
universal mechanisms of emotion 
and, 15–16
Cumulative continuity principle of 
personality development, 267 t, 
268, 777
Cybernetics, 616–617, 647
D
Decision-making ability, 853, 
860–861, 862, 864–866, 882 n
Dependency, 745. See also  
Neuroticism
Dependent personality disorder, 756, 
759, 760, 761 t
Depression. See also  Neuroticism
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 495–496
creativity and, 431
emotional differentiation and, 
467–468
emotion regulation and, 535–536
health and, 799
molecular genetics and, 246, 252
narcissism and, 630 t
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 265
overview, 42 t
parenting and, 355
personality research and, 744, 745
shame and, 513–514
Depressive spectrum disorders, 163
Detachment dimension. See  
Extraversion
Developmental processes. See 
also Adolescence; Adulthood; 
Childhood; Life-story model of 
identity; Stability of personality
adaptations and, 6
adolescence and, 308–309
adulthood and, 339–346
animal personality and, 184
attachment and, 645–647, 651 t, 
653, 655–657
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 67–68
creativity and, 432–433, 435–437
emotion regulation and, 532–534
health and, 776–785
identity negotiation and, 601
individual differences and, 18–19
integrative theory of motivation, 
personality, and development 
and, 97–98
life-story model of identity and, 
122–125, 124 f
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 465motivation-based theory of 
personality and, 98
narcissism and, 629, 631–634
narrative identity and, 126–128
needs and, 84, 89
neo-socioanalytic perspective and, 
261–267, 276–277
parenting and, 359–361
person–environment transactions 
and, 272–276, 275 f
principles of personality 
development, 267–272, 267 t
psychopathology and, 748–750
religion and spirituality and, 708, 
714
research directions and, 96–98
self and, 566, 568–570
self-conscious emotions and, 
512–513
self-regulation and, 609, 612–613
Diagnosis, 164, 626, 627, 755–760, 
766–767
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 
of Mental Disorders  (DSM-III), 
626, 755, 758–760
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 
of Mental Disorders  (DSM-IV), 
311, 756, 764, 765
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of 
Mental Disorders  (DSM-5)
narcissism and, 628 t
narcissistic personality disorder 
(NPD) and, 627
overview, 743
personality disorders and, 
755–760, 764–765, 766–767
temperament and, 164
DIAMONDS model, 315
Diary methods, 806, 807 f, 809–
811. See also  Assessment/
measurement approaches; 
Ecological sampling methods
Differentiation, 466–468
Discounting, 131, 592, 860–861
Discriminant correlations, 55–59, 
56f, 58f
Discriminant validity, 490–491
Discrimination, 419–420
Disease. See  Health
Disengagement strategies, 296, 
550–552, 553, 555. See also  
Coping
Disgust, 453–454, 453 t
Disincentives, 398–400, 399 f
Disinhibition, 148, 149, 152–153, 
153t, 156–157, 156 t, 165 t, 744. 
See also  Conscientiousness
Disruption, 293, 549–552
Dominance dimension. See  
Extraversion
Dopamine system, 23, 26, 197 t, 198, 
246, 397–398, 450
Doubt, 545–546, 549–550E
Early childhood, 284, 292, 645–647, 
777–778, 794–795. See also  
Childhood; Developmental 
processes; Early experiences; 
Infancy
Early experiences. See also  
Childhood; Early childhood; 
Life-story model of identity
attachment and, 645–647, 656–657
individual differences and, 18–19, 29
narrative identity and, 131–133
Early experiential calibration, 18–19, 
20
Eating disorders, 797
Ecological factors, 827, 828–829
Ecological sampling methods. See 
also Assessment/measurement 
approaches
daily behavior and, 811–814
daily experiences and, 809–811
daily situations and, 814–817
overview, 806, 817
rationale for, 806–809, 807 f
self-knowledge and, 840–842, 
843–844, 845
Economics
causal evidence from intervention 
studies, 873, 875–880, 876 f, 
877f
evolutionary processes and, 6–7
geographical variations and, 
830–831
measuring cognitive and 
noncognitive skills and, 
855–863, 856 f, 857 f, 858 f
overview, 853–855, 880–881, 
881n–884 n
predictive power of noncognitive 
skills and, 863–873, 864 f, 865 f, 
868t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 872 f, 
873f, 874 f
Educational achievement. See  
Academic achievement and 
outcomes
Effort, 546, 550–552, 555, 856, 856 f
Effortful control. See also  
Conscientiousness
health and, 784
middle childhood and, 285 f, 288
parenting and, 354–356, 356 t
self-regulation and, 612
Ego Resiliency dimension. See  
Neuroticism; Openness
Embarrassment, 508–509, 512
Emotion regulation. See also  
Emotions; Self-regulation
achievement goals and, 112–113
attentional deployment family of 
emotion regulation, 524, 528, 
530
basic processes of, 523–526, 525 f