Related research (see convergent validity) identified the dimensions as competence (similar items) and moral-
ity, using terms such as trustworthy, honest, and sincere . Because some early SCM studies focused on warmth as
friendliness but others included morality-related terms such as tolerance and sincerity ( Fiske, Xu, Cuddy, &
Glick, 1999 ), a psychometric project examined these two correlated sociability/morality dimensions ( Kervyn
et al., in press ). Ingroup perception emphasizes morality over sociality ( Leach, Ellemers, & Barreto, 2007 ), and
related person perception research refers to communality (which includes both) as the primary dimensions
(Wojciszke, 1994 ). Kervyn et al. compared these two warmth dimensions, finding morality and sociality to be
highly correlated.
Criterion/Predictive
According to the SCM, perceived societal structures (competition and status) predict stereotypes (respectively,
warmth and competence) (e.g., Cuddy et al., 2009 ;Durante et al., 2013 ;Fiske et al., 2002 ). Specific combinations
predict emotional prejudices of pride, pity, disgust, and envy. Emotions in turn predict active and passive help
and harm ( Cuddy et al., 2008; Fiske et al., 2007 ).
The first predicted correlation, between social structure and stereotypes, averages .80 for status-competence
and/C0.77 for competition-warmth ( Kervyn et al., in press ). Competition-warmth correlations were initially lower
than status-competence ones, but improve when (a) operationalizing competition over both tangible resources
and cultural values (based on research from Integrated Threat Theory; Stephan & Stephan, 2000 ); and (b) includ-
ing both sub-dimensions of warmth ( Kervyn et al., in press ). The non-predicted structure-trait correlations (sta-
tus-warmth, competition-competence) do not typically differ from zero. Experimental scenario studies
manipulating status and competitive relations between fictive social groups also support the structure /C0
stereotype predictions, as well as the indirect link between social structure and prejudiced emotions ( Caprariello,
Cuddy, & Fiske, 2009 ).
The second prediction, from trait stereotypes to prejudiced emotions, is tested as an interaction of the warmth-
competence dimensions predicting distinct emotions for each quadrant, as 3:1 contrasts (predicted emotion for
each cluster; Cuddy et al., 2007 ;Fiske et al., 2002 ). Moreover, neuroscience evidence, targeting specific quadrants,
shows neural and muscular activations consistent with some of the predicted emotions (see Fiske et al., 2013 ).
The third prediction, from stereotypes and emotions to behavior, suggests a more direct, robust emo-
tion/C0behavior relationship and a more indirect, mediated stereotype /C0emotion /C0behavior relationship ( Cuddy
et al., 2007 ).
Location
Fiske, S.T., Cuddy, A.J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence
and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 82 (6),878/C0902.
Results and Comments
The SCM usefully identifies a perceived warmth-by-competence space differentiating among societies’ groups
in nations around the world and over 75 years, as well as across social-group subtypes (e.g., kinds of women),
species, and corporations. Because it is not an individual-difference measure but instead a report of societal con-
sensus around positions of various groups, future directions include the challenge to understand individual var-
iations in personal endorsement of these societal warmth-by-competence maps.
STEREOTYPE CONTENT MODEL
Phase 1
1.Off the top of your head, what various types of
people do you think today’s society categorizes into
groups (i.e., based on ability, age, ethnicity, gender,
occupation, race, religion, etc.)?
2.What groups are considered to be of very low status
by [nation’s] society?3.What groups, based on the same kinds of criteria
used in the first question, do you consider yourself to
be a member of?
Notes :
Participants may list up to 30 groups for each
question, with a minimum of three answers for
Question 1 and a minimum of one answer each for
Questions 2 and 3.690 24. MEASURES OF STEREOTYPING AND PREJUDICE: BAROMETERS OF BIAS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT