association of american physicians and surgeons association of american physicians and surgeons the association of american physicians and surgeons (aaps) is a politically conservative non-profit association that promotes conspiracy theories and medical misinformation, such as hiv/aids denialism, the abortion-breast cancer hypothesis, and vaccine and autism connections. the association was founded in 1943 to oppose a government attempt to nationalize health care. the group has included notable members, including american republican politicians ron paul, rand paul and tom price. not to be confused with the association of american physicians or the american association of physician specialists. association of american physicians and surgeonsfounded1943typepolitical advocacy grouptax id no. 36-2059197legal status501(c)(6)focusopposition to abortion, medicare and medicaid, universal health care, and government involvement in health careheadquarterstucson, arizona, united statesmembership ~5,000presidentpaul martin kempinexecutive directorjane m. orientrevenue (2019) $642,740expenses (2019)$724,976websiteaapsonline.org history during the winter of 1943, the lake county (indiana) medical committee opposed the wagner-murray-dingell bill, proposed legislation that would provide government health care for most u.s. citizens. also opposed to the bill was the conservative national physicians committee. the committee began a membership drive in february 1944. by may 1944, the aaps claimed members from all 48 states. in 1944, time reported that the group's aim was the "defeat of any government group medicine." in 1966, the new york times described aaps as an "ultra-right-wing ... political-economic rather than a medical group", and said some of its leaders were members of the john birch society. on october 6, 1978, ronald reagan gave an address at the 35th annual meeting of aaps in denver, colorado where he said "government is not the answer. government is the problem." in 2002, aaps said that its members included ron paul, john cooksey and paul broun. ron paul's son, rand paul, was a member for over two decades until his election to the u.s. senate. they reportedly had about 4,000 members in 2005, and 5,000 in 2014. the executive director is jane orient, an internist and a member of the oregon institute of science and medicine. she is also a supporter and political donor to conservative interest group eagle forum. she has said that government vaccine mandates are "a serious intrusion into individual liberty, autonomy and parental decisions." political positions aaps is generally recognized as politically conservative or ultra-conservative, and its positions are fringe and commonly contradict with existing federal health policy. it is opposed to the affordable care act and other forms of universal health insurance. the washington post summarized their beliefs in february 2017 as "doctors should be autonomous in treating their patients — with far fewer government rules, medical quality standards, insurance coverage limits and legal penalties when they make mistakes". the organization requires its members to sign a "declaration of independence" pledging that they will not work with medicare, medicaid, or private insurance companies. during the 2020 presidential election, the group's president, marilyn singleton, donated the maximum amount allowed by the federal election commission to the donald trump 2020 presidential campaign. the group's political action committee has donated exclusively to the republican party in each election cycle since 1994. abortion aaps opposes abortion and over-the-counter access to emergency contraception. the group claims there is a link between abortion and breast cancer. in the fall 2007 journal of american physicians and surgeons, patrick carroll hypothesized that abortion for women who have never previously given birth to a child is a risk factor that most predicts the likelihood of breast cancer. gun control the aaps opposes gun control and does not recognize handgun violence as a public health problem. instead, the aaps says that handguns save lives, and that gun research sponsored by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) is politically motivated "junk science". social security in a 1954 senate finance committee hearing, then president-elect of aaps, james l. doenges, said that social security was un-american and part of a "socialistic scheme" to destroy liberty."contrary to some thinking, social security is not a permanent part of the american way of life. it is foreign-spawned and nurtured, the parent of socialism, and one of every socialistic scheme for obtaining and keeping control of the citizenry by destroying individual liberty."aaps opposed the social security act of 1965 which established medicare and medicaid, encouraging member physicians to boycott medicare and medicaid. they went to court to block enforcement of a social security amendment that would monitor the treatment given to medicare and medicaid patients; in november 1975 the supreme court let stand a lower-court decision upholding the social security legislation. opposition to health-care reform with several other groups, aaps filed a lawsuit in 1993 against hillary clinton and secretary of health and human services donna shalala over closed-door meetings related to the 1993 clinton health care plan. the aaps sued to gain access to the list of members of president bill clinton's health care task force. judge royce c. lamberth initially found in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded $285,864 to the aaps for legal costs; lamberth also harshly criticized the clinton administration and clinton aide ira magaziner in his ruling. subsequently, a federal appeals court overturned the award and the initial findings on the basis that magaziner and the administration had not acted in bad faith. the aaps was involved in litigation in 2001 against the health insurance portability and accountability act (hipaa), arguing that it violated the fourth amendment by allowing government access to certain medical data without a warrant. (title ii of hipaa, known as the administrative simplification (as) provisions, requires the establishment of national standards for electronic health care transactions and national identifiers for providers, health insurance plans, and employers, and is intended to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the us's health care system by encouraging the widespread use of electronic data interchange in the health care system.) the aaps campaigned against president barack obama's patient protection and affordable care act (obamacare). an aaps lawsuit opposing the act, and seeking to invalidate it, was dismissed in march 2014 for lack of standing and failure to state a valid cause of action. andrew schlafly, a christian