Tradition ( r5.21). In Singapore, HC is positively correlated with SVS’s Benevolence ( r5.50), Conformity ( r5.41)
and Security ( r5.22). Again, contrary to expectation, HC is positively correlated with SVS’s Universalism
(r5.28) and Tradition ( r5.27).
In the USA sample, VC is positively correlated with SVS’s Conformity ( r5.38) and Security ( r5.26). Contrary
to expectation, VC is positively related to Benevolence ( r5.32), Achievement ( r5.28), Universalism ( r5.27) and
Tradition ( r5.24). In the Singapore sample, VC is positively correlated with SVS’s Conformity ( r5.49) and
Security ( r5.34). Again, as in the US sample, VC is also positively correlated with SVS’s Benevolence ( r5.39),
Universalism ( r5.33) and Tradition ( r5.29).
In the USA sample, HI positively correlated with SVS’s Self-Direction ( r5.20). In the Singapore sample, HI
positively correlated with SVS’s Self-Direction ( r5.36), Power ( r5.24), Achievement ( r5.22) and Stimulation
(r5.22).
In the USA sample, VI is positively correlated with SVS’s Achievement ( r5.26) and Power ( r5.47). In the
Singapore sample, VI is positively correlated with SVS’s Achievement ( r5.44), Self-Direction ( r5.22), Hedonism
(r5.20) and Power ( r5.54).
The 16-item scale also has some theoretically meaningful correlations with Holland’s (1997) measure of voca-
tional interests. In both the USA and Singapore, HC is positively correlated with the social dimension of voca-
tional interests (for the USA, r5.42; for Singapore, r5.30), and so is VC (for the USA: r5.23; for Singapore:
r5.21). In addition, in the Singapore sample, HI is positively correlated with the investigative dimension of voca-
tional interests ( r5.19). In the USA sample, HI has a positive correlation with the enterprising dimension of
vocational interests ( r5.29). In the Singapore sample, VI is positively correlated with the enterprising dimension
of vocational interests ( r5.25).
Divergent/Discriminant
For the 32-item measure, HI is negatively correlated with Interdependent Self-Construal (Singelis, r52.25).
However, VI is not correlated with Independent Self-Construal ( r52.01) or Interdependent Self-Construal
(r5.09). Contrary to expectation, VC is negatively correlated with Interdependent Self-Construal ( r52.26)
(Triandis, 1995; Singelis et al., 1995 ).
For the 16-item measure, in the USA sample, VI is not correlated with SVS’s Hedonism ( r5.19) or Self-
Direction ( r5.18, ns). In the Singaporean sample, VI is negatively correlated with SVS’s Tradition ( r52.24),
Benevolence ( r52.23) and Conformity ( r52.15). Finally, in the USA sample, VI is not correlated with the artis-
tic (r52.04) or investigative ( r5.03) dimension of vocational interests. In the Singapore sample, VI is also not
correlated with the artistic ( r52.11, ns) or investigative ( r52.11) dimension of vocational interests ( Soh &
Leong, 2002 ). HC was not correlated with HI ( r5.03). In the Singaporean sample of the Soh and Leong (2002)
study, HC was not correlated with HI ( r52.08), and VC was not correlated with VI ( r52.04).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Triandis and Gelfand (1998) performed an exploratory factor analysis on the responses to the 27-item scale
(N5326). They reported that, ‘The 27 327 matrix of correlations among the items was subjected to an explor-
atory factor analysis. Bentler and Wu’s (1995) equal prior instant communalities method was used.’ ( Triandis &
Gelfand, 1998 ). They found that the items measuring VC, HC, VI, and HI had significant loadings on the respec-
tive factors, providing evidence for the factor analytic validity of the measure. For the 32-item scale, confirmatory
factor analysis using LISREL 7 showed that the 4-factor model (GFI 5.79, AGFI 5.75, RMR 5.09) had a superior
fit than either the 1-factor or 2-factor models ( Triandis, 1995; Singelis et al., 1995 ).
There is also confirmatory factor analytic evidence for structural equivalence of the 16-item scale ( Soh &
Leong, 2002 ). In a factor analytic study of 180 American undergraduates and 184 Singaporean graduates, Soh and
Leong (2002) found that factor loadings were invariant in the two validation samples (RMSEA 5.05, SRMR 5.10,
NFI5.81, CFI 5.83, IFI 5.84). However, one VC item (‘It is important to me that I respect decisions by my
groups’) showed higher loading on HC than VC for both samples. In addition, the means were not invariant
across two samples ( Δχ2
(12)565.0, p,.05), and neither were the variances ( Δχ2
(16)529.4, p,.05).
Location
32 item version:
Triandis, H.C. (1995) .Individualism and collectivism . Boulder, CO: Westview.638 22. MEASURES OF CROSS-CULTURAL VALUES, PERSONALITY AND BELIEFS
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT