The facets of Extraversion can be subdivided into three interper -
sonal and three temperamental traits. Warmth , or attachment, refers to a
friendly , cordial, intimately involved style of personal interaction; bycontrast, cold individuals are more likely to be formal and impersonal,with weak attachments to most other people. Warmth and Gregarious -
ness (or the desire to be with other people) together make up what is
sometimes called sociability . Gregarious people like crowds; they seemto relish sheer quantity of social stimulation. Assertiveness is a third
facet of Extraversion; assertive people are natural leaders, easily takingcharge, making up their own minds, and readily expressing their feel -
ings and desires.
The three facets of Extraversion we have called temperamental
areActivity ,Excitement Seeking , and Positive Emotions . Extraverts like
to keep busy , acting vigorously and talking rapidly; they are energeticand forceful. They also prefer environments that stimulate them, oftengoing in search of excitement. Fast cars, flashy clothes, risky under-takings hold an attraction for them. The active and exciting life ofextraverts is reflected emotionally in the experience of positive emo-tions. Joy , delight, zest, and jocularity are part of the package of traitsin the domain of Extraversion. Once again, all these dispositions aresynergistic, working together to form a personality syndrome. Activityleads to excitement and excitement to happiness; the happy personfinds others easier to get along with, and congeniality easily turns toleadership.
We measure Openness to Experience in six different areas. Open -
ness in Fantasy refers to a vivid imagination and a tendency to develop
elaborate daydreams; in Aesthetics it is seen in sensitivity to art and
beauty . Aesthetic experience is perhaps the epitome of Openness, sinceit is pure experience for its own sake; we know from studies of occupa -
tional interests that a preference for artistic activities is especially char -
acteristic of open people (Costa, McCrae, & Holland, 1984). As Carl
Rogers might have predicted, open individuals experience their ownFeelings strongly , and they value the experience, seeing it as a source of
meaning in life.
Openness to Actions is the opposite of rigidity: Open people are
willing to try a new dish or see a new movie or travel to a foreign coun -
try . Openness to Ideas and Values are also facets of the domain. Open
people are curious and value knowledge for its own sake. Perhaps be -
cause they are willing to think of different possibilities and to empathizeMeasuring Personality 49