ises the hope of similarly locating personality dispositions” (1994,
p. 361).
Finally , considerable research indicates that the Axis II diagnostic
categories for personality disorders may also be classifiable in terms ofthe five factors (Costa & Widiger, 2002). In one of the first of thesestudies, Wiggins and Pincus (1989) showed that scales which measureschizoid disorders are closely related to Introversion whereas thosemeasuring histrionic disorders are related to Extraversion. Borderlinedisorders are characterized by high Neuroticism; dependent disorders,by high Agreeableness. Individuals high in Conscientiousness appear tobe prone to compulsive disorders. Only Openness is not clearly impli -
cated in the current list of personality disorders, and perhaps future re -
search will suggest that there are also pathological forms of Openness
and Closedness. The FFM appears to encompass pathological as well asnormal personality traits.56 PERSONALITY IN ADULTHOOD
TABLE 7. Classification of Traits from Some Alternative Systems
System N E O A C
GZTS General Activity
–Restraint RestraintAscendanceSociability
–Emotional Stability–Objectivity
Thoughtfulness
–Friendliness Friendliness–Personal Relations–Masculinity
EPQ Neuroticism
Extraversion
–Psychoticism –Psychoticism
MBTI Extraversion
Intuition
Feeling
Judgment
CPI –Internality
Norm-favoring
–Realization
Note. Minus signs indicate that the scale measures the opposite of the factor.