breastfeeding in public breastfeeding in public the social attitudes toward and legal status of breastfeeding in public vary widely in cultures around the world. in many countries, both in the global south and in a number of western countries, breastfeeding babies in open view of the general public is common and generally not regarded as an issue. in many parts of the world including australia, some parts of the united states and europe, along with some countries in asia, women have an explicit legal right to nurse in public and in the workplace. international breastfeeding sign to designate a private nursing area the prevalence of breastfeeding in public in a particular country is primarily due to factors such as legal restrictions, social norms and women's breastfeeding attitudes and knowledge. there is some evidence that mothers who breastfeed in public are more likely to continue breastfeeding for longer than those who do not. embarrassment resulting from societal disapproval is often cited as a major reason for not breastfeeding in public. this can result in nursing women avoiding spending time in public, carrying expressed breast milk with them or using infant formula when away from home. even though the practice may be legal or socially accepted, some mothers may nevertheless be reluctant to expose a breast in public to breastfeed due to actual or potential objections by other people, negative comments, or harassment. it is estimated that around 63% of mothers across the world have publicly breast-fed. the media have reported a number of incidents in which workers or members of the public have objected to or forbidden women breastfeeding. some mothers avoid the negative attention and choose to move to another location. but some mothers have protested their treatment, and have taken legal action or engaged in protests. protests have included a public boycott of the offender's business, organizing a "nurse-in" or a breastfeeding flash mob, in which groups of nursing mothers gather at the location where the complaint originated and nursed their babies at the same time. in response, some companies have apologised and agreed to train their employees. attitudes by country and continent africa a new mother in kabala, sierra leone in west africa nurses outdoors. in many areas of africa, breastfeeding in public is the norm. babies are commonly carried on a mother's back in a length of cloth and merely moved to the front for feeding. the nursing mother may shield the view of the baby nursing, but generally no attempt is made to hide the baby and the mother's breast from view. when a baby is seen crying in public, it is assumed that the woman with the infant is not the child's mother, since it is normally thought that she would feed the infant if she were the mother. morocco public breastfeeding is legal and widely accepted. sierra leone sierra leone has the highest infant mortality rate in the world. during a goodwill trip to the country, actress salma hayek breastfed on-camera a hungry week-old infant whose mother could not produce milk. she said she did it to reduce the stigma associated with breastfeeding and to encourage infant nutrition. asia sundanese woman breastfeeding in public china breastfeeding in public in china has traditionally been uncontroversial, and objection had been unheard of until the 2010s. the recent few instances of objection are apparently an effect of the magnification of social media. in shanghai, breastfeeding in public is considered embarrassing by some, but it is also accepted by many. there have been calls for the establishment of baby-care facilities in public places. india india has no legal statute dealing with breastfeeding in public. instead india's maternity benefit (amendment) act, 2017, entitles breastfeeding mothers to crèche facilities at many workplaces, and there are laws in some indian states that require employers to provide time and facilities for breastfeeding. however, not all employers provide these facilities and they are rarely available to women in public places. as a result breastfeeding often takes place in public, typically on public transport, in secluded corners, under trees, in cars or parking lots, or in public toilets. women breastfeeding in public often experience embarrassment due to staring strangers. prevalence and social acceptance vary from region to region. breastfeeding in public is not a norm in higher sections of society, but is quite common in the lower economic sections. in rural india it is completely acceptable, but more difficulties are experienced in urban areas. a survey carried out in 2019 indicated that around 81% of mothers across india do not like breastfeeding in public, mainly due to a lack of hygiene and the stares of others. malaysia it is widely accepted for mothers to breastfeed in public in malaysia with the expectation of breastfeeding modestly (covering the chest with a blanket or something of the sort). nepal there is a degree of stigma attached to public breastfeeding in nepalese society and many women avoid doing so. the country has no laws about public breastfeeding. nevertheless, it is not uncommon to see mothers breastfeeding their babies in public places such as buses, parks, restaurants, hospitals etc. in nepal. in nepalese society, breastfeeding a child is considered a must for the mothers. mothers who do not or are unable to breastfeed their child are considered to be 'bokshi' – 'witch', and much social stigma is attached to it. philippines in the philippines, breastfeeding is protected by various laws, such as the expanded breastfeeding promotion act of 2009 and the milk code of the philippines (executive order 51). mothers are allowed to breastfeed in public. employers are required to allow lactating employees breaks to breastfeed or express breastmilk. the law also states that the intervals should not be less than forty minutes for every eight hour working period. offices, public establishments such as malls and schools, and government institutions are required to establish lactation stations separate from the bathroom, where mothers can breastfeed their babies or express milk. the milk code prohibits the advertising of infant formula or bottle teats for infants under two years old. saudi arabia even though women cannot show any part of their body in public, breastfeeding is an exception. it is common for women to breastfeed in