colombia according to a 2010 usda foreign agricultural service report, each small town in colombia typically has a wet market that is supplied by local production and opens at least once a week. the report described both retail wet markets and wholesale wet markets that provide food products for "mom'n pop stores". it estimated the number of wet markets at around 2,000, but noted that the number was slowly decreasing in large cities despite the presence of large wet markets like corabastos in bogotá. greenland a seafood stall at the kalaaliaraq market in greenland, local wet markets known as brætter sell food from wild animals, including seal meat, whale meat, reindeer meat, and polar bear meat. brætter do not sell live animals, but most meat sold in brætter is fresh and recently butchered. while larger towns have purpose-built facilities, the brætter in smaller towns and village settlements sell seafood in open-air stands without running water or electricity. only fresh meat was allowed to be sold in nuuk at kalaaliaraq market, the largest fresh food market in greenland, until 2018 when the government of greenland began permitting the sale of dried and salted meat at kalaaliaraq. trichinosis is a common problem in greenland due to the consumption of wild polar bear meat. in 2016, several people were infected with trichinella roundworms from eating polar bear meat from a local brætter even though the meat had initially passed inspections. as of 2017, trichinella inspections for seal and polar bear meat sold at brætter is not mandatory. mexico fresh meat section of the mercado 20 de noviembre in oaxaca, mexico some traditional mexican open-air markets called tianguis, such as the mercado margarita maza de juárez in oaxaca, are separated into a wet market (zona húmeda) and a dry market (zona seca). a 2002 study observed a trend that mexican consumers, especially those in the middle class, increasingly prefer supermarkets for beef purchases as opposed to traditional wet markets. in 2014, a study of mexican beef retail also noted an ongoing transition from traditional full-service wet markets to self-service meat display cases in supermarkets. in mexico, conflicts between traditional and modern retailers are handled at the municipal and state levels. some local zoning rules, such as those in the central districts of mexico city and morelia, have prohibited wet markets from operating in urban districts without providing further assistance to the retailers. united states in april 2020, the hill reported that wet markets were still operating in the united states and that animal rights activists were calling for the closure of wet markets, in addition to their existing calls to close live animal markets and factory farms. wet markets were common in new york city until refrigeration became commonplace in the 20th century. from the 1990s to 2020, the number of live animal wet markets in new york city nearly doubled. as of 2020, there are more than 80 wet markets in new york city that stock live animals and slaughter them on-demand for customers. they are mostly poultry markets located in outer-borough immigrant communities where they are culturally significant and pose low public health risks relative to wildlife markets and other types of exotic wet markets. china main article: wet markets in china seafood section of sanqi baihui market in beijing, china since the 1990s, large cities across china have moved traditional outdoor wet markets to modern indoor facilities. as of 2018, wet markets remained the most prevalent food outlet in urban regions of china despite the rise of supermarket chains since the 1990s. during the 2010s, "smart markets" equipped with e-payment terminals emerged as traditional wet markets faced increasing competition from discount stores. wet markets also began facing competition from online grocery stores, such as alibaba's hema stores. the trade of wildlife is not common in china, particularly in large cities, and most wet markets in china do not contain live or wild animals besides fish held in tanks. in the early 1980s, small-scale wildlife farming began under the chinese economic reform. it began to expand nationwide with government support in the 1990s, but was largely concentrated in the southeastern provinces. in 2003, wet markets across china were banned from holding wildlife after the 2002–2004 sars outbreak, which was directly tied to such practices. some poorly-regulated chinese wet markets provided outlets for the wildlife trade industry after the ban, although the illegal wildlife trade in china was predominantly in fur rather than in food or medicine. the huanan seafood wholesale market in wuhan was linked to the origin of covid-19 due to its early cluster of cases, leading to further restrictions and enforcement in 2020. in april 2020, the chinese government unveiled plans to further tighten restrictions on wildlife trade. hong kong main article: wet markets in hong kong shui chuen o market, a newer wet market under the ownership of the hong kong housing authority large centralised wet markets have existed in hong kong since at least 16 may 1842, when central market was opened. wet markets are most frequented by older residents, those with lower incomes, and domestic helpers who serve approximately 10 percent of hong kong's residents. most neighbourhoods contain at least one wet market. wet markets have become destinations for tourists to "see the real hong kong". prior to 2000, many of hong kong's wet markets were managed by the urban council (within hong kong island and kowloon) or the regional council (in the new territories). since 2000, wet markets in hong kong have been regulated by the food and environmental hygiene department (fehd). under the slaughterhouse regulation, the slaughtering of live bovine animals, swine, goats, sheep or soliped for human consumption must take place in a licensed slaughterhouse, none of the wet markets in hong kong hold wild or exotic animals. in 2018, the fehd operated 74 wet markets housing approximately 13,070 stalls. in addition, the hong kong housing authority operated 21 markets while private developers operated about 99 (in 2017). india the indian meat, poultry, and seafood industries are largely dependent on wet markets. according to food & beverage news, domestic consumers prefer freshly cut meat from wet markets over processed and frozen meats despite use of outdated and unhygienic facilities by the majority of indian wet market abattoirs. in delhi, the food retail system consists of the traditional