Reliability
Internal Consistency
Caprara et al. (2006) reported Cronbach alpha coefficients for the 40-item PVQ ranging from .61 (Tradition) to
.83 (Achievement). Schwartz (2003) reported alpha coefficients for the 21-item, ESS version of the PVQ ranging
from .37 (Tradition) and .48 (Conformity) to .79 (Hedonism), .76 (Stimulation), and .64 (Security). Schwartz (2006)
also reported alphas for the 21-item, ESS PVQ ranging from .36 (Tradition), .44 (Power), and .48 (Self-Direction)
to .64 (Stimulation), .67 (Hedonism), and .70 (Achievement).
Test/C0Retest
Schwartz (2005) reported six-week stability coefficients for the PVQ ranging from .62 to .82 (median 5.75) for
German students, as well as two-year stability coefficients ranging from .50 to .66 (median 5.61) for a French
sample. Likerwise, Caprara et al. (2006, p. 14) reported two-year stability coefficients (corrected for attenuation)
for the 10 PVQ values in a French sample ( N5870), ranging from .75 to .94 (mean 5.85).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Schwartz (2003) reported positive correlations between the 10 motivational SVS value scales and the 21-item
ESS version of the PVQ. Convergent correlations ranged from .44 (Conformity), .50 (Tradition), and .50
(Hedonism) to .63 (Self-Direction), .67 (Security), and .70 (Stimulation). Lindeman and Verkaslo (2005, Study 1)
reported positive correlations between Finnish versions of a 45-item SVS and the PVQ ranging from .52
(Conformity) and .55 (Benevolence) to .72 (Stimulation) and .78 (Universalism) (Mdn 5.64). They also reported
that the Conservation variable from the shortened SVS correlated .75 and .76 with Conservation variables from
the SVS and the PVQ, respectively. Similarly, the Self-Transcendence variable from the shortened SVS correlated
.78 and .76 with the Self-Transcendence variables from the SVS and the PVQ.
Divergent/Discriminant
In his correlational study of the 10 motivational SVS value scales and the 21-item ESS version of the PVQ, Schwartz
(2003) also reported that discriminant validity of the PVQ value scales was supported by the finding that each single
trait/C0multimethod convergent correlation was higher than any of the corresponding 18 multitrait /C0multimethod
correlations. Based on raw scores, correlations among PVQ scales that are opposed in the theoretical circumplex struc-
ture correlated from .05 (Power vs. Self-Direction) to 2.66 (Security vs. Stimulation). As evidence of discriminative
validity of the PVQ scales, zero-order and negative correlations among opposite scales were reported fully by Hinz,
Brahler, Schmidt, and Albani (2005, Table 1, p. 187) .
Construct/Factor Analytic
Hinz et al. (2005) investigated the circumplex structure of the PVQ in a sample of 1896 German individuals
(875 males, M548.4 years; 1021 females, M548.9 years), using mutidimensional (MDS) scaling, as well as princi-
pal components analysis (PCA) of both raw data and ipsative data (i.e., the individual’s mean score across the 10
scales was subtracted from each individual score). Hinz et al. accepted a two-component solution (with varimax
rotation) for both data sets which represented a semi-circle, not the Schwartz circumplex. Values in Schwartz’s
Self-Transcendence and Conservation quadrants (Universalism, Benevolence, Tradition, Conformity, Security)
defined Component 1, and values in the Self-Enhancement and Openness to Change quadrants (Power,
Achievement, Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-Direction) defined Component 2. The two-component solution from
the ipsative data did approximate a circle; however, Stimulation, as well as Tradition and Conformity, did not
appear in the locations designated in the Schwartz model.
Davidov et al. (2008) tested the circumplex structure derived from the 21-item ESS PVQ using strict probability
samples representing the non-institutionalized population aged 15 years or older in 20 European countries (total
sample 539,596). Separate CFAs in the 20 countries identified 71 instances in which pairs of the motivational
constructs were unified, although 69 of those instances involved values that are adjacent in the Schwartz circum-
plex model. Three pairs of adjacent values (Power and Achievement; Conformity and Tradition; Universalism
and Benevolence) were highly intercorrelated, so these pairs were combined to form seven value constructs.
Following modifications, fit indices from a simultaneous CFA across all 20 countries (RMR 50.06, NFI 50.90,
CFI50.91, RMSEA 50.01, PCLOSE 51.0, and AIC and BCC lower than in previous models) suggested that con-
figural invariance of the 7-factor model could not be rejected. A second analysis showed that factor loadings of519 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
V. VICES AND VIRTUES