HOPES-LIKE ITEMS
Directions: Please read each statement below and
indicate how well the statement describes you in general
(i.e. Most of the time) by choosing one of the alternatives
from the five point scale (0 /C04) and writing its number
in the space on the left.
4 extremely well; 3 very well; 2 moderately well; 1
NOT very well 0 NOT at all.
____1. I am excited about the future.
____2. I will not be satisfied with my life.*
____3. Life has meaning to me.
____4. The future is uncertain.*
____5. No one cares about my future.*____6. I can handle the challenges I face.
____7. My life has value.
____8. I am so tired that I can’t do the things I want
to do.*
____9. People can’t expect much of the future.*
____10. My future will be productive.
Notes : Copyright r 1996 Cambridge University
Permissions .No portion of the HOPES may be repro-
duced by any means without permission in writing from
the copyright owner.
These items are similar to the items in the HOPES.
*Item reverse scored.
Integrative Hope Scale (IHS)
(Schrank et al., 2010 ).
Variable
Schrank et al. (2010) defined hope as a ‘ ...concept include[ing] a reality reference, in that the desired out-
comes or goals are subjectively perceived as being possible, and it allows for hope to arise both from a negative
as well as a positive starting point, i.e. as a desire for the improvement of an undesirable or an already satisfac-
tory situation’ (p. 418).
Description
The IHS is an integration of the Miller Hope Scale, the HHI, and the SHS discussed above. Originally consist-
ing of 60 items, the IHS was reduced to 23 items using factor analysis. In line with its composite scales, the IHS
contains items reflecting trust and confidence, lack of perspective, positive future orientation, and social relations
and personal values. Item response format is on a six point Likert-type forced-choice scale ranging from 1
‘strongly disagree’ to 6 ‘strongly agree’ (total scores range from 23 to 138) ( Schrank et al., 2010 ).
Sample
The IHS was validated with a sample ( N5489) from the Austrian general population. The overall mean hope
score was 93.78 ( SD512.83) (trust and confidence subdomain M527.81, SD54.03), (lack of perspective subdo-
main M515.10, SD55.39), (positive future orientation subdomain M520.01, SD52.90), (social relations and
personal value subdomain M519.06, SD53.33) ( Schrank et al., 2010 ).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
The Cronbach alpha coefficient reported was .92. Subscale alpha coefficients were also high (trust and confi-
dence alpha of .85; lack of perspective alpha of .85; positive future orientation alpha of .80) ( Schrank et al., 2010 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
IHS scores correlate positively with the SHS ( rs5.62 to .39), the HHI ( rs5.81 to .64), and the MHS ( rs5.92
to .73) ( Schrank et al., 2010 ).
Divergent/Discriminant
IHS scores correlate negatively with a measure of depression ( r52.68). ( Schrank et al., 2010 ).58 3. MEASURES OF HOPE AND OPTIMISM
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS