subspecialty subspecialty a subspecialty (us english) or subspeciality (international english) is a narrow field of professional knowledge/skills within a specialty of trade, and is most commonly used to describe the increasingly more diverse medical specialties. a subspecialist is a specialist of a subspecialty. in medicine, subspecialization is particularly common in internal medicine, cardiology, neurology and pathology, and has grown as medical practice has: become more complex, and it has become clear that a physician's case volume is negatively associated with their complication rate; that is, complications tend to decrease as the volume of cases per physician goes up.