fei75766_glo_G1-G15.indd G-14  02/19/20 09:26 AM
GlossaryG-14
functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, andintuiting) would 
befullydeveloped byself-realized people.
self-regulatory strategies (Mischel)  Techniques usedto
control one’s ownbehavior through self-imposed goals 
andself-produced consequences.
sensation (Jung)  Anirrational function thatreceives 
physical stimuli andtransmits them toperceptual 
consciousness. People mayrelyoneither extraverted 
sensing (outside perceptions) oronintroverted sensing 
(internal perceptions).
sense of identity (Fromm)  Thedistinctively human need 
todevelop afeeling of“I.”
separation anxiety  Reactions ofinfants upon losing 
sight oftheirprimary caregiver; atfirstinfants protest, 
thendespair, andfinally become emotionally detached.
separation-individuation (Mahler)  Thethird major stage 
ofdevelopment, marked bythechild’s becoming an
individual, separate from itsmother; spans theperiod 
from ages4or5months toabout 30–36months.
sexual selection (Buss)  Operates when members ofthe
opposite sexfindcertain traits more appealing and
attractive thanothers andthereby produce offspring with
those traits.
shadow  Jungian archetype representing theinferior or
darksideofpersonality.
shaping  Conditioning aresponse byfirstrewarding 
gross approximations ofthebehavior, thencloser 
approximations, andfinally thedesired behavior itself.
social cognitive theory  Bandura’s assumption that
personality ismolded byaninteraction ofbehavior, 
personal factors (including thoughts andassumptions we
make about ourselves andothers), andone’s environment.
social interest (Adler)  Translation oftheGerman 
Gemeinschaftsgef ühl,meaning acommunity feeling ora
sense offeeling atonewithallhuman beings.
sociality corollary  Kelly’s notion thatpeople can
communicate withothers because theyareableto
construe others’ constructions.
splitting (object relations theory)  Apsychic defense 
mechanism inwhich thechild subjectively separates 
incompatible aspects ofanobject.
stability (Eysenck)  (Seeneuroticism )
standing still (Adler)  Safeguarding tendency char-
acterized bylackofaction asameans ofavoiding failure.
stimulus generalization  (Seegeneralization )
style of life (Adler)  Aperson’s individuality that
expresses itself inanycircumstance orenvironment; the
“flavor” ofaperson’s life.
sublimation  Adefense mechanism thatinvolves the
repression ofthegenital aimofErosanditssubstitution 
byacultural orsocial aim.successive approximations  Procedure usedtoshape an
organism’s actions byrewarding behaviors asthey
become closer andcloser tothetarget behavior.
superego (Freud)  Themoral orethical processes of
personality. Thesuperego hastwosubsystems—the 
conscience, which tellsuswhat iswrong, andtheego-
ideal, which tellsuswhat isright.
superego function (Eysenck)  (Seepsychoticism )
suppression  Theblocking orinhibiting ofanactivity 
either byaconscious actofthewillorbyanoutside agent 
suchasparents orother authority figures. Itdiffers from 
repression, which istheunconscious blocking ofanxiety-
producing experiences.
surgency (Buss)  Involves thedisposition toexperience 
positive emotional states andtoengage inone’s 
environment, andtobesociable andself-confident.
syntonic  Erikson’s termforthepositive element ineach
pairofopposites thatcharacterize hiseight stages of
development.
T
Taoistic attitude (Maslow)  Noninterfering, passive, 
receptive attitude thatincludes aweandwonder toward 
thatwhich isobserved.
taxonomy  Asystem ofclassification ofdataaccording 
totheirnatural relationships.
teleology  Anexplanation ofbehavior interms offuture 
goals orpurposes.
temperament (Buss)  Differences inbehavior thathavea
biological basis andarepresent atbirth. 
theory  Asetofrelated assumptions thatpermit 
scientists touselogical deductive reasoning toformulate 
testable hypotheses.
thinking (Jung)  Arational function thattellsusthe
meaning ofanimage thatoriginates either from the
external world (extraverted) orfrom theinternal world 
(introverted).
third force  Somewhat vague termreferring tothose 
approaches topsychology thathavereacted against the
older psychodynamic andbehavioristic theories. The
third force isusually thought toinclude humanistic, 
existential, andphenomenological theories.
threat (Kelly)  Theanticipation ofdanger tothestability 
ofone’s personal constructs.
threat (Rogers)  Feeling thatresults from theperception 
ofanexperience thatisinconsistent withone’s 
organismic self.
trait  Arelatively permanent disposition ofanindividual, 
which isinferred from behavior. 
traits, bipolar  (Seebipolar traits )
traits, unipolar  (Seeunipolar traits )Final PDF to printer