hemimastigophora hemimastigophora hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms including the spironemidae, first identified in 1988. over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes. in 2018 lax et al. reported the first genetic information for spironemidae, and suggest that they are from an ancient lineage of eukaryotes which constitute a separate clade from all other eukaryotic kingdoms. it is potentially related to the telonemia. hemimastigophora hemimastix amphikineta, redrawn from foissner et al., 1988 scientific classification domain: eukaryota (unranked): hemimastigophorafoissner, blatterer, & foissner 1988, sensu cavalier-smith 1993: 379 classes, orders, families and genera hemimastigea foissner, blatterer & foissner 1988 hemimastigida foissner, blatterer & foissner 1988 spironemidae reichenow 1928 hemimastix foissner, blatterer & foissner 1988 paramastix skuja 1948 spironema klebs 1893 stereonema foissner & foissner 1993 history of classification one hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships that classifies hemimastigophora (red branch at right) as a supra-kingdom group. hemimastigophora was established in 1988 by foissner et al., as a new phylum with a single family, spironemidae. its placement on the eukaryote tree of life was unclear, but the authors suggested that the structure of its pellicle and cell nucleus indicated a close relationship with euglenozoa. for 30 years after the description of the group, no genetic information was available. during that time, researchers proposed that it should be classified in, or near, an assortment of other groups, including the alveolates, apusomonads, ancyromonads, and rhizaria. in an article published in 2018, lax et al. announced that a new hemimastigophoran species, hemimastix kukwesjijk, had been discovered in a nova scotian soil sample, and successfully cultivated in the laboratory. a second hemimastigophoran, a new species of spironema, was found in the same sample. phylogenomic analyses of the two organisms suggest that hemimastigophora is a very ancient lineage, which diverged from the other eukaryotes at such an early date that the group should be classified at the supra-kingdom level. wikimedia commons has media related to hemimastigophora.