ZnO 막의 경우, Zn 및 산소 빈자리, 불순물 등의 영향에 의해 간접재결합 현상도 동시에 발생한다.
Within the case of the ZnO film, an indirect recombination phenomenon also occurs simultaneously underneath the impact of Zn, oxygen vacancies, impurities, as well as the like.