closing the gap closing the gap the closing the gap framework is an australian government strategy that aims to reduce disparity between aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples and non-indigenous australians on key health, education and economic opportunity targets. the strategy was launched in 2008 in response to the close the gap social justice movement, and revised in 2020 with additional targets and a refreshed strategy. this article is about the australian strategy on indigenous health, education and opportunity disparity. for the precipitating social justice movement, see close the gap. for the similar policy in new zealand, see closing the gaps. for the book on prime numbers, see closing the gap: the quest to understand prime numbers. the closing the gap targets relate to life expectancy, child mortality, access to early childhood education, literacy and numeracy at specified school levels, year 12 attainment, school attendance, and employment outcomes. annual closing the gap reports are presented to federal parliament, providing updates on the agreed targets and related topics. the closing the gap report 2019 reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and year 12 attainment – had been met. the remaining targets are not on track to be met within their specified timeframes. from the adoption of the framework in 2008 until 2018, the federal and state and territory governments worked together via the council of australian governments (coag) on the framework, with the department of the prime minister and cabinet producing a report at the end of each year analysing progress on each of its seven targets. in 2019, the national indigenous australians agency (niaa) was established and took over reporting and high-level strategy responsibilities. the niaa works in partnership with the coalition of peaks which represents aboriginal and torres strait islander organisations, as well as state and territory governments and the australian local government association to deliver strategy outcomes. history in march 2006, the steering committee of the close the gap, a social justice campaign focused on indigenous health, in which "australia's peak indigenous and non-indigenous health bodies, ngos and human rights organisations are working together to achieve equality in health", first met. their campaign was launched in april 2007 by patrons catherine freeman oam and ian thorpe oam. during meetings held in december 2007 and march 2008 the council of australian governments (coag) adopted six targets to improve the wellbeing of indigenous australians over the next five to twenty years. as part of prime minister kevin rudd's february 2008 apology to indigenous australians, he pledged the government to bridging the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous australian health, education and living conditions. he also proposed to establish a commission to "close the gap" between indigenous and non-indigenous people in "life expectancy, educational achievement and economic opportunity", all in a way that respects their rights to self-determination. 2008–2018 framework the australian government adopted the goals of the close the gap campaign in 2008, in a strategy known as "closing the gap". rudd and health minister nicola roxon signed the close the gap statement of intent to close the gap. this document serves two purposes: firstly, as a formal agreement between the australian government of the day and aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples; and, secondly, as an embodiment of a human right, a blueprint for achieving health equality. the strategy has been funded by the government to develop a long-term action plan targeted at health services to achieve health equality and life expectancy equality for aboriginal and torres strait islander people. 2019–2029 framework in the prime minister's foreword to the closing the gap report 2019, prime minister scott morrison said that while some improvements had been made, including greater retention to year 12, successive governments had been reporting failure to meet targets. after beginning the process of a closing the gap "refresh" two year earlier (after four of the targets were due to expire in 2018), this would be the final report of the framework established in 2008. in december 2018, a coalition of aboriginal and torres strait islander australians had met with morrison, and shortly afterwards coag first ministers had agreed to a different form of partnership with indigenous organisations, entailing greater collaboration. in future, there would be a transition to a different phase of closing the gap, involving a whole of government approach, with "all governments sharing accountability for progress, and extending this shared accountability to include aboriginal and torres strait islander people". a formal partnership between coag and the coalition of aboriginal and torres strait islander peak organisations, or coalition of peaks, came into effect in march 2019, which included arrangements for a joint council on closing the gap, enhancing shared decision-making. the partnership agreement on closing the gap, 2019-2029 was signed by representatives of the coalition of peaks, each state and territory government, and the australian local government association. the joint council on closing the gap met for the first time on 27 march 2019. the national indigenous australians agency was established in july 2019, under the minister for indigenous australians, ken wyatt, and this agency is now responsible for "lead and coordinat the development and implementation of australia’s closing the gap targets in partnership with indigenous australians". targets 2008 – 2019 during meetings held in december 2007 and march 2008 the council of australian governments (coag) adopted six targets (later increased to seven) to improve the well-being of indigenous australians over the next five to twenty years: close the gap in life expectancy by 2031 halve the gap in child mortality by 2018 ensure 95 percent of aboriginal and torres strait islander four-years-olds are enrolled in early childhood education by 2025 halve the gap in reading, writing and numeracy by 2018 halve the gap in year 12 attainment by 2020 halve the gap in employment by 2018. close the gap in school attendance by 2018 (this target was added in may 2014) as of 2019, there have been eleven closing the gap reports presented to parliament, providing data in areas that previously had none and updates on progress. the close the gap campaign has produced 10 reports, including a 10-year review in 2018. 2020 targets the draft targets for 2019 aimed to address multiple areas to improve the lives of indigenous peoples. these were created by the council of australian governments (coag) in december 2018, and listed the following areas: families, children and youth; health; education; economic development; housing; justice (including youth justice); land and water ("where aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples’ land, water and cultural rights are realised"); and cross-system priorities, which "addresses racism, discrimination and social inclusion, healing and trauma, and the promotion of culture and language for aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples". justice the new justice targets relate mainly to the levels of incarceration of indigenous people (in police custody and in the prison system). this matter, along with aboriginal deaths in custody, was highlighted at the black lives matter rallies around australia in june 2020. the new ctg plan proposes that each state and territory would commit to reducing the level of indigenous youth in detention by 11% to 19%, and to reduce adult imprisonment by 5%. despite the poor record of achieving targets in past years, indigenous leaders involved with closing the gap believe that the strategies put in place for this round – including implementation plans, accountability and involvement from aboriginal services – are more likely to bring about the changes needed. ken wyatt believes that both law reform and attitudes, such as unconscious bias, are needed, if relationships between police and indigenous people are to improve. western australia had had some specific issues needing addressing, including systemic discrimination and the matter of jail sentences for unpaid fines. on 17 june 2020 reforms to the legislation relating to the latter was finally passed. under the new legislation, most fine defaulters will do community service if they fail to pay, with imprisonment a last resort. national agreement: 2020 targets all australian governments committed to the 16 new targets on 30 july 2020, and signed the national agreement on closing the gap with the coalition of peaks, represented by convenor pat turner am. in addition, the new framework for the closing the gap strategy, which has bipartisan support, includes far greater indigenous involvement in leading its implementation and measuring its progress, new accountability mechanisms, and a commitment to address structural racism in government organisations. the 16 new targets relate to: close the gap in life expectancy within a generation, by 2031. by 2031, increase the proportion of aboriginal and torres strait islander babies with a healthy birthweight to 91 per cent. by 2025, increase the proportion of aboriginal and torres strait islander children enrolled in year before fulltime schooling (ybfs) early childhood education to 95 per cent. by 2031, increase the proportion of aboriginal and torres strait islander children assessed as developmentally on track in all five domains of the australian early development census (aedc) to 55 per cent. in all five domains of the australian early development census (aedc) to 55 per cent. by 2031, increase the proportion of aboriginal and torres strait islander people (age 20-24) attaining year 12 or equivalent qualification to 96 per cent. by 2031, increase the proportion of aboriginal and torres strait islander people aged 25-34 years who have completed a tertiary qualification (certificate iii and above) to 70 per cent. by 2031, increase the proportion of aboriginal and torres strait islander youth (15–24 years) who are in employment, education or training to 67 per cent. by 2031, increase the proportion of aboriginal and torres strait islander people aged 25–64 who are employed to 62 per cent by 2031, increase the proportion of aboriginal and torres strait islander people living in appropriately sized (not overcrowded) housing to 88 per cent. by 2031, reduce the rate of aboriginal and torres strait islander adults held in incarceration by at least 15 per cent. by 2031, reduce the rate of aboriginal and torres strait islander young people (10-17 years) in detention by at least 30 per cent. by 2031, reduce the rate of over-representation of aboriginal and torres strait islander children in out-of-home care by 45 per cent. by 2031, the rate of all forms of family violence and abuse against aboriginal and torres strait islander women and children is reduced at least by 50%, as progress towards zero. significant and sustained reduction in suicide of aboriginal and torres strait islander people towards zero. a) by 2030, a 15 per cent increase in australia's landmass subject to aboriginal and torres strait islander people's legal rights or interests. b) by 2030, a 15 per cent increase in areas covered by aboriginal and torres strait islander people's legal rights or interests in the sea. 16. by 2031, there is a sustained increase in number and strength of aboriginal and torres strait islander languages being spoken. a 17th target was later added: 17: by 2026, aboriginal and torres strait islander people have equal levels of digital inclusion. there was no funding as yet allocated to support the agreement. the announcement was on the whole well-received. shadow minister for indigenous affairs, linda burney, welcomed the targets and involvement of indigenous representatives, but hoped for more federal funding and also to work towards a target relating to domestic violence. megan davis, pro vice-chancellor indigenous unsw, criticised aspects of the agreement, in particular the notion that the involvement of the coalition of peaks provides a "voice" and thus represents self-determination. she points out that these bodies are contracted service providers, relying on government funds to run their organisations. she says "unlike the uluru dialogues that invited communities to imagine and design their futures using the platform of constitutional change, the coalition of peaks closing-the-gap process is about refreshing a flawed policy". 2021 implementation plan and funding in august 2021 prime minister scott morrison announced a new implementation plan worth a$1 billion towards meeting the targets in health, education, justice, and employment by 2031. the funding includes $378 million for a compensation and healing fund for stolen generations survivors from the northern territory, australian capital territory and jervis bay territory, as well as an injection of funds into repairing and building new health clinics; alcohol and drug rehabilitation programs; job creation; various justice measures; and remote