934 Subject Index
Extraversion (cont.)
self-regulation and, 613–617
subjective well-being and, 736–737
temperament and, 146, 147, 149, 
151–157, 152 t, 153 t, 162–168, 
165t
young adulthood and, 322–323
Extrinsic motivation, 109–115, 
110f, 114 f. See also  Motives and 
motivation
F
Facial expressions, 456–462, 458 t, 
459t–460 t, 461 t, 462 t, 465. See 
also Emotions
Family factors, 226–227, 435. See 
also Environmental factors; 
Genetic factors; Parenting factors
Fast Friends procedure, 421
Fear, 391–392, 413, 414–417
Fearful–avoidant attachment, 649 f. 
See also  Attachment
Feedback processes, 544, 592–593, 
595, 847–848
Feeling (vs. Thinking) dimension. See  
Agreeableness
Femininity dimension, 264–265. See 
also Agreeableness
Fight–flight–freeze system (FFFS), 
199, 460–461, 736–737
Financial factors, 730–731, 830–831. 
See also  Employment outcomes
Five-factor model. See also  Big Five 
personality traits and model; 
Personality traits
adolescence and, 303, 304–308, 
307t
culture and, 587
health and, 778–785
molecular genetics and, 245, 247
mutation–selection balance and,  
26
needs and, 91
overview, 63, 69–70
personality disorders and, 
760–765, 761 t, 766–767
religion and spirituality and, 
709–710
self-regulation and, 613–617
temperament and, 148
Fixed mindset, 672–673
Function, 5, 6–7, 10, 456–457, 589
G
GED testing program, 868–873, 
868t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 872 f, 
873f, 874 f
Gender differences. See  Sex 
differencesGene–environment interactions 
(G × E), 158–159, 218–222, 
229–233, 246, 353–354. See 
also Environmental factors; 
Genetic factors
Generativity, 132–133, 137
Genetic factors. See also  Behavioral 
genetics; Gene–environment 
interactions (G × E); Heritability; 
Molecular genetics
animal personality and, 185
attachment and, 657–659
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 492–493
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 69–71
comprehensive framework and, 27
creativity and, 435–437
environmental factors and, 23–24, 
218–229
health and, 775
individual differences and, 21–22
life transitions and, 332
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 464–465
narcissism and, 633
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 260 f, 265
parenting and, 353–354
personality disorders and, 767
personality stability and change 
and, 342
subjective well-being and, 731–733
temperament and, 157–160
temporal stability of personality 
and, 160
Genius. See also  Creativity; Intellect
nature versus nurture and, 435
overview, 426, 428–430, 438, 439 n
personality profile and, 430–431
research directions and, 438
Genomewide association studies 
(GWAS), 26–27, 233–235
Genomewide complex trait analysis 
(GCTA), 234
Geographical perspective, 824–833. 
See also  Culture; Environmental 
factors; Social factors
Goals. See also  Motives and 
motivation
achievement goals and, 104–107, 
106f
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 493
creativity and, 439 n
economics and, 857–858, 857 f, 
882n
evolutionary processes and, 12–17
goal conflict and, 373
goal-directed behavior, 60, 609, 
610–611
implicit motives and, 392–396, 393 f
life transitions and, 329–330middle childhood and, 285 f, 
294–295
motivation and, 89–92, 91 f
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 259, 260 f
process model of identity 
negotiation and, 593–595, 594 f, 
599
religion and spirituality and, 711
self-knowledge and, 838–839
self-regulation and, 544, 610–611, 
615
stress and, 549–552
Grandiosity, 627–629, 628 t, 630 t, 
636
Gratitude, 453 t, 514–515
Group processes, 66–67, 713–714
Growth mindset, 672–673
Guilt, 453 t, 507–508, 512, 514
H
Happiness, 184–186, 310–312, 400, 
694–695. See also  Subjective 
well-being (SWB)
Health
animal personality and, 184–186
attachment and, 652 t
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 65
conscientiousness and, 778–780
culture and, 694
ecological sampling methods and, 
807–808
emotions and, 513–514, 536
geographical variations and, 832
intelligence and, 783–784
intervention and, 798–799
neuroticism and, 780–782
optimism and, 782–783
outdated models of, 774–775
overview, 773–774, 784–785
psychopathology and, 749–750
research directions and, 784–785
self processes and, 553–554, 
573–574, 841
sophisticated models of, 775–778
Hedonic responses, 398–400, 399 f
Heritability. See also  Genetic factors
attachment and, 657–659
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 492–493
comprehensive framework and, 27
creativity and, 435–437
individual differences and, 17 t, 
20–22
narcissism and, 633
overview, 219–222, 242–243
subjective well-being and, 
731–733, 737
Hierarchy approaches, 63–64, 
222–224, 544, 747–748