Test/C0Retest
An intra-class coefficient of .87 was reported over a time interval of two weeks or more ( Connor & Davidson,
2003, p. 79).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
The CD-RISC correlates positively (.83) with the Kobasa (1979) hardiness measure in psychiatric outpatients
(N530). It also correlates positively (.36) with the Sheehan Social Support Scale ( N5589) ( Connor & Davidson,
2003, pp. 79 /C080).
Divergent/Discriminant
The CD-RISC correlates negatively ( /C0.76) with the Perceived Stress Scale ( N524), (/C0.32) with the
Sheehan Stress Vulnerability Scale ( N5591), and ( /C0.62) with the Sheehan Disability Scale ( N540) ( Connor
& Davidson, 2003 , p. 79). They also reported that the CD-RISC e xhibited differential validity relative to
other measures of stress and hardiness, and reflected different levels of resilience in populations that were
thought to be differentiated by their degree of resilie nce (e.g., general population vs. patients with anxiety
disorders).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Connor and Davidson (2003) identified five factors (labeled: personal competence, trust, tolerance/strengthen-
ing effects of stress, acceptance of change, and secure relationships) that guided initial item selection although
this factor structure has not held up across studies.
Criterion/Predictive
The CD-RISC was developed specifically for assessing treatment effects of pharmacotherapy and it has shown
sensitivity in detecting symptom changes associated with drug treatment. Scores on the CD-RISC have been
shown to be predictive of initial symptom alleviation and subsequent changes in patient well-being ( Connor &
Davidson, 2003 ).
Location
Connor, K.M., Davidson, J.R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor /C0Davidson Resilience
Scale (CD-RISC). Depression & Anxiety, 18, 76 /C082.
Results and Comments
The CD-RISC is an assessment tool developed in a research environment with a specific purpose of assessing
improvements over and above symptom reduction in patients with PTSD associated with drug treatment. Item
selection appears to have had a good theoretical basis. In addition, both a 10-item and 2-item version has been
developed for research purposes, although the 25-item version is the most commonly used. Approved transla-
tions of the CD-RISC currently exist in the following languages: Afrikaans, Bahasa Indonesian (2 and 10 item ver-
sions only), Chinese (both Taiwan and Peoples Republic of China), Dutch, Farsi, Finnish, French (France,
Belgium), German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Kiswahili, Korean, Norwegian, Portuguese (Europe, Brazil),
Quechua, Russian, Serbian, Spanish (Europe, Caribbean, South America), Turkish, Urdu. An approved CD-RISC
2 Arabic version also exists.
CD-RISC SAMPLE ITEMS
16. ‘I am not easily discouraged by failure’
25. ‘I take pride in my achievements.’
Notes : Copyright is retained by Kathryn Connor and
Jonathan Davidson (2012). All rights reserved. The items
may not be reproduced, used or transmitted withoutpermission. Permission for use must be obtained from
Jonathan Davidson at: www.connordavidson-resiliences-
cale.com (Retrieved May 31, 2014). Reproduced with
permission.300 11. MEASURES OF RESILIENCY
III. EMOTION REGULATION