hostility scales may be used to assess a range of expressions and facets of anger/hostility. Measures of life satis-
faction have attracted attention from policymakers as well as psychologists. Weber, Harzer, Huebner, and Hillsdescribe Measures of Satisfaction across the Lifespan , and discuss their utility for professional practice applications
as well as basic research. In their chapter on Measures of Self-Esteem , Donnellan, Trzesniewski, and Robins high-
light the long history of the self-esteem construct in psychology. Current assessment strategies are based both onwell-established scales and several newer competitors. In their chapter, Stankov, Kleitman, and Jackson reviewMeasures of the Trait of Confidence . These have proved useful in various contexts including academic and voca-
tional tasks, decision-making and sports. In this domain, questionnaires are increasingly complemented by
online, performance-based, assessments. Affects may be assessed as ranging all the way from transient emotionalstates, through longer lasting mood states, through motivational dynamic traits, all the way to relativelystable and enduring personality trait dispositions, the topic of the chapter on Measures of Affect Dimensions by
Boyle, Helmes, Matthews, and Izard. This chapter points out that measurement using multiple instructions acrossa range of timeframes is clearly desirable.
Emotion Regulation scales go beyond general dispositions in measuring factors that may contribute to under-
standing and managing emotions. In their chapter, Bermond, Oosterveld, and Vorst discuss the use of Measures
of Alexithymia to assess various facets of the person’s level of difficulty in identifying and processing emotion, an
issue relevant to clinical contexts. Because alexithymia scales are both research and diagnostic instruments, it isespecially important that subscales are not highly correlated, to allow diagnostic differentiation. In presentingMeasures of Empathy: Self-Report, Behavioral, and Neuroscientific Approaches , Neumann, Chan, and Boyle et al. indi-
cate both the complexity of the construct and its importance for interpersonal functioning. Questionnaires focusto differing degrees on the affective and cognitive affective components of empathy, with additional perspectivesemerging from newer work on alternate behavioral and neuroscientific measurement approaches. Measures of
Resiliency discussed by Prince-Embury, Saklofske, and Vesely are important for understanding vulnerability and
resilience under stress, in both research and practical contexts, including educational and clinical practice. Scales
for both children and adults are evaluated. Resilience may in part depend on the effectiveness of coping withstress. The chapter by Greenaway, Louis, and Parker et al. on Measures of Coping for Psychological Wellbeing
describes both trait and state coping measures. Scales are placed in the context of theoretical frameworks for cop-ing as well as future challenges. In the chapter on Measures of Sensation Seeking , Zuckerman and Aluja consider
how assessments have progressed since the publishing of Zuckerman’s original Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS).Individual differences may be understood in relation to brain systems and their regulation by monoamine neuro-transmitters and enzymes. The final contribution to this section is on Measures of Ability and Trait Emotional
Intelligence , by Siegling, Saklofske, and Petrides. Emotional intelligence is a new integrative construct that may be
measured via questionnaire or via performance testing. Measures may be designed either for the general popula-tion or for use in the workplace.
The section on Interpersonal Styles introduces some traditional social-psychological themes in the context of
personality assessment. In their chapter on Measures of Adult Attachment and Related Constructs , Frı´as, Shaver, and
Mikulincer consider how scales for attachment orientations and related constructs have developed fromBowlby’s original observations and theorizing about attachment and separation. Such scales continue to evolvebut remain pertinent for understanding adolescent and adult relationships. The chapter on Measures of Concerns
with Public Image and Social Evaluation by Leary, Jongman-Sereno, and Diebels addresses how individuals differ in
their concerns about how other people evaluate them, in their reactions to negative evaluations, and in their regu-lation of public impressions of themselves to others. The chapter presents measures of nine relevant personalitycharacteristics. In the chapter on Measures of Forgiveness: Self-Report, Physiological, Chemical, and Behavioral
Indicators , Worthington, Lavelock, and van Oyen Witvliet et al. set out scales for various aspects of forgiveness,
including forgiveness of self and others, as well as trait and state measures. The chapter also includes objectivebehavioral, chemical, and psychophysiological indices that may be used to supplement self-reports.
The next section on Vices and Virtues is also at the intersection of personality and social psychology; adher-
ence to moral standards is an individual characteristic that is shaped both by sociocultural influences and person-
ality. The section begins with Campbell, Jayawickreme, and Hanson’s chapter on Measures of Values and Moral
Personality . A variety of scales have been developed which allow personality researchers to complement other
approaches to studying morality and the values which infuse moral decision-making and behavior. Koenig,Al-Zaben, Khalifa, and Al-Shohaib point out in their review of Measures of Religiosity and the Transcendental that
religious and spiritual constructs can be nebulous and subjectively-defined. Quantitative scales/measures cansupport research progress. They focus primarily on measures of religiosity relevant to a range of faith traditionsas well as scales for spirituality. Personality is defined by vices as well as virtues, a topic addressed by Paulhus11 CHAPTER CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION: CORE ISSUES IN ASSESSMENT