fei75766_ch04_107-148.indd 146  02/19/20 09:00 AM
Part II    Psychodynamic Theories146
Key Terms and Concepts
•Thepersonal unconscious isformed bytherepressed experiences ofone
particular individual andisthereservoir ofthecomplexes.
•Humans inherit acollective unconscious thathelps shape many oftheir
attitudes, behaviors, anddreams.
•Archetypes arecontents ofthecollective unconscious. Typical archetypes 
include persona, shadow, anima, animus, great mother, wiseoldman, hero, 
andself.
•Thepersona represents thesideofpersonality thatpeople show totherest
oftheworld. Psychologically healthy people recognize theirpersona butdo
notmistake itforthewhole ofpersonality.
•Theanima isthefeminine sideofmenandisresponsible formany oftheir
irrational moods andfeelings.
•Theanimus, themasculine sideofwomen, isresponsible forirrational 
thinking andillogical opinions inwomen.
•Thegreat mother isthearchetype offertility anddestruction.
•Thewise old man archetype istheintelligent butdeceptive voice of
accumulated experience.
•Theheroistheunconscious image ofaperson whoconquers anevilfoebut
whoalsohasatragic flaw.
•Theselfisthearchetype ofcompleteness, wholeness, andperfection.
•Thetwoattitudes ofintroversion andextraversion cancombine withanyone
ormore ofthefourfunctions— thinking, feeling, sensation, andintuition —to
produce eight basic types.
•Ahealthy middle life andold age depend onproper solutions tothe
problems ofchildhood andyouth.
•Jungian therapists usedream analysis andactive imagination todiscover the
contents ofpatients’ collective unconscious.
References
Alexander, I.E.(1990). Personology: Method 
andcontent in personality assessment and 
psychobiography. Durham, NC:Duke 
University Press.
Bair,D.(2003). Jung: A biography. Boston: Little, 
Brown.
Boyle, G.J.(1995). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 
(MBTI): Some psychometric limitations. 
Australian Psychologist, 30, 71–74.
Brome, V.(1978). Jung. NewYork: Atheneum.
Capraro, R.M.,&Capraro, M.R.(2002). 
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator score 
reliability across studies: Ametaanalytic reliability generalization study. Educational 
and Psychological Measurement, 62, 
590–602.
Dunne, C.(2000). Carl Jung: Wounded healer of 
thesoul. An illustrated biography. NewYork: 
Parabola Books.
Ellenberger, H.F.(1970). The discovery of the 
unconscious. NewYork: Basic Books.
Elms, A.C.(1994). Uncovering lives: The uneasy 
alliance of biography and psychology. NewYork: 
Oxford University Press.
Ferris, P.(1997). Dr. Freud: A life. Washington, 
DC:Counterpoint.Final PDF to printer