informal food retail sector (wet markets, pushcarts, and kirana "mom-and-pop" stores), rent-free-subsidized retailers' cooperatives, government-owned food distribution channels, and private modern supermarkets. delhi wet markets generally consist of a number of small retailers that cluster together to sell their produce during daily fixed hours. a 2010 study of delhi food retail found that 68% to 75% of the total quantity of fruits and vegetables sold to consumers were distributed by wet market retailers. the same study surveyed consumers at 518 wet market retailers in delhi and found that their transactions included relatively little bargaining, with only a 3% average difference between the final price and the initially quoted price. indonesia pasar keputran, a pasar pagi in surabaya, indonesia. traditional wet markets, called pasars (including pasar malam and pasar pagi), are found across in indonesia in both urban and rural areas. wet markets face increasing competition from supermarkets as well as e-commerce companies like shopee and tokopedia. as of 2020, there are 12.3 million traders across 13,450 wet markets in indonesia. in 2016, the indonesia government's policy to stabilise beef prices required importers to sell cheaper-priced meats in wet markets instead of in supermarkets and hypermarkets. in greater jakarta, indian buffalo meat is predominantly sold in wet markets, with limited market penetration from supermarkets and hypermarkets as of 2018. in contrast, only 7% of consumers in jakarta purchase australian beef from supermarkets in 2018. in 2018, indonesian wet market vendors that import goods expressed concerns over the decrease in value of the indonesian rupiah. wet markets throughout indonesia have undergone major renovations in the 2010s under a government program. in 2018, the first modern wet market opened in jakarta with a laboratory as well as freezing and refrigeration facilities. through june 2020, health protocols and mobility restrictions from the covid-19 pandemic in indonesia resulted in a 65% reduction in revenue for wet market traders, according to the traditional market traders association (ikappi). in mid-2020, wet markets in several provinces accounted for several major clusters of covid-19 cases. an airlangga university survey from may to june 2020 found that people in east java wet markets followed health protocols, including social distancing and mask-wearing, the least relative to other public places in east java. malaysia in march 2020, the malaysian government temporarily banned the operation of all wet markets (including pasar malam and pasar pagi) as a national response to the coronavirus pandemic. philippines a palengke in danao, cebu, philippines in the philippines, wet markets are managed by cooperatives according to legislation such as the cooperatives code (ra 7160) and the agriculture and fisheries modernization act (ra 8435). the philippine government has control over the price of some commodities sold in palengkes, especially critical foods such as rice. in july 2017, the digital wet market palengke boy was launched in davao city to compete against traditional wet markets. in march 2020, the pasig local government launched a mobile wet market to ensure access to basic goods during the covid-19 pandemic. singapore a wet market in tekka market, singapore wet markets in singapore are subsidized by the government. the tekka market, tiong bahru market, and chinatown complex market are prominent wet markets containing seasonal fruit, fresh vegetables, imported beef, and live seafood. in the early 1990s, the slaughter of animals was banned in 12 inner-city markets and 22 wet market centers in singapore. in early 2020, the national environment agency issued advisories for "high standards of hygiene and cleanliness" for the 83 markets that it oversees in a response to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. sri lanka in sri lanka, where poultry is the leading livestock industry and constitutes the only meat export industry, the majority of broiler chickens are mechanically processed in semi-automated plants. however, poultry is still slaughtered in wet markets that generally cater to specific groups of customers and ethnic groups. a 2017 study of 102 semi-automated poultry processing plants and 25 poultry-slaughtering wet markets found that 27.4% of the broiler neck skin samples from the semi-automated processing facilities tested positive for campylobacter contamination, while 48% of broiler neck skin samples from the wet market processing facilities tested positive for campylobacter contamination. taiwan a traditional chinese market in daan district, taipei, taiwan many wet markets in taiwan originated as groups of peddlers and roadside stalls that organized into informal physical structures. by 2020, wet markets had been in decline throughout taiwan for decades and revitalization efforts have been largely unsuccessful. in 1997, a report by the taipei city government indicated that the city had 61 major wet markets with almost 10,000 registered vendors. the report also indicated that most of the city's wet markets were in serious need of repair and that almost 3,500 of the vendor stalls lay vacant. the nanmen market in taipei is a government-owned traditional wet market that was opened in 1907 during the japanese colonial rule. the market building was demolished in october 2019 and the market temporarily relocated until its replacement modern 12-floor building is completed in 2022. one of the largest wet markets in taiwan, the jianguo market in taichung, was torn down and replaced by a new facility in 2016. the new facilities provided better hygiene, disability accessibility, and refrigeration, but the relocation was initially met with hesitation from the local vendors before a grassroots outreach campaign led to greater acceptance.a wet market in chinatown, chiang mai, thailand, selling a variety of shellfish and turtles. thailand wet markets are the dominant preferred venue for grocery shopping in thailand due to the local preference for fresh food, as well as lower prices and familiarity with shopkeepers. united arab emirates in october 2018, a meat & livestock australia report said that while the united arab emirates's grocery retail sector is highly developed, wet markets are still prominent throughout the country. vietnam in 2017, there were approximately 9,000 wet markets, 800 supermarkets, 160 shopping malls and 1.3 million small family-owned stores across vietnam according to government estimates. in 2017, the hanoi city