Criterion/Predictive
Criterion/predictive validity coefficients remain to be documented.
Location
Spreng, R.N., McKinnon, M.C., Mar, R.A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale
development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures, Journal of
Personality Assessment, 91 ,6 2/C071.
Results and Comments
The TEQ loads on a single factor representative of ‘the broadest, common construct of empathy’. Spreng et al.
(2009) argued that since the TEQ correlates with IRI components of empathetic concern, perspective taking, and
fantasy, it may not be necessary to use multiple subscales to measure empathy. However, the TEQ does not cor-
relate with the IRI subscale of personal distress, suggesting that it may not encapsulate all facets of empathy.
TEQ SAMPLE ITEMS
I enjoy making other people feel better
I am not really interested in how other people feel
I find it silly for people to cry out of happiness
I can tell when others are sad even when they do not
say anythingNote: Items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale
ranging from: 1 5‘Never ’; 25‘Rarely ’; 35‘Sometimes ’;
45‘Often ’; 55‘Always ’.
Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE)
(Reniers, Corcoran, Drake, Shryane, & Vo ¨llm, 2011 ).
Variable
The QCAE aims to build on earlier measures of empathy in which the constructs were considered to be either
too narrow or inaccurate, inconsistently defined, or psychometric properties were less than optimal ( Reniers
et al., 2011 ). Both cognitive and affective components of empathy are measured.
Description
The QCAE is a 31-item measure with a 4-point forced-choice response scale. To create the QCAE, items were
derived from the EQ ( Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright, 2004 ), Hogan’s Empathy Scale ( Hogan, 1969 ), the Empathy
subscale of the Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy Inventory (IVE; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991 ), and the IRI
(Davis, 1980, 1983 ). Each item was assessed by two raters. If both raters agreed on an item as a measure of cogni-
tive or affective empathy it was included in the measure. The QCAE comprises five subscales (31 items) labeled:
perspective taking, online simulation, emotion contagion, proximal responsivity, and peripheral responsivity,
respectively ( Reniers et al., 2011 ). The first two subscales measure cognitive empathy and the remaining three
subscales measure affective empathy.
Sample
The initial sample comprised 925 participants (284 males; 641 females) whose mean age was 26 years ( SD59).
Some 81% of the participants originated from European decent with the majority specifying the United Kingdom
as their place of origin.
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Cronbach alpha coefficients have been reported as follows: perspective taking (.85), emotional contagion (.72),
online simulation (.83), peripheral responsivity (.65), and proximal responsivity (.70) ( Reniers et al., 2011 ).
Test/C0Retest
Test/C0retest reliability coefficients for the QCAE are not currently available.270 10. MEASURES OF EMPATHY: SELF-REPORT , BEHAVIORAL, AND NEUROSCIENTIFIC APPROACHES
III. EMOTION REGULATION