a candida database. the heterozygous diploid strain used for this full genome sequence project is the laboratory strain sc5314. the sequencing was done using a whole-genome shotgun approach. orfeome project every predicted orf has been created in a gateway adapted vector (pdonr207) and made publicly available. the vectors (plasmids) can be propagated in e.coli and grown on lb+gentamicin medium. this way every orf is readily available in an easy to use vector. using the gateway system it is possible to transfer the orf of interest to any other gateway adapted vector for further studies of the specific orf. cip10 integrative plasmid contrary to the yeast s. cerevisiae episomal plasmids do not stay stable in c. albicans. in order to work with plasmids in c. albicans an integrative approach (plasmid integration into the genome) thus has to be used. a second problem is that most plasmid transformations are rather inefficient in c. albicans; however, the cip10 plasmid overcomes these problems and can be used with ease to transform c. albicans in a very efficient way. the plasmid integrates inside the rp10 locus as disruption of one rp10 allele does not seem to affect the viability and growth of c. albicans. several adaptations of this plasmid have been made after the original became available. candida two-hybrid (c2h) system due to the aberrant codon usage of c. albicans it is less feasible to use the common host organism (saccharomyces cerevisiae) for two-hybrid studies. to overcome this problem a c. albicans two-hybrid (c2h) system was created. the strain sn152 that is auxotrophic for leucine, arginine and histidine was used to create this c2h system. it was adapted by integrating a his1 reporter gene preceded by five lexaop sequences. in the c2h system the bait plasmid (pc2hb) contains the staphylococcus aureus lexa bd, while the prey plasmid (pc2hp) harbors the viral ad vp16. both plasmids are integrative plasmids since episomal plasmids do not stay stable in c. albicans. the reporter gene used in the system is the his1 gene. when proteins interact, the cells will be able to grow on medium lacking histidine due to the activation of the his1 reporter gene. several interactions have thus far been detected using this system in a low scale set up. a first high-throughput screening has also been performed. interacting proteins can be found at the biogrid. bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc) besides the c2h system, a bifc system has been developed to study protein-protein interactions in c. albicans. with this systems protein interactions can be studied in their native sub cellular location contrary to a c2h system in which the proteins are forced into the nucleus. with bifc one can study for example protein interactions that take place at the cell membrane or vacuolar membrane. microarrays both dna and protein microarrays were designed to study dna expression profiles and antibody production in patients against c. albicans cell wall proteins. grace library using a tetracycline-regulatable promoter system a gene replacement and conditional expression (grace) library was created for 1,152 genes. by using the regulatable promoter and having deleted 1 of the alleles of the specific gene it was possible to discriminate between non-essential and essential genes. of the tested 1,152 genes 567 showed to be essential. the knowledge on essential genes can be used to discover novel antifungals. crispr/cas9 crispr/cas9 has been adapted to be used in c. albicans. several studies have been performed using this system. application in engineering c. albicans has been used in combination with carbon nanotubes (cnt) to produce stable electrically conductive bio-nano-composite tissue materials that have been used as temperature-sensing elements. notable c. albicans researchers neil a. r. gow alexander d. johnson frank c. odds charles philippe robin fred sherman david r. soll