Divergent/Discriminant
Among lesbian and gay participants in Study 4, internalized homophobia (assessed via seven items from the
Homosexual Attitudes Inventory; Nungesser, 1983 ) was not correlated with scores on either of the ARBS-FM’s
subscales. Scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale ( Reynolds, 1982 ), were not correlated with any
of the scale forms or subscales (Study 3; Mohr & Rochlen, 1999 ). Need for simple structure (NNS) was also
assessed in Study 3 via the Need for Closure Scale ( Webster & Kruglanski, 1994 ) and was negatively correlated
with both subscales of all three forms of the ARBS (ranging from /C0.19 to /C0.22).
Construct/Factor Analytic
A pool of 80 items was submitted to a principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation. A two-factor solu-
tion was deemed most interpretable with the Stability and Tolerance subscales containing 10 and 8 items, respec-
tively. For the ARBS-F and ARBS-M a similar procedure was used, yielding two parallel scales, each with two,
six-item subscales (Tolerance, Stability).
Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of the item intercorrelations were also conducted for each scale version
using a sample of 288 students. Multiple indicators suggested adequate fit of the two-factor solution to the
observed data of the ARBS-FM (e.g. CFI 5.95). Fit for both the ARBS-F and ARMS-M was excellent (CFI 5.96).
Criterion/Predictive
All three forms of the ARBS were positively related to the following demographic variables among heterosex-
ual participants in the expected directions: religious attendance (infrequent attendees more positive), political ide-
ology (liberals more positive), personal contact (previous contact relating to greater positivity), sexual orientation
identity (‘mostly heterosexual’ more positive than ‘exclusively heterosexual’ individuals), and race (Whites more
positive than Blacks). Significant gender differences emerged only for the Tolerance-M subscale suggesting that
women are more tolerant of male bisexuality than are men. In Study 4 ( Mohr & Rochlen, 1999 ), scores for
Stability positively predicted greater personal contact with bisexuals, willingness to have a bisexual best friend
and dating partner, and level of contact with heterosexuals (other-group orientation). Scores for Stability nega-
tively predicted having a bad dating experience with a bisexual and identification as ‘exclusively homosexual’.
Location
Mohr, J.J., & Rochlen, A.B. (1999). Measuring attitudes regarding bisexuality in lesbian, gay male, and hetero-
sexual populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology ,46, 353.
Results and Comments
Mohr and Rochlen (1999) constructed the ARBS to address the need for a psychometrically sound scale that
specifies the gender of the bisexual target being evaluated2and with the ultimate goal of better understanding
the stigma faced by bisexuals in order to best provide tre atment for targets and interventions for perpetuators
of such negative attitudes. Because this measure assesses attitudes toward bisexuals as a distinct identity
group, it is appropriate for administration to heterosexuals as well as gay men and lesbians. This specificity is
important as bisexuality is often viewed as a transitio nal identity and thus stigmatized by lesbians and gay
men as well as heterosexuals ( Eliason, 1997 ). Results of the above studies ( Mohr & Rochlen, 1999 ) suggest that
the Tolerance subscale is a more salient basis of evaluati on of bisexuality among heterosexuals, mirroring atti-
tudes toward homosexuality. However, among lesbian women and gay men, the Stability subscale carried
more weight.
ARBS-FM SAMPLE ITEMS
1.Most men who claim to be bisexual are in denial
about their true sexual orientation. (R)*
2.Lesbians are less confused about their sexuality than
bisexual women. (R)*3.Female bisexuality is harmful to society because it
breaks down the natural divisions between the
sexes. (R)
4.Male bisexuality is notusually a phase, but rather a
stable sexual orientation.*
2Mayfield et al. (1995) created the Attitudes toward Bisexuality Inventory (ATBI), which is based on a similar theoretical framework, but
refers only to bisexual persons or bisexuality in general.737 MEASURES OF ANTI-LGB BIAS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT