to provide food security to all, and thus food accessibility is a greater barrier to achieving food security. access goats are an important part of the solution to global food security because they are fairly low-maintenance and easy to raise and farm. food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the preferences of individuals and households. the un committee on economic, social and cultural rights noted that the causes of hunger and malnutrition are often not a scarcity of food but an inability to access available food, usually due to poverty. poverty can limit access to food, and can also increase how vulnerable an individual or household is to food price spikes. access depends on whether the household has enough income to purchase food at prevailing prices or has sufficient land and other resources to grow its food. households with enough resources can overcome unstable harvests and local food shortages and maintain their access to food. there are two distinct types of access to food: direct access, in which a household produces food using human and material resources, and economic access, in which a household purchases food produced elsewhere. location can affect access to food and which type of access a family will rely on. the assets of a household, including income, land, products of labor, inheritances, and gifts can determine a household's access to food. however, the ability to access sufficient food may not lead to the purchase of food over other materials and services. demographics and education levels of members of the household as well as the gender of the household head determine the preferences of the household, which influences the type of food that is purchased. a household's access to enough nutritious food may not assure adequate food intake for all household members, as intrahousehold food allocation may not sufficiently meet the requirements of each member of the household. the usda adds that access to food must be available in socially acceptable ways, without, for example, resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies. socially transmitted stereotypes and beliefs about certain groups can lead to discrimination and potentially to marginalization, resulting in exclusion from social and economic life. for example, when individuals cannot participate in the cultural norms in their community, such as having access to food to celebrate religious or cultural holidays due to exclusion from society, it can increase their chance of being food insecure. specifically, their social and psychological well-being will not be fulfilled. in particular, indigenous peoples are at a higher risk of food insecurity due to exclusion, evidenced by the higher rates of stunting in indigenous communities (e.g. guatemala) compared to non-indigenous communities. this can also be attributed to the inability to protect access to traditional foods and bio-cultural resources that form the basis of their diet. culture shapes eating and meal patterns, and can determine ingrained rituals such as when and how a meal is eaten and prepared. resettled refugees, for example, can face difficulties assimilating to the new cultural ways of eating and navigating the new food environment, placing them at a higher risk of food insecurity despite having physical access to food. utilization the next pillar of food security is food utilization, which refers to the metabolism of food by individuals. once the food is obtained by a household, a variety of factors affect the quantity and quality of food that reaches members of the household. to achieve food security, the food ingested must be safe and must be enough to meet the physiological requirements of each individual. food safety affects food utilization, and can be affected by the preparation, processing, and cooking of food in the community and household. how we prepare food is largely influenced by our culture. traditional food processing can greatly affect food utilization and influence present-day food preparation. techniques such as fermenting, germination, and soaking can improve the nutritional value and safety of food while being cost and energy efficient. exploring the benefits of traditional techniques and how different cultures utilize food can allow for a deeper understanding of food processing, preparation, and storage of food and increase overall food security. nutritional values of the household determine food choice, and whether food meets cultural preferences is important to utilization in terms of psychological and social well-being. access to healthcare is another determinant of food utilization since the health of individuals controls how the food is metabolized. for example, intestinal parasites can take nutrients from the body and decrease food utilization. sanitation can also decrease the occurrence and spread of diseases that can affect food utilization. education about nutrition and food preparation can affect food utilization and improve this pillar of food security. stability food stability refers to the ability to obtain food over time. food insecurity can be transitory, seasonal, or chronic. in transitory food insecurity, food may be unavailable during certain periods of time. at the food production level, natural disasters and drought result in crop failure and decreased food availability. civil conflicts can also decrease access to food. instability in markets resulting in food-price spikes can cause transitory food insecurity. other factors that can temporarily cause food insecurity are loss of employment or productivity, which can be caused by illness. seasonal food insecurity can result from the regular pattern of growing seasons in food production. chronic (or permanent) food insecurity is defined as the long-term, persistent lack of adequate food. in this case, households are constantly at risk of being unable to acquire food to meet the needs of all members. chronic and transitory food insecurity are linked since the reoccurrence of transitory food security can make households more vulnerable to chronic food insecurity. agency agency refers to the capacity of individuals or groups to make their own decisions about what foods they eat, what foods they produce, how that food is produced, processed, and distributed within food systems, and their ability to engage in processes that shape food system policies and governance. sustainability sustainability refers to the long-term ability of food systems to provide food security and nutrition in a way that does not compromise the economic, social, and environmental bases that generate food security and nutrition for future generations. effects of food insecurity famine and hunger are both rooted in food insecurity. chronic food insecurity translates into a high degree of vulnerability to famine and hunger; ensuring food security presupposes the elimination of that vulnerability. data shows that food insecurity has detrimental effects on a human's well-being. such effects include chronic and infectious diseases, especially diabetes, and hiv/aids, nutritional status and mental health. social and ecological factors must also be considered especially taking sociocultural implications into account as those are related to child growth, diseases, and the nutritional status of an individual. the coping of households is dependent on contextual factors, such as where an individual is settled, namely rural, urban or marginal environments. the ways households respond to food insecurity influences health aspects such as infectious and chronic diseases, nutritional status, and mental health. it is essential for households to develop a sufficient coping strategy in to combat the negative impact food insecurity has on an individual's well-being. households experiencing food insecurity tend to have a greater number of coping strategies than households with water insecurity. even though there is a pattern of universal coping responses, it is important to consider contextual factors, for instance, the geographical and social setting. biological anthropologists are thought to be essential for the contribution and understanding of the relationship between food insecurity and human health. they are interested in research and policy to improve food security in populations around the world. by improving food insecurity, better food safety is promoted. the russian invasion of ukraine has disrupted global food supplies which had already been hit hard by the disruption caused by the covid-19 pandemic and the growing impact of climate change. the conflict has severely impacted food supply chains with noteworthy effects on production, sourcing, manufacturing, processing, logistics, and significant shifts in demand between nations reliant on imports from ukraine. in asia and the pacific, many of the region's countries depend on the importation of basic food staples such as wheat and fertilizer with nearly 1.1 billion lacking a healthy diet caused by poverty and ever-increasing food prices. on september 27, 2022, the asian development bank announced a plan for a comprehensive range of assistance totaling $14 billion for both immediate and longer-term actions. the plan calls to improve long-term food security by strengthening farming and food supplies to cope with climate change and the loss of biodiversity in asia and the pacific. since 2018, adb has identified food security as a key operational priority. under the program, assistance will start in 2022 and continue through 2025. food insecurity can force individuals to undertake risky economic activities such as prostitution. a report from icap at columbia university found that "women and girls experiencing food insecurity were 28% more likely to engage in transactional sex, defined as sex in exchange for material goods, including food. they are also more likely to engage in high-risk or unprotected sex, sex before the age of 15, forced sex, or sex with a man who is 10 or more years older." this increases the risk of contracting hiv. stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies