서유럽에서는 12세기부터 로마법이 부활되고 교회법이 발전하면서 교회의 공의회에 주권이 있다는 이론이 전개되었다.
In Western Europe, from the 12th century, as Roman law was revived and canonical law was developed, the theory that the council of the church had sovereignty was developed.