Variable
The conceptual background for the NS is the same parallel to modern racism as the MSS proposes, but with
an added emphasis on reactions to affirmative action as a function of men’s collective interest.
Description
The original study ( Tougas et al., 1995 ) adapted items from modern, symbolic, and aversive racism measures
(above).
Sample
The original sample comprised 130 male French- and English-speaking Canadian undergraduates. Going
beyond student samples, reliability and predictive validity are comparable to the original student sample. Study
2 of that paper ( Tougas et al., 1995 ) contacted 281 male workers at a large Canadian firm, with 149 returning
questionnaires. Another study successfully used the scale among female secretaries at a Canadian federal agency
(Tougas, Brown, Beaton, & St-Pierre, 1999 ). Besides the original French and English Canadian samples, neosexism
scales and translations have been run in, for example, Australia, Belgium, Croatia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, and
United States samples ( Dardenne, Delacollette, Gre ´goire, & Lecocq, 2006; Frieze et al., 2003 ;Moya et al., 2001 ).
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Cronbach alpha coefficients have been reported (e.g., Tougas et al., 1995 , for original two studies .78 and .76;
Cameron, 2001 , .80; Campbell et al., 1997 , .76).
Test/C0Retest
The test /C0retest coefficient in the original sample was .84 over a time interval of one month ( Tougas et al.,
1995 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
The original two studies reported significant positive correlations with old-fashioned sexism (.64, Study 1
only), men’s collective interest (.50, .18), negative reactions to affirmative action ( /C0.48,/C0.33), and negative judg-
ments of women’s competence ( /C0.35, Study 2 only). Neosexism correlates with hostile sexism (.52 to .81 in three
samples ( Masser & Abrams, 1999 )).
Divergent/Discriminant
Neosexism and subjectively benevolent sexism (see below) do not correlate consistently ( /C0.04 to .48 across gen-
ders and samples; Masser & Abrams, 1999 ). NS does not correlate with social desirability (.08, Campbell et al.,
1997 ). Men score higher than women (e.g., Cameron, 2001 ;Campbell et al., 1997 ;Frieze et al., 2003 ). Item order
was varied on the original studies, and 2 of 11 items are reverse-scored.
Construct/Factor Analytic
The original study reports that an exploratory, principal-components analysis resulted in ‘no definite structure’
(p. 845), suggesting a single-dimension scale.
Criterion/Predictive
As with the modern sexism scale, neosexism correlates with accepting sexist language (.53), mediating gender
differences ( Parks & Roberton, 2004 ). Neosexism also predicts: less feminist-movement support, negative atti-
tudes toward lesbians and gay men, lower humanitarian-egalitarian values (respectively, /C0.52, .41, /C0.22,
Campbell et al., 1997 ); negative attitudes toward women’s rights ( /C0.56;Masser & Abrams, 1999 ), negative atti-
tudes toward lesbians’ and gay men’s rights ( /C0.40; Masser & Abrams, 1999 ); negative attitudes toward
humanitarian-egalitarian values ( /C0.21; Masser & Abrams, 1999 ); negative attitudes toward affirmative action
(beta5/C0.24,Tougas et al., 1999 ); as well as perceived discrimination against own-group gender, higher for
high-scoring men (.20) but lower instead for high-scoring women ( /C0.41,Cameron, 2001 ). The more women felt
their gender group was deprived, the less they personally endorsed neosexism items ( /C0.18,Tougas et al., 1999 ).
For women, NS correlates with lower ingroup ties and affect ( /C0.25,/C0.29,Cameron, 2001 ); men show no such703 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
VI. SOCIOCULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT