유교적 가부장제 사회에서 딸에게 의무로 부과된 덕행이 효였다면, 부인에게 부과된 덕행은 열과 정절이었다.
In the Confucian patriarchal society, while the virtue imposed on a daughter as an obligation was filial piety, the virtue imposed on a wife was enthusiasm and fidelity.