significant resistance from anti-psychiatry groups and did not pass. in 2018, the fda re-classified ect devices as class ii devices when used to treat catatonia or a severe major depressive episode associated with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. public perception a questionnaire survey of 379 members of the general public in australia indicated that more than 60% of respondents had some knowledge about the main aspects of ect. participants were generally opposed to the use of ect on depressed individuals with psychosocial issues, on children, and on involuntary patients. public perceptions of ect were found to be mainly negative. a sample of the general public, medical students, and psychiatry trainees in the united kingdom found that the psychiatry trainees were more knowledgeable and had more favorable opinions of ect than did the other groups. more members of the general public believed that ect was used for control or punishment purposes than medical students or psychiatry trainees. famous cases ernest hemingway, an american author, died by suicide in 1961 half a year after ect treatment at the mayo clinic in 1960. he is reported to have said to his biographer, "well, what is the sense of ruining my head and erasing my memory, which is my capital, and putting me out of business? it was a brilliant cure but we lost the patient." however, the same biographer (hotchner, 1966) and also a second biographer (lynn, 1987) emphasized - according to a review from 2008 - "that hemingway’s serious mental illness and plans for suicide significantly predated his ect treatments." robert pirsig had a nervous breakdown and spent time in and out of psychiatric hospitals between 1961 and 1963. he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and clinical depression as a result of an evaluation conducted by psychoanalysts, and was treated with electroconvulsive therapy on numerous occasions, a treatment he discusses in his novel, zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance. thomas eagleton, united states senator from missouri, was dropped from the democratic ticket in the 1972 united states presidential election as the party's vice presidential candidate after it was revealed that he had received electroshock treatment in the past for depression. presidential nominee george mcgovern replaced him with sargent shriver, and later went on to lose by a landslide to richard nixon. american surgeon and award-winning author sherwin b. nuland is another notable person who has undergone ect. in his 40s, this successful surgeon's depression became so severe that he had to be institutionalized. after exhausting all treatment options, a young resident assigned to his case suggested ect, which ended up being successful. author david foster wallace also received ect for many years, beginning as a teenager, before his suicide at age 46. new zealand author janet frame experienced both insulin coma therapy and ect (but without the use of anesthesia or muscle relaxants). she wrote about this in her autobiography, an angel at my table (1984), which was later adapted into a film (1990). american actor carrie fisher wrote about her experience with memory loss after ect treatments in her memoir wishful drinking. lou reed had ect as a teenager, according to his biography by vitor bockris, to "cure" his homosexuality. he later claimed it had induced multiple personality disorder, and resulted in his hatred of psychiatrists. fictional examples electroconvulsive therapy has been depicted in fiction, including fictional works partly based on true experiences. these include sylvia plath's semi-autobiographical novel, the bell jar, ken loach's film family life, and ken kesey's novel one flew over the cuckoo's nest; kesey's novel is a direct product of his time working the graveyard shift as an orderly at a mental health facility in menlo park, california. two analyses of large numbers of films using ect scenes found that almost all presented fictional settings that were unrelated to real treatment routines and were apparently aimed at stigmatizing ect as a tool of repression and of mind and behavior control - having effects of memory-erosion, pain and damage.