sodium fluoroacetate sodium fluoroacetate sodium fluoroacetate, also known as compound 1080, is an organofluorine chemical compound with the formula fch2co2na. this colourless salt has a taste similar to that of sodium chloride and is used as a rodenticide. sodium fluoroacetate multiple sodium fluoroacetate molecules arranged in a crystal. fluorines are shown in yellow, sodium in purple, oxygen in red. names iupac name sodium 2-fluoroacetate other names 1080; sfa; sodium monofluoroacetate; compound 1080 identifiers cas number 62-74-8 y 3d model (jsmol) interactive image beilstein reference 3915223 chebi chebi:38699 y chembl chembl369611 y chemspider 5893 y echa infocard 100.000.499 ec number 200-548-2 gmelin reference 470376 kegg c18588 y pubchem cid 16212360 rtecs number ah9100000 unii 166wtm3843 y un number 2629 comptox dashboard (epa) dtxsid8024311 inchi inchi=1s/c2h3fo2.na/c3-1-2(4)5;/h1h2,(h,4,5);/q;+1/p-1 ykey: jgfyqvqaxanwju-uhfffaoysa-m yinchi=1/c2h3fo2.na/c3-1-2(4)5;/h1h2,(h,4,5);/q;+1/p-1key: jgfyqvqaxanwju-rewhxwofap smiles .c(=o)cf properties chemical formula nafc2h2o2 molar mass 100.0 g/mol appearance fluffy, colorless-to-white powder odor odorless melting point 200 °c (392 °f; 473 k) boiling point decomposes solubility in water soluble hazards occupational safety and health (ohs/osh): main hazards toxic, flammable ghs labelling: pictograms signal word danger hazard statements h300, h310, h330, h400 precautionary statements p260, p262, p264, p270, p271, p273, p280, p284, p301+p310, p302+p350, p304+p340, p310, p320, p321, p322, p330, p361, p363, p391, p403+p233, p405, p501 flash point ? lethal dose or concentration (ld, lc): ld50 (median dose) 1.7 mg/kg (rat, oral)0.34 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)0.1 mg/kg (rat, oral)0.3 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)0.1 mg/kg (mouse, oral) niosh (us health exposure limits): pel (permissible) twa 0.05 mg/m3 rel (recommended) twa 0.05 mg/m3 st 0.15 mg/m3 idlh (immediate danger) 2.5 mg/m3 except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °c , 100 kpa). n verify (what is yn ?) infobox references history and production the effectiveness of sodium fluoroacetate as a rodenticide was reported in 1942. the name "1080" refers to the catalogue number of the poison, which became its brand name. the salt is synthesized by treating sodium chloroacetate with potassium fluoride. both sodium and potassium salts are derivatives of fluoroacetic acid. natural occurrence fluoroacetate occurs naturally in at least 40 plants in australia, brazil, and africa. it is one of only five known organic fluorine-containing natural products. fluoroacetate occurrence in gastrolobium species gastrolobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family fabaceae. this genus consists of over 100 species, and all but two are native to the southwest region of western australia, where they are known as "poison peas". gastrolobium growing in southwestern australia concentrate fluoroacetate from low-fluoride soils. brush-tailed possums, bush rats, and western grey kangaroos native to this region are capable of safely eating plants containing fluoroacetate, but livestock and introduced species from elsewhere in australia are highly susceptible to the poison, as are species introduced from outside australia, such as the red fox. the fact that many gastrolobium species also have high secondary toxicity to non-native carnivores is thought to have limited the ability of cats to establish populations in locations where the plants form a major part of the understorey vegetation. the presence of gastrolobium species in western australia has often forced farmers to 'scalp' their land, that is, remove the top soil and any poison pea seed which it may contain, and replace it with a new poison pea-free top soil sourced from elsewhere in which to sow crops. similarly, after bushfires in north-western queensland, cattlemen have to move livestock before the poisonous gastrolobium grandiflorum emerges from the ashes. dichapetalum cymosum the related compound potassium fluoroacetate occurs naturally as a defensive compound in at least 40 plant species in australia, new zealand, brazil, and africa. it was first identified in dichapetalum cymosum, commonly known as gifblaar or poison leaf, by marais in 1944. as early as 1904, colonists in sierra leone used extracts of chailletia toxicaria, which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts, to poison rats. several native australian plant genera contain the toxin, including gastrolobium, gompholobium, oxylobium, nemcia, and acacia. new zealand's native puha contains 1080 in very low concentrations. toxicology sodium fluoroacetate is toxic to all obligate aerobic organisms, and highly toxic to mammals and insects. the oral dose of sodium fluoroacetate sufficient to be lethal in humans is 2–10 mg/kg. the toxicity varies with species. the new zealand food safety authority established lethal doses for a number of species. dogs, cats, and pigs appear to be most susceptible to poisoning. the enzyme fluoroacetate dehalogenase has been discovered in a soil bacterium, which can detoxify fluoroacetate in the surrounding medium. mechanism of action fluoroacetate is structurally similar to acetate, which has a pivotal role in cellular metabolism. this similarity is the basis of the toxicity of fluoroacetate. two related mechanisms for its toxicity have been discussed, with both beginning with the conversion of fluoroacetate to 2-fluorocitrate. 2-fluorocitrate arises by condensation with oxaloacetate with fluoroacetyl coenzyme a, catalyzed by citrate synthase. fluorocitrate binds very tightly to aconitase, thereby halting the citric acid cycle. this inhibition results in an accumulation of citrate in the blood. citrate and fluorocitrate are allosteric inhibitors of phosphofructokinase-1 (pfk-1), a key enzyme in glycolysis. when pfk-1 is inhibited, cells are no longer able to metabolize carbohydrates, depriving them of energy. alternatively, fluorocitrate interferes with citrate transport in the mitochondria. symptoms in humans, the symptoms of poisoning normally appear between 30 minutes and three hours after exposure. initial symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain; sweating, confusion, and agitation follow. in significant poisoning, cardiac abnormalities including tachycardia or bradycardia, hypotension, and ecg changes develop. neurological effects include muscle twitching and seizures; consciousness becomes progressively impaired after a few hours leading to coma. death is normally due to ventricular arrhythmias, progressive hypotension unresponsive to treatment, and aspiration pneumonia. symptoms in domestic animals vary: dogs tend to show nervous system signs such as convulsions, vocalization, and uncontrollable running, while large herbivores such as cattle and sheep more predominantly show cardiac signs. sub-lethal doses of sodium fluoroacetate may cause damage to tissues with high energy needs — in particular, the brain, gonads, heart, lungs, and fetus. sub-lethal doses are typically completely metabolised and excreted within four days. treatment effective antidotes are unknown. research in monkeys has shown that the use of glyceryl monoacetate can prevent problems if given after ingestion of sodium fluoroacetate, and this therapy has been tested in domestic animals with some positive results. in theory, glyceryl monoacetate supplies acetate ions to allow continuation of cellular respiration which the sodium fluoroacetate had disrupted. experiments of n. v. goncharov and co-workers resulted in development of two varieties of potentially successful treatments. one combines a phenothiazine compound and a dioic acid compound. the other includes a phenothiazine compound, a nitroester compound, and ethanol. in clinical cases, use of muscle relaxants, anti-convulsants, mechanical ventilation, and other supportive measures may all be required. few animals or people have been treated successfully after significant sodium fluoroacetate ingestions. in one study, sheep gut bacteria were genetically engineered to contain the fluoroacetate dehalogenase enzyme that inactivates sodium fluoroacetate. the bacteria were administered to sheep, who then showed reduced signs of toxicity after sodium fluoroacetate ingestion. pesticide use common brushtail possum, an invasive pest in new zealand whose population is controlled with sodium fluoroacetate sodium fluoroacetate is used as a pesticide, especially for mammalian pest species. farmers and graziers use the poison to protect pastures and crops from various herbivorous mammals. in new zealand and australia it is also used to control invasive non-native mammals that prey on or compete with native wildlife and vegetation. australia in australia, sodium fluoroacetate was first used in rabbit control programmes in the early 1950s, where it is regarded as having "a long history of proven effectiveness and safety". it is seen as a critical component of the integrated pest-control programmes for rabbits, foxes, wild dogs, and feral pigs. since 1994, broad-scale fox control using 1080 meat baits in western australia has significantly improved the population numbers of several native species and led, for the