STAXI-2 C/A, in the normative sample, negative correlations were found between both the Anger Expression-
In/Anger Control scales and the respective State and Trait scales/subscales ranging from -.03 to -.28 ( Brunner &
Spielberger, 2009 ). However, the STAXI-2 “was vulnerable to social desirability response bias…” ( McEwan,
Davis, MacKenzie, & Mullen, 2009, p. 431 ).
Construct/Factor Analytic
As evidence of construct/factor analytic validity, Fuqua et al. (1991) carried out a principal-axis factor analysis
with varimax rotation ( N5455 undergraduates) of the item intercorrelations for the 44-item STAXI, providing
support for the purported factor structure of the measure. Likewise, Forgays, Forgays, and Spielberger (1997) as
well as Forgays, Spielberger, and Forgays (1998) provided factor analytic evidence supporting the claimed STAXI
structure. Maxwell, Sukhodolsky, and Sit (2009) reported CFAs on the STAXI-2 item intercorrelations for two
Hong Kong samples ( N5489 and 775) providing support for the claimed factor structure. In a Swedish under-
graduate sample ( N5100), Lindqvist et al. (2003) found some support for the purported STAXI-2 factor structure.
De la Rubia, Gonza ´lez, and Landero (2010) reported both a principal components analysis with oblique promax
rotation and a confirmatory factor analysis of the STAXI-2-AX item intercorrelations in a sample of 226 Mexican
housewives, finding support for the purported factor structure. Borteyrou and Bruchon-Schweitzer (2014) con-
ducted both EFA and CFA analyses of the STAXI-2 item intercorrelations on a large French sample of 1085
respondents (539 males; 546 females; aged 18 to 70 years), and reported that they could only reproduce three of
the purported STAXI-2 factors.
Criterion/Predictive
As evidence of criterion/predictive validity, Spielberger and Reheiser (2010) stated that, suppressed anger, as
measured by the Anger-In subscale of the STAXI is a key factor in hypertension (e.g., Johnson, Spielberger,
Worden, & Jacobs, 1987 ;van der Ploeg, van Buuren, & van Brummelen, 1988 ). The STAXI has also been used in
studies of hardiness, well-being, and coping with stress ( Schlosser & Sheeley, 1985 ); anger in patients treated for
Hodgkin’s disease and lung cancer ( McMillan, 1984 ); Type A behavior ( Booth-Kewley, & Friedman, 1987 ); the
effects of marijuana use ( Pape, 1986; Stoner, 1988 ); and chronic pain ( Curtis, Kinder, Kalichman, & Spana, 1988 ).
Likewise, Antypa et al. (2013) reported that STAXI Anger-Out scores significantly predicted ‘anger expressed out-
wards ...in male suicidal patients compared to controls ( p,.001)’ (p. 393). Also, Desche ˆnes, Dugas, Fracalanza,
and Koerner (2012) reported that the STAXI-2 significantly predicted generalized anxiety disorder severity.
Coates and Pretty (2003) reported that the STAXI-2 Trait Anger and Anger-Out scales significantly predicted
future arthritic health status.
Location
Spielberger, C.D. (1988) Manual for the State /C0Trait Anger Expression Inventory . Odessa, FL: Psychological
Assessment Resources.
Spielberger, C.D. (1991). State /C0trait Anger Expression Inventory: Revised Research Edition: Professional
Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Spielberger, C.D. (1999). STAXI-2: State /C0Trait Anger Expression Inventory Professional Manual . Odessa, FL:
Psychological Assessment Resources. www.mindgarden.com/products/staxs.htm (Retrieved January 20, 2014).
Results and Comments
As a successor to the STAXI, the STAXI-2 has had a slower rate of application in anger research, but it is the
currently preferred version. The instrument has been translated into Spanish ( Miguel-Tobal, Casado, Cano-
Vindel, & Spielberger, 2001 ) and adapted for use in Mexico (e.g., Alca´zar, Deffenbacher, & Byrne, 2011 ). With the
earlier theoretical caveats in mind, STAXI-2 results can be used to ascertain whether an individual’s anger is pri-
marily attributable to frustration or perceived maltreatment (as in state anger) or whether it is an indication of
premorbid anger-proneness (or trait anger). Even when the overt expression of anger (Anger-out) is minimal, the
STAXI-2 can capture anger that may be present where Anger-in scores are high. A person’s handling of anger
can lie between overcontrol and undercontrol and the STAXI-2 can help locate that point for purposes of treat-
ment planning.91 MEASURES REVIEWED IN DETAIL
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS