Sample
Schwartz (1992, Table II, pp. 19 /C020)collected extensive data from 20 countries with the majority of the sam-
ples drawn from two occupational groups, undergraduate students and school teachers (4th /C010th grades).
According to Schwartz (1992, p. 18) , the samples were from ‘cultures on every inhabited continent, representing
13 different languages, and include adherents of eight major religions as well as atheists.’ The countries included
and combined sample sizes were as follows: Australia ( N5586), Brazil ( N5398), China ( N51017), Estonia
(N5441), Finland ( N5500), Germany ( N5377), Greece ( N5429), Holland ( N5704), Hong Kong ( N5412),
Israel ( N5406), Italy ( N5200), Japan ( N5978), New Zealand ( N5401), Poland ( N5390), Portugal ( N5390),
Spain ( N5494), Taiwan ( N5202), USA ( N5240), Venezuela ( N5185), Zimbabwe ( N5390). Participants were
excluded from the analyses if they responded more than 21 items with a 7 (of supreme importance), or repeated
any response choice more than 35 times. Subsequently, Bardi and Schwartz (2003) also collected SVS scores and
behavioral frequency ratings in a sample of 102 undergraduates (75 females; mean age 522 years, SD53.0).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
For each of the 10 SVS value subscales, Schwartz (1992) reported mean Cronbach alpha coefficients across sam-
ples in Australia, Holland, Israel, and Japan that ranged from .55 (Tradition) to .75 (Stimulation). Some mean
alpha coefficients were: Japan (.60), Australia (.67), Holland (.68), and Israel (.71). Roccas, Sagiv, Schwartz, and
Knafo (2002) reported alphas ranging from .60 (Self-Direction) to .72 (Universalism, Power, and Achievement),
with median 5.65 for 246 undergraduates (65% women; mean age 522 years). Schwartz (2003) reported alphas
ranging from .45 (Self-Direction) and .53 (Tradition) to .72 (Stimulation), .76 (Hedonism), and .76 (Achievement).
Haslam, Whelan, and Bastian (2009) reported alphas ranging from .57 to .81 (mean 5.70) in a sample of under-
graduates. Pozzebon and Ashton (2009) reported alphas ranging from .60 (Security) to .68 (Benevolence) in a sam-
ple of 252 undergraduates (58.7% women; mean age 520.6 years).
Test/C0Retest
Schwartz (2005) reported stability coefficients across a six-week interval for all 10 SVS subscales that were .70
or higher ( N5205). Test /C0retest reliability coefficients ranged from .70 (Self-Direction, Achievement) to .82
(Tradition), with median 5.76.
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Roccas et al. (2002) reported correlations between the SVS subscales and Big Five factors and facets in a sample
of 246 undergraduates (65% women; mean age 522 years). Hypothesized trait-value correlations were found for
Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Substantial correlations were
observed for Benevolence with Agreeableness; Achievement with Extraversion; and Conscientiousness with
Conscientiousness. Tradition ( r5.59) exhibited the strongest correlation with a measure of Religiosity. Pozzebon
and Ashton (2009) reported positive correlations between SVS scales and HEXACO-PI personality variables
(r5.45 with Benevolence, and r5.36 with Universalism), and Openness to Experience ( r5.38 with Self-Direction
and r5.42 with Universalism) in a sample of 252 undergraduates (58.7% women; mean age 520.6 years). The
SVS Tradition subscale also correlated positively with a self-report Religiosity measure ( r5.51).
Divergent/Discriminant
Negative correlations have been reported between SVS subscales and other measures, including some person-
ality measures. For example, Pozzebon and Ashton (2009) reported a negative correlation between the SVS sub-
scale Power and the HEXACO-PI personality variable Honesty-Humility ( r52.53). Also SVS Hedonism
correlated negatively with a measure of Religiosity ( r52 .44). Roccas et al. (2002) found only small correlations
between SVS scores and scores on a Big Five measure of Neuroticism.
Construct/Factor Analytic
Schwartz and Boehnke (2004) employed confirmatory factor analysis to test three major models. The 57-item
SVS was administered to 46 samples from 27 countries (total N510,857). Each sample was assigned randomly to
one of two sets, in order to permit replication of the analyses. The ‘definitive’ model of a quasi-circumplex, with
Tradition outside of Conformity at the same polar angle in the circle ( Schwartz & Boehnke (2004, p. 250) , pro-
vided the best fit to the data (RMSEA 5.064 and .059, SRMR 5.081 and .073, for each set, respectively).514 18. MEASURES OF VALUES AND MORAL PERSONALITY
V. VICES AND VIRTUES