interactions among the six laryngeal articulators is still poorly understood. however, at least two supra-glottal phonations appear to be widespread in the world's languages. these are harsh voice ('ventricular' or 'pressed' voice), which involves overall constriction of the larynx, and faucalized voice ('hollow' or 'yawny' voice), which involves overall expansion of the larynx. the bor dialect of dinka has contrastive modal, breathy, faucalized, and harsh voice in its vowels, as well as three tones. the ad hoc diacritics employed in the literature are a subscript double quotation mark for faucalized voice, , and underlining for harsh voice, . examples are, voicemodalbreathyharshfaucalized bor dinkatɕìttɕì̤ttɕì̠ttɕì͈t diarrheago aheadscorpionsto swallow other languages with these contrasts are bai (modal, breathy, and harsh voice), kabiye (faucalized and harsh voice, previously seen as ±atr), somali (breathy and harsh voice). elements of laryngeal articulation or phonation may occur widely in the world's languages as phonetic detail even when not phonemically contrastive. for example, simultaneous glottal, ventricular, and arytenoid activity (for something other than epiglottal consonants) has been observed in tibetan, korean, nuuchahnulth, nlaka'pamux, thai, sui, amis, pame, arabic, tigrinya, cantonese, and yi. european language examples in languages such as french and portuguese, all obstruents occur in pairs, one modally voiced and one voiceless: → . in english, every voiced fricative corresponds to a voiceless one. for the pairs of english stops, however, the distinction is better specified as voice onset time rather than simply voice: in initial position, /b d g/ are only partially voiced (voicing begins during the hold of the consonant), and /p t k/ are aspirated (voicing begins only well after its release). certain english morphemes have voiced and voiceless allomorphs, such as: the plural, verbal, and possessive endings spelled -s (voiced in kids /kɪdz/ but voiceless in kits /kɪts/), and the past-tense ending spelled -ed (voiced in buzzed /bʌzd/ but voiceless in fished /fɪʃt/). a few european languages, such as finnish, have no phonemically voiced obstruents but pairs of long and short consonants instead. outside europe, the lack of voicing distinctions is common; indeed, in australian languages it is nearly universal. in languages without the distinction between voiceless and voiced obstruents, they are realized as voiced in voiced environments, such as between vowels, and voiceless elsewhere. vocal registers phonology in phonology, a register is a combination of tone and vowel phonation into a single phonological parameter. for example, among its vowels, burmese combines modal voice with low tone, breathy voice with falling tone, creaky voice with high tone, and glottal closure with high tone. these four registers contrast with each other, but no other combination of phonation (modal, breath, creak, closed) and tone (high, low, falling) is found. pedagogy and speech pathology among vocal pedagogues and speech pathologists, a vocal register also refers to a particular phonation limited to a particular range of pitch, which possesses a characteristic sound quality. the term "register" may be used for several distinct aspects of the human voice: a particular part of the vocal range, such as the upper, middle, or lower registers, which may be bounded by vocal breaks a particular phonation a resonance area such as chest voice or head voice a certain vocal timbre four combinations of these elements are identified in speech pathology: the vocal fry register, the modal register, the falsetto register, and the whistle register.