allthough not always perfect, given constraints of resources. future development the uk medical research council and others are exploring improvements to or replacements for qalys. among other possibilities are extending the data used to calculate qalys (e.g., by using different survey instruments); "using well-being to value outcomes" (e.g., by developing a "well-being-adjusted life-year"; and by value outcomes in monetary terms. in 2018 hm treasury set a discount rate of 1.5% for qalys, which is lower than the discount rate for other costs and benefits, because the qaly is a direct utility measure.