Location
Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S. (1986). On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 ,1 2 5/C0139.
Results and Comments
The SM Scale has been used to study a wide variety of phenomena in the domains of interpersonal interac-
tions, close relationships, consumer behavior, and organizational behavior, including impression management,
self-conceptions, attitude /C0behavior consistency, internal versus external influences on behavior, and social inter-
actions. Not all research has supported fundamental predictions about self-monitoring. For example, Leary and
Allen (2011) did not find that self-monitoring predicted the degree to which people reported conveying different
impressions of themselves to different targets. In addition, other studies have failed to find predicted differences
between low and high self-monitors in romantic partner preferences ( Rowatt, DeLue, Strickhouser, & Gonzalez,
2001; Shaffer & Bazzini, 1997 ).
SELF-MONITORING SCALE
The statements on the following pages concern your
personal reactions to a number of different situations.
No two statements are exactly alike, so consider each
statement carefully before answering. If a statement is
TRUE orMOSTLY TRUE as applied to you, mark Ton
the answer sheet. If a statement is FALSE orNOT
USUALLY TRUE as applied to you, mark Fon the
answer sheet.
1.I find it hard to imitate the behavior of other
people. (F)
2.At parties and social gatherings, I do not attempt to
do or say things that others will like. (F)
3.I can only argue for ideas which I already
believe. (F)
4.I can make impromptu speeches even on topics
about which I have almost no information. (T)
5.I guess I put on a show to impress or entertain
people. (T)
6.I would probably make a good actor. (T)
7.In a group of people I am rarely the center of
attention. (F)
8.In different situations and with different people,
I often act like very different persons. (T)9.I am not particularly good at making other people
like me. (F)
10.I’m not always the person I appear to be. (T)
11.I would not change my opinions (or the way I do
things) in order to please someone else or win their
favor. (F)
12.I have considered being an entertainer. (T)
13.I have never been good at games like charades or
improvisational acting. (F)
14.I have trouble changing my behavior to suit
different people and different situations. (F)
15.At a party I let others keep the jokes and stories
going. (F)
16.I feel a bit awkward in public and do not show up
quite as well as I should. (F)
17.I can look anyone in the eye and tell a lie with a
straight face (if for a right end). (T)
18.I may deceive people by being friendly when I
really dislike them. (T)
Notes :
Items marked (F) are reverse scored (i.e., changed
to T) before counting the number of (T) responses.
Reproduced with permission.
Martin/C0Larsen Approval Motivation Scale (MLAMS)
(Martin, 1984 ).
Variable
Approval motivation refers to the desire to please others and to avoid disapproval. People who score high in
approval motivation (often called ‘need for approval’) are more concerned with their public images and others’
evaluations as well as more motivated to manage their public impressions in ways that will garner approval
(Schlenker, 1980 ). (We prefer the label ‘approval motivation’ rather than ‘need for approval’ because of questions
regarding whether people actually ‘need’ social approval, as opposed to needing some of the outcomes that
approval may facilitate.)454 16. MEASURES OF CONCERNS WITH PUBLIC IMAGE AND SOCIAL EVALUATION
IV. INTERPERSONAL STYLES