1917, dealing primarily with what was considered was the best treatment for hysteria. his recommendations were broadly adopted in the us armed forces. freud's most explanatory work on neurosis was his lectures later grouped together as "general theory of the neuroses" (1916–17), forming part 3 of the book vorlesungen zur einführung in die psychoanalyse (1917), later published in english as a general introduction to psychoanalysis (1920). in that work, freud noted that:the meaning of neurotic symptoms was first discovered by j. breuer in the study and felicitous cure of a case of hysteria which has since become famous (1880–82). it is true that p. janet independently reached the same result... the symptom develops as a substitution for something else that has remained suppressed. certain psychological experiences should normally have become so far elaborated that consciousness would have attained knowledge of them. this did not take place, however, but out of these interrupted and disturbed processes, imprisoned in the unconscious, the symptom arose... our therapy does its work by means of changing the unconscious into the conscious, and is effective only in so far as it has the opportunity of bringing about this transformation...freud added to this with his paper aus der geschichte einer infantilen neurose (from the history of an infantile neurosis) published in 1918, which is a detailed case study of freud's treatment of the "wolfman". the international journal of psychoanalysis was founded by ernest jones in 1920. in response to stress injuries from world war i, the british government produced the report of the war office committee of inquiry into "shell-shock", which was published in 1922. its recommended course of treatment included: while recognizing that each individual case of war neurosis must be treated on its merits, the committee are of opinion that good results will be obtained in the majority by the simplest forms of psycho-therapy, i.e., explanation, persuasion and suggestion, aided by such physical methods as baths, electricity and massage. rest of mind and body is essential in all cases. the committee are of opinion that the production of deep hypnotic sleep, while beneficial as a means of conveying suggestions or eliciting forgotten experiences are useful in selected cases, but in the majority they are unnecessary and may even aggravate the symptoms for a time. they do not recommend psycho-analysis in the freudian sense. in the state of convalescence, re-education and suitable occupation of an interesting nature are of great importance. if the patient is unfit for further military service, it is considered that every endeavor should be made to obtain for him suitable employment on his return to active life.in 1929, austrian psychiatrist alfred adler published the book problems of neurosis: a book of case-histories, furthering the school of individual psychology he had established in 1912. hans seyle devised the general adaptation syndrome to describe stress. the general adaptation syndrome (gas) theory of stress was developed by austro-hungarian physiologist hans selye in 1936. in 1937, austrian-american psychiatrist adolph stern proposed that there were many people with conditions that fitted between the definitions of psychoneurosis and psychosis, and called them the "border line group of neuroses". this group would later become known as borderline personality disorder. 1939-1952 followers of freud's psychoanalytic thinking, including the swiss carl jung, german-american karen horney, and the french jacques lacan, continued to develop his neurosis ideas after his death in 1939. the term continues to be used in the way freud did in psychology and philosophy. by 1939, some 120,000 british ex-servicemen had received final awards for primary psychiatric disability or were still drawing pensions – about 15% of all pensioned disabilities – and another 44,000 or so were getting pensions for 'soldier's heart' or effort syndrome. british historian ben shephard notes, "there is, though, much that statistics do not show, because in terms of psychiatric effects, pensioners were just the tip of a huge iceberg." approximately 20% of u.s. troops displayed symptoms of combat stress reaction during wwii (1939-1945). it was assumed to be a temporary response of healthy individuals to witnessing or experiencing traumatic events. symptoms included depression, anxiety, withdrawal, confusion, paranoia, and sympathetic hyperactivity. thomas w. salmon's battle neurosis principles were adopted by the u.s. forces during this conflict. the american journal of psychoanalysis was founded by karen horney in 1941. austrian psychiatrist otto fenichel's encyclopaedic textbook the psychoanalytic theory of neurosis (1945) set the post-war freudian orthodoxy on the subject. it has been heavily cited by academic papers in the years since. karen horney developed the psychoanalytic understanding of neurosis through a series of books and by establishing a journal. karen horney's our inner conflicts: a constructive theory of neurosis (1945) was a popular book on the topic. austrian psychiatrist viktor frankl's best selling book man's search for meaning (1946) launched the psychotherapy school of logotherapy. for his 1947 book, dimensions of personality, german-british psychologist hans eysenck created the term "neuroticism" to refer to someone whose "constitution may leave them liable to break down with the slightest provocation." the book outlines a two-factor theory of personality, with neuroticism as one of those two factors. this book would be greatly influential on future personality theory. karen horney's neurosis and human growth (1950) further expanded the understanding of neuroses. french-swiss psychologist germaine guex's 1950 book la névrose d'abandon proposed the existence of the condition of "abandonment neurosis". it also detailed all the forms of treatment geux had found effective in treating it. (it was published in english as the abandonment neurosis in 2015). in october 1951, highly influential american psychologist carl rogers presented a paper in which he described the relationship between neurosis and his understanding of effective therapy. he wrote:the emotionally maladjusted person, the "neurotic," is in difficulty first because communication within himself has broken down, and second because as a result of this his communication with others has been damaged. if this sounds somewhat strange, then let me put it in other terms. in the "neurotic" individual, parts of himself which have been termed unconscious, or repressed, or denied to awareness, become blocked off so that they no longer communicate themselves to the conscious or managing part of himself... the task of psychotherapy is to help the person achieve, through a special relationship with the therapist, good communication within himself.the north american society of adlerian psychology was established in 1952, becoming the predominant society of its cause in the world. dsm-i (1952-1968) the first edition of the american psychiatric association's diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm-i) in 1952 included a category named "psychoneurotic disorders". regarding the definition of this category, the manual stated:grouped as psychoneurotic disorders are those disturbances in which “anxiety” is a chief characteristic, directly felt and expressed, or automatically controlled by such defenses as depression, conversion, dissociation, displacement, phobia formation, or repetitive thoughts and acts. for this nomenclature, a psychoneurotic reaction may be defined as one in which the personality, in its struggle for adjustment to internal and external stresses, utilizes the mechanisms listed above to handle the anxiety created. the qualifying phrase, x.2 with neurotic reaction, may be used to amplify the diagnosis when, in the presence of another psychiatric disturbance, a symptomatic clinical picture appears which might be diagnosed under psychoneurotic disorders in this nomenclature. a specific example may be seen in an episode of acute anxiety occurring in a homosexual.conditions in the category included: anxiety reaction dissociative reaction conversion reaction phobic reaction obsessive compulsive reaction depressive reaction psychoneurotic reaction, other the dsm-i also included a category of "transient situational personality disorders". this included the diagnosis of "gross stress reaction". this was defined as a normal personality using established patterns of reaction to deal with overwhelming fear as a response to conditions of great stress. the diagnosis included language which relates the condition to combat as well as to "civilian catastrophe". the other situational disorders were "adult situational reaction" and a variety of time-of-life delineated "adjustment reactions". these referred to short-term reactions to stressors. monoamine oxidase inhibitors (maois) and tricyclic antidepressants (tcas) were developed for the treatment of neurosis and other conditions from the early 1950s. because of their undesirable adverse-effect profile and high potential for toxicity, their use was limited. the use of modern exposure therapy for neuroses began in the 1950s in south africa. south african-american joseph wolpe was one of the first psychiatrists to spark interest in treating psychiatric problems as behavioral issues. in may 1950, pharmacologist frank berger (czech-american) and chemist bernard john ludwig engineered meprobamate to be a non-drowsy tranquiliser. launched as "miltown" in 1955, it rapidly became the first blockbuster psychotropic drug in american history, becoming popular in hollywood and gaining fame for its effects. it is highly addictive. after the korean war (1950-1953), thomas w. salmon's battle neurosis treatment practices became summarised as the pie principles: proximity – treat the casualties close to the front and within sound of the fighting. immediacy – treat them without delay and not wait until the wounded were all dealt with. expectancy – ensure that everyone had the expectation of their return to the front after a rest and replenishment. the international association of analytical psychology was founded in 1955. it is the predominant organisation devoted to the psychology of carl jung. in 1956, american psychologist albert ellis published his first paper on his methodology "rational psychotherapy". this and later works defined what is now known as rational emotive behavior therapy (rebt). ellis believed that people's erroneous beliefs about their adversities was a major cause of neurosis, and his therapy aimed to dissolve these neuroses by correcting people's understandings. ellis published the first rebt book, how to live with a neurotic, in 1957. ellis' therapy was also the beginning of what is now called cognitive behavioral therapy (cbt). albert ellis and others founded the institute for rational living in april 1959, which later became the albert ellis institute. the concept of "institutional neurosis" was coined by british psychiatrist russell barton, and explained in his well-cited 1959 book institutional neurosis. barton believed that many of the mental health symptoms had by people living in mental hospitals and similar institutions were caused by being in those environments, rather than other causes. barton was a leader in the deinstitutionalisation movement. (the form of neurosis later came to be known as "institutional syndrome"). benzodiazepine is a class of highly addictive sedative drugs that reduce anxiety by depressing function in certain parts of the brain. the first of these drugs, chlordiazepoxide (librium), was made available for sale in 1960. (it was discovered by polish-american chemist leo sternbach in 1955.) librium was followed with the more popular diazepam (valium) in 1963. these drugs soon displaced miltown. spanish history writer jose m. lopez pinero published origenes historicos del concepto de neurosis in 1963. it was published in english as historical origins of the concept of neurosis in 1983. neurotics anonymous began in february 1964, as a twelve-step program to help the neurotic. it was founded in washington, d.c. by american psychologist grover boydston, and has since spread through the americas. alfred adler released the book problems of neurosis in 1964, explaining his understanding of what neurosis exist, and how best to treat them. also in 1964, polish psychiatrist kazimierz dąbrowski released his book positive disintegration. the book argues that developing and resolving psychoneurosis is a necessary part of healthy personality development. the popular textbook the causes and cures of neurosis; an introduction to modern behaviour therapy based on learning theory and the principles of conditioning was published in 1965 by hans eysenck and south african-british psychologist stanley rachman. it aimed to replace the freudian approach to neurosis with behaviorism. in 1966, psychologists began to observe large numbers of children of holocaust survivors seeking mental help in clinics in canada. the grandchildren of holocaust survivors were overrepresented by 300% among the referrals to psychiatry clinics in comparison with their representation in the general population. further study lead to the better understanding of transgenerational trauma. the noted book psychological stress and the coping process was released by american psychologist richard lazarus in 1966. the association for advancement of behavioral therapies was founded in 1966. (in 2005, it became the association for behavioral and cognitive therapies.) dsm-ii (1968-1980) after freudian thinking became less prominent in psychology, the term "neurosis" came to be used as a