termine, a., seyal, a., dudas, m. m., vessicchio, j. c., krishnan-sarin, s., jatlow, p. i., bruce e. wexler, b. e., & george, t. p. (2005). effects of cigarette smoking on spatial working memory and attentional deficits in schizophrenia. arch gen psychiatry, 62, 659–659. publishing, harvard health. "don't buy into brain health supplements". harvard health. retrieved 2020-07-18. "12 foods that are very high in omega-3". healthline. 2019-09-30. retrieved 2020-07-18. "how vitamin b slows alzheimer's progression". alzheimers.net. retrieved 2020-07-19. "office of dietary supplements - vitamin b6". ods.od.nih.gov. retrieved 2020-07-18. publishing, harvard health. "boost your memory by eating right". harvard health. retrieved 2020-07-18. "office of dietary supplements - vitamin e". ods.od.nih.gov. retrieved 2020-07-19. publishing, harvard health. "boost your memory by eating right". harvard health. retrieved 2020-07-19. dandekar, t. (february 1997). "free radicals and memory loss". redox report. 3 (1): 71–73. doi:10.1080/13510002.1997.11747093. issn 1351-0002. pmid 27414774. jessie szalay (27 may 2016). "what are free radicals?". livescience.com. retrieved 2020-07-19. boston, 677 huntington avenue; ma 02115 +1495‑1000 (2012-09-18). "antioxidants". the nutrition source. retrieved 2020-07-19. boston, 677 huntington avenue; ma 02115 +1495‑1000 (2012-09-18). "vitamin e". the nutrition source. retrieved 2020-07-18. publishing, harvard health. "eating more fruits and vegetables may help men with memory loss". harvard health. retrieved 2020-07-19. nehlig, astrid (march 2013). "the neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance". british journal of clinical pharmacology. 75 (3): 716–727. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04378.x. issn 0306-5251. pmc 3575938. pmid 22775434. "4 types of foods to support memory". www.eatright.org. retrieved 2020-07-19. wilkinson, lucy; scholey, andrew; wesnes, keith (2002-06-01). "chewing gum selectively improves aspects of memory in healthy volunteers". appetite. 38 (3): 235–236. doi:10.1006/appe.2002.0473. issn 0195-6663. pmid 12071690. s2cid 21767249. korol dl (2002). "enhancing cognitive function across the life span". ann. n. y. acad. sci. (review). 959 (1): 167–79. bibcode:2002nyasa.959..167k. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02091.x. pmid 11976194. s2cid 41442478. xiong, g.l. and doraiswamy, m. (2009). "does meditation enhance cognition and brain plasticity?" archived 2012-02-01 at the wayback machine annals of the new york academy of sciences. vol 1172, pages 63-69. luders, e., toga, a.w., lepore, n., gaser, c. (2009). the underlying anatomical correlates of long-term meditation: larger hippocampal and frontal volumes of gray matter. neuroimage volume 45, issue 3. pages 672-678. lazar, s.w., kerr, c.e., wasserman, r.h., et al. (2005). meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. neuroreport. vol 16(17) 1893–1897. quaglia, j. t.; brown, k. w.; lindsay, e. k.; creswell, j. d.; goodman, r. j. from conceptualization to operationalization of mindfulness. in k. w. brown, j.d. creswell, & r. m. ryan (eds), handbook of mindfulness: theory, research, and practice. new york, ny: guilford press. holzel, b. k.; hoge, e. a.; greve, d. n.; gard, t.; creswell, j. d.; brown, k. w.; lazar, s. w. "neural mechanisms of symptom improvements in generalized anxiety disorder following mindfulness training". neuroimage: clinical, 2, 448-458. creswell, j. d.; lindsay, e. k. "how does mindfulness training affect health? a mindfulness stress buffering account. current directions in psychological science, 23(6), 401-407". exercise main article: neurobiological effects of physical exercise § long-term effects in both human and animal studies, exercise has been shown to improve cognitive performance on encoding and retrieval tasks. morris water maze and radial arm water maze studies of rodents found that, when compared to sedentary animals, exercised mice showed improved performance traversing the water maze and displayed enhanced memory for the location of an escape platform. likewise, human studies have shown that cognitive performance is improved due to physiological arousal, which speeded mental processes and enhanced memory storage and retrieval. ongoing exercise interventions have been found to favourably impact memory processes in older adults and children. exercise has been found to positively regulate hippocampal neurogenesis, which is considered an explanation for the positive influence of physical activities on memory performance. hippocampus-dependent learning, for example, can promote