 Subject Index  933
individual differences and, 
526–530, 526 f
overview, 523, 530–536
sociocultural factors and, 534–535
Emotional stability. See also  
Neuroticism
creativity and, 431
economics and, 863–873, 864 f, 
865f, 868 t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 
872f, 873 f, 874 f
intervention and, 797
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 266–267
parenting and, 354
self-regulation and, 613–617
Emotional traits, 448–449, 532–534. 
See also  Emotions; Traits
Emotional well-being. See  Well-being
Emotionality, activity, and sociability 
(EAS) traits, 311
Emotionality dimension. See  
Neuroticism
Emotions. See also  Emotion regulation; 
Emotional traits; Negative 
emotionality; Positive emotionality; 
Self-conscious emotions
adult attachment and, 650
animal models of self and, 571
BEATs and, 90–92, 91 f
behavioral approach system (BAS) 
and, 493–494, 495
biological and physiological 
responses and, 513–514
culture and, 693–695
ecological sampling methods and, 
807f, 813–814
emotional differentiation and, 
466–468
emotional lability, 612–613
mechanisms of emotional 
experience, 462–466
neo-socioanalytic perspective and, 
263, 265
overview, 15–16, 447–449, 472
personality psychology and, 
449–451
person–environment interactions 
and, 468–472, 470 f, 472 f
process model of emotion 
regulation and, 523–526, 525 f
self and, 545, 578–579
social functionalism and, 451–456, 
453t
sociocultural factors and, 534–535
subjective well-being and, 726
taxonomy of, 456–462, 458 t, 
459t–460 t, 461 t, 462 t
Empathy, 507, 571, 630 t
Employment outcomes
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 65–67
economics and, 863–864, 864 f, 
866–868measurement of self-knowledge 
and, 841
personality stability and change 
and, 328–329, 340–342
power motive and, 388–389
process model of identity 
negotiation and, 599
subjective well-being and, 730–731
temperament and, 157
Enduring situational evocation, 19–20
Enduring traits, 40, 262–267. See 
also Stability of personality; 
Traits
Energy, 42 t, 60, 399 f, 402. See also  
Extraversion
Entitlement, 627–629, 628 t, 630 t, 636
Environmental factors. See 
also Family factors; Gene–
environment interactions (G × 
E); Geographical perspective
attachment and, 657–659
balancing selection and, 22–24
behavioral genetics and, 218–229, 
235–236
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 64–67
comprehensive framework and, 27
creativity and, 435–437
geographical variations and, 
825–833
identity negotiation and, 600–601
individual differences and, 17 t, 
18–19, 29
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 259–260, 260f
parenting and, 353–354
personality disorders and, 767
person–environment transactions 
and, 272–276, 275 f
process model of identity 
negotiation and, 594
temperament and, 157–160
temporal stability of personality 
and, 160
Envy, 516, 630 t. See also  Jealousy
Epigenetic processes, 263, 342. See 
also Genetic factors
Evocation, 359, 455, 677. See also  
Emotions
Evolutionary perspective and 
processes. See also  Selection
animal personality and, 176, 
179–180, 181–186
Big Five personality traits model 
and, 43, 69–70
comprehensive model of, 27
culture and, 690
emotions and, 456–457
evolved psychological mechanisms, 
10–17
gene–environment interactions (G 
× E) and, 231–232
human nature and, 8–10individual differences and, 17–28, 17 t
mechanisms of emotional 
experience and, 463
neo-socioanalytic perspective of 
personality and, 260 f
nonselective evolutionary 
processes, 7
overview, 5–6, 28–29
religion and spirituality and, 
712–714
selection and, 6–7
self and, 509–510, 517, 575–576
Executive functions, 379–380, 
609–610, 612
Expectations, 413, 414–417, 546, 588
Experience sampling methods (ESM), 
806, 807 f, 809–811, 841, 843–
844, 845. See also  Assessment/
measurement approaches; 
Ecological sampling methods
Explicit motives, 392–396, 393 f. See 
also Motives and motivation
Expression of emotions. See  
Emotions
Externalizing dimension, 163, 
467–468, 496–497, 744–745. 
See also  Psychopathology
Extraversion. See also  Big Five 
personality traits and model
adolescence and, 303, 304–309, 
307t
adulthood and, 344–346
animal personality and, 183, 185
childhood and, 289–291, 290 t, 
292–293
cognitive approaches and, 369, 
370–371
economics and, 863–873, 864 f, 
865f, 868 t, 869 f, 870 f, 871 f, 
872f, 873 f, 874 f
emotions and, 450, 468–472, 470 f, 
472f
environmental heterogeneity and, 23
genetic and environmental 
contributions to, 157–160, 244, 
247, 248 t–249 t, 250
intervention and, 797
names or labels assigned to factors 
and, 59–62, 61 f
narcissism and, 630 t
needs and, 93–94
neo-socioanalytic perspective and, 
263, 264–265
neurobiology of personality and, 
196–199, 197 t
overview, 36 t–37t, 42t, 48t, 50t, 
71–72, 242–243
parenting and, 354–356, 356 t
personality disorders and, 760, 
761t, 762
psychopathology and temperament 
and, 162–168, 165 t, 744, 745, 
746–747, 749–750