to 20.8%. the majority of those who quit were professional, affluent men. although the per-capita number of smokers decreased, the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day increased from 22 in 1954 to 30 in 1978. this paradoxical event suggests that those who quit smoked less, while those who continued to smoke moved to smoke more light cigarettes. the trend has been paralleled by many industrialized nations as rates have either leveled-off or declined. in the developing world, however, tobacco consumption continued to rise at 3.4% in 2002. in africa, smoking is in most areas considered to be modern, and many of the strong adverse opinions that prevail in the west receive much less attention. today russia leads as the top consumer of tobacco followed by indonesia, laos, ukraine, belarus, greece, jordan, and china. consumption methods tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus nicotiana. the genus contains several species, of which nicotiana tabacum is the most commonly grown. nicotiana rustica follows second, containing higher concentrations of nicotine. the leaves are harvested and cured to allow the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids in tobacco leaf. this produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves which can be attributed to sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or fruity aromatic flavors. before packaging, the tobacco is often combined with other additives in order to increase the addictive potency, shift the product's ph, or improve the effects of smoke by making it more palatable. in the united states these additives are regulated to 599 substances. the product is then processed, packaged, and shipped to consumer markets. common methods of consuming tobacco include the following: tobacco field in intercourse, pennsylvaniabasma leaves curing in the sun at pomak village of xanthi, thrace, greeceprocessed tobacco pressed into flakes for pipe smoking beedibeedis are thin south asian cigarettes filled with tobacco flakes and wrapped in a tendu leaf tied with a string at one end. they produce higher levels of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar than cigarettes typical in the united states. tendu patta (leaf) collection for beedi industries cigarscigars are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco which are ignited so that smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth. they are generally not inhaled because of the high alkalinity of the smoke, which can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs. the prevalence of cigar smoking varies depending on location, historical period, and population surveyed, and prevalence estimates vary somewhat depending on the survey method. the united states is the top consuming country by far, followed by germany and the united kingdom; the us and western europe account for about 75% of cigar sales worldwide. as of 2005 it is estimated that 4.3% of men and 0.3% of women smoke cigars in the us. cigarettescigarettes, french for "small cigar", are a product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, which are then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder. cigarettes are ignited and inhaled, usually through a cellulose acetate filter, into the mouth and lungs. hookahhookah are a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking. originally from india, the hookah was a symbol of pride and honor for the landlords, kings and other such high class people. now, the hookah has gained immense popularity, especially in the middle east. a hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. it can be used for smoking herbal fruits, tobacco, or cannabis. kretekkretek are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring "sauce". it was first introduced in the 1880s in kudus, java, to deliver the medicinal eugenol of cloves to the lungs. the quality and variety of tobacco play an important role in kretek production, from which kretek can contain more than 30 types of tobacco. minced dried clove buds weighing about one-third of the tobacco blend are added to add flavoring. in 2004 the united states prohibited cigarettes from having a "characterizing flavor" of certain ingredients other than tobacco and menthol, thereby removing kretek from being classified as cigarettes. pipe smokingpipe smoking is done with a tobacco pipe, typically consisting of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited. roll-your-ownroll-your-own or hand-rolled cigarettes, often called "rollies", "cigi" or "roll-ups", are very popular particularly in european countries and the uk. these are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers, and filters all bought separately. they are usually much cheaper than ready-made cigarettes and small contraptions can be bought making the process easier. vaporizera vaporizer is a device used to sublimate the active ingredients of plant material. rather than burning the herb, which produces potentially irritating, toxic, or carcinogenic by-products; a vaporizer heats the material in a partial vacuum so that the active compounds contained in the plant boil off into a vapor. this method is often preferable when medically administrating the smoke substance, as opposed to directly pyrolyzing the plant material. physiology