conservative activist, was general counsel to the aaps, and the lead counsel in the effort to bring the lawsuit before the united states supreme court. scope of practice the group is opposed to increasing access to healthcare through expanded scope of practice. in 2020, aaps worked with the california medical association to oppose california assembly bill 890, which aimed to increase the number of primary care providers in the state. the bill was proposed by jim wood, a democratic member of the california state assembly. in march 2021, the group supported physicians for patient protection and the texas medical association in their opposition to texas house bill 2029, which was written to address the medical workforce shortage and improve public access to healthcare. the bill was proposed by stephanie klick, a republican member of the texas house of representatives. other cases in 2007, aaps assisted in the appeal against the conviction of virginia internist william hurwitz, who was sentenced to 25 years in federal prison for prescribing excessive quantities of narcotic drugs after 16 former patients testified against him. hurwitz was granted a retrial in 2006, and his 25-year prison sentence was reduced to 4 years and 9 months. in july 2019, aaps co-signed a letter to the surgeon general of the united states jerome adams with the anti-lgbt group american college of pediatricians, the catholic medical association, and the pro conversion therapy group the alliance for therapeutic choice and scientific integrity. the letter asked adams to not support affirming care for gender dysphoric children. the letter claimed that health professionals who don't provide care for gender dysphoria were at risk of discrimination. controversies barack obama hypnosis leading up to the 2008 presidential election, aaps published an article claiming that then-candidate barack obama was captivating his audiences through hypnosis. the article was based on an unsigned 67-page paper anonymously published online in arizona. obama's speeches were analyzed for neuro-linguistic programming (nlp) techniques, based on the work of 20th century american psychologist milton erickson, including "extra slow speech, rhythm, tonalities, vagueness, visual imagery, metaphor, and raising of emotion", as well as the use of the "o" in obama's logo as a "point of visual fixation". barack obama as "witch doctor" in september 2009, st. petersburg neurosurgeon and future president of the florida aaps david mckalip received significant public criticism for emailing a falsified photo showing president barack obama as a witch doctor with an exotic headdress, loin cloth, and bones in his nose. he was criticized by several liberal publications like the talking points memo and daily kos. covid-19 and hydroxychloroquine hydroxychloroquine was an early failed experimental treatment for covid-19. it is not effective for preventing infection. several countries initially used chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for treatment of persons hospitalized with covid‑19, and from april to june 2020, there was an emergency use authorization (eua) for its use in the united states, and was used off label for potential treatment of the disease. on 24 april 2020, citing the risk of "serious heart rhythm problems", the fda posted a caution against using the drug for covid‑19 "outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial". in june, hydroxychloroquine proved to have no benefit for hospitalized patients with severe covid-19 illness in the international solidarity trial and uk recovery trial. on 15 june, the fda revoked a previously-granted eua, stating that it was "no longer reasonable to believe" that the drug was effective against covid-19 or that its benefits outweighed "known and potential risks". in the same month, aaps filed a lawsuit against the food and drug administration to "end its arbitrary interference with the use of hydroxychloroquine (hcq)." the group's position was used to justify president donald trump taking hcq as protection against covid-19 by his campaign manager brad parscale. several aaps members and supporters went on the record advocating for hcq as an effective treatment against covid-19, led by ukrainian-american physician vladimir zelenko with a three-drug regimen of off-label hydroxychloroquine, zinc, and azithromycin as part of an experimental outpatient treatment for covid-19 that became known as the zelenko protocol. early in the pandemic, the experimental treatment had received broad recognition from sean hannity, rudy giuliani, and mark meadows, elevating zelenko to minor celebrity status in conservative political circles. other prominent aaps-affiliated advocates include simone gold of america's frontline doctors, niran al-agba of physicians for patient protection, and former aaps president marilyn singleton. electronic medical records aaps has claimed that computers and the digitization of medical records provides an opportunity for the government to acquire massive amounts of private data on american citizens. the group's executive director, jane orient, submitted their official statement to the centers for disease control and prevention's national committee on vital and health statistics on december 8, 1998. the statement said the benefits of computerized patient records were "based on assumptions that are implausible" and would "violate constitutional rights." aaps compared electronic medical records to the data surveillance methods of the east german stasi. immigration and leprosy in a 2005 article, madeleine cosman argued that illegal immigrants were carriers of disease, and that immigrants and "anchor babies" were launching a "stealthy assault on medicine." in the article, cosman claimed that "suddenly, in the past 3 years america has more than 7,000 cases of leprosy" because of illegal aliens. the journal's leprosy claim was cited and repeated by lou dobbs as evidence of the dangers of illegal immigration. publicly available statistics show that the 7,000 cases of leprosy occurred during the past 30 years, not the past three as cosman claimed. james krahenbuhl, director of the u.s. government's leprosy program, stated that there had been no significant increase in leprosy cases, and that "it is not a public health problem—that's the bottom line." national public radio reported that the article "had footnotes that did not readily support allegations linking a recent rise in leprosy rates to illegal immigrants." the article's erroneous leprosy claim was pointed out by 60 minutes, national public radio, and the new york times. as of 2020, the article remained on the journal's website without having been corrected. rush limbaugh drug charges in 2004, aaps filed a brief on behalf of conservative talk show host rush limbaugh in florida's fourth district court of appeal,