regulation and monitoring of pollution regulation and monitoring of pollution to protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution. at the local level, regulation usually is supervised by environmental agencies or the broader public health system. different jurisdictions often have different levels regulation and policy choices about pollution. historically, polluters will lobby governments in less economically developed areas or countries to maintain lax regulation in order to protect industrialisation at the cost of human and environmental health. the modern environmental regulatory environment has its origins in the united states with the beginning of industrial regulations around air and water pollution connected to industry and mining during the 1960s and 1970s. because many of pollutants have trans-boundary impacts, the un and other treaty bodies have been used to regulate pollutants that circulate as air pollution, water pollution or trade in wastes. early international agreements were successful at addressing global environmental issues, such as montreal protocol, which banned ozone depleting chemicals in 1987, with more recent agreements focusing on broader, more widely dispersed chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants in the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants created in 2001, such as pcbs, and the kyoto protocol in 1997 which initiated collaboration on addressing greenhouse gases to mitigate climate change. regulation and monitoring by region international since pollution crosses political boundaries international treaties have been made through the united nations and its agencies to address international pollution issues. greenhouse gas emissions the kyoto protocol is an amendment to the united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc), an international treaty on global warming. it also reaffirms sections of the unfccc. countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. a total of 141 countries have ratified the agreement. notable exceptions include the united states and australia, who have signed but not ratified the agreement. the stated reason for the united states not ratifying is the exemption of large emitters of greenhouse gases who are also developing countries, like china and india. an un environmental conference held in bali 3–14 december 2007 with the participation from 180 countries aims to replace the kyoto protocol, which will end in 2012. during the first day of the conference united states, saudi arabia and canada were presented with the "fossil-of-the-day-award", a symbolic bag of coal for their negative impact on the global climate. the bags included the flags of the respective countries. toxic wastes further information: toxic waste canada in canada the regulation of pollution and its effects are monitored by a number of organizations depending on the nature of the pollution and its location. the three levels of government (federal – canada wide; provincial; and municipal) equally share in the responsibilities, and in the monitoring and correction of pollution. china china's rapid industrialization has substantially increased pollution. china has some relevant regulations: the 1979 environmental protection law, which was largely modeled on u.s. legislation, but the environment continues to deteriorate. twelve years after the law, only one chinese city was making an effort to clean up its water discharges. this indicates that china is about 30 years behind the u.s. schedule of environmental regulation and 10 to 20 years behind europe. in july 2007, it was reported that the world bank reluctantly censored a report revealing that 750,000 people in china die every year as a result of pollution-related diseases. china's state environment protection agency and the health ministry asked the world bank to cut the calculations of premature deaths from the report fearing the revelation would provoke "social unrest". europe the basic european rules are included in the directive 96/61/ec of 24 september 1996 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (ippc) and the national emission ceilings directive. united kingdom in the 1840s, the united kingdom brought onto the statute books legislation to control water pollution and was strengthened in 1876 in the rivers pollution prevention act and was subsequently extended to all freshwaters in the rivers (prevention of pollution) act 1951 and applied to coastal waters by the rivers (prevention of pollution) act 1961 the environmental protection act of 1990 established the system of integrated pollution control(ipc). currently the clean up of historic contamination is controlled under a specific statutory scheme found in part iia of the environmental protection act 1996 (part iia), as inserted by the environment act 1995, and other ‘rules’ found in regulations and statutory guidance. the act came into force in england in april 2000. within the current regulatory framework, pollution prevention and control (ppc) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain designated industrial activities. the regime introduces the concept of best available techniques (bat) to environmental regulations. operators must use the bat to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. the best available techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment. the system of pollution prevention and control is replacing that of ipc and has been taking effect between 2000 and 2007. the pollution prevention and control regime implements the european directive (ec/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control. united states this section is an excerpt from pollution prevention in the us. pollution prevention (p2) is a strategy for reducing the amount of waste created and released into the environment, particularly by industrial facilities, agriculture, or consumers. many large corporations view p2 as a method of improving the efficiency and profitability of production processes by waste reduction and technology advancements. legislative bodies have enacted p2 measures, such as the pollution prevention act of 1990 and the clean air act amendments of 1990 by the united states congress. a polluted ditch along interstate 25 between colorado springs and pueblo, colorado. air pollution the united states congress passed the clean air act in 1963 to legislate the reduction of smog and atmospheric pollution in general. that legislation has subsequently been amended and extended in 1966, 1970, 1977 and 1990. in 1968 ap 42 compilation of air pollutant emission factors. numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation either implementing or filling in locally important gaps in the national program. the national clean air act and similar state legislative acts have led to the widespread use of atmospheric dispersion modeling in order to analyze the air quality impacts of proposed major actions. with the 1990 clean air act, the united states environmental protection agency (epa) began a controversial carbon trading system in which tradable rights to emit a specified level of carbon are granted to polluters. water pollution ambient water sample collection on a lake in nashville, tennessee enactment of the 1972 clean water act (cwa) required thousands of facilities to obtain permits for discharges to navigable waters, through the national pollutant discharge elimination system (npdes). it also required epa to establish national technology-based discharge standards for municipal sewage treatment plants, and for many industrial categories (the latter are called "effluent guidelines.") municipal and industrial permittees are required to regularly collect and analyze wastewater samples, and submit discharge monitoring reports to a state agency or epa. amendments in 1977 required stricter regulation of toxic pollutants. in 1987 congress expanded npdes permit coverage to include municipal and industrial stormwater discharges. the act also requires use of best management practices for a wide range of other water discharges including nonpoint source pollution. thermal pollution discharges are regulated under section 316(a) of the cwa. npdes permits include effluent limitations on water temperature to protect the biotic life supported by a water body. a permittee may request a variance to the typical thermal limitations. alternate limitations may be issued in limited circumstances, if the permittee has provided sufficient proof through data submission that aquatic life in the water body will be protected. in addition to wastewater discharge monitoring, epa works with federal, state and local environmental agencies to conduct ambient water monitoring programs in water bodies nationwide. the cwa requires epa and the states to prepare reports to congress on the condition of the nation's waters. ambient water quality data collected by epa, the us geological survey and other organizations are available to the public in several online databases. land pollution congress passed the resource conservation and recovery act (rcra) in 1976, which created a regulatory framework for both municipal solid waste and hazardous waste disposed on land. rcra requires that all hazardous wastes be managed and tracked from generation of the waste, through transport and processing, to final disposal, by means of a nationwide permit system. the hazardous and solid waste amendments of 1984 mandated regulation of underground storage tanks containing petroleum and hazardous chemicals, and the phasing out of land disposal of hazardous waste. the federal facilities compliance act, passed in 1992, clarified rcra coverage of federally owned properties such as military bases. illegal disposal of waste is punishable by fines of up to $25,000 per occurrence.alongside municipal and hazardous waste the epa is in charge of soil conservation. the epa, often with the help of state partners, manages soil contamination through contaminant sites and facilities. an annual report on the environment and a toxics release inventory is produced as a result of these efforts. to specifically mitigate soil pollution from fertilizers, the usda, national resources conservation service (nrcs), national institutue of food and agriculture (nifa), and agricultural research service (ars) monitor soil resources and provide guidelines to prevent nutrient loss. noise pollution