Chapter 2    Freud: Psychoanalysis69
fei75766_ch02_019-071.indd 69  02/19/20 08:59 AM•Allmotivation canbetraced tosexual andaggressive drives. Childhood 
behaviors related tosexandaggression areoften punished, which leads to
either repression oranxiety.
•Toprotect itself against anxiety, theegoinitiates various defense 
mechanisms, themost basic ofwhich isrepression.
•Freud outlined three major stages of development —infancy, latency ,anda
genital period— buthedevoted most attention totheinfantile stage.
•Theinfantile stage isdivided intothree substages— oral, anal, andphallic, the
lastofwhich isaccompanied bytheOedipus complex.
•During thesimple Oedipal stage, achild desires sexual union withone
parent while harboring hostility fortheother.
•Freud believed thatdreams andFreudian slips aredisguised means of
expressing unconscious impulses.
References
Bargh, J.A.,&Chartrand, T.L.(1999). The
unbearable automaticity ofbeing. American 
Psychologist, 54, 461–479.
Berridge, K.C.(2007). Thedebate over
dopamine’s roleinreward: Thecasefor
incentive salience. Psychopharmacology, 191 ,
391–431. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x. 
Berridge, K.C.(2009). Wanting andliking: 
Observations from theneuroscience 
andpsychology laboratory. Inquiry, 52: 
4,378–398. “http://www.lsa.umich.edu/
psych/research&labs/berridge/publications/
Berridge%202009%20Wanting%20and%20
liking%20-%20observations%20%20Inquiry.pdf”
Bettelheim, B.(1982, March 1).Freud andthe
soul.The New Yorker, pp.52–93.
Bettelheim, B.(1983). Freud and man’s soul. New
York: Knopf.
Blass, R.B.,&Carmeli, Z.(2007). Thecaseagainst 
neuropsychoanalysis: Onfallacies underlying 
psychoanalysis’ latest scientific trend andits
negative impact onpsychoanalytic discourse. 
International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 88, 19–40.
Brannon, L.(2005). Gender: Psychological 
perspectives (4thed.).Boston: Allyn andBacon.
Breger, L.(2000). Freud: Darkness in the midst of 
vision. NewYork: Wiley.
Breuer, J.,&Freud, S.(1895/1955). Studies on 
hysteria. InJ.Strachey (Ed.andTrans.), The 
standard edition of the complete psychological 
works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 2).London: 
Hogarth Press.
Butler, J.(1995). Melancholy gender—refused 
identification. Psychoanalytic Dialogues: The International Journal of Relational Perspectives, 
5,165–180.
Chodorow, N.J.(1989). Feminism and 
psychoanalytic theory. NewHaven, CT:Yale
University Press.
Chodorow, N.J.(1991). Freud onwomen. InJ.
Neu(Ed.), The Cambridge companion to  
Freud: Cambridge companions to philosophy 
(pp.224–248). NewYork: Cambridge 
University Press.
Chodorow, N.J.(1994). Femininities, masculinities, 
sexualities: Freud and beyond. Lexington: 
University ofKentucky Press.
Chow, T.W.,&Cummings, J.L.(1999). 
Frontalsubcortical circuits. InB.L.Miller 
andJ.L.
Clark, R.W.(1980). Freud: The man and the cause. 
NewYork: Random House.
Cramer, P.(2007). Longitudinal study of
defense mechanisms: Latechildhood tolate
adolescence. Journal of Personality, 75, 1–23.
Crews, F.(1995). The memory wars: Freud’s legacy 
in dispute. NewYork: TheNewYork Review 
ofBooks.
Crews, F.(1996). Theverdict onFreud. 
Psychological Science, 7, 63–68.
Cummings (Eds.), The human frontal lobes: 
Functions and disorders (pp.3–26). NewYork: 
Guilford Press.
Ellenberger, H.F.(1970). The discovery of the 
unconscious. NewYork: Basic Books.
Federn, E.(1988). Psychoanalysis: Thefateof
ascience inexile. InE.Timms &N.Segal 
(Eds.), Freud in exile: Psychoanalysis and its Final PDF to printer