yoghurt. various types of plant cream have been created to replace dairy cream, and some types of imitation whipped cream are non-dairy. in the 2010s and 2020s, a number of companies have genetically engineered yeast to produce cow milk proteins, whey, or fat, without the use of cows. these include perfect day, novacca, motif foodworks, remilk, final foods, imagindairy, nourish ingredients, and circe. nutritional content of cows', soy, and almond milk cows' milk(whole, vitamin d added)soy milk(unsweetened;fortified)silk almond milk(unsweetened original; fortified) dietary energy per 240 ml cup620 kj (149 kcal)330 kj (80 kcal)120 kj (29 kcal) protein (g)7.696.951 fat (g)7.933.912.5 saturated fat (g)4.550.50 carbohydrate (g)11.714.231 fibre (g)01.21 sugars (g)12.3210 calcium (mg)276301451 potassium (mg)32229236 sodium (mg)10590170 vitamin b12 (µg)1.102.703 vitamin a (iu)395503499 vitamin d (iu)124119101 cholesterol (mg)2400 egg replacements as of 2019 in the united states, there were numerous vegan egg substitutes available, including products used for "scrambled" eggs, cakes, cookies, and doughnuts. baking powder, silken (soft) tofu, mashed potato, bananas, flaxseeds, and aquafaba from chickpeas can also be used as egg substitutes. which one of these works depends on the egg property the replacement is meant to emulate. scrambled tofu for instance replaces scrambled eggs, but tofu does not act as a binding agent for cakes like raw eggs, flaxseeds or bananas do. raw veganism main article: raw veganism raw veganism, combining veganism and raw foodism, excludes all animal products and food cooked above 48 °c (118 °f). a raw vegan diet includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, grain and legume sprouts, seeds, and sea vegetables. there are many variations of the diet, including fruitarianism. animal products mock meats in a supermarket in vienna general logos vegan society sunflower:certified vegan, no animal testing peta bunny:certified vegan, no animal testing leaping bunny:no animal testing, might not be vegan while vegans broadly abstain from animal products, there are many ways in which animal products are used, and different individuals and organizations that identify with the practice of veganism may use some limited animal products based on philosophy, means or other concerns. philosopher gary steiner argues that it is not possible to be entirely vegan, because animal use and products are "deeply and imperceptibly woven into the fabric of human society". animal ingredients a to z (2004) and veganissimo a to z (2013) list which ingredients might be animal-derived. the british vegan society's sunflower logo and peta's bunny logo mean the product is certified vegan, which includes no animal testing. the leaping bunny logo signals no animal testing, but it might not be vegan. the vegan society criteria for vegan certification are that the product contain no animal products, and that neither the finished item nor its ingredients have been tested on animals by, or on behalf of, the manufacturer or by anyone over whom the manufacturer has control. its website contains a list of certified products, as does australia's choose cruelty free (ccf). the british vegan society will certify a product only if it is free of animal involvement as far as possible and practical, including animal testing, but "recognises that it is not always possible to make a choice that avoids the use of animals", an issue that was highlighted in 2016 when it became known that the uk's newly introduced £5 note contained tallow. meat, eggs and dairy modern methods of factory farming are considered highly unethical by most vegans. like vegetarians, vegans do not eat meat (including beef, pork, poultry, fowl, game, animal seafood). the main difference between a vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products and eggs. clothing many clothing products may be made of animal products such as silk, wool (including lambswool, shearling, cashmere, angora, mohair, and a number of other fine wools), fur, feathers, pearls, animal-derived dyes, leather, snakeskin, or other kinds of skin or animal product. while dietary vegans might use animal products in clothing, toiletries, and similar, ethical veganism extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or use of animal products, and rejects the commodification of animals altogether.: 62 most leather clothing is made from cow skins. unlike ethical vegans, dietary vegans do not oppose the use of leather itself and may continue to wear leather they had bought before adopting the diet on the grounds that they are not financially supporting the meat industry. ethical vegans may wear clothing items and accessories made of non-animal-derived materials such as hemp, linen, cotton, canvas, polyester, artificial leather (pleather), rubber, and vinyl.: 16 leather alternatives can come from materials such as cork, piña (from pineapples), cactus, and mushroom leather. some vegan clothes, in particular leather alternatives, are made of petroleum-based products, which has triggered criticism because of the environmental damage involved in their production. toiletries vegan soap made from olive oil; soap is usually made from tallow (animal fat). vegans replace personal care products and household cleaners containing animal products with products that are vegan. animal ingredients are ubiquitous because they are relatively inexpensive. after animals are slaughtered for meat, the leftovers are put through a rendering process and some of that material, particularly the fat, is used in toiletries. common animal-derived ingredients include: tallow in soap; collagen-derived glycerine, which used as a lubricant and humectant in many haircare products, moisturizers, shaving foams, soaps and toothpastes; lanolin from sheep's wool is often found in lip balm and moisturizers; stearic acid is a common ingredient in face creams, shaving foam and shampoos, (as with glycerine, it can be plant-based, but is usually animal-derived); lactic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid derived from animal milk, is used in moisturizers; allantoin— from the comfrey plant or cows' urine —is found in shampoos, moisturizers and toothpaste; and carmine from scale insects, such as the female cochineal, is used in food and cosmetics to produce red and pink shades; beauty without cruelty, founded as a charity in 1959, was one of the earliest manufacturers and certifiers of animal-free personal care products. insect products vegan groups disagree about insect products. neither the vegan society nor the american vegan society considers honey, silk, and other insect products as suitable for vegans. some vegans believe that exploiting the labor of bees and harvesting their energy source is immoral, and that commercial beekeeping operations can harm and even kill bees. insect products can be defined much more widely, as commercial bees are used to pollinate about 100 different food crops. pet food number and years of publication of studies involving dogs and cats fed vegan diets some environmental vegans do not use meat-based pet food to feed their pets due to its environmental impact and ethical vegans do not use meat-based pet food to feed their pets due to it being an animal product. this is particularly true for domesticated cats and dogs, for which vegan pet food is both available and nutritionally complete, such as vegepet. this practice has been met with caution and criticism, especially regarding vegan cat diets because, unlike omnivorous dogs, felids are obligate carnivores. nutritionally complete vegan pet diets are comparable to meat-based ones for cats and dogs. a 2015 study found that 6 out of 24 commercial vegan pet food brands do not meet the association of american feed control officials (aafco) labeling regulations for amino acid adequacy. a 2023 systematic review concluded that pet dogs and cats can remain healthy on a vegan diet. other products and farming practices a concern is the case of medications, which are routinely tested on animals to ensure they are effective and safe, and may also contain animal ingredients, such as lactose, gelatine, or stearates. there may be no alternatives to prescribed medication or these alternatives may be unsuitable, less effective, or have more adverse side effects. experimentation with laboratory animals is also used for evaluating the safety of vaccines, food additives, cosmetics, household products, workplace chemicals, and many other substances. vegans may avoid certain vaccines, such as the flu vaccine, which is commonly produced in chicken eggs. an effective alternative, flublok, is widely available in the united states. farming of fruits and vegetables may include fertilizing the soil with animal manure – even on organic farms, possibly causing a concern to vegans for ethical or environmental reasons. "vegan" (or "animal-free") farming uses plant compost only. comparison of selected vegetarian and semi-vegetarian diets (view template) plantsdairyeggsseafoodpoultryall other animals vegetarianism lacto-ovo vegetarianism yesyesyesnonono ovo vegetarianism yesnoyesnonono lacto vegetarianism yesyesnononono veganism yesnonononono semi-vegetarianism flexitarianism yesyesyessometimessometimessometimes pollotarianism yesmaybeyesnoyesno pescetarianism yesmaybemaybeyesnono research and guidance vegan dish a 2022 review indicated that a vegan diet may be effective for reducing body weight, lowering the risk of cancer, and providing a lower risk of all-cause mortality. people on a vegan diet with diabetes or cardiovascular diseases may have lower levels of disease biomarkers. a 2022 meta-analysis found moderate evidence that adhering to a vegan diet for at least 12 weeks may be effective in individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes to induce a meaningful decrease in body weight and improve glycemia. a 2021 cochrane review of randomized controlled trials found that there is "currently insufficient information to draw conclusions about the effects of vegan dietary interventions on cardiovascular disease risk factors". a 2018 meta-analysis of observational studies concluded that "in most countries, a vegan diet is associated with a more favourable cardio-metabolic profile compared to an omnivorous diet". a 2022 meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies concluded that vegan diets are associated with reduced risk of ischemic heart disease, but no clear association was found for cardiovascular disease and stroke. a 2020 review of inflammation biomarkers found that a vegan diet was associated with lower levels of c-reactive protein compared to omnivores. there is inconsistent evidence for vegan diets providing an effect on metabolic syndrome. there is tentative evidence of an association between vegan diets and a reduced risk of cancer. a vegan diet without caloric restriction may reduce high blood pressure similarly to diets recommended by medical societies and portion-controlled diets. vegans may be at risk of low bone mineral density. positions of dietetic and government associations healthy vegan meal composition shown using the food plate method the academy of nutrition and dietetics and dietitians of canada state that properly planned vegetarian or vegan diets are appropriate for all life stages, including pregnancy and lactation. the australian national health and medical research council similarly recognizes a well-planned vegan diet as viable for any age, as does the british dietetic association, british national health service and the canadian pediatric society. the german society for nutrition does not recommend a vegan diet for babies, children and adolescents, or for pregnancy or breastfeeding. as of 2022, 45% of government nutritional guidelines discuss vegan meat or milk alternatives (or both). pregnancy, infants and children further information: vegan nutrition § pregnancy, infants and children; and nutrition and pregnancy the academy of nutrition and dietetics and dietitians of canada consider well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets "appropriate for individuals during all stages of the lifecycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes". the german society for nutrition cautioned against a vegan diet for pregnant women, breastfeeding women, babies, children, and adolescents. the position of the canadian pediatric society is that "well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets with appropriate attention to specific nutrient components can provide a healthy alternative lifestyle at all stages of fetal, infant, child and adolescent growth. it is recommended that attention should be given to nutrient intake, particularly protein, vitamins b12 and d, essential fatty acids, iron, zinc, and calcium. nutrients and potential deficiencies granola oatmeal with soy milk. oatmeal is a rich source of manganese and a moderate source of protein, fiber, phosphorus, and zinc. vegan diets tend to be high in dietary fiber, folate, vitamins c and e, potassium, magnesium, and unsaturated fats. however, consuming no animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins b12 and d, calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids. the american academy of nutrition and dietetics states that special attention may be necessary to ensure that a vegan diet will provide adequate amounts of vitamin b12, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin d, calcium, iodine, iron, and zinc. it also states that concern that vegans and vegan athletes may not consume an adequate amount and quality of protein is unsubstantiated. these nutrients are available in plant foods, with the exception of vitamin b12, which can be obtained only