in the central reserve of high speed roads and not to verge side barriers. other routes will continue to use steel barriers. more people die on the hard shoulder than on the highway itself. without other vehicles passing a parked car, following drivers are unaware that the vehicle is parked, despite hazard lights. truck drivers indicate that they are parked by putting their cab seat behind their truck. in the uk, the aa and police park their vehicles on the hard shoulder at a slight angle so that following drivers can see down the side of their vehicle and are therefore aware that they are stopped. 30% of highway crashes occur in the vicinity of toll collection booths in the countries that have them, these can be reduced by switching to electronic toll systems. vehicle safety safety can be improved in various ways depending on the transport taken. buses and coaches safety can be improved in various simple ways to reduce the chance of a crash occurring. avoiding rushing or standing in unsafe places on the bus or coach and following the rules on the bus or coach itself will greatly increase the safety of a person travelling by bus or coach. various safety features can also be implemented into buses and coaches to improve safety including safety bars for people to hold onto. the main ways to stay safe when travelling by bus or coach are as follows: leave your location early so that you do not have to run to catch the bus or coach. at the bus stop, always follow the queue. do not board or alight at a bus stop other than an official one. never board or alight at a red light crossing or unauthorized bus stop. board the bus only after it has come to a halt without rushing in or pushing others. do not sit, stand or travel on the footboard of the bus. do not put any part of your body outside a moving or a stationary bus. while in the bus, refrain from shouting or making noise as it can distract the driver. always hold onto the handrail if standing in a moving bus, especially on sharp turns. always adhere to the bus safety rules. cars main article: automobile safety simulated crashes using crash test dummies can help improve automobile design. safety can be improved by reducing the chances of a driver making an error, or by designing vehicles to reduce the severity of crashes that do occur. most industrialized countries have comprehensive requirements and specifications for safety-related vehicle devices, systems, design, and construction. these may include: passenger restraints such as seat belts — often in conjunction with laws requiring their use — and airbags crash avoidance equipment such as lights and reflectors driver assistance systems such as electronic stability control crash survivability design including fire-retardant interior materials, standards for fuel system integrity, and the use of safety glass sobriety detectors: these interlocks prevent the ignition key from working if the driver breathes into one and it detects significant quantities of alcohol. they have been used by some commercial transport companies, or suggested for use with persistent drunk-driving offenders on a voluntary basis the dutch reach - use far hand on handle when opening to avoid dooring cyclists or injuries to exiting drivers and passengers. motorists and passengers – both front and rear – can make dooring less likely by practicing the "dutch reach" – opening the car door by reaching across the body with the more distant hand. motorbikes uk road casualty statistics show that motorcycle riders are nine times more likely to crash, and 17 times more likely to die in a crash, than car drivers. the higher fatality risk is due in part to the lack of crash protection (unlike in enclosed vehicles such as cars), combined with the high speeds motorcycles typically travel at. according to us statistics, the percentage of intoxicated motorcyclists in fatal crashes is higher than other riders on roads. helmets also play a major role in the safety of motorcyclists. in 2008, the national highway traffic safety administration (nhtsa) estimated the helmets are 37 percent effective in saving lives of motorcyclists involved in crashes. trucks according to the european commission transportation department "it has been estimated that up to 25% of accidents involving trucks can be attributable to inadequate cargo securing". improperly-secured cargo can cause severe crashes and lead to loss of cargo, loss of lives, loss of vehicles, and can be a hazard for the environment. one way to stabilize, secure, and protect cargo during transportation on the road is by using dunnage bags, which are placed in the voids among the cargo and are designed to prevent the load from moving during transport. together for safer roads (tsr) has developed best practices for implementing corporate road safety programs that includes data management and analysis, route mapping, investment and upkeep of fleets, safety policies and training for employees, and first-aid/safety training in case collisions do occur. police hundreds of people are killed each year due to high-speed chases of fleeing suspects by police. different jurisdictions allow such pursuits in different circumstances; fewer injuries might occur if these are restricted to violent felonies. regulation of road users various types of road user regulations are in force or have been tried in most jurisdictions around the world, some these are discussed by road user type below. motor vehicle users dependent on jurisdiction, driver's age, road type and vehicle type, motor vehicle drivers may be required to pass a driving test (public transport and goods vehicle drivers may need additional training and licensing), conform to restrictions on driving after consuming alcohol or various drugs, comply with restrictions on use of mobile phones, be covered by compulsory insurance, wear seat belts and comply with certain speed limits. motorcycle riders may additionally be compelled to wear a motorcycle helmet. drivers of certain vehicle types may be subject to maximum driving hour regulations. some jurisdictions, such as the us states virginia and maryland, have implemented specific regulations such as the prohibiting mobile phone use by, and limiting the number of passengers accompanying, young and inexperienced drivers. the state of safety report from the national safety council released in 2017 ranks states on these road safety regulations. it has been noticed that more serious collisions occur at night, when vehicles are more likely to have multiple occupants, and when seat belts are less likely to be used. the insurance institute for highway safety proposes restrictions for new drivers, including a "curfew" imposed on young drivers to prevent them driving at night, an experienced supervisor to chaperone the less experienced driver, forbidding the carrying of passengers, zero alcohol tolerance, raising the standards required for driving instructors and improving the driving test, vehicle restrictions (e.g. restricting access to 'high-performance' vehicles), a sign placed on the back of the vehicle (an n- or p-plate) to notify other drivers of a novice driver and encouraging good behaviour in the post-test period. while government has primary responsibility for providing safe roads, the challenges of development and equity require that all segments of society engage and contribute, including the private sector. private and public sector coalitions, like together for safer roads (tsr) and the road to zero coalition exist to work alongside government policies to advance the business case of having safer roads; they help companies meet their duty of care to employees and minimize fleet-related dangers to the wider community. safer roads also benefit business by improving employee health and safety, by protecting assets, reducing productivity losses and healthcare costs, and enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of supply chains. some countries or states have already implemented some of these ideas through vision zero networks. pay-as-you-drive adjusts insurance costs according to when and where the person drives. pedal bicycle users dependent on jurisdiction, road type and age, pedal cyclists may be required conform to restrictions on driving after consuming alcohol or various drugs, comply with restrictions on use of mobile phones, be covered by compulsory insurance, wear a bicycle helmet and comply with certain speed limits. pedestrians dependent on jurisdiction, jaywalking may be prohibited. the frequent road safety education for the children helps to improve the dangerous behaviors. animals collisions with animals are usually fatal to the animals, and occasionally to drivers as well. information campaigns annual traffic deaths sign over i-95 in georgia, us, indicating more than three deaths per day information campaigns can be used to raise awareness of initiatives designed to reduce road casualty levels. examples include: decade of action by world health organization and fédération internationale de l'automobile (2011–2020) traffic awareness campaigns such as the "one false move" campaign documented by hillman et al. speeding. no one thinks big of you. (new south wales, australia, 2007) road safety is no accident world health organization designated driver campaign, (us, 1970s-present) click it or ticket, (us, 1993–present) clunk click every trip (uk 1971) green cross code (uk 1970–present) statistics according to eurostat, there is almost a linear proportion between the total number of passenger-km driven by car and road fatalities. car fatalities per pax-km vs. car usage per pax-day; in europe. it seems, at least in these european countries, that car fatalities per person-km have no strong correlation with massification of car usage. the average car usage in these countries is around 30km per person-day with varying number of fatalities ratios. these differences might be related with different cultural approaches to traffic codes, or more safety measures implemented on such countries. according to eurostat and european railway agency, in european railway mode of transport, there is a fatality risk for passengers and occupants 28 times lower compared with car usage. based on data by eu-27 member nations, 2008–2010. rating roads for safety since 1999 the eurorap initiative has been assessing major roads in europe with a road protection score. this results in a star rating for roads based on how well its design would protect car occupants from being severely injured or killed if a head-on, run-off, or intersection crash occurs, with 4 stars representing a road with the best survivability features. the scheme states it has highlighted thousands of road sections across europe where road-users are routinely maimed and killed for want of safety features, sometimes for little more than the cost of safety fencing or the paint required to improve road markings. there are plans to extend the measurements to rate the probability of a collision for the road. these ratings are being used to inform planning and authorities' targets. for example, in britain two-thirds of all road deaths happen on rural roads, which score badly when compared to the high quality motorway network; single carriageways claim 80% of rural deaths and serious injuries, while 40% of rural car occupant casualties are in cars that hit roadside objects, such as trees. improvements in driver training and safety features for rural roads are hoped to reduce this statistic. the number of designated traffic officers in the uk fell from 15 to 20% of police force strength in 1966 to seven per cent of force strength in 1998, and between 1999 and 2004 by 21%. it is an item of debate whether the reduction in traffic collisions per 100 million miles driven over this time has been due to robotic enforcement. in the united states, roads are not government-rated, for media-releases and public knowledge on their actual safety features. however, in 2011, the national highway traffic safety administration's traffic safety facts found that over 800 persons were killed across the us by "non-fixed objects" that includes roadway debris. california had the highest number of total deaths from those crashes; new mexico had a best chance for an individual to die from experiencing any vehicle-debris crash. ksi statistics main article: epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions according to who in 2010 it was estimated that 1.24 million people were killed worldwide and 50 million more were injured in motor vehicle collisions. young adults aged between 15 and 44 years account for 59% of global road traffic deaths. other key facts according to the who report are: road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among young people, aged 15–29 years. 91% of the world's fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and