for the subscales VERB, IDEN, and ANA, but insufficient fit for FAN and EMO. Cronbach alpha coefficients in the
Dutch sample were: BVAQ (.81), VERB (.87), FAN (.82), IDEN (.76), EMO (.75), ANA (.77), and comparable results
were found for the Belgian and English samples ( Vorst & Bermond, 2001 ), and by Morera et al. (2005) , and
Culhane, Morera, Watson, and Millsap (2011) . Somewhat lower values were reported by Hornsveld and Kraaimaat
(2012) , and by Bermond et al. (2007) for their Italian, Polish, and Russian samples. Finally, Bekker, Bachrach and
Croon (2007) reported alpha coefficients for BVAQ-COG (see below) (.84), FAN (.85), and EMO (.74).
Test/C0Retest
Berthoz and Hill (2005) reported stability coefficients (three weeks interval) for the BVAQ-B in a group of 27
patients with autism spectrum disorder as follows: BVAQ-B (.81), VERB (.82), FANTA (.66), INDEN (.63), EMO
(.62), and ANA (.72). Hornsveld and Kraaimaat (2012) reported somewhat lower correlations with an interval of
some weeks, (respective values: .70, .63, .56, .39, .47, and .67). However, the results for the 35 controls in the
Berthoz and Hill study were lower (respective values: .32, .35, .56, .67, .22, and .20).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Correlations with the TAS-20 have been described in the section TAS-20.
Construct/Factor Analytic
Principal component analyses established, in a Dutch sample ( N5375), factor loadings between .30 and .82
(mean .62), with four cross loadings between .3 and .4; subscale loadings VERB range .56 to .78, mean .68; FAN
.50 to .82, .68; IDEN.47 to .66, .58; EMO .30 to .69, 58; ANA .30 to .67, .58. Comparable results were found in
French speaking Belgian ( N5175) and English ( N5129) samples. The five factors explained together 45 /C046% of
the variance; Mu¨ller et al. (2003) report 55%. The 5-factor model was tested by multi-group CFA, over the three
samples. Indices were acceptable; BVAQ: χ2/df52.46, GFI 5.80, AGFI 5.78, RMSEA 5.058; BVAQ-A: χ2/
df52.80, GFI 5.90; AGFI 5.87, RMSEA 5.065; BVAQ-B: χ2/df52.39, GFI 5.91; AGFI 5.89, RMSEA 5.0574
(Vorst & Bermond, 2001 ).Zech et al. (1999) , and Mu¨ller et al. (2003) reported lower indices; BVAQ-French: χ2/df
2.17, GFI .80, Agfi .77 RMSEA .064, CFI .76; BVAQ-English χ2/df 1.84, GFI .81, Agfi .79 RMSEA .059, CFI .83, and
BVAQ-German ( χ2/df 2.43, SRMR .081, RMSEA .062 LO90 .058, HI90 .066). The fit was considered sufficient for
the English BVAQ, and the German BVAQ, but insufficient for the French BVAQ. However, the fit turned out to
be better for the French BVAQ-B version in the sample of Zech et al.: BVAQ-French ( χ2/df51.66, GFI 5.93,
Agfi5.90 RMSEA 5.046, CFI 5.91). Culhane et al. (2011) , tested, in a U.S Anglo and U.S. Hispanic sample,
4-factor and 5-factor models; a weak factorial invariant model, a strong factorial invariant model, a strong facto-
rial invariant model with group differences on latent means, and the strict factorial invariant model, and found
good fit for all models, the differences in fit indices among the models was minimal, ( χ2/df52.40 to 2.76,
RMSEA 5.057 to .064, 90% CI .055 to .066, SRMR 5.084 to .085, CFI 5.92 to .93, NNFI 5.91 to .93). However,
Hornsveld and Kraaimaat (2012) found in two samples ( N5139 and N5160) insufficient fit for the 5-factor
structure; patient sample: χ2/df52.07, GFI 5.62, CFI 5.51, RMSEA 5.09; student sample: χ2/df52.14,
GFI5.63, CFI 5.40, RMSEA 5.09, GFI 5.63, CFI 5.40, and RMSEA 5.09.
Higher-order factors: PCAs of subscale intercorrelations produced two factors in the Dutch and Belgian samples,
named Cognitive (covering IDEN, VERB & ANA) and Affective (EMO & FAN), although the English sample also
produced comparable higher order factors IDEN loaded on the Affective factor ( Vorst & Bermond, 2001 ).
Likewise, Bekker, Bachrach, and Croon (2007) found in a group of 202 undergraduates confirmation for the cog-
nitive factor but not for the affective factor. Bermond et al. (2007) tested the model of two higher order factors in
analyses over seven samples (Dutch ( N5375), Italian ( N5791), Belgian ( N5175) Polish ( N5427), Australian
(N5216), Russian ( N5139), and English ( N5175)). Four models were tested: (I) a two factor model with
correlated factors, an affective factor (EMO & FAN), and a cognitive factors (IDEN & VERB) with ANA loading
on both factors; (II) like I but two independent factors; (III) two correlated factors (IDEN, VERB & ANA) and
(EMO & FAN); (IV) a one factor model (IDEN, VERB, ANA, EMO & FAN). Models I & II showed acceptable fit:
I(χ2/df53.60, SRMR 5.039, NFI 5.95, CFI 5.96, CAIC 5807); II ( χ2/df54.15, SRMR 5.066, NFI 5.93,
CFI5.94, CAIC 5784). The authors preferred the more parsimonious model II, and concluded that there are two
4To some the fit for the BVAQ-40 may appear marginal, it should however, be noticed that the analysis covered five subscales in three
different language samples, with equality restrictions on factor loadings, error terms, intercepts, correlations between factors and factor
means. More restrictive models generally result in lower fit.244 9. MEASURES OF ALEXITHYMIA
III. EMOTION REGULATION