Elder, G. H., 219
Environmental position on personality ,
101–102, 107. See also External
Influences (FFT)
Epigenetic model, 13Epstein, Seymour, 26, 119Erikson, Erik
interview and, 168psychobiography and, 222stage theory of, 4, 11, 12–14, 149Trust and, 50
Error, sources of in completing
questionnaires, 123
Error term, 99–100Evolution and trait maturation, 96Explorations in Personality (Murray), 30
External Influences (FFT)
Basic Tendencies and, 197description of, 187, 188, 192postulates of, 190
Extraversion
facets of, 49job search and, 227operationalization of, 37–38overview of, 46
Eysenck, Hans, 30Eysenck, Sybil, 30, 87Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, 55, 56
F
Factor analysis, 33Farrell, M. P ., 165, 180, 182, 213, 219–220,
224
FFM. SeeFive-Factor Model (FFM)
FFT. SeeFive-Factor Theory (FFT)
Five-Factor Model (FFM)
acceptance of, 3aging, applications to, 36Axis II diagnostic categories and, 56comprehensiveness of, 52–56cross-sectional studies and, 60–62distinctions between domains of, 51–52natural language and, 34–36Norman and, 35overview of, 4universality of, 87–90views of, 86, 88See also NEO Personality Inventory
Five-Factor Theory (FFT)
Basic Tendencies, 187–189, 190, 192changes in individual differences, 199–200Characteristic Adaptations, 190, 191–193,
209–214
cross-cultural studies and, 202, 203cross-sectional studies and, 202–203Dynamic Processes, 189, 190, 207–208
evaluation of, 200–204nonhuman animals and, 204origins of, 24, 185–186personality system components, 187–189postulates of, 189–193trait development and, 197–199See also Five-Factor Model (FFM);
Objective Biography (FFT); Self-Concept (FFT)
Freud, Sigmund
conflict and, 144ego development and, 140stage theory of, 4, 7unconscious and, 156writings of, 3See also Psychoanalytic theory
Funder, D. C., 40
G
Gender and personality , 203Genetic issues in personality
cross-cultural results and, 95–96traits and, 193–195, 198
Germany , history of, 93Gerontology , 6, 174Gould, Roger
adult development and, 175–178, 230–231on adulthood, 206on concerns leading to therapy , 220illusions of safety , 17interviews by , 168T ransformations, 16, 175, 176
“Graying of America,” 5Guilford, J. P ., 30, 143Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey
(GZTS)
cross-sectional studies of, 61description of, 30Five-Factor Model and, 55, 56longitudinal analyses of, 75–76, 108–110,
113–114
stability coefficients for, 115
Gutmann, David, 15, 105, 159, 160
H
Habits, 27–28Haphazard sampling, 62Health status and personality change, 131–
133
Helson, Ravenna, 79, 131, 221–222Heterotypic continuity model, 103–104,
107–108, 110
History of five cultures, 93–94Index 263