diameter, but involve other geometrical and mechanical nuances such as local thickness and wall stress. in recent years, endovascular or minimally invasive techniques have been developed for many types of aneurysms. aneurysm clips are used for surgical procedure i.e. clipping of aneurysms. intracranial main article: cerebral aneurysm treatment there are currently two treatment options for brain aneurysms: surgical clipping or endovascular coiling. there is currently debate in the medical literature about which treatment is most appropriate given particular situations. surgical clipping was introduced by walter dandy of the johns hopkins hospital in 1937. it consists of a craniotomy to expose the aneurysm and closing the base or neck of the aneurysm with a clip. the surgical technique has been modified and improved over the years. endovascular coiling was introduced by italian neurosurgeon guido guglielmi at ucla in 1989. it consists of passing a catheter into the femoral artery in the groin, through the aorta, into the brain arteries, and finally into the aneurysm itself. platinum coils initiate a clotting reaction within the aneurysm that, if successful, fills the aneurysm dome and prevents its rupture. a flow diverter can be used, but risks complications. aortic and peripheral endovascular stent and endovascular coil for aneurysms in the aorta, arms, legs, or head, the weakened section of the vessel may be replaced by a bypass graft that is sutured at the vascular stumps. instead of sewing, the graft tube ends, made rigid and expandable by nitinol wireframe, can be easily inserted in its reduced diameter into the vascular stumps and then expanded up to the most appropriate diameter and permanently fixed there by external ligature. new devices were recently developed to substitute the external ligature by expandable ring allowing use in acute ascending aorta dissection, providing airtight (i.e. not dependent on the coagulation integrity), easy and quick anastomosis extended to the arch concavity less invasive endovascular techniques allow covered metallic stent grafts to be inserted through the arteries of the leg and deployed across the aneurysm. renal renal aneurysms are very rare consisting of only 0.1–0.09% while rupture is even more rare. conservative treatment with control of concomitant hypertension being the primary option with aneurysms smaller than 3 cm. if symptoms occur, or enlargement of the aneurysm, then endovascular or open repair should be considered. pregnant women (due to high rupture risk of up to 80%) should be treated surgically. epidemiology incidence rates of cranial aneurysms are estimated at between 0.4% and 3.6%. those without risk factors have expected prevalence of 2–3%.: 181 in adults, females are more likely to have aneurysms. they are most prevalent in people ages 35 – 60 but can occur in children as well. aneurysms are rare in children with a reported prevalence of .5% to 4.6%. the most common incidence is among 50-year-olds, and there are typically no warning signs. most aneurysms develop after the age of 40. pediatric aneurysms pediatric aneurysms have different incidences and features than adult aneurysms. intracranial aneurysms are rare in childhood, with over 95% of all aneurysms occurring in adults.: 235 risk factors incidence rates are two to three times higher in males, while there are more large and giant aneurysms and fewer multiple aneurysms.: 235 intracranial hemorrhages are 1.6 times more likely to be due to aneurysms than cerebral arteriovenous malformations in whites, but four times less in certain asian populations.: 235 most patients, particularly infants, present with subarachnoid hemorrhage and corresponding headaches or neurological deficits. the mortality rate for pediatric aneurysms is lower than in adults.: 235 modeling vortex formation inside an aneurysm. 1- blood flow inlet. 2- vortex formation inside aneurysm. velocity at center is near zero. 3- blood flow exit modeling of aneurysms consists of creating a 3d model that mimics a particular aneurysm. using patient data for the blood velocity, and blood pressure, along with the geometry of the aneurysm, researchers can apply computational fluid dynamics (cfd) to predict whether an aneurysm is benign or if it is at risk of complication. one risk is rupture. analyzing the velocity and pressure profiles of the blood flow leads to obtaining the resulting wall shear stress on the vessel and aneurysm wall. the neck of the aneurysm is the most at risk due to the combination of a small wall thickness and high wall shear stress. when the wall shear stress reaches its limit, the aneurysm ruptures, leading to intracranial hemorrhage. conversely, another risk of aneurysms is the creation of clots. aneurysms create a pocket which diverts blood flow. this diverted blood flow creates a vortex inside of the aneurysm. this vortex can lead to areas inside of the aneurysm where the blood flow is stagnant, which promotes formations of clots. blood clots can dislodge from the aneurysm, which can then lead to an embolism when the clot gets stuck and disrupts blood flow. model analysis allows these risky aneurysms to be identified and treated. in the past, aneurysms were modeled as rigid spheres with linear inlets and outlets. as technology advances, the ability to detect and analyze aneurysms becomes easier. researchers are able to ct scan a patient's body to create a 3d computer model that possesses the correct geometry. aneurysms can now be modeled with their distinctive "balloon" shape. nowadays researchers are optimizing the parameters required to accurately model a patient's aneurysm that will lead to a successful intervention. current modeling is not able to take into account all variables though. for example, blood is considered to be a non-newtonian fluid. some researchers treat blood as a newtonian fluid instead, as it sometimes has negligible effects to the analysis in large vessels. when analyzing small vessels though, such as those present in intracranial aneurysms. similarly, sometimes it is difficult to model the varying wall thickness in small vessels, so researchers treat wall thickness as constant. researchers make these assumptions to reduce computational time. nonetheless, making erroneous assumptions could lead to a misdiagnosis that could put a patient's life at risk. notable cases u.s. senator joe biden, who later became president, had two brain aneurysms in 1988. he recovered after successful surgeries to correct them. lucille ball, who died from an aortic rupture in the abdominal area days after having undergone apparently successful heart surgery for a dissecting aortic aneurysm laura branigan, who died of a cerebral aneurysm david cone, who had an aneurysm and missed most of the 1996 baseball season davie cooper, who died in 1995 following a subarachnoid hemorrhage whilst filming a football television series john olerud, had an aneurysm in 1989 and has worn a batting helmet on the field all of his career since then albert einstein, who died from a repaired aortic aneurysm thomas mikal ford, who died from a ruptured aneurysm in his abdomen. he was 52. charles de gaulle, who died from an aneurysm within his neck richard holbrooke, who died from a thoracic aortic aneurysm édith piaf, who died from an aneurysm due to liver failure stuart sutcliffe, who died from an aneurysm in his brain's right hemisphere raymond f. boyce, who died in 1974 as a result of an aneurysm. john ritter, died in 2003 of a misdiagnosed thoracic aortic dissection (aortic aneurysm). isabel granada, who died of a cerebral aneurysm geoffrey thompson, who died of a brain aneurysm at his daughter's wedding, hosted at his theme park, blackpool pleasure beach. edwin rosario died of an aneurysm in 1997. joni mitchell had a brain aneurysm in 2015, but survived. grant imahara died from a brain aneurysm in july 2020. dr. dre had a brain aneurysm in january 2021 jovit baldivino died from a brain aneurysm in december 2022 tom sizemore died from a brain aneurysm in march 2023.