white helmets (syrian civil war) white helmets (syrian civil war) the white helmets (arabic: الخوذ البيضاء ,القبعات البيضاء al-ḫawdh al-bayḍāʾ / al-qubaʿāt al-bayḍāʾ), officially known as syria civil defence (scd; arabic: الدفاع المدني السوري ad-difāʿ al-madanī as-sūrī), is a volunteer organisation that operates in parts of opposition-controlled syria and in turkey. formed in 2014 during the syrian civil war, the majority of the volunteers' activity in syria consists of medical evacuation, urban search and rescue in response to bombing, evacuation of civilians from danger areas, and essential service delivery. as of april 2018, the organisation said it had saved about 114,000 lives, and that 204 of its members had lost their lives while performing their duties. they assert their impartiality in the syrian conflict. white helmetsالدفاع المدني السوريabbreviationscdformation2014 (2014)founderjames le mesurierpurposecivil defenseregion served syrian opposition-controlled areasheadraed salehvolunteers 3,000 (with monthly stipend)websitesyriacivildefence.org the organisation has been the target of a sustained disinformation campaign by supporters of syrian president bashar al-assad and russian state-sponsored media organisations such as rt and sputnik; the campaign has promoted false accusations connecting it with terrorist activities and other conspiracy theories. the organisation has also been criticized by the iranian mehr news agency and chinese state news agency xinhua. an offer of assistance from the white helmets was rejected by kurdish-controlled areas of syria in 2019. history the rescue teams that later became syria civil defence emerged during the late 2012 escalation of the syrian civil war, as areas no longer under the control of the assad government came under sustained attack from its military forces. in response, in the absence of formal governmental structures, small groups of civilian volunteers from affected communities, particularly in aleppo and idlib, assembled to assist civilians injured in bombardment or trapped under the rubble of destroyed buildings. training, funding and support was provided from international partners, including donations from governments in western europe, the us and japan; the turkish akut search and rescue association; and a combination of ngos, private individuals, public fundraising campaigns, and charities. primary support and training was provided by mayday rescue foundation, a not-for-profit foundation established by former british army officer james le mesurier, and became a key factor in the development of the organisation. local and provincial councils joined with mayday rescue foundation and akut search and rescue association to create the first training programmes in early 2013. ark, an international contracting firm based in the united arab emirates, would facilitate entry of volunteers to turkey, where they would be trained by akut. early training courses included trauma care, command and control and crisis management. over the next two years, the number of independent civil defence teams grew to several dozen as graduates of the early trainings such as raed saleh established new centers; the national organisation of scd was founded on 25 october 2014 at a conference of independent teams. scd grew to be an organisation of over 3,000 volunteers operating from 111 local civil defence centres across 8 provincial directorates (aleppo, idlib, latakia, hama, homs, damascus, damascus countryside, and daraa) in 2016. in october 2014, these self-organised teams came together and voted to form one national organisation: syria civil defence. as of january 2017, the scd claims to have rescued over 80,000 people since they began to keep count in 2014. the white helmets themselves have become targets of syrian and russian airstrikes. according to the economist, approximately one in six scd have been killed or badly wounded, "many by 'double tap' (one after another) russian and syrian airstrikes on the same site as they search for bodies." seven members were killed in august 2017 in an apparent assassination at their operations centre in the syrian city of sarmin in idlib province. although scd has existed since 2013, their worldwide acknowledgement in media started in late 2014 with the help of the syria campaign ngo, which introduced the nickname "white helmets." on 14 december 2016, as the syrian armed forces were recapturing eastern aleppo, scd head raed saleh requested safe passage of scd operatives to rebel controlled countryside around aleppo. syria civil defence joined the independent doctors association, the syrian network for human rights, and the violations documentation center to accuse russian forces of war crimes in eastern aleppo, jointly submitting a report to the independent international commission of inquiry on the syrian arab republic. in may 2018, the us state department announced that funding has been frozen for the white helmets. a state department official indicated that they were reviewing assistance programs in syria overall, which included funding for the white helmets, and at the same time indicated that the united states would continue to support the white helmets through multilateral donations. the chairman of the white helmets stated that the government of the united states, and other supportive institutions, promised to continue to provide critical funding to the organization. on the night of 21 july 2018, israel opened the golan heights boundary to allow a un rescue mission to evacuate 422 people – 98 white helmet volunteers and their family members – to jordan. an international group led by chrystia freeland lobbied for the exit of the white helmets, as their lives were in danger due to the syrian government′s advancing offensive in southwestern syria. the white helmets reported 3,700 of their volunteers remained in syria. a syrian government official condemned the evacuation of white helmets as a "criminal operation" that had revealed "the terrorist nature" of the group. president bashar al-assad said: "they have two choices: to lay down their arms and use the amnesty we have offered over the last four or five years, or be killed like other terrorists." in september 2018, the united kingdom granted asylum to about 100 white helmet staff and relatives that had been evacuated to jordan. the co-founder of the white helmets, james le mesurier, was found dead in istanbul on 9 november 2019. operations scd clearing rubble following an attack in maarat al-nu'man in november 2014, using a usaid-supplied bucket loader scd's stated mission is "to save the greatest number of lives in the shortest