fei75766_ch15_463-494.indd 482  02/24/20 10:48 AM
Part V    Biological/Evolutionary Theories482
activities. Menwhosocialize most aremore open, extraverted, agreeable, andpro-
social butlessindustrious, whereas women whosocialize most aremore industrious. 
Itisworth noting thatresearch withpeople inindustrialized cultures hasalso
found relationships between personality andreproductive success andsurvival (see
Berg, Lummaa, Lahdenperä, Rotkirch, &Jokela, 2014 forareview). Ingeneral, 
extraversion andagreeableness arerelated tohaving more children inbothmenand
women. Reproductive success isultimately more about havechildren whosurvive 
andhavechildren themselves thanjusthaving children. Bergandcolleagues (2014) 
werethefirsttoexamine therelationship between personality andreproductive suc-
cessacross generations (inchildren andgrandchildren) inasample ofmore than
10,000 elderly American adults. They found thatscoring highinextraversion but
lower inconscientiousness andopenness wererelated tohaving more children and
grandchildren. Higher agreeableness wasassociated withhaving more grandchildren 
butnothaving more children. 
Itisnotjustwhether fitness-related activities andreproductive success are
related topersonality, butalsophysical andcognitive fitness itself. Continuing with
research onthesame small subsistence society—the Tsimane’—Von Rueden, Lukasze -
wski, andGurven (2015) predicted thatindividual differences intwomain personal -
itytraits most relevant totheTsimane’ (Prosociality andIndustriousness) should be
related to“embodied” fitness, thatis,physical strength andeducation. They referto
thisas“embodied” because these traits arefound inthebody (andmind). 
IntheTsimane’, vonRuden andcolleagues (2015) assessed physical strength 
asupper body strength andgripstrength andtheymeasured educational fitness in
terms ofnumber ofyears ofschool eachperson completed. Personality again was
measured viaverbally completing aTsimane’ version oftheBigFive, which produced Personality TraitsFitness-Related Activities (Amount of Time Spent)
At Work With Children Socializing
Openness M+ M+
Conscientiousness M+
Extraversion M+
Agreeableness W− M+
Neuroticism
Prosociality M+
Industriousness M+ M−
W+TABLE 15.3
The Relationship between Personality and Fitness-Related Activities (Amount of Time Spent) 
(Gurven et al., 2014)
Note:  M = Men; W = Women;  + = positive relationship; − = negative relationship
 (adapted from Gurven et al., 2014; table created by GJF from written text).Final PDF to printer