is important in the detection of early stage bvftd. as stated above, a behavioural change may occur before the appearance of any atrophy in the brain in the course of the disease. because of that, image scanning such as mri can be insensitive to the early degeneration and it is difficult to detect early-stage bvftd. in neuropsychology, there is an increasing interest in using neuropsychological tests such as the iowa gambling task or faux pas recognition test as an alternative to imaging for the diagnosis of bvftd. both the iowa gambling task and the faux pas test are known to be sensitive to dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex. faux pas recognition test is intended to measure one's ability to detect faux pas types of social blunders (accidentally make a statement or an action that offends others). it is suggested that people with orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction show a tendency to make social blunders due to a deficit in self-monitoring. self-monitoring is the ability of individuals to evaluate their behaviour to make sure that their behaviour is appropriate in particular situations. the impairment in self-monitoring leads to a lack of social emotion signals. the social emotions such as embarrassment are important in the way that they signal the individual to adapt social behaviour in an appropriate manner to maintain relationships with others. though patients with damage to the ofc retain intact knowledge of social norms, they fail to apply it to actual behaviour because they fail to generate social emotions that promote adaptive social behaviour. the other test, the iowa gambling task, is a psychological test intended to simulate real-life decision making. the underlying concept of this test is the somatic marker hypothesis. this hypothesis argues that when people have to make complex uncertain decisions, they employ both cognitive and emotional processes to assess the values of the choices available to them. each time a person makes a decision, both physiological signals and evoked emotion (somatic marker) are associated with their outcomes and it accumulates as experience. people tend to choose the choice which might produce the outcome reinforced with positive stimuli, thus it biases decision-making towards certain behaviours while avoiding others. it is thought that somatic markers are processed in orbitofrontal cortex. the symptoms observed in bvftd are caused by dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex, thus these two neuropsychological tests might be useful in detecting early-stage bvftd. however, as self-monitoring and somatic marker processes are so complex, it likely involves other brain regions. therefore, neuropsychological tests are sensitive to the dysfunction of orbitofrontal cortex, yet not specific to it. the weakness of these tests is that they do not necessarily show dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex. in order to solve this problem, some researchers combined neuropsychological tests which detect the dysfunction of orbitofrontal cortex into one, so that it increases its specificity to the degeneration of the frontal lobe, in order to detect the early-stage bvftd. they invented the executive and social cognition battery which comprises five neuropsychological tests: faux pas test hotel task iowa gambling task mind in the eyes multiple errands task the result has shown that this combined test is more sensitive in detecting the deficits in early bvftd. management currently, there is no cure for ftd. treatments are available to manage the behavioral symptoms. disinhibition and compulsive behaviors can be controlled by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris). although alzheimer's and ftd share certain symptoms, they cannot be treated with the same pharmacological agents because the cholinergic systems are not affected in ftd. because ftd often occurs in relatively younger adults (i.e. in their 40s or 50s), it can severely affect families. patients often still have children living in the home. prognosis symptoms of frontotemporal dementia progress at a rapid, steady rate. patients with the disease can survive for 2–20 years. eventually patients will need 24-hour care for daily function. csf leaks are a known cause of reversible frontotemporal dementia. history features of ftd were first described by the czech psychiatrist arnold pick between 1892 and 1906. the name pick's disease was coined in 1922. this term is now reserved only for behavioral variant ftd which shows the presence of the characteristic pick bodies and pick cells, which were first described by alois alzheimer in 1911. in 1989, snowden suggested the term "semantic dementia" to describe the patient with predominant left temporal atrophy and aphasia that pick described. the first research criteria for ftd, "clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. the lund and manchester groups", was developed in 1994. the clinical diagnostic criteria were revised in the late 1990s, when the ftd spectrum was divided into a behavioral variant, a nonfluent aphasia variant and a semantic dementia variant. the most recent revision of the clinical research criteria was by international behavioural variant ftd criteria consortium (ftdc) in 2011. notable cases people who have been diagnosed as having ftd (often referred to as pick's disease in cases of the behavioral variant) include: john berry (1963–2016), american hardcore punk musician and founding member of the beastie boys clancy blair (born 1960), american developmental psychologist and professor don cardwell (1935–2008), major league baseball pitcher charmian carr (1942–2016), who played liesl, from the sound of music, born charmian anne farnon jerry corbetta (1947–2016), frontman, organist and keyboardist of american psychedelic rock band sugarloaf ted darling (1935–1996), buffalo sabres television announcer robert w. floyd (1936–2001), computer scientist colleen howe (1933–2009), sports agent and hockey team manager, known as "mrs. hockey" kazi nazrul islam (1899–1976) national poet of bangladesh terry jones (1942-2020), welsh comedian (monty python) and director. ralph klein (1942–2013), former premier of alberta, canada kevin moore (1958–2013), english footballer ernie moss (1949–2021), english footballer nic potter (1951–2013), british bassist for van der graaf generator christina ramberg (1946–1995), american painter associated with the chicago imagists david rumelhart (1942–2011), american cognitive psychologist sir nicholas wall (1945–2017), english judge bruce willis (born 1955), actor mark wirtz (1943–2020), pop musician, composer and producer