waste being produced in the global north and being exported to and disposed of in the global south. multiple factors affect which countries produce waste and at what magnitude, including geographic location, degree of industrialization, and level of integration into the global economy. numerous scholars and researchers have linked the sharp increase in waste trading and the negative impacts of waste trading to the prevalence of neoliberal economic policy. with the major economic transition towards neoliberal economic policy in the 1980s, the shift towards "free-market" policy has facilitated the sharp increase in the global waste trade. henry giroux, chair of cultural studies at mcmaster university, gives his definition of neoliberal economic policy: "neoliberalism ...removes economics and markets from the discourse of social obligations and social costs. ...as a policy and political project, neoliberalism is wedded to the privatization of public services, selling off of state functions, deregulation of finance and labor, elimination of the welfare state and unions, liberalization of trade in goods and capital investment, and the marketization and commodification of society." given this economic platform of privatization, neoliberalism is based on expanding free-trade agreements and establishing open-borders to international trade markets. trade liberalization, a neoliberal economic policy in which trade is completely deregulated, leaving no tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions on international trade, is designed to further developing countries' economies and integrate them into the global economy. critics claim that although free-market trade liberalization was designed to allow any country the opportunity to reach economic success, the consequences of these policies have been devastating for global south countries, essentially crippling their economies in a servitude to the global north. even supporters such as the international monetary fund, “progress of integration has been uneven in recent decades” specifically, developing countries have been targeted by trade liberalization policies to import waste as a means of economic expansion. the guiding neoliberal economic policy argues that the way to be integrated into the global economy is to participate in trade liberalization and exchange in international trade markets. their claim is that smaller countries, with less infrastructure, less wealth, and less manufacturing ability, should take in hazardous wastes as a way to increase profits and stimulate their economies. challenges in developing countries areas with developing economies often experience exhausted waste collection services and inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites. the problems are worsening. problems with governance complicate the situation. waste management in these countries and cities is an ongoing challenge due to weak institutions, chronic under-resourcing and rapid urbanization. all of these challenges, along with the lack of understanding of different factors that contribute to the hierarchy of waste management, affect the treatment of waste. in developing countries, waste management activities are usually carried by poor, for their survival. it has been estimated that 2% of population in asia, latin america and africa are dependent on waste for their livelihood. family organized, or individual manual scavengers are often involved with waste management practices with very little supportive network and facilities with increased risk of health effects. additionally, this practice prevents their children from further education. participation level of most citizens in waste management is very low, residents in urban areas are not actively involved in the process of waste management. technologies traditionally, the waste management industry has been a late adopter of new technologies such as rfid (radio frequency identification) tags, gps and integrated software packages which enable better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data entry. this technology has been used widely by many organizations in some industrialized countries. radio frequency identification is a tagging system for automatic identification of recyclable components of municipal solid waste stream. waste management by region china municipal solid waste generation shows spatiotemporal variation. in spatial distribution, the point sources in eastern coastal regions are quite different. guangdong, shanghai and tianjin produced msw of 30.35, 7.85 and 2.95 mt, respectively. in temporal distribution, during 2009–2018, fujian province showed 123% increase in msw generation while liaoning province showed only 7% increase, whereas shanghai special zone had a decline of −11% after 2013. msw composition characteristics is complicated. the major components such as kitchen waste, paper and rubber & plastics in different eastern coastal cities have fluctuation in the range of 52.8–65.3%, 3.5–11.9%, and 9.9–19.1%, respectively. treatment rate of consumption waste is up to 99% with a sum of 52% landfill, 45% incineration, and 3% composting technologies, indicating that landfill still dominates msw treatment. morocco morocco has seen benefits from implementing a $300 million sanitary landfill system. while it might appear to be a costly investment, the country's government predicts that it has saved them another $440 million in damages, or consequences of failing to dispose of waste properly. san francisco san francisco started to make changes to their waste management policies in 2009 with the expectation to be zero waste by 2030. council made changes such as making recycling and composting a mandatory practice for businesses and individuals, banning styrofoam and plastic bags, putting charges on paper bags, and increasing garbage collection rates. businesses are fiscally rewarded for correct disposal of recycling and composting and taxed for incorrect disposal. besides these policies, the waste bins were manufactured in various sizes. the compost bin is the largest, the recycling bin is second, and the garbage bin is the smallest. this encourages individuals to sort their waste thoughtfully in respect to the sizes. these systems are working because they were able to divert 80% of waste from the landfill, which is the highest rate of any major u.s. city. despite all these changes, debbie raphael, director of the san francisco department of the environment, states that zero waste is still not achievable until all products are designed differently to be able to be recycled or compostable. turkey this section is an excerpt from waste management in turkey. turkey generates 28,858,880 tons of solid municipal waste per year; the annual amount of waste generated per capita amounts to 390 kilograms. according to waste atlas, turkey's waste collection coverage rate is 77%, whereas its unsound waste disposal rate is 69%. while the country has a strong legal framework in terms of laying down common provisions for waste management, the implementation process has been considered slow since the beginning of 1990s. united kingdom waste management policy in england is a responsibility of the department of the environment, food and rural affairs (defra). in england, the "waste management plan for england" presents a compilation of waste management policies. in the devolved nations such as scotland waste management policy is a responsibility of their own respective departments. zambia in zambia, asaza is a community-based organization whose principal purpose is to complement the efforts of government and co-operating partners to uplift the standard of living for disadvantaged communities. the project's main objective is to minimize the problem of indiscriminate littering which leads to land degradation and pollution of the environment. asaza is also at the same time helping alleviate the problems of unemployment and poverty through income generation and payment of participants, women and unskilled youths. e-waste a record 53.6 million metric tonnes (mt) of electronic waste was generated worldwide in 2019, up 21 per cent in just five years, according to the un’s global e-waste monitor 2020, released today. the new report also predicts global e-waste – discarded products with a battery or plug – will reach 74 mt by 2030, almost a doubling of e-waste in just 16 years. this makes e-waste the world’s fastest-growing domestic waste stream, fueled mainly by higher consumption rates of electric and electronic equipment, short life cycles, and few options for repair. only 17.4 per cent of 2019’s e-waste was collected and recycled. this means that gold, silver, copper, platinum and other high-value, recoverable materials conservatively valued at us$57 billion – a sum greater than the gross domestic product of most countries – were mostly dumped or burned rather than being collected for treatment and reuse. transboundary movement of e-waste the transboundary e-waste flows monitor quantified that 5.1 mt (just below 10 percent of the total amount of global e-waste, 53.6 mt) crossed country borders in 2019. to better understand the implication of transboundary movement, this study categorizes the transboundary movement of e-waste into controlled and uncontrolled movements and also considers both the receiving and sending regions. global e-waste data https://globalewaste.org/map/ future: e-waste will double by 2050. method 1. arrange to take your e-waste to a recycling firm like great lakes electronics corporation. the benefits of doing so are enormous. 2. recycling remains the most effective way to keep e-waste from damaging our environment and our health. 3. the best thing you can do is to resist buying a new device until you really need it. try to get your old product repaired if possible and if it can't be fixed, resell or recycle it responsibly. 4. before you recycle your device, seal up any broken parts in separate containers so that hazardous chemicals don't leak. wear latex gloves and a mask if you're handling something that's broken. scientific journals related scientific journals in this area include: environmental and resource economics environmental monitoring and assessment journal of environmental assessment policy and management journal of environmental economics and management