their packaging of liquids to non-polyvinyl chloride containers. the corporation is working with the climate northwest initiative and the epa national environmental performance track program. as a member of the national green power partnership, johnson & johnson operates the largest solar power generator in pennsylvania at its site in fort washington, pennsylvania. recalls and litigation 1982 chicago tylenol murders main article: chicago tylenol murders on september 29, 1982, a "tylenol scare" began when the first of seven individuals died in chicago metropolitan area, after ingesting extra strength tylenol that had been deliberately laced with cyanide. within a week, the company pulled 31 million bottles of capsules back from retailers, making it one of the first major recalls in american history. the incident led to reforms in the packaging of over-the-counter substances and to federal anti-tampering laws. the case remains unsolved and no suspects have been charged. johnson & johnson's quick response, including a nationwide recall, was widely praised by public relations experts and the media and was the gold standard for corporate crisis management. 2010 children's product recall on april 30, 2010, mcneil consumer healthcare, a subsidiary of johnson and johnson, voluntarily recalled 43 over-the-counter children's medicines, including tylenol, tylenol plus, motrin, zyrtec and benadryl. the recall was conducted after a routine inspection at a manufacturing facility in fort washington, pennsylvania, united states, revealed that some "products may not fully meet the required manufacturing specifications". affected products may contain a "higher concentration of active ingredients" or exhibit other manufacturing defects. products shipped to canada, dominican republic, mexico, guam, guatemala, jamaica, puerto rico, panama, trinidad and tobago, the united arab emirates, kuwait and fiji were included in the recall. in a statement, johnson & johnson said "a comprehensive quality assessment across its manufacturing operations" was underway. a dedicated website was established by the company listing affected products and other consumer information. 2010 hip-replacement recall main article: 2010 depuy hip recall on august 24, 2010, depuy, a subsidiary of american giant johnson & johnson, recalled its asr (articular surface replacement) hip prostheses from the market. depuy said the recall was due to unpublished national joint registry data showing a 12% revision rate for resurfacing at five years and an asr xl revision rate of 13%. all hip prostheses fail in some patients, but it is expected that the rate will be about 1% a year. pathologically, the failing prosthesis had several effects. metal debris from wear of the implant led to a reaction that destroyed the soft tissues surrounding the joint, leaving some patients with long term disability. ions of cobalt and chromium – the metals from which the implant was made – were also released into the blood and cerebral spinal fluid in some patients. in march 2013, a jury in los angeles ordered johnson & johnson to pay more than $8.3 million in damages to a montana man in the first of more than 10,000 lawsuits pending against the company in connection with the now-recalled depuy hip. some lawyers and industry analysts have estimated that the suits ultimately will cost johnson & johnson billions of dollars to resolve. 2010 tylenol recall in 2010 and 2011, johnson & johnson voluntarily recalled some over-the-counter products, including tylenol, due to an odor caused by tribromoanisole. in this case, 2,4,6-tribromophenol was used to treat wooden pallets on which product packaging materials were transported and stored. shareholders lawsuit in 2010 a group of shareholders sued the board for allegedly failing to take action to prevent serious failings and illegalities since the 1990s, including manufacturing problems, bribing officials, covering up adverse effects and misleading marketing for unapproved uses. the judge initially dismissed the case in september 2011, but allowed the plaintiffs opportunity to refile at a later time. in 2012 johnson and johnson proposed a settlement with the shareholders, whereby the company would institute new oversight, quality and compliance procedures binding for five years. illegal marketing of risperdal juries in several us states have found j&j guilty of concealing the adverse effects of janssen pharmaceuticals' antipsychotic medication risperdal, produced by its unit, in order to promote it to doctors and patients as better than cheaper generics, and of falsely marketing it for treating patients with dementia. states that have awarded damages include texas ($158 million), south carolina ($327 million), louisiana ($258 million), and most notably arkansas ($1.2 billion). in 2010, the united states department of justice joined a whistleblowers suit accusing the company of illegally marketing risperdal through omnicare, the largest company supplying pharmaceuticals to nursing homes. the allegations include that j&j were warned by the fda to not promote risperdal as effective and safe for elderly patients, but they did so, and that they paid omnicare to promote the drug to care home physicians. the settlement was finalized on november 4, 2013, with j&j agreeing to pay a penalty of around $2.2 billion, "including criminal fines and forfeiture totaling $485 million and civil settlements with the federal government and states totaling $1.72 billion". johnson & johnson has also been subject to congressional investigations related to payments given to psychiatrists to promote its products and ghost write articles, notably joseph biederman and his pediatric bipolar disorder research unit. foreign bribery in 2011, j&j settled litigation brought by the us securities and exchange commission under the foreign corrupt practices act and paid around $70m in disgorgement and fines. j&j's employees had given kickbacks and bribes to doctors in greece, poland, and romania to obtain business selling drugs and medical devices and had bribed officials in iraq to win contracts under the oil for food program. j&j fully cooperated with the investigation once the problems came to light. consumer fraud settlements in may 2017, j&j reached an agreement to pay $33 million to several states to settle consumer fraud allegations in some of the company's over-the-counter drugs. use of the red cross symbol flag of the red cross johnson & johnson registered the red cross as a u.s. trademark for "medicinal and surgical plasters" in 1905 and has used the design since 1887. the geneva conventions, which reserved the red cross emblem for specific uses, were first approved in 1864 and ratified by the united states in 1882. however, the emblem was not protected by u.s. law for the use of the american red cross (arc) and the u.s. military until after johnson & johnson had obtained its trademark. a clause in this law (now 18 u.s.c. 706) permits this pre-existing use of the red cross to continue. a declaration made by the u.s. upon its ratification of the 1949 geneva conventions includes a reservation that pre-1905 u.s. domestic uses of the red cross, such as johnson & johnson's, would remain lawful as long as the cross is not used on "aircraft, vessels, vehicles, buildings or other structures, or upon the ground," i.e., uses which could be confused with its military uses. this means that the u.s. did not agree to any interpretation of the 1949 geneva conventions that would overrule johnson & johnson's trademark. the american red cross continues to recognize the validity of johnson & johnson's trademark. in august 2007, johnson & johnson filed a lawsuit against the arc, demanding that the charity halt the use of the red cross symbol on products it sells to the public, though the company takes no issue with the charity's use of the mark for nonprofit purposes. in may 2008, the judge in the case dismissed most of johnson & johnson's claims, and a month later the two organizations announced a settlement had been reached in which both parties would continue to use the symbol. boston scientific lawsuits since 2003, johnson & johnson and boston scientific have both claimed that the other had infringed on their patents covering heart stent medical devices. the litigation was settled when boston scientific agreed to pay $716 million to johnson & johnson in september 2009 and an additional $1.73 billion in february 2010. their dispute was renewed in 2014, now on the grounds of a contract dispute. patent-infringement case against abbott in 2007, johnson & johnson sued abbott laboratories over the development and sale of the arthritis drug humira, claiming abbott used technology licensed exclusively to johnson & johnson's centocor division. johnson & johnson won the court case, and in 2009 abbott was ordered to pay johnson & johnson $1.17 billion in lost revenues and $504 million in royalties. the judge also added $175.6 million in interest to bring the total to $1.84 billion. this was the largest patent-infringement award in u.s. history until the 2013 decision against teva in favor of takeda and pfizer for over $2.1 billion. in 2010 abbott appealed the verdict and in 2011 won the appeal. vaginal mesh implants tens of thousands of women worldwide have taken legal action against johnson & johnson after suffering serious complications following a vaginal mesh implant procedure. in australia, more than 700 women began a class action against the company in the federal court of australia in 2017, telling the court they "suffered irreparable, debilitating pain after the devices began to erode into surrounding tissue and organs, causing infections and complications". the class action alleged that johnson & johnson, which "aggressively marketed" the implants "failed to properly warn patients and surgeons of the risk, or test the devices adequately". emails between executives show the company was aware of the risks in 2005 but still went ahead and made the product available. in november 2019 the federal court of australia found johnson & johnson negligent. the judgment was appealed, with the appeals court upholding all findings of justice anna katzman. ethicon then sought a high court decision but this was not permitted by the high court of australia. subsequently (september 2022) a $au 300, 000, 000 compensation agreement was reached between shine lawyers and j&j but this agreement remains subject to approval by the federal court of australia. in the us in 2016 the u.s. states of california and washington filed a lawsuit against the company, accusing it of deception. in october 2019, the company and its subsidiary, ethicon, inc. reached a settlement with 41 states and the district of columbia, with no admission of liability, in a suit alleging deceptive marketing of transvaginal surgical-mesh devices. the suit also alleges that the company failed to disclose risks associated with the product, which j&j pulled from the us market in 2012. the amount settled in the suit was about $117 million. baby powder j&j has been the subject of over 26,000 lawsuits claiming that its baby powder causes ovarian cancer. the lawsuits focus on claims that the talc-based powder is contaminated with asbestos, a known carcinogen commonly found in places where talc is mined. in 2016, j&j was ordered to pay $72 million in damages to the family of jacqueline fox, a 62-year-old woman who died of ovarian cancer in 2015. the company said it would appeal. a year later, over 1,000 u.s. women had sued j&j for covering up the possible cancer risk from its baby powder product. the company says that 70% of its baby powder is used by adults. later that year, a california jury ordered johnson & johnson to pay $417 million to a woman who claimed she developed ovarian cancer after using the company's talc-based products like johnson's baby powder for feminine hygiene. the verdict included $70 million in compensatory damages and $347 million in punitive damages. j&j said they would appeal the verdict. the missouri eastern district appeals court later negated a $72 million jury verdict in the jacqueline fox lawsuit, ruling it lacked jurisdiction in missouri because of a u.s. supreme court decision that imposed limits on where injury lawsuit can be filed. subsequently, this ruling killed three other recent st. louis jury verdicts of more than $200 million combined. fox, 62, of birmingham, alabama, died in 2015, about four months before her trial was held in st. louis circuit court. she was among 65 plaintiffs, of whom only two were from missouri. a st. louis jury awarded nearly $4.7 billion in damages to 22 women and their families in 2018 after they claimed that asbestos in johnson & johnson talcum powder caused their ovarian cancer. in august, j&j said that it removed several chemicals from baby powder products and re-engineered them to make consumers