proenkephalin proenkephalin introduction penkavailable structurespdbortholog search: pdbe rcsb list of pdb id codes1plw, 1plx, 2lwc, 5e33, 5e3aidentifiersaliasespenk, proenkephalin, pe, penk-aexternal idsomim: 131330 mgi: 104629 homologene: 4528 genecards: penk gene location (human)chr.chromosome 8 (human)band8q12.1start56,436,674 bpend56,446,671 bpgene location (mouse)chr.chromosome 4 (mouse)band4 a1|4 2.31 cmstart4,133,531 bpend4,138,819 bprna expression patternbgeehumanmouse (ortholog)top expressed innucleus accumbensputamencaudate nucleusganglionic eminencemiddle frontal gyrusexternal globus pallidusurethraspermcerebellar vermissuperior vestibular nucleustop expressed inciliary bodyolfactory tuberclenucleus accumbensglobus pallidussuperior frontal gyrusentorhinal cortexcalvariairisamygdalacerebellar cortexmore reference expression databiogpsn/agene ontologymolecular function opioid peptide activity protein binding neuropeptide hormone activity opioid receptor binding cellular component perikaryon cell body fiber axon symmetric synapse dendrite plasma membrane axon terminus neuronal cell body extracellular region endoplasmic reticