the child, but also their future children, as the altered gene would be in their sperm or eggs. in 2001 australian researchers ronald jackson and ian ramshaw were criticized for publishing a paper in the journal of virology that explored the potential control of mice, a major pest in australia, by infecting them with an altered mousepox virus that would cause infertility as the provided sensitive information could lead to the manufacture of biological weapons by potential bioterrorists who might use the knowledge to create vaccine resistant strains of other pox viruses, such as smallpox, that could affect humans. furthermore, there are additional concerns about the ecological risks of releasing gene drives into wild populations. nobel prize in 2007, the nobel prize for physiology or medicine was awarded to mario capecchi, martin evans and oliver smithies "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." in 2020, the nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to emmanuelle charpentier and jennifer doudna for "the development of a method for genome editing".