possible time and to minimize further injury to people and damage to property." their work covers the 15 civil defence tasks as laid out in international humanitarian law (ihl); the bulk of their activity in syria consists of urban search and rescue in response to bombing, medical evacuation, evacuation of civilians from danger areas, and essential service delivery. the most prominent role of scd was rescuing civilians from airstrikes with barrel bombs, improvised explosive devices dropped by saaf helicopters. following a request from bashar al-assad for support, russia intervened in the syrian civil war on 30 september 2015. much of the work of scd has been in response to aerial bombardments by the russian air force attack aircraft. as well as providing rescue services, scd undertakes repair works such as securing damaged buildings and reconnecting electrical and water services, clearing roads, teaching children about hazards from unexploded ordnance, as well as firefighting and winter storm relief. sometimes described as the most dangerous job in the world, scd operations involve risk from being active in a war-zone. by late 2016, 159 white helmets had been killed since the organisation's inception. scd is not affiliated with the international civil defence organisation (icdo), nor is it connected to the damascus's syrian civil defence forces (scdf), an icdo-member since 1972. but, since the scdf operate in government-held areas and since civilian casualties in syria overwhelmingly result from government forces' bombardments against targets in opposition-held areas, the unaffiliated scd engages in civil defence tasks in said rebel-held areas. in 2015, the scd unsuccessfully lobbied the european union (eu) and governments to impose a no fly zone over certain parts of syria to protect civilians from airstrikes. the white helmets have unsuccessfully called upon governments such as france to act to effect a ceasefire and protect lives in subsequent years. as of 2015, scd had an annual budget of $30 million provided by a mix of state donors and public fundraising. volunteers who worked full-time received a $150 monthly stipend, a figure set by donors.: 24, 42–43 in july 2019, this was raised to $250. it has a co-ordination office on the turkish-syrian border in gaziantep and a training centre in turkey. at the height of its operations, it had 4,000 volunteers in 200 teams. as of april 2017, there were about 3,000 white helmet members, about 100 of which were women. as of march 2018, a british government programme review recorded that stipends were being paid for 4,011 volunteers in 179 centres to provide search and rescue and other services, and that 114,507 civilians had been reported rescued or aided. in june 2018 the british government decided, due to the changing military situation, to responsibly withdraw from funding other projects in the area that the white helmets operated in, such as policing, education and livelihood support, while maintaining support for the white helmets. in october 2018, the jordanian foreign ministry announced that at least 300 white helmets members who had fled syria into jordan are now resettled in several western countries, including canada and the united kingdom. partnerships and funding scd is officially an impartial humanitarian ngo, with no affiliation to any political or military actor and a commitment to render services to anyone in need. like all ngos operating in opposition-controlled areas, scd negotiates humanitarian access with organisations such as local councils, provincial councils, and armed groups, with relationships varying widely from governorate to governorate. scd work in close partnership with the netherlands-based ngo mayday rescue foundation. mayday rescue's program manager for syria is farouq habib, who has also been described as the white helmets' head of international relations. the white helmets receives charitable funding from the united states, the united kingdom, and other western governments. initially the united kingdom foreign and commonwealth office was the largest single source of funding through mayday rescue foundation. u.s. government funds are directed to scd through chemonics, a u.s. based private international development company. funders now include the canadian government peace and stabilization operations program, the danish government, the german government, the japan international cooperation agency, the netherlands ministry of foreign affairs. the new zealand ministry of foreign affairs, the united states agency for international development (usaid) and the united kingdom conflict, stability and security fund (cssf). usaid have contributed at least $23 million from 2013 to march 2016. the british government had provided £15 million of funding between 2012 and november 2015, increased to £32 million by october 2016. as of 31 march 2018, the british government had provided £38.4m in aid to the white helmets. the scd has also received individual donations online to their hero fund, which provides treatment for wounded volunteers and supports their families. in march 2017, the organization was reported to be operating on an annual budget of about $26 million. mayday rescue reports that between 2014 and 2018 the white helmets received funding of $127 million, $19 million of which came from non-government sources; it is not clear if this included u.s. government funding which went through chemonics rather than mayday rescue. in 2018, the white helmets' vice president reported that the group’s financing for 2018 from foreign governments had fallen to $12 million from $18 million the previous year. in april 2018, the trump administration suspended the funding of the white helmets as part of a wider suspension of the funding of stabilization projects in syria while the u.s. reassesses its role in syria. the u.s. had provided more than $33 million to support the group since 2013. on 14 june 2018, the trump administration authorised usaid and the united states department of state to release approximately $6.6 million in aid to be shared between the group and the un's international, impartial and independent mechanism in syria. the netherlands announced that it would end its funding of several aid projects in opposition strongholds in syria, including the white helmets, by december 2018. this announcement followed a ministry of foreign affairs report according to which the supervision over the activity of white helmets is inadequate and there is a risk that funds meant for the rescue workers would end up in the hands of armed groups instead. a number of accusations against white helmets and le