affected america soldiers as well. these included helminthiasis, schistosomiasis, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis. lymphatic filariasis was such a problem it caused a $100 million evacuation of u.s troops out of new guinea and the tonga islands. in both the korean and vietnam wars the united states army continued to be affected by tropical diseases. the most prevalent diseases to affect their military were malaria and dengue. hepatitis a, scrub typhus, and hookworm infections were among the other tropical infections picked up by troops in these conflicts. to combat the significant effects tropical diseases were having on their forces, the united states military worked hard to develop drugs, vaccines, and other methods of disease control. research done at the walter reed army institute of research (wrair), the naval medical research center (nmrc), and various affiliated research centers have greatly improved the military's preparedness against tropical disease. in 1967, captain robert phillips earned the lasker award for developing a type of iv therapy that reduced cholera's fatality rate from 60% to less than 1%. other interventions licensed by the us army include vaccines for hepatitis a and japanese encephalitis. they have also developed the drugs mefloquine and malarone, both used in the treatment of malaria. looking forward, the united states military currently has clinical trials testing for vaccines of malaria, adenovirus infection, dengue, and hiv/aids underway. however, with massive budget cuts to their military, these research centers are getting less and less funding and have lost many contractors already. bibliography bruchhausen, walter (2020), global health in the colonial era: the expansion of european medicine, ego – european history online, mainz: institute of european history, retrieved: march 17, 2021 (pdf). jonathan kaplan. the dressing station, a surgeon's odyssey. picador, london, 2001. deborah j. neill. networks in tropical medicine: internationalism, colonialism, and the rise of a medical specialty, 1890–1930 (stanford university press; 2012) 320 pages; shows how the emerging field was shaped by physicians' and scientists' collaborating during a major epidemic of sleeping sickness in sub-saharan africa. anne spoerry. mama daktari. the house of books, vianen, 2000. john farley. "bilharzia: a history of tropical medicine." cambridge university press, 1991. organizations american society of tropical medicine and hygiene – arlington, virginia, usa the australasian college of tropical medicine australian institute of tropical health and medicine, townsville and cairns, queensland, australia anton breinl centre for public health and tropical medicine bernhard nocht institute for tropical medicine – hamburg, germany faculty of tropical medicine, mahidol university – bangkok, thailand institute of tropical medicine, nagasaki university – nagasaki, japan tulane university school of public health and tropical medicine – new orleans, louisiana, usa liverpool school of tropical medicine – liverpool, united kingdom london school of hygiene & tropical medicine – london, united kingdom institute of tropical medicine – antwerp, belgium research institute for tropical medicine – muntinlupa, philippines royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene – london, united kingdom walter reed tropical medicine course – silver spring, maryland, usa société francophone de médecine tropicale et santé internationale – france