the patient uses circumlocution to assist with his or her naming rather than just being told to name the item pictured after given some sort of cue. results suggest that the patient does better in properly naming objects when undergoing this therapy because cin strengthens the weakened link between semantics and phonology for patients with anomia, since they often know what an object is used for, but cannot verbally name it. anomia is often challenging for the families and friends of those affected by it. one way to overcome this is computer-based treatment models, effective especially when used with clinical therapy. leemann et al. provided anomic patients with computerized-assisted therapy (cat) sessions, along with traditional therapy sessions using treatment lists of words. some of the patients received a drug known to help relieve symptoms of anomia (levodopa), while others received a placebo. the researchers found that the drug had no significant effects on improvement with the treatment lists, but almost all of the patients improved after the cat sessions. they concluded that this form of computerized treatment is effective in increasing naming abilities in anomic patients. additionally, one study researched the effects of using "excitatory (anodal) transcranial direct current stimulation" over the right temporoparietal cortex, a brain area that seems to correlate to language. the electrical stimulation seemed to enhance language training outcome in patients with chronic aphasia. contextual repetition priming treatment is a technique which involves repeated repetition of names of pictures that are related semantically, phonologically, or are unrelated. patients with impaired access to lexical-semantic representations show no long-term improvement in naming, but patients with good access to semantics show long-term benefits. development of self-cueing strategies can also facilitate word retrieval. patients identify core words that can be retrieved without struggle, and establish a relationship between cue words and words that begin with the same sound but cannot be retrieved. patients then learn to use the cue word to facilitate word retrieval for the target object. epidemiology many different populations can and do have anomia. for instance, deaf patients who have had a stroke can demonstrate semantic and phonological errors, much like hearing anomic patients. researchers have called this subtype sign anomia. multilingual patients typically experience anomia to a greater degree in just one of their fluent languages. however, evidence conflicts as to which language – first or second – is impacted more. research on children with anomia has indicated that children who undergo treatment are, for the most part, able to gain back normal language abilities, aided by brain plasticity. however, longitudinal research on children with anomic aphasia due to head injury shows that even several years after the injury, some signs of deficient word retrieval are still observed. these remaining symptoms can sometimes cause academic difficulties later on. patients this disorder may be extremely frustrating for people with and without the disorder. although the persons with anomic aphasia may know the specific word, they may not be able to recall it and this can be very difficult for everyone in the conversation. positive reinforcements are helpful. although not many literary cases mention anomic aphasia, many nonfiction books have been written about living with aphasia. one of them is the man who lost his language by sheila hale. it is the story of hale's husband, john hale, a scholar who had had a stroke and lost speech formation abilities. in her book, hale also explains the symptoms and mechanics behind aphasia and speech formation. she adds the emotional components of dealing with a person with aphasia and how to be patient with the speech and communication.