 15. Personality Development in Adulthood and Later Life  351
(2006). Personality plasticity after age 30. Per -
sonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32 (8), 
999–1009.
Terraciano, A., McCrae, R. R., Brant, L. J., & 
Costa, P. T. (2005). Hierarchical linear model -
ing analyses of NEO-PI-R scales in the Baltimore 
Longitudinal Study of Aging. Psychology and 
Aging, 20 (3), 493–506.
Thomae, H. (1968). Das Individuum und seine Welt: 
Eine Personlichkeitstheorie . Berlin: Hogrefe
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, 
R. W. (2003). Stability of self-  esteem across the 
life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psy -
chology, 84 (1), 205–220.
Turiano, N. A., Pitzer, L., Armour, C., Karlaman -
gla, A., Ryff, C. D., & Mroczek, D. K. (2012). 
Personality trait level and change as predictors of 
health outcomes: Findings from a national study 
of Americans (MIDUS). Journals of Gerontolo -
gy B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 
67(1), 4–12.
Vaidya, J. G., Gray, E. K., Haig, J. R., Mroczek, D. 
K., & Watson, D. (2008). Differential stability 
and individual growth trajectories of big five and affective traits during young adulthood. Journal 
of Personality, 76 (2), 267–304.
van den Berg, S. M., De Moor, M. H., McGue, 
M., Pettersson, E., Terracciano, A., Verweij, K. 
J., et al. (2014). Harmonization of Neuroticism 
and Extraversion phenotypes across inventories 
and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Con -
sortium: An application of item response theory. 
Behavior Genetics, 44 (4), 295–313.
Wagner, J., Lüdtke, O., Jonkmann, K., & Traut -
wein, U. (2013). Cherish yourself: Longitudinal 
patterns and conditions of self-  esteem change 
in the transition to young adulthood. Journal of 
Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 148–
163.
Wagner, J., Ram, N., Smith, J., & Gerstorf, D. 
(2016). Personality trait development at the end 
of life: Antecedents and correlates of mean-level 
trajectories. Journal of Personality and Social 
Psychology, 111 (3), 411–429.
Wrzus, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2017). Processes of 
personality development in adulthood: The TES -
SERA framework. Personality and Social Psy -
chology Review, 21, 253 –277.