and further exacerbate health inequalities in the united states. stigmatization of drug use, the war on drugs and criminalization, and the social determinants of health should all be considered when discussing access to drug treatment and potential barriers. broad categories of barriers to drug treatment are: absences of problem, negative social support, fear of treatment, privacy concerns, time conflict, poor treatment availability, and admission difficulty. other barriers to treatment include high costs, lack of tailored programs to address specific needs, and prerequisites that require participants to be house, abstinent from all substances, and/or employed. (see low-threshold treatment and housing first for more context on the latter point.) further, barriers to treatment can vary depending on the geographical location, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and status of past or current criminal justice system involvement of the person seeking treatment. criticism despite ongoing efforts to combat addiction, there has been evidence of clinics billing patients for treatments that may not guarantee their recovery. this is a major problem as there are numerous claims of fraud in drug rehabilitation centers, where these centers are billing insurance companies for under-delivering much-needed medical treatment while exhausting patients' insurance benefits. in california, there are movements and laws regarding this matter, particularly the california insurance fraud prevention act (ifpa) which declares it unlawful to unknowingly conduct such businesses. under the affordable care act and the mental health parity act, rehabilitation centers are able to bill insurance companies for substance use treatment. with long wait lists in limited state-funded rehabilitation centers, controversial private centers rapidly emerged. one popular model, known as the florida model for rehabilitation centers, is often criticized for fraudulent billing to insurance companies. under the guise of helping patients with opioid addiction, these centers would offer addicts free rent or up to $500 per month to stay in their "sober homes", then charge insurance companies as high as $5,000 to $10,000 per test for simple urine tests. little attention is paid to patients in terms of addiction intervention as these patients have often been known to continue drug use during their stay in these centers. since 2015, these centers have been under federal and state criminal investigation. as of 2017 in california, there are only 16 investigators in the ca department of health care services investigating over 2,000 licensed rehab centers. by country afghanistan in afghanistan since the taliban took power in 2021, they have forced drug addicts into compulsory drug rehab. china as of 2013 china has compulsory drug rehabilitation centers. it was reported in 2018 1.3 million drug addicts were treated in china's compulsory detox centers. compulsory drug rehabilitation has a long history in china: the mao zedong government is credited with eradicating both consumption and production of opium during the 1950s using unrestrained repression and social reform. ten million addicts were forced into compulsory treatment, dealers were executed, and opium-producing regions were planted with new crops. remaining opium production shifted south of the chinese border into the golden triangle region. indonesia in 2015 the national narcotics board (indonesia) was pushing for compulsory drug treatment for people with drug dependence. italy in 1963, pierino gelmini founded comunità incontro, a drug rehabilitation center in amelia, italy.