first time, to three species of mammals being taken off the state's endangered species list. in australia, minor direct mortality of native animal populations from 1080 baits is regarded as acceptable, compared to the predatory and competitive effects of those introduced species being managed using 1080. western shield is a project to boost populations of endangered mammals in south-west australia conducted by the department of environment and conservation of western australia. the project entails distributing fluoroacetate-baited meat from the air to kill predators. wild dogs and foxes will readily eat the baited meat. cats pose a greater difficulty as they are generally not interested in scavenging. however, an australian rspca-commissioned study criticized 1080, calling it an inhumane killer. some western australian herbivores (notably, the local subspecies of the tammar wallaby, macropus eugenii derbianus, but not the subspecies m. e. eugenii of southern australia and m. e. decres on kangaroo island) have, by natural selection, developed partial immunity to the effects of fluoroacetate, so that its use as a poison may reduce collateral damage to some native herbivores specific to that area. in 2011, over 3,750 toxic baits containing 3 ml of 1080 were laid across 520 properties over 48,000 hectares (120,000 acres) between the tasmanian settlements of southport and hobart as part of an ongoing attempt at the world's biggest invasive animal eradication operation – the eradication of red foxes from the island state. the baits were spread at the rate of one per 10 hectares and were buried, to mitigate the risk to non-target wildlife species like tasmanian devils. native animals are also targeted with 1080. during may 2005 up to 200,000 bennett's wallabies on king island were intentionally killed in one of the largest coordinated 1080 poisonings seen in tasmania. in 2016 papp (para-amino propiophenone) became available for use, which the rspca has endorsed as a more humane alternative to 1080, due in part to its ability to kill faster, as well as having an antidote, which 1080 does not. however, as of july 2018, 1080 was still being used in attempts to reduce feral cat populations. new zealand sign warning of poisonous sodium fluoroacetate baits on the west coast of new zealand worldwide, new zealand is the largest user of sodium fluoroacetate. this high usage is attributable to the fact that, apart from two species of bat, new zealand has no native land mammals, and some of those that have been introduced have had devastating effects on vegetation and native species. 1080 is used to control possums, rats, stoats, deer, and rabbits. the largest users, despite some vehement opposition, are ospri new zealand and the department of conservation. united states sodium fluoroacetate is used in the united states to kill coyotes. prior to 1972 when the epa cancelled all uses, sodium fluoroacetate was used much more widely as a cheap predacide and rodenticide; in 1985, the restricted-use "toxic collar" approval was finalized. other countries 1080 is used as a rodenticide in mexico, japan, korea, and israel. in israel 0.05% sodium fluoroacetate whole wheat grain baits are used to prevent heavy crop loss to field crops during mass outbreaks of the field rodents microtus guentheri, meriones tristrami and mus musculus populations () environmental impacts water because 1080 is highly water-soluble, it will be dispersed and diluted in the environment by rain, stream water, and ground water. sodium fluoroacetate at the concentrations found in the environment after standard baiting operations will break down in natural water containing living organisms, such as aquatic plants or micro-organisms. water-monitoring surveys, conducted during the 1990s, have confirmed that significant contamination of waterways following aerial application of 1080 bait is possible, but unlikely. research by niwa showed that 1080 deliberately placed in small streams for testing was undetectable at the placement site after 8 hours, as it washed downstream. testing was not done downstream. in new zealand, surface water is routinely monitored after aerial application of 1080, and water samples are collected immediately after application, when there is the highest possibility of detecting contamination. of 2442 water samples tested in new zealand between 1990 and 2010, following aerial 1080 operations: 96.5% had no detectable 1080 at all and, of all the samples, only six were equal to, or above the ministry of health level for drinking water, and none of these came from drinking water supplies. of 592 samples taken from human or