malls and parks, and it is acceptable among the people in saudi arabia. syria in 2015, islamic state were reported to be punishing women who breastfed in public. taiwan since november 2010, the public breastfeeding act has safeguarded the right to breastfeed in public, while lactation rooms are set up to deal with privacy and to provide access to hot water and power supplies, with fines against interfering with a mother's right to breastfeed. after evicting a breastfeeding mother from the national palace museum on 18 july 2012 and enraging many taiwanese website users, the offending employee and her employer were both fined 6000 new taiwan dollars (about 200 united states dollars), said the department of health, taipei city government (chinese: 臺北市政府衛生局), but the museum would appeal. europe woman nursing her infant at pro-breastfeeding conference in spain czech republic although public breastfeeding is often practiced and is not illegal, some people disapprove of it. mothers who are breastfeeding in public buildings such as banks or coffee shops are sometimes asked to leave. these incidents can result in mothers making public protests. france public breastfeeding is legal and widely accepted. germany while public breastfeeding is widely accepted, especially since the movement of 1968 when public "nurse-ins" (german: still-inns) were common, there is no legislation that specifically addresses breastfeeding in public. paragraph 2 article 6 of the basic law for the federal republic of germany provides that "the care and upbringing of children as the natural right of parents" while paragraph 4 "entitles every mother to the protection and care of the community". iceland public breastfeeding is widespread and uncontroversial. italy in italy there is no law against public breastfeeding, but reactions to it vary in different communities. some people regard it as embarrassing or taboo and this can lead mothers avoiding breastfeeding while in public places. in order to do this they express milk at home for later use, replace it with infant formula, or restrict and reduce their time away from home. in italy, many mothers do not comply with breastfeeding recommendations. the promotion and support of breastfeeding is still necessary in italy and still needs to be monitored with representative data. actions should aim at empowering women, reducing social inequalities and improving practices in hospitals and maternal care services which encourage breastfeeding. ireland in the republic of ireland, breastfeeding wherever necessary is protected by law under the equal status act 2000, which protects people from discrimination and harassment (including sexual harassment). although breastfeeding is not directly mentioned, protection for breastfeeding in public is covered by the act on gender grounds. as a result, it is an offence to ask a breastfeeding woman to stop, move somewhere else or cover up, for example. while this gives a legally protected right to breastfeed anywhere that it becomes necessary, ireland has one of the lowest rates of breastfeeding in the world. netherlands public breastfeeding is common and widely socially accepted. there are no laws against public breastfeeding. dutch law states that when an employee wishes to breastfeed her baby, the employer must provide, for the first nine months after the birth, a suitable nursing room and allow for 25% of work time to be spent on feeding the baby or pumping while on pay. after the first nine months, the employer is still required to assure conditions for breastfeeding are met (like timely breaks, nursing rooms, safe environment, etc.), but does not have to pay anymore for the time spent on breastfeeding or pumping. norway public breastfeeding in norway is widespread, particularly in cafes. it is uncontroversial in comparison to countries such as the united states and united kingdom. nevertheless, nursing mothers sometimes feel embarrassed to breastfeed in public. they are expected to follow social rules for public breastfeeding and may be criticised if they do not do so. poland public breastfeeding is widespread in poland. there is a legal right to breastfeed in public, and it is illegal to prevent a nursing mother from doing so. this right is not restricted by poland's law prohibiting indecency. nevertheless, there are people in poland who object to it and it is a controversial subject. some nursing mothers are embarrassed by breastfeeding in public and make use of the amenities provided by certain businesses and institutions for this purpose. others hide the activity under a scarf or breastfeeding cover. polish law also provides breastfeeding employees with paid breaks for breastfeeding during working hours. spain spain's equality law provides a legal right to breastfeed in public. it is also widely accepted. in 2016, member of parliament carolina bescansa breastfed her son in the congress of deputies, receiving both praise and criticism for doing so. united kingdom breastfeeding in public (restaurants, cafes, libraries, etc.) is protected under the equality act 2010 which specifies that a business must not discriminate against a woman who is breastfeeding a child of any age in a public place. her companion(s) are also protected by this act. it does not extend to northern ireland. a 2004 uk department of health survey found that 84% (about five out of six people) find breastfeeding in public acceptable if done discreetly; however, 67% (two out of three) of mothers were worried about general opinion being against public breastfeeding. to combat these fears in scotland, the scottish parliament passed legislation safeguarding the freedom of women to breastfeed in public in 2005. the legislation allows for fines of up to £2500 for preventing breastfeeding of a child up to the age of two years in public places. vatican city in 2014, during a ceremony commemorating the baptism of jesus, pope francis voiced his support for mothers breastfeeding their children in public spaces, including churches. on 9 january 2017, he reiterated his support for public breastfeeding during a baptism service, encouraging the mothers there to breastfeed their children during the service as needed, just as the virgin mary had breastfed jesus. north america mirel yolotzin garcía bazán breastfeeding her son at the congress of the union, mexico city, 2016 a woman breastfeeding in the museum of the revolution in havana,