– direcção nacional das águas (dna) under the department water and sanitation (departemento água e saneamento) until december 2015. then dna was split into two separate directorates – and drinking water and sanitation came under director nacional abastecimento de agua e saneamento (dnaas). the pronasar report of 2012 highlighted that capacity of district staff is still a blockage. in total 274 people are on water and sanitation positions in the 128 districts. financial aspects tariffs no detailed and up-to-date data on water tariffs in mozambique are available. tariffs follow an increasing-block structure. in 2005 average water tariffs in maputo were 12,500 meticais (us$0.54/m3) and between 10,200 and 11,200 meticais per cubic meter (0.44–0.49/m3) in beira, quelimane, nampula and pemba. cra approved real average tariff increases of 5 to 10 percent per year in the service areas of the private company adem over the period 2002–07, applying a tariff indexation formula. however, after adjustment for inflation tariffs barely increased. due to the contract structure, the limited inflation-adjusted increases benefited the public asset holding company fipag, not the private operator. fipag's financial performance improved steadily as a result of the tariff increases. the water company for maputo has to pay a regulatory fee to cra, and all licensed water companies have to pay water abstraction charges to the central government for pumping water from rivers or the ground. these fees and charges are added to the water tariff. cost recovery the government aims to gradually achieve full cost recovery for water supply, as stated in its 1998 water tariff policy. according to the world bank, the urban asset holding company fipag is "achieving full cost recovery and can graduate from government subsidies". on the other hand, the mozambique mdg status report for water and sanitation notes that the sector as a whole still strongly depends on donor financing. in rural areas revenues are by far insufficient to recover operation and maintenance costs. investment there are no reliable data on actual investments in the sector. it has been estimated in 2006 that the water sector requires annual public investments of us$82 million to reach the mdgs, compared to us$67 million annually that have been "planned". according to the world bank, in 2007 mozambique's delegated private sector management approach has attracted about us$350 million to urban water over the previous six years. financing about 85 percent of investments in water supply were financed by aid in 2006–08. external financing has increased by 150 percent as compared to 2003–05, from us$46 million to us$116 million. funding channeled through the national budget has been disbursed at a rate of 82 percent, while donor-managed projects disbursed only at an average rate of 58 percent. planning and monitoring a 2009 water sector public expenditure review by the world bank found that there are numerous planning documents, but still no comprehensive planning. donors are not well coordinated and the ministry of finance changes budget allocations in mid-year. while there are many reports on outputs and on disbursements, the two are not linked to each other so that it is impossible to estimate value for money. efficiency of utilities houses in the outskirts of maputo. because of the poor condition of the networks, illegal connections and vandalism of meters, unaccounted-for water (ufw) was over 50 percent in most areas in 2007. in maputo, unaccounted-for water apparently increased substantially during the lease contract with adem from an estimated 38 percent in 2002 to 62 percent in 2005. collection efficiency, the share of bills actually paid, reached only 64% in 2004, up from about 30 percent before the lease contract, but far short from the contractual target of 87 percent for 2004. however, these figures are far from precise, and other estimates speak 60 percent ufw and 60 percent collection efficiency before in the late 1990s before the lease contract for maputo. according to a world bank study, staff productivity in maputo (5.4 employees per 1000 connections) compared favorably with large water companies in the africa region. staffing ratios were still high in the other areas, but were improving as the number of connections increased. in 1998 the number of staff per 1000 connections ranged from 10 in maputo to up to 34 in some towns. external cooperation the main donors in the water and sanitation sector are the african development bank, switzerland, the netherlands, unicef and the united states. switzerland and the united states are focused on the northern provinces. other donors in the water and sanitation sector include austria, canada, the european commission, france, ireland, italy, japan and the uk. the world bank and sweden are active in water resources management. overall, about 15 donors are engaged in water supply and sanitation in mozambique. donor coordination is most advanced in rural areas, where canada, the netherlands, unicef, switzerland, the uk and the african development bank together with the government pooled their financial resources in a common fund. african development bank the african development bank (afdb) supported the water and sanitation sector with four investments projects since 1981. it provided us$19.6m of co-financing for the world bank-led second national water supply project. in april 2009 it approved the niassa provincial towns water and sanitation project in cuamba and lichinga towns, supported by a us$27 million loan. in 2010 it approved a 28m euro combined grant and loan to support rural water supply and sanitation in nampula and zambezia province. parts of the funds are channeled through the common fund established by the government for rural water supply and sanitation, while another part is channeled outside of the common fund. canada since 2000 canadian cida supports the inhambane rural water development program (irwdp). the netherlands the netherlands has committed a total of 17 water projects for mozambique in the period 2005–11. the largest commitment was 18.6m euro for a maputo water project in joint funding with the eib, the eu water facility and the french development agency in 2007. the second-largest commitment was 15m euro for a water project in the city of chimoio in manica province in 2009. more than 8m euro were approved in 2008 to support the activities of the public dutch water company vitens in four cities (see further above under history). the netherlands also provided us$10m of co-financing for the world bank-led second national water supply project. switzerland since 1979, switzerland is backing governmental efforts in the fields of rural water supply in the northern provinces, training (training institutions, scholarships, human resource department) and institutional support to central and provincial authorities. the swiss program was revised in 2003 to focus more on promoting, documenting and disseminating innovative experiences and bring them to the national debate in partnership with other donors such as the world bank and the european union. the main focus will remain the rural population of northern mozambique. swiss aid is partially channeled through ngos such as helvetas in cabo delgado province, care in nampula and cabo delgado provinces, and wateraid in niassa and zambezia provinces. the swiss aid budget for water and in mozambique is about us$3m per year. unicef unicef carried out a 40 million euro water supply, sanitation and hygiene (wash) program from 2007–2011 in the provinces gaza, zambezia, manica, sofala and tete. the program had four components. the policy and planning component supported the establishment of strategic plans at the provincial, district and municipal level in four provinces as well as the creation of data banks for water and sanitation, as well as capacity building in seven (unnamed) "model districts". the rural component aimed to provide at least 500,000 new users in rural areas with access to "safe drinking water facilities" and "440,000 new users with access to improved latrines". the urban component was supposed to "develop the capacity of local stakeholders for adequate planning and implementation of decentralised wash interventions", as well as "stimulation of demand for improved wash services" and hygiene promotion, providing "at least 100,000 new users in poor urban and peri-urban with access to safe drinking water facilities in six targeted municipalities" and "100,000 new users with access to improved latrines". the school component provided "technical and financial assistance for the provision of child-friendly water, sanitation (separate for girls and boys) and hand washing facilities in 220 schools." a 45 million euro follow-up project continued to support activities in the provinces gaza, manica, sofala and zambézia, with new activities in the provinces cabo delgado and nampula. the united states in 2007 the millennium challenge corporation approved a us$203.6 mn water supply and sanitation project for six cities, two mid-sized towns and 600 villages. the project is part of a larger programme covering the three northern provinces zambézia, nampula and cabo delgado. the program also includes road construction, farmer income support and land tenure services. the world bank in 2012 the world bank approved a us$50m loan to "strengthen the management of national water resources and increase the yield from corumana dam to augment water supply for the greater maputo metropolitan area." the water services and institutional support project, a us$30m project approved in 2007, aims to increase water service coverage in the cities of beira, nampula, quelimane, and pemba and to establish an institutional and regulatory framework for water supply in smaller cities and towns. the world bank was closely involved in the promotion of private sector participation in urban water supply through two projects. the first project (1998–2006) supported building capacity, rural water supply, water resources management, and the preparation of a new urban water supply strategy through a us$36m credit. this strategy, implemented during the second water project (2004–2009), supported large-scale civil works for urban water supply systems in five cities – maputo (the capital), beira, quelimane, nampula and pemba through a us$75m credit. the mozambique water private sector contracts project is an output based aid project supported by a us$6m grant approved in 2007. it aims to provide subsidized water connections for domestic consumers in maputo, beira, nampula, quelimane, and pemba. the project is implemented by fipag and expects to subsidize the construction of more than 30,000 shared yard taps which would impact approximately 468,000 people. other donors the nordic development fund provided co-financing for the first world bank project.