list of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations list of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations an ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in another part of the body. there are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more. other diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and hypertension are commonly found to have associated ocular symptoms. systemic allergic diseases asthma atopic dermatitis atopic eczema hay fever urticaria vernal conjunctivitis skin and mucous membrane diseases acne rosacea albinism atopic dermatitis behçet's disease cicatricial pemphigoid ehlers–danlos syndrome epidermolysis bullosa erythema multiforme goltz–gorlin syndrome ichthyosis incontinentia pigmenti nevus of ota pemphigus pseudoxanthoma elasticum psoriasis stevens–johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme major) vogt–koyanagi–harada syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum phacomatoses angiomatosis retinae (von hippel–lindau disease) (retinocerebellar capillary hemangiomatosis) ataxia telangiectasia (louis–bar syndrome) encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (sturge–weber syndrome) (encephalofacial cavernous hemangiomatosis) neurofibromatosis (von recklinghausen's disease) tuberous sclerosis (bourneville's syndrome) wyburn–mason syndrome (racemose hemangiomatosis) collagen diseases ankylosing spondylitis dermatomyositis periarteritis nodosa reactive arthritis rheumatoid arthritis ehlers-danlos syndrome sarcoidosis scleroderma systemic lupus erythematosus temporal arteritis relapsing polychondritis granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients. orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis, restrictive ophthalmopathy, chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain. granulomatosis with polyangiitis may also cause inflammation of the optic nerve, ophthalmoplegia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, episcleritis, dacrocystitis, nasolacrimnal duct obstruction, dacroadenitis, uveitis, and retinal vasculitis. systemic viral infections varicella (chickenpox) rubeola (measles) rubella (german measles) variola (smallpox) vaccinia herpes simplex herpes zoster mumps infectious mononucleosis influenza cytomegalic inclusion disease pharyngoconjunctival fever (adenovirus 3) epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (adenovirus 8) human immunodeficiency virus (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) ebola rift valley fever dengue hantavirus bwaka, mpia a.; bonnet, marie-josé; calain, philippe; colebunders, robert; de roo, ann; guimard, yves; katwiki, kasongo r.; kibadi, kapay; kipasa, mungala a. (1999-02-01). "ebola hemorrhagic fever in kikwit, democratic republic of the congo: clinical observations in 103 patients". the journal of infectious diseases. 179 (supplement_1): s1–s7. doi:10.1086/514308. issn 0022-1899. pmid 9988155. ikegami, tetsuro; makino, shinji (2011-05-06). "the pathogenesis of rift valley fever". viruses. 3 (5): 493–519. doi:10.3390/v3050493. pmc 3111045. pmid 21666766. "dengue eye disease". the bmj. 2017-07-06. mehta, salil; jiandani, prakash (september 2007). "ocular features of hantavirus infection". indian journal of ophthalmology. 55 (5): 378–380. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.33827. issn 0301-4738. pmc 2636028. pmid 17699950. systemic bacterial infections gonorrhea (ophthalmia neonatorum) brucellosis diphtheria lyme disease sepsis (bacterial metastatic endophthalmitis) tularemia leprosy (hansen's disease) tuberculosis syphilis systemic protozoal infections lymphogranuloma venereum (chlamydial) inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydial) malaria toxoplasmosis systemic fungal infections candida albicans histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis cryptococcus metastatic fungal endophthalmitis actinomyces streptothrix systemic cestode and nematode infections cysticercosis (tapeworm) echinococcosis (hydatid cyst) toxocariasis (toxocara) trichinosis (trichinella) onchocerciasis loiasis (loa loa) chromosomal disorders and genetic syndromes cri-du chat syndrome schmid–fraccaro syndrome turner's syndrome ring-d chromosome monosomy-g syndrome trisomy 13 (patau's syndrome, d-syndrome) trisomy 18 (edwards' syndrome, e-syndrome) trisomy 21 (down syndrome) deletion of long arm of chromosome 18 deletion of chromosome 18 ciliopathic genetic syndromes—a number of widely variant genetic disorders with occular phenotypes have been identified with genotypical ciliopathy. hematologic diseases anemia cardiovascular diseases cardiovascular diseases arteriosclerosis hypertension pre-eclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy) occlusive vascular disease (sudden) emboli and thrombi central retinal artery occlusion cardiac myxoma cranial arteritis sickle cell attack occlusive vascular disease (slow, progressive) carotid artery disease arterial spasm (tia) diabetes mellitus collagen diseases venous occlusive disease thrombosis use of hormonal contraception endocarditis myxoma aortic arch syndrome (takayasu) pre-eclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy) thromboangiitis obliterans hereditary telangiectasia (rendu–osler–weber syndrome) endocrine diseases cushing's disease addison's disease diabetes mellitus hyperparathyroidism hypoparathyroidism hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism gastrointestinal and nutritional disorders alcoholism crohn's disease liver disease malnutrition peptic ulcer disease pancreatic disease regional enteritis or ulcerative colitis vitamin a deficiency vitamin b deficiency vitamin c deficiency hypervitaminosis a, b, and d whipple's disease metabolic disorders albinism alkaptonuria amyloidosis chediak–higashi syndrome cystinosis fabry's disease galactosemia gaucher's disease gout hemochromatosis histiocytosis homocystinuria lipidoses marfan's syndrome weill–marchesani syndrome mucopolysaccharidosis niemann–pick disease osteogenesis imperfecta wilson's disease musculoskeletal disease albright's disease (fibrous dysplasia of bone) apert syndrome conradi's syndrome craniofacial syndromes facial deformity syndromes muscular dystrophy disorders myasthenia gravis osteogenesis imperfecta paget's disease pulmonary diseases asthma bronchogenic carcinoma bronchiectasis cystic fibrosis of the pancreas emphysema pneumonias tuberculosis renal disease alport's syndrome azotemia (acute and chronic pyelonephritis) lowe's syndrome medullary cystic disease nephrotic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis, diabetic kidney, system lupus erythematosus) renal transplantation wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) neoplastic diseases with ocular metastases carcinoma and sites of primary lesions blood leukemia lymphoma breast colon kidney lung genital organs ovary or cervix testis or prostate skin melanoma gut stomach pancreas thyroid