fei75766_glo_G1-G15.indd G-15  02/19/20 09:26 AM
GlossaryG-15
transcendence (Fromm)  Theneed forhumans torise
above theirpassive animal existence through either 
creating ordestroying life.
transference  Strong, undeserved feelings thatthepatient 
develops toward theanalyst during thecourse oftreatment. 
These feelings maybeeither sexual orhostile, butthey
stemfrom thepatient’s earlier experiences withparents. 
transformation  Psychotherapeutic approach usedby
Junginwhich thetherapist istransformed intoahealthy 
individual whocanaidthepatient inestablishing a
philosophy oflife.
types (factor theorists)  Acluster ofprimary traits. 
Eysenck recognized three general types—extraversion (E),
neuroticism (N),andpsychoticism (P).
types (Jung)  Classification ofpeople based onthetwo-
dimensional scheme ofattitudes andfunctions. Thetwo
attitudes ofextraversion andintroversion andthefour
functions ofthinking, feeling, sensing, andintuiting 
combine toproduce eight possible types.
tyranny of the should (Horney)  Akeyelement inthe
neurotic search forglory; includes anunconscious and
unrelenting drive forperfection.
U
Umwelt  Anexistentialist termmeaning theworld of
things orobjects. Oneofthree simultaneous modes of
being-in-the-world.
unconditional positive regard (Rogers)  Theneed tobe
accepted andprized byanother without anyrestrictions 
orqualifications; oneofthree “necessary andsufficient” 
therapeutic conditions.
unconscious (Freud)  Allthose mental elements ofwhich 
aperson isunaware. Twolevels oftheunconscious are
theunconscious proper andthepreconscious. 
Unconscious ideas canbecome conscious onlythrough 
great resistance anddifficulty.
unipolar traits  Traits withonlyonepole: thatis,those 
traits scaled from zerotosome large amount, asopposed tobipolar traits thatarescaled from aminus point, 
through zero, toapositive point.
V
validity  Theextent towhich atestorother measuring 
instrument measures what itissupposed tomeasure; 
accuracy.
variable-interval (Skinner)  Intermittent reinforcement 
schedule inwhich theorganism isreinforced afteralapse 
ofrandom andvaried periods oftime(e.g., VI10means 
thattheanimal isreinforced foritsfirstresponse 
following random-length intervals thataverage 10
minutes).
variable-ratio (Skinner)  Intermittent reinforcement 
schedule inwhich theorganism isreinforced forevery 
nthresponse ontheaverage (e.g., VR50means thatthe
animal isreinforced ontheaverage ofonetimeforevery 
50responses ).
vicarious experience  Learning byobserving the
consequences ofothers’ behavior.
vulnerable (Rogers)  Acondition thatexists when people 
areunaware ofthediscrepancy between theirorganismic 
selfandtheirsignificant experiences. Vulnerable people 
often behave inways incomprehensible tothemselves and
toothers.
W
will (May)  Aconscious commitment toaction.
wise old man  Jungian archetype ofwisdom and
meaning.
withdrawal (Adler)  Safeguarding one’s exaggerated 
sense ofsuperiority byestablishing adistance between 
oneself andone’s problems.
Y
young adulthood (Erikson)  Thestage from about ages
18–30during which aperson gains mature genitality and
experiences thecrisis ofintimacy versus isolation.Final PDF to printer