in that situation. Each scene is scored separately for the emotion assigned to the self and the other person on a
scale from 0 to 4, using the following criteria (a sample item is presented at the end of this review):
Level 0 (lowest score) /C0non-emotion response where the word ‘feel’ reflects a thought, rather than true
feeling.
Level 1 /C0awareness of physiological cues (e.g., ‘I’d feel tired’).
Level 2 /C0includes words typically used in other contexts, but nonetheless conveying relatively
undifferentiated emotion (e.g., ‘I’d feel bad,’ using the word feel to convey an action tendency, such as ‘I’d feel
like punching the wall’).
Level 3 /C0uses one word that conveys typical, undifferentiated emotion (e.g., happy, sad, angry).
Level 4 /C0uses two or more Level 3 words that convey greater emotional differentiation than either word on
its own.
A total score represents the higher of the two scores, unless there are two Level 4 scores. In case of two Level
4 scores, a total score of 5 is awarded if the self and other descriptions can be differentiated from each other. The
scores range from 0 /C080 for Self and Other descriptions and 0 /C0100 for total although only the total score is to be
used. The initial 20-item version requires 30 min for completion by the participant and scoring by a trained rater.
For this reason, a computer-scoring method has been developed, producing alpha coefficient and validities that
are comparable to hand scoring ( Barchard et al., 2010 ). A Japanese version (LEAS-J; Igarashi et al., 2011 ) has
recently appeared in the literature.
LEAS/C0Children A child version (LEAS-C; Bajgar, Ciarrochi, Lane, & Deane, 2005 ) was developed by using
items from the adult version, modified slightly in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and context, where necessary.
Two items were added, resulting in a total of 12 items (three per emotion: happiness, anger, sadness, and fear).
As with the adult version, the particular emotions reflected in the scenarios have no implications for scoring.
Instead, the focus is on the emotion complexity of children’s responses, rather than their correctness. The LEAS-C
can be administered individually or in groups, mirroring the adult version in response and scoring format. The
estimated completion time is 20 minutes. Total scores range from 0 to 48 for Self- and Other-awareness and from
0 to 60 for total awareness. The LEAS-C has been translated into Dutch ( Veirman et al., 2011 ).
Sample
LEAS
In the initial study, the LEAS was administered to 40 undergraduate students (20 female), who were mostly in
their late teens and early 20s ( Lane et al., 1990 ). Sample means were not reported. Normative data for a larger
sample of 380 community members (age range 18 /C080 years) were reported in Lane et al. (1996) . Participants in
this study had a mean total score of 61.9 ( SD510.7). The sample used to assess the reliability and validity of the
Japanese LEAS-J consisted of 344 Japanese university students aged 18 /C038 years ( M520.13). Sample means for
the Self, Other, and total scores were 40.79 ( SD510.98), 36.76 ( SD59.53), and 50.05 ( SD59.38), respectively.
LEAS-C
The LEAS-C was initially administered to a group of 51 children (25 female), who were 10 and 11 years of
age and recruited at two private schools. Girls had a mean total score of 38.20 ( SD53.60), whereas boys had a
mean of 34.15 ( SD54.32). Mean Self and Other scores for girls were 33.88 ( SD54.53) and 32.96 ( SD54.00),
respectively; for boys, these scores were 30.65 ( SD56.20) and 29.31 ( SD56.10), respectively ( Bajgar et al., 2005 ).
The Dutch version of the LEAS-C was administered to a Belgian sample of primary and secondary school
children (47% male; aged 10 /C017 years, MAge513.30, SD51.80), whose first language was Dutch. The sample
means for the Self, Other, and total scores were 30.94 ( SD55.98), 29.22 ( SD56.30), and 34.85 ( SD55.49;
Veirman et al., 2011 ).
Reliability (LEAS)
Internal Consistency
The Cronbach alpha coefficient was found to be .81 ( Lane et al., 1990 ). In a larger sample ( N5380), alpha
coefficients were high for the Self ( α5.84), Other ( α5.83), and total ( α5.88) scores ( Lane et al., 1996 ).
Similar Cronbach alpha coefficients (Self 5.82, Other 5.77, total 5.83) were reported for the LEAS-J subscales
(Igarashi et al., 2011 ).388 14. MEASURES OF ABILITY AND TRAIT EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
III. EMOTION REGULATION