Personal project, 221
Phenomenon, search for, 6–9Physical health and personality change,
131–133
Piedmont, R. L., 45, 55Planning for future, 137–138, 218Portugal, history of, 93Practice effect, 68, 70–71Predictions
difficulty of making, 1planning for future and, 137–138, 218theory and, 184traits, behavior, and, 26–27
Private self-consciousness, 129Projective assessments
conscious vs. unconscious elements and,
155–156
inkblot tests, 157–158overview of, 151–152, 156–157problems in, 153–155spontaneous self-concept measures, 161–
162
superiority of over questionnaires, 152–
153
Thematic Apperception Test, 158–161
Propriate strivings, 141Psychoanalytic theory
classical, 12defense mechanisms and, 16human nature, perspective on, 21, 22,
23, 24
Psychobiography , 222–223Psychodynamic psychology
conflict and its resolution, 144–145developmental changes and, 149–150developmental sequences in, 141–143features of, 140–141individual differences and, 146–147metatraits and, 148–149motives, needs, and, 143–144temporal organization of behavior and, 146view of personality , 139See also Projective assessments
Psychological adjustment across lifespan,
218–220
Psychological characteristics and change in
personality , 128–130
Psychotherapy
approaches to study of, 216change and, 9–10
R
Random sample, 62Relationships, interpersonal, 130–131, 213–
214, 224–225Reliability
of projective tests, 154–155of trait measures, 107unreliability , correcting for, 123–124See also Retest reliability
Research
approaches to study of personality , 216–
218
cohort effects, 64–66correlation coefficient, 106–107cross-cultural designs, 92–94cross-sectional designs, 59–62error term, 99–100factor analysis, 33findings of, 5–6, 8–9logic of, 2–3longitudinal designs, 66–70practice effect, 68, 70–71replicability of, 69retrospective study , 101sampling bias, 62–64sequential strategies, 70–74trait psychology and, 20, 21See also Baltimore Longitudinal
Study of Aging (BLSA); NationalHealth and Nutrition ExaminationSurvey I Follow-Up Study(NHANES)
Respondent tests, 152Response set, 117–119Retest reliability
correlation coefficient and, 106description of, 38of projective tests, 154–155of trait measures, 112–113, 123
Retrospection and self-perceived change,
124–128
Retrospective study , 101Roberts, Brent, 114, 131, 197Rogers, Carl, 22, 35, 140, 144Rokeach, M., 34–35Role
identification with, 228–229social, 211
Rorschach Inkblot Test, 86, 153, 157Rosenberg, M., 119Rosenberg, S. D., 165, 180, 182, 210–220,
213, 224
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 231–233
S
Sampling bias, 62–64, 125–126Schaie, K. W ., 58, 65, 71Seasons of a Man’s Life (Levinson et al.),
16–17, 170266 Index