the survival of newborn neurons which may serve as a foundation for the formation of new memories. exercise has been found to increase the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) protein in rats, with elevated bdnf levels corresponding with strengthened performance on memory tasks. data also suggests that bdnf availability at the beginning of cognitive testing is related to the overall acquisition of a new cognitive task and may be important in determining the strength of recall in memory tasks. a meta-analysis concluded that specifically resistance training, as compared to cardiovascular exercise, had no measurable effect on working memory. there is some evidence that also shows that the amount of effort put into exercising is positively correlated with the level of cognitive performance after working out both in the short term and long term. mental exercise aristotle wrote a treatise about memory: de memoria et reminiscentia. to improve recollection, he advised that a systematic search should be made and that practice was helpful. he suggested grouping the items to be remembered in threes and then concentrating upon the central member of each triad (group of three). music playing has recently gained attention as a possible way to promote brain plasticity. promising results have been found suggesting that learning music can improve various aspects of memory. for instance, children who participated in one year of instrumental musical training showed improved verbal memory, whereas no such improvement was shown in children who discontinued musical training. similarly, adults with no previous musical training who participated in individualized piano instruction showed significantly improved performance on tasks designed to test attention and working memory compared to a healthy control group. evidence suggests that the improvements to verbal, working and long-term memory associated to musical training are a result of the enhanced verbal rehearsal mechanisms musicians possess. another study tested elderly participants in how learning a new activity impacts their memory and mental control. they were divided into 5 groups that each spent 15 hours a week doing one of 5 different scenarios: learning digital photography, learning to quilt, learning both digital photography and how to quilt, socializing with others, or doing solitary activities by themselves. it was found that all groups improved with regard to mental control, however learning a new skill(s) led to improved episodic memory. memory aids string around finger used as a memory aid physical memory aids, typically worn on the wrist or finger, can help the user remember something they might otherwise forget. common aids such as this are used by people with memory loss. typical memory aids for people with alzheimer's includes sticky notes and color-coded memory aids. tying a string around one's finger to remember something important is both a literary device, and an actual practice. one school yearbook from 1849 suggests using either a string tied around a finger or a knot tied in the corner of a handkerchief to remember something important to the student. the oldest documented legend of a string used as a memory aid was in the myth ariadne's thread, where a thread was presented by ariadne to her lover theseus to find his way out of the minotaur's labyrinth. the knot-in-the-handkerchief memory aid was used by german philosopher martin heidegger. memory clamp in use to remember a small child in the back seat of a car on a hot day. a memory clamp (also called a "reality clamp") is a generic name for a type of physical memory aid designed be worn on the wrist or finger to help the user remember something they might otherwise forget, and was originally invented by physicist rick yukon to create difficult-to-ignore visuals and a deliberately intrusive shape and size. (for example, a child in a car seat, an important meeting, or the need to take one's own medicine.) a well designed memory clamp is designed to be difficult to ignore visually, typically with bright colors and sometimes contrasting base colors. a memory clamp is designed to cause a slight amount of visual discomfort and a slight amount of physical discomfort, so that the user maintains at least partial awareness of the intrusion, and is thus designed to be worn only intermittently, so the user doesn't become accustomed to it. other memory methods include writing on one's own hand, sending a text message to oneself, or using sticky notes. wrist-worn, finger-worn and ankle-worn memory aids have apparently been used for hundreds of years.