level scales in the same global sample ranged from .51 (Hierarchy) to .56 (Intellectual Autonomy), .65 (Affective
Autonomy), .70 (Egalitarianism), .72 (Harmony), .72 (Mastery) and .81 (Embeddedness) ( Ralston et al., 2011 ).
Test/C0Retest
The test /C0retest reliabilities of the 10 individual level value scales for a one-year interval ranged from .50 to .70
(Bardi, Lee, Hoffmann-Towfigh, & Soutar, 2009 ). At the society level, when the mean society scores obtained in
1988/C01992 ( Schwartz, 1994 ) were correlated with those reported in 2011 ( Ralston et al., 2011 ), the stability coeffi-
cients ranged from 2.13 (Egalitarianism) to .07 (Mastery), .23 (Affective Autonomy), .34 (Intellectual Autonomy),
.40 (Harmony), .42 (Hierarchy) and .62 (Embeddedness). The results suggest that the relative importance of the
major values in a society has changed substantially within two decades, and the changes are particularly pro-
nounced for Egalitarianism and Mastery.
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
As evidence for the convergent validity of the SVS, at the society level, endorsement of values along the three
value dimensions have the expected correlations with the value dimensions measured by other value surveys
and other society-level characteristics. Embeddedness (Conservation) is positively correlated with Power
Distance (VMS; teacher sample: r5.45; student sample: r5.70). Mastery is positively correlated with Masculinity
(VMS; teacher sample: r5.56). Affective Autonomy is positively correlated with Individualism (VMS; teacher
sample: r5.46; student sample: r5.85), and so are Intellectual Autonomy (VMS; teacher sample: r5.53; student
sample: r5.48) and Egalitarianism (VMS; teacher sample: r5.51; student sample: r5.45). Harmony is positively
correlated with Uncertainty Avoidance (VMS; teacher sample: r5.43) ( Schwartz, 1994 ).
In addition, countries with higher scores on Autonomy (vs. Embeddedness) have higher levels of gender
equality in health ( r5.76), employment ( r5.42), and educational attainment ( r5.70). People in these countries
tend to agree that divorce is justifiable ( r5.63). In contrast, people in countries with higher scores on
Embeddedness (vs. Autonomy) tend to choose the traits of obedience ( r5.52) and hard work ( r5.53) for their
children. They also tend to agree that religion is very important ( r5.71). Countries with high scores on
Egalitarianism (vs. Hierarchy) tend to higher levels of gender equality in health ( r5.39) and educational attain-
ment ( r5.45). People in countries with high scores on Hierarchy (vs. Egalitarianism) tend to choose the trait of
hard work for their children ( r5.57), disagree with divorce ( r5.50), and think that religion is very important
(r5.32), and competition is good ( r5.32) ( Schwartz, 2009 ).
Divergent/Discriminant
At the society level, Embeddedness has negative correlations with Individualism of the VSM (teacher sample:
r52.56; student sample: r52.66), and so does Hierarchy (teacher sample: r52.51). Affective Autonomy is
negatively correlated with Power Distance (VMS; teacher sample: r52.45; student sample: r52.83), and so are
Intellectual Autonomy (student sample: r52.49) and Egalitarianism (student sample: r52.47) ( Schwartz, 1994 ).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Schwartz (2009) used multidimensional scaling instead of factor analysis to validate the circumplex structure
of the measurement model of the SVS. In the validation study ( Schwartz, 1994 ), the samples were split into two
matched and heterogeneous subsets consisting of 30 samples each. Distances between all pairs of values were
computed based on the extent of similarity or dissimilarity in the levels of endorsement of the two values in the
pair across countries. Next, smallest space analysis was conducted ( Guttman, 1968 ) on the 45 345 distance matri-
ces created. In both samples, seven cultural value orientations were identified in a two-dimensional value space.
The obtained multidimensional scaling ( Davidson, 1983 ) solution is consistent with the hypothesized circumplex
structure: Nearly all of the 45 value items are located in the same region. Values that belong to the same value
orientation are clustered together, and the seven cultural value orientations can be easily differentiated along the
Embeddedness /C0Autonomy, Egalitarianism /C0Hierarchy, and Harmony /C0Mastery dimensions.
Location
Schwartz, S.H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical
tests in 20 countries. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1 /C065). San Diego,
CA: Academic.627 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT