had low HS scores. Also, it was found that religious fundamentalism ( Altemeyer & Hunsberger, 1992 ) is pre-
dicted by both men’s ( r5.30) and women’s ( r5.59) HS scores ( Schwartz & Lindley, 2005 ).
Location
Wright, L.W., Adams, H.E., & Bernat, J. (1999). Development and validation of the homophobia scale. Journal
of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment ,21, 337/C0347.
Results and Comments
This measure was designed to assess cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of reactions to gay men
and lesbians with items reflecting these proposed components. The proposed three-dimensional structure of the
HS was confirmed. Evidence for reliability and validity of the HS suggests that the scale exhibits adequate psy-
chometric properties.
HS SAMPLE ITEMS
1.If I discovered a friend was gay I would end the
friendship. (R)
2.I make derogatory remarks like ‘faggot’ or ‘queer’ to
people I suspect are gay. (R)
3.I fear homosexual persons will make sexual advances
towards me. (R)
4.I would feel comfortable having a gay roommate.5.I would hit a homosexual for coming on to me. (R)
Notes :
Items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging
from: 1 5Strongly agree to 55Strongly disagree .
(R) Reverse scored item.
Reproduced with permission.
Components of Attitudes Toward Homosexuality (CATH)
(Lamar & Kite, 1998 ).
Variable
The CATH scale was designed to assess multiple components of attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and
contains four subscales labeled: Condemnation/Tolerance, Morality, Contact, and Stereotypes.
Description
Lamar & Kite (1998) designed this scale with an interest in determining whether gender differences emerge for
some, but not other components of homophobia ( Kite & Whitley, 1996 ). Scale development began with 174 items
drawn from existing scales and designed to reflect the hypothesized dimensions of Condemnation/Tolerance,
Contact, Morality, Stereotypes, and Civil Rights ( Beere, 1990; Lamar & Kite, 1998 ). Based on consensus among
the authors this number was reduced to 91 items. Of these, 42 items assess attitudes toward gay men, 42 items
assess attitudes towards lesbians, and 7 items refer generally to homosexuality or same-sex interactions (to be
included in both gay and lesbian subscales). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Total scale scores are
not computed in light of the multifaceted construct this scale was designed to measure ( Whitley, 2001a, 2001b ).
Sample
Scale validation ( LaMar & Kite, 1998 ) was conducted using data collected from 265 heterosexual college stu-
dents (130 women, 135 men). Approximately 90% of participants identified themselves as Caucasian. Men’s
scores on each of the subscales ranged from 2.60 to 3.59 for attitudes towards gay men and from 2.36 to 3.07 for
attitudes toward lesbians. Women averaged between 2.10 and 2.90 for attitudes toward gay men and between
2.14 and 3.19 for attitudes toward lesbians. Across the board means were lowest for the condemnation/tolerance
subscale ( LaMar & Kite, 1998 ).728 25. MEASURES OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEXUAL ORIENTATION: HETEROSEXISM, HOMOPHOBIA, AND INTERNALIZED STIGMA
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT