three years. an extensive study in dublin demonstrates that eradicating h. pylori substantially reduces recurrence of ulcers. 1990 borody's triple therapy became commercialized in the united states under the product name helidac. rauws and tytgat describe cure of duodenal ulcer by eradication of h. pylori using borody's triple therapy combination. triple-therapy, modernized to a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics, soon becomes first line therapy for eradication. world congress of gastroenterology recommends eradicating h. pylori to cure duodenal ulcers. first report of resistance of h. pylori to the antibiotic metronidazole. resistance of h. pylori to treatment will lead to the development of many different antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor regimens for eradication. 1992 fukuda et al. prove ingestion of h. pylori causes gastritis in rhesus monkeys. covacci et al. sequence the caga gene, which encodes for a cytotoxin-associated surface protein, which correlated strongly with strains of h. pylori that caused duodenal ulcers. this was the first description of a virulence factor for h. pylori infection determined by molecular techniques. gastric cancer 1994 fujioka et al. prove similar results as those from fukuda et al. patents for acid reducing drugs expire, removing financial incentive to resist antibiotics as treatment of pud. a conference held by national institute of health (usa) demonstrates the general acceptance of h. pylori as cause of pud in the us. the world health organization's international agency for research on cancer declares h. pylori a group 1 carcinogen. parsonnet et al. describe an association between h. pylori and lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract. these malignant ulcers can also be treated by eradicating helicobacter. 1997 tomb et al. complete sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the h. pylori genome. this assists in identifying new virulence factors for the infectivity of h. pylori on the molecular level. 2001 chan et al. show in a randomized control trial that eradication of h. pylori even prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 2002 the european helicobacter pylori study group published the maastricht 2-2000 consensus report, suggesting a "test-and-treat" strategy for h. pylori in young patients without atypical symptoms. this strategy advocates the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for h. pylori and simply treating if found, even in the absence of ulcer disease documented on endoscopy. 2005 warren and marshall are awarded the nobel prize in physiology or medicine for their work on h. pylori and pud.