middle-income countries, even though these countries have approximately half of the world's vehicles. half of those dying on the world's roads are "vulnerable road users": pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. without action, road traffic crashes are predicted to result in the deaths of around 1.9 million people annually by 2020. only 28 countries, representing 416 million people (7% of the world's population), have adequate laws that address all five risk factors (speed, drunk-driving, helmets, seat-belts and child restraints). it is estimated that motor vehicle collisions caused the death of around 60 million people during the 20th century, around the same number of world war ii casualties. as the comparatively poor improvements in pedestrian safety have become a concern at oecd level, the joint transport research centre of oecd and the international transport forum (jtrc) convened an international expert group and published a report entitled ”pedestrian safety, urban space and health in 2012”. according to bitre/australia agency changes in growth in population, vehicle registration, and estimated vehicle kilometres travelled have various impact on death trend from oecd countries. ksi 2013 according to the oecd's international transport forum (itf), in 2013 the key figures among their 37 member states and observer countries looked like the following: country deaths per1 million inhabitants deaths per10 billion vehicle-km deaths per100 000 registered vehicles registered vehicles per 1 000 inhabitants seatbelt wearing rates front (driver, passenger)/ rear (adults, children) speed limiturban / rural / motorways (km/h) argentina 123 n.a. 23 529 52%,45% / 19%,45% 30–60 / 110 / 130 australia 51 50 7 751 97% / 96% 50, 60–80 / 100 or 110 / 110 austria 54 58 8 710 89% / 77% 50 / 100 / 130 belgium 65 71 10 627 86% / 63%,79% 30–50 / 70–90 / 120 cambodia 143 n.a. 78 151 17% / n.a. 40 / 90 / n.a. canada 55 56 9 644 95% / 95% (estimated) (metropolitan) 40–70 / 80–90 / 100–110 chile 120 n.a. 50 237 62,78% / 15% 50 / 100–120 / 120 czech republic 62 157 11 560 97% / 66% 50 / 90 / 130 denmark 34 39 6 523 94% / 81% 50 / 80 / 130 (110) finland 48 48 7 725 95% / 87% 50 / 80 (winter) 100 (summer) / 120 (100) france 51 58 8 647 98% / 84%,90% 50 / 90 / 130 (110 bad w.) germany 41 46 6 651 96–98% / 97,98% 50 / 100 / no limit or 130 greece 79 n.a. 11 726 77%,74% / 23% 50 / 90 (110) / 130 (110) hungary 60 n.a. 16 366 87% / 57%,90% 50 / 90 / 130 (110) iceland 47 47 6 830 84% / 65% 50 / 90 (80) / n.a. ireland 41 40 8 541 92% / 88%,91% 50 / 80 or 100 / 120 israel 34 54 9 352 97% / 74% 50,70 / 80,90,100 / 110 italy 57 n.a. 7 821 64%–76% / 10% 50 / 90–110 / 130 (110 bad w., 100 novice, 150) jamaica 122 n.a. 87 130 44% / very low (estimated) 50 / 50 / 70 or 110 japan 40 69 6 657 96%,94% / 61% 40,50,60 / 50,60 / 100 lithuania 87 n.a. 11 766 95% / 33% 50 / 90 (70) / 120 or 130 (110 in winter) luxembourg 84 n.a. 11 771 80% / n.a. 50 / 90 / 130 (110 in rain) malaysia 231 122 29 792 82%,68% / 9% 50 / 90 / 110 morocco 116 n.a. 117 100 49%,46% / n.a. 50 / 100 / 120 netherlands 34 45 5 537 97% / 82% 50 / 80 / 130 new zealand 57 63 8 734 97% / 92%,93% 50 / 100 / 100 norway 37 43 5 707 95% / 87–88% 30,50 / 80 / 90,100,110 poland 87 n.a. 14 636 90% / 71%,89% 50 (60) / 90–120 / 140 portugal 61 n.a. 11 551 96% / 77%,89-100% 50 / 90 / 120 russia 124 201 35 353 n.a. 60 / 90 / 110 or 130 serbia 71 n.a. 20 347 84% / 19% 50 / 80 / 130 slovenia 61 72 10 638 94% / 66%,87-94% 50 / 90 (110) / 130 south korea 101 172 23 450 89%,75% / 22% (on motorways) 60 / 60–80 / 110 (100) spain 36 n.a. 5 662 90% / 81% 50 / 90 or 100 / 120 sweden 27 34 5 597 97% / 81%,95% 30,40,50 / 60,70,80,90,100 / 110 or 120 switzerland 33 43 5 708 94%,93% / 77%,93% 50 / 80 / 120 united kingdom 28 35 5 551 96% / 92% 48 / 96 or 113 / 113 united states 103 68 12 852 87% / 74% set by state / set by state / 88–129 (set by state) ksi 2020 according to the oecd's international transport forum (itf)/irtad, in 2020 the key figures of 34 members among their 62 member states and observer countries looked like the following: country deaths per1 million inhabitants2018 deaths per10 billion vkmmotorways2018 deaths per10 billion vkm2018 deaths per100 000 registered vehicles2018 registered vehicles per 1 000 inhabitants seatbelt wearing rates front (driver, passenger) seatbelt wearing rates rear (adults, children) speed limiturban / rural / motorways (km/h) 2020 general bac g/l lower bac g/l austria461049697/989650 / 100 / 1300.50.1 belgium (2017) (c)532459895 (2017)86 (2015)30-50 / 70-90 / 1200.50.2 czech republic6226117995 (2015)95 (2015)50 / 90 / 1300.0- denmark (2017) (c)30832 (or 31)597 (2018)93 (2019)50 (sections with 30, 40 or 60) / 70, 80 (90 for specific sections) / 110, 1300.5- finland436475958730-60 / 80, 100 / 100, 1200.5- france5022547998650 / 80 with 90 sections / 110 on dual carriageways 130 (110 wet + novice)0.50.2 germany (c)40174469998.550 / 100 / none < (130 recommended)0.3-0.50.0 netherlands (2017) (b)391040 (or 49)6>95 (2010)82 (2010)30-50 / 60-80 / 100-1300.50.2 slovenia (2017)442549 (or 42)695/96 (2018)78 (adults 2018)50 / 90 (110 on expressways) / 130 (110 on expressways)0.50.0 switzerland27834496/957750 / 80 / 120 (100 on expressways)0.50.0 great britain / uk281033599 drivers, 97 passengers (2017 for gb)93 (2017 for gb)48 (30 mph) 96, 113 (60, 70 mph) 113 (70 mph)0.8 (england, wales, northern ireland) 0.5 (scotland)- japan3356599 drivers, 96 passenger3940, 50, 60 / 50, 60 / 1000.3- usa112701290.9 drivers, 89.8 passengers76.1 (2018)(see note) (see note)88-1290.80.0 - 0.4 (b) real data (actual numbers instead of reported numbers by the police). (c) mopeds are not included in the registered vehicles. vkm: vehicle-km in united-states, speed limit vary state by state time effect eu: source eu eu28, etsc. eu, 2010–2017 provisional data eu, 2010-1018, source eurostat. eu, 2019, estimated. united-states: source ocde/itf for 1990, 2000 and 2010–2015 period (killed after 30 days) united states, sources iihs. united states, 2010-2019, sources nhtsa. traveled distance effect in some countries, the safety is computed mixing two metrics: the fatalities and the traveled distance, to establish fatalities by traveled distance. usa fatalities vs vmt usa fatalities compared to vmt in the us, between 1994 and 2007, vmt increased by 28% while fatalities remains stable (6%) variation between 2007 and 2009, vmt decreased by 2% while fatalities decreased by 20% since 2009 (to 2015), vmt increased by 4%, while fatalities increased by 3%, in the us, distance safely traveled by fatalities increase with distance increase. * source nhtsa. uk fatalities vs vmt uk vmt compared to fatalities till 1966, in the uk, fatalities have increased in the same time that traveled distance increased. since 1966, fatalities have decreased in the same time that traveled distance increased. in the uk, traveled distance by fatalities has regularly increased, even when traveled distance decreased. according to the bitre, traveled distance has a limited impact on death trend from oecd countries. advocacy groups the automobile association was established in 1905 in the united kingdom to help motorists avoid police speed traps. they became involved in other safety issues and also erected thousands of roadside warning signs. the pedestrians association (now known as living streets) in the united kingdom was formed in 1929 to press for better road safety. other groups have been active in other countries. the international road federation has an issue area and working group dedicated to road safety. they work with their membership to advocate measures that improve road safety through infrastructure and cooperation with other international organizations. motoring advocacy groups including the association of british drivers (uk), speed cameras.org (uk), national motorists association (usa/canada) argue that the strict enforcement of speed limits does not necessarily result in safer driving, and may even have negative effect on road safety in general. safe speed was a uk group set up specifically to campaign against the use of speed cameras. the association of british drivers also argues that speed humps result in increased air pollution, increased noise pollution, and even unnecessary vehicle damage. together for safer roads (tsr) is a coalition that brings together global private sector companies, across industries, to collaborate on improving road safety. tsr brings together members’ knowledge, data, technology, and global networks to focus on five road safety areas with the goal of bringing about the greatest impact globally and within local communities. in 1965, ralph nader put pressure on car manufacturers in his book unsafe at any speed, detailing resistance by car manufacturers to the introduction of safety features such as seat belts, and their general reluctance to spend money on improving safety. the gm president james roche was later forced to appear before a united states senate subcommittee, and to apologize to nader for the company's campaign of harassment and intimidation. nader later successfully sued gm for excessive invasion of privacy. roadpeace was formed in 1991 in the united kingdom to advocate for better road safety and founded world day of remembrance for road traffic victims in 1993 which received support from the united nations general assembly in 2005.