280 III. DEvELOPMENT
Laceulle, O. M., van Aken, M. A. G., Ormel, J., & 
Nederhof, E. (2015). Stress-  sensitivity and recip -
rocal associations between stressful events and 
adolescent temperament. Personality and Indi -
vidual Differences, 81, 76–83.
Le, K., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. (2014). Per -
sonality development at work: Workplace condi -
tions, personality changes, and the corresponsive 
principle. Journal of Personality, 82, 44–56.
Lee, M. R., Ellingson, J. M., & Sher, K. J. (2015). 
Integrating social-  contextual and intrapersonal 
mechanisms of “maturing out”: Joint influences 
of familial-  role transitions and personality matu -
ration on problem-  drinking reductions. Alcohol -
ism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39, 
1775–1787.
Lehnart, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2006). Should I stay 
or should I go?: Attachment and personality in 
stable and instable romantic relationships. Euro -
pean Journal of Personality, 20, 475–495.
Lehnart, J., Neyer, F. J., & Eccles, J. (2010). Long-
term effects of social investment: The case of 
partnering in young adulthood. Journal of Per -
sonality, 78,  639–670.
Leikas, S., & Salmela-  Aro, K. (2015). Personality 
trait changes among young Finns: The role of life 
events and transitions. Journal of Personality, 
83, 117–126.
Lodi-Smith, J., & Roberts, B. W. (2007). Social 
investment and personality: A meta-  analytic 
analysis of the relationship of personality traits 
to investment in work, family, religion, and vol -
unteerism. Personality and Social Psychology 
Review, 11,  68–86.
Lodi-Smith, J., & Roberts, B. W. (2012). Concur -
rent and prospective relationships between social 
engagement and personality traits in older adult -
hood. Psychology and Aging, 27, 720–727.
Lodi-Smith, J., Spain, S. M., Cologgi, K., & Rob -
erts, B. W. (2017). Development of identity clar -
ity and content in adulthood. Journal of Person -
ality and Social Psychology, 112, 755–768.
Loehlin, J. C. (2005). Resemblance in personality 
and attitudes between parents and their children. 
In S. Bowles, H. Gintis, & M. O. Groves (Eds.), 
Unequal chances: Family background and eco -
nomic success  (pp. 192–207). Princeton, NJ: 
Princeton University Press.
Lubinski, D. (2000). Scientific and social signifi -
cance of assessing individual differences: “Sink -
ing shafts at a few critical points.” Annual Re -
view of Psychology, 51, 405–444.
Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2011). Personali -
ty development across the life span: Longitudinal 
analyses with a national sample from Germany. 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 
101, 847–861.
Lüdtke, O., Roberts, B. W., Trautwein, U., & Nagy, 
G. (2011). A random walk down university av -enue: Life paths, life events, and personality trait 
change at the transition to university life. Jour-
nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 
620 – 637.
Luo, J., Derringer, J., Briley, D. A., & Roberts, 
B. W. (2017). Genetic and environmental path -
ways underlying personality traits and perceived 
stress: Concurrent and longitudinal twin stud -
ies. European Journal of Personality, 31, 614–
629.
Magidson, J. F., Roberts, B. W., Collado-  Rodriguez, 
A., & Lejuez, C. W. (2014). Theory-  driven inter -
vention for changing personality: Expectancy 
value theory, behavioral activation, and consci -
entiousness. Developmental Psychology, 50, 
1442–1450.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (2008). The five- 
factor theory of personality. In O. P. John, R. 
W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of 
personality: Theory and research (pp. 159–181). 
New York: Guilford Press.
Mõttus, R., Allik, J., H řebíčková, M., Kööts- 
Ausmees, L., & Realo, A. (2015). Age differences 
in the variance of personality characteristics. Eu -
ropean Journal of Personality, 30, 4–11.
Mõttus, R., Briley, D. A., Zheng, A., Mann, F. D., 
Englehardt, L. E., Tackett, J. L., et al. (2019). 
Kids becoming less alike: A behavioral genetic 
analysis of developmental increases in person -
ality variance from childhood to adolescence. 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 
117, 635–658.
Mõttus, R., Johnson, W., & Deary, I. J. (2012). 
Personality traits in old age: Measurement and 
rank-order stability and some mean-level change. 
Psychology and Aging, 27, 243–249.
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. (2003). Modeling in -
traindividual change in personality traits: Find -
ings from the Normative Aging Study. Journals 
of Gerontology B: Psychological Sciences and 
Social Sciences, 58, P153–P165.
Mu, W., Luo, J., Nickel, L. B., & Roberts, B. W. 
(2016). Generality or specificity?: Examining the 
relation between personality traits and mental 
health outcomes using a bivariate bi-  factor latent 
change model. European Journal of Personality, 
30, 467–483.
Neyer, F. J., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2001). Personality– 
relationship transaction in young adulthood. 
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 
81, 1190–1204.
Neyer, F. J., & Lehnart, J. (2007). Relationships 
matter in personality development: Evidence 
from an 8-year longitudinal study across young 
adulthood. Journal of Personality, 75, 535–568.
Noordhof, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Sellbom, M., Ei -
genhuis, A., & Bagby, R. M. (2018). Change in 
self- reported personality during major depressive 
disorder treatment: A reanalysis of treatment 