longitudinal study with six months separating measurement occasions, S w a r te ta l .( 2 0 1 1 ) asked N5465
mixed-race South African high school students (Time 1: Mage514.69 years, SD51.07) about their intergroup
anxiety towards White South Africans. At all three time points, the respondents reported anxiety scores below
the mid-point of the scale (Time 1: M52.46, SD50.82; Time 2: M52.52, SD50.88; Time 3: M52.37,
SD50.88).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Stephan and Stephan (1985) reported Cronbach alpha coefficients for the full intergroup anxiety scale ( α5.86), as
didIslam and Hewstone (1993) ; Hindu sample α5.86, Muslim sample α5.77). Paolini et al. (2004) and Turner et al.
(2008) reported alpha coefficients for the shorter six-item version ( α5.90 and .86, respectively) as did Swart and col-
leagues (2010) ; Study 1: White sample α5.93, mixed-race sample α5.89; Study 2: White sample α5.91, mixed-race
sample α5.79). Lastly, Swart et al. (2011) reported alpha coefficients for their short version intergroup anxiety scale
for younger samples across the three time points spaced six months apart ( αtime 15.78,αtime 25.78, and αtime 35.80).
Test/C0Retest
Evidence for test /C0retest reliability of Stephan and Stephan’s (1985) intergroup anxiety measure comes from
theSwart et al. (2011) three-wave longitudinal study using their short six-item version. The six month test /C0retest
correlations were significant (time 1 to time 2: r5.31, and time 2 to time 3: r5.37) as was the one year test /C0retest
correlation ( r5.38).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Stephan and Stephan (1985) reported significant positive correlati ons between their measure of intergroup
anxiety and intergroup dissimilarity ( r5.35), xenophobia ( r5.23), and stereotyping ( r5.26).Paolini et al. (2004)
reported a significant positive correlation between the s hort-form intergroup anxiety scale and outgroup preju-
dice ( r5.68). Swart et al. (2010, Study 2) reported a significant positive correlation between their short-form
intergroup anxiety scale for younger participants and negative action tendencies for their White sample ( r5.30)/C0
but not for their mixed-race sample ( r5/C0.03).
Divergent/Discriminant
Stephan and Stephan (1985) offered evidence for divergent validity by reporting significant correlations
between their intergroup anxiety scale and intergroup contact ( r5/C0.29)Islam and Hewstone (1993) reported sig-
nificant negative correlations between intergroup anxiety and perceived outgroup variability ( r5/C0.45) and out-
group attitudes ( r5/C0.45).
The two studies using the short form of the intergroup anxiety scale found it to correlate significantly and neg-
atively with direct cross-group friendships with the outgroup ( Paolini et al., 2004 :r5/C0.48;Turner et al., 2008 ,
Study 1: r5/C0.39), extended friendships with the outgroup ( Paolini et al., 2004 :r5/C0.45;Turner et al., 2008 ,
Study 1: r5/C0.50), outgroup variability ( Paolini et al., 2004 ,r5/C0.35), and attitudes towards the outgroup
(Turner et al., 2008 ,r5/C0.48).
Using the short-form intergroup anxiety scale for younger participants across two studies, Swart et al. (2010)
reported significant negative correlations between intergroup anxiety and cross-group friendships ( /C0.17#r#
/C0.44), outgroup attitudes ( /C0.15#r#/C0.55), and perceived outgroup variability ( /C0.22#r#/C0.39; with the
exception of the correlation between intergroup anxiety and perceived outgroup variability for the mixed-race
sample in Study 2, which was non-significant, r5/C0.09). Swart et al. (2010, Study 2) did not find a significant cor-
relation between their short-form intergroup anxiety scale for younger participants and negative action tenden-
cies for their mixed-race sample ( r5/C0.03).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Using a large sample of Colored high school children in South Africa, Swart et al. (2011) subjected their short
intergroup anxiety measure to an exploratory maximum likelihood factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation at
each time point in their three-wave longitudinal study (Time 1, N5465; Time 2, N5394; Time 3, N5351) and
found the intergroup anxiety construct to be unidimensional at each time point. Swart et al. (2011) , in a series of
CFAs, were also able to show that the item parcels were loaded by the intergroup anxiety latent variable strongly,668 23. MEASURES OF INTERGROUP CONTACT
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT