from .23 to .49, as would be expected for situationally-sensitive measures of transitory emotions. When used with
general trait affect instructions, stability coefficients ranged from .56 to .70, showing that affects can also take the
form of relatively stable trait dimensions (see Watson & Clark, 1994, Table 20). Over an extended retest interval
of six years, stability coefficients were found to be .42 for Positive Affect, and .43 for Negative Affect, showing
that trait affects exhibit moderate stability over a period of many years (cf. Leue & Lange, 2011 ).
Validity
Convergent/Concurrent
Five of the PANAS-X scales measure the same affect dimensions as the Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair
et al., 1971). Convergent validity correlations range from .85 to .91 for the related scales, with other correlations
ranging up to .74 between the Depression-Dejection POMS scale and the PANAS-X Fear scale. The highest corre-
lation for the Fear scale was obtained with the POMS Tension /C0Anxiety scale (.85). Watson and Clark (1994,
p. 16) also reported correlations of self- and peer-ratings ranging up to .52 for the Sadness scale and up to .44 for
the Self-Assurance scale. Furthermore, Ready et al. (2011, p. 787) reported convergent correlations for PA scales
(Joviality, Self-assurance, and Attentiveness) ranging from .43 to .74, and convergent correlations for NA scales
(Fear, Sadness, Guilt, and Hostility) ranging from .57 to .72, respectively.
Divergent/Discriminant
Evidence of divergent validity includes, for example, the low correlations of Joviality and Self-Assurance with
Sadness ( 2.02 and 2.19, respectively), and also of Fear with Fatigue ( 2.02), and with Surprise (.03) /C0
(see Watson & Clark, 1994, Table 17). The PANAS-X manual reports correlations of self- and peer-ratings as low
as .14 for the Surprise scale, and .15 for the Guilt scale (see Watson & Clark, Table 17). Watson and Clark (1994,
p. 18) pointed out that, ‘the PANAS-X scales showed better discriminant validity /C0that is, they were less highly
intercorrelated than were their POMS counterparts.’ Thus, considering only positive affect dimensions, the inter-
correlations between the POMS scales ranged from .47 to .69 (Mdn 5.64), whereas the intercorrelations between
the PANAS-X scales ranged from .27 to .61 (Mdn 5.45) (see Watson & Clark, Table 15). Ready et al. (2011, p. 787)
reported that the broad PA and NA scales exhibited discriminant validity correlations of 2.42 in a sample of
elderly adults, and 2.30 in a separate sample of undergraduates (see below).
Construct/Factor Analytic
Watson and Clark (1994, Table 7) reported the results of principal axis factor analyses plus varimax rotation of
the PANAS-X item intercorrelations on 10 separate samples (ranging from N5289 to N51657) that supported
the construct validity of the PA and NA dimensions. Using a large non-clinical sample ( N51003; males: N5466;
females: N5537), evidence of construct validity of the broad PA and NA dimensions was provided indepen-
dently by Crawford and Henry (2004) . CFAs based on the PANAS item intercorrelations resulted in a best-fitting
model (with chi-square 5689.8, CFI 5.94, SRM R5.05, and RMSEA 5.06). Likewise, Ready et al. (2011) reported
the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the PANAS-X responses of 203 older adults
(M573.5 years) and 349 undergraduates ( M519.1 years). Using principal axis factoring with varimax rotation,
separate EFAs of the facet scale intercorrelations supported the higher-order PA and NA structure across both
age groups. EFAs of the item intercorrelations also provided support for the specific facet scales (Ready et al.,
pp. 788 /C0789). While in the younger sample the four NA facets (labeled: Guilt, Fear, Hostility, Sadness) emerged
clearly, in the older sample the Guilt facet attracted items from the Sadness facet and items reflecting anxiety
and loneliness comprised the fourth facet. The three PA facets (labeled: Joviality, Attentiveness, and Self-
assurance), were replicated in both age samples. CFAs provided support for three of the NA facets (excluding
Sadness) (chi-square 5945.71, RMSEA 5.09, BIC 523,199.78, DIC 523,044.04), and for three of the PA facets
(chi-square 51019.13, RMSEA 5.09, BIC 523,980.56, and DIC 523,826.17).
Criterion/Predictive
Petrie, Chapman, and Vines (2013) reported that among a sample of 91 African-American females, the PA
and NA scales of the PANAS-X predicted anxiety disorder (AUC value 5.76 and .70, respectively; both
p,.001), and social phobia (AC value 5.81 and .84, respectively; both p,.001). DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of anxi-
ety disorder, or social phobia were made using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV) (see Petrie
et al., pp. 138 /C0139).199 OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURES
II. EMOTIONAL DISPOSITIONS