elevations in state anxiety. Subsequently, Spielberger constructed the State/C0Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) /C0
(e.g., see Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs 1983 ) comprising an A-Trait scale of 20 items
(with instructions to respond as to ‘ How you generally feel ’), and a corresponding A-State scale of 20 items
(with instructions to respond as to ‘ How you feel right now, that is, at this very moment ’). The trait scale measures
frequency , whereas the state scale measures intensity . Spielberger also constructed the State/C0Trait Personality
Inventory (STPI), comprising state and trait measures of anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity (see Spielberger,
Reheiser, Owen, & Sydeman 2004 ;Spielberger & Reheiser, 2009 ).
Construction of the Melbourne Curiosity Inventory (MCI; Naylor, 1981 /2011) was based on Spielberger’s STAI
model (e.g., Gaudry, Vagg, & Spielberger, 1975 ;Spielberger et al., 1983 ). The MCI (derived from earlier versions
of the Melbourne State/C0Trait Curiosity Inventory (cf.Boyle, 1977 , 1989; Devlin, 1976 ) consisted of two separate
subscales each of 20 self-report items intended to measure curiosity either as a transitory, situationally-sensitive
emotional state or as an enduring personality disposition. These scales have served as useful measures of state
and trait curiosity in many research studies conducted over recent decades.
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule /C0Extended (PANAS-X; Watson & Clark, 1994) measures both positive
(PA) and negative affect (NA), as well as 11 primary affect dimensions (labeled: Fear, Sadness, Guilt, Hostility,
Shyness, Fatigue, Surprise, Joviality, Self-assurance, Attentiveness, and Serenity). This instrument provides eight
separate measurement timeframes, ranging from momentary emotional states, through intermediate mood states,
dynamic traits, and finally to enduring personality traits, rather than providing a dichotomous timeframe only
(as with state /C0trait measures). The Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV; Izard, 1991 ) aims to measure 12 separate
fundamental emotions (labeled: Interest, Joy, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Self-hostility, Fear,
Shame, Shyness, and Guilt) purported to be universally discernible in facial expressions of infants ( Izard et al.,
1993). Instructions provided with the DES-IV allow measurement of affect dimensions either as relatively
stable dispositional traits, fluctuating mood states, or as transitory emotional states.
The Profile of Mood States (POMS-2; Heuchert & McNair, 2012 ) is an adjective checklist intended to measure
affects either over the past week (mood states), or right now (emotional states). Compared with the PANAS-X time-
frame instructions, the utility of the POMS 2 instrument is somewhat restricted. Likewise, the Multiple Affect
Adjective Checklist (MAACL-R; Zuckerman & Lubin, 1990) is an adjective checklist that measures of Anxiety,
Depression, Hostility, and Sensation Seeking, as state or trait dimensions.
Although not reviewed here, the Eight State Questionnaire (8SQ; Curran & Cattell, 1976 ), based on P- and
dR-technique factor analyses (cf. Boyle, 1987a , 1988, 1989), provides measures of eight clinically important states
labeled: Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Regression, Fatigue, Guilt, Extraversion, and Arousal. Instructions are to
respond as to ‘ How you feel at this moment ...how you feel right here and now ’ on a 4-point scale. Although used
extensively (e.g., Boyle, 1984a, 1985a, 1986a,b ,1987a,c,f ,1988a,b, 1989b,c ,1991b ;Boyle & Cattell, 1984 ;Boyle,
Stanley & Start 1985 ;Boyle & Katz, 1991 ), the 8SQ (currently out of print) was instrumental in the subsequent
development of the MMSI (see below). Cronbach alphas for the subscales ranged from .47 to .89 ( Boyle, 1983b )/C0
(Kline, 1986 , recommended alpha coefficients be kept below 0.7 to minimize item redundancy and provide
greater breadth of measurement of constructs/factors /C0cf.Boyle, 1991a ). High dependability coefficients
(Mean5.96) suggest the eight subscales are reliable measures (cf. Cattell, 1973 , pp. 353 /C0355). Boyle (1984)
reported stability coefficients (after 3 weeks) ranging from .38 to .76, as would be expected for situationally-
sensitive measures.
The Multidimensional Mood State Inventory (MMSI; Boyle, 2012) which was derived from several factor analyses
of the 8SQ, DES-IV, and POMS intercorrelations (e.g., Boyle, 1983c, 1985a, 1986a, 1987a,e,f ,1988a,b, 1989b, 1991b ),
includes five separate 15-item self-report subscales labeled: Arousal /C0Alertness, Anger /C0Hostility, Neuroticism,
Extraversion, and Curiosity. Used with instructions as to how one feels ‘ right now, at this very moment ’ the MMSI
measures transitory emotional states. However, depending on instructions provided, as with the PANAS-X, the
MMSI can measure affect dimensions, ranging all the way from fleeting emotional states, through longer-lasting
mood states, to relatively stable personality dispositions.
The Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL; Thayer, 1989 ), is a self-report adjective checklist pro-
viding unipolar measures of four affect dimensions labeled: Energy, Tiredness, Tension, and Calmness), as well
as bipolar dimensions of Energetic Arousal (energy vs. tiredness) and Tense Arousal (tension vs. calmness).
Derived from the AD-ACL scales, the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (UMACL; Matthews et al., 1990) measures
three bipolar dimensions of Energetic /C0Arousal, Tense /C0Arousal and Hedonic Tone, as well as a unipolar dimen-
sion of Anger/Frustration. Finally, the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (DSSQ; Matthews et al., 1999, 2002 )
includes the three basic UMACL mood scales (see above), two motivational scales labeled: Intrinsic Interest;192 8. MEASURES OF AFFECT DIMENSIONS
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS