illustrated recently in meta-analytic work by Sirois (2013) which established that the APS-R high standards factor
was unrelated to Neff’s measure of self-compassion, thus replicating findings reported by Neff (2003) in her orig-
inal scale development paper. However, the HFMPS self-oriented perfectionism factor was associated negatively
with self-compassion across several samples! This pattern of results raises the possibility that the HFMPS self-
oriented perfectionism subscale allows for the assessment of a more extreme form of self-oriented perfectionism.
There is an impressive number of articles on aspects of perfectionism that have arisen from countries such as
China and Japan, and research is beginning to address the nature of perfectionism from a cross-cultural perspec-
tive (see DiBartolo & Rendo ´n, 2012 ). What seems particularly lacking is the kind of exemplary cross-cultural
work evaluating other constructs that involves samples from multiple countries in the same study. This kind of
work seems essential in the perfectionism field in order to not only evaluate measure equivalence but also to get
a much better understanding of the meaning and significance of perfectionism around the world and what the
implications are for the perfectionism construct.
One final issue is the rapid emergence of domain-specific perfectionism measures. For instance, we now have
measures tapping romantic relationship perfectionism ( Matte & Lafontaine, 2012 ), sexual perfectionism (Stoeber
et al., 2013), physical appearance perfectionism ( Yang & Stoeber, 2012 ), and a revised multidimensional sports
perfectionism scale ( Gotwals & Dunn, 2009 ). The creation of these domain-specific measures is an important
development because it is through such advances that interest and understanding of this exceedingly complex
construct will continue to grow.
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V. VICES AND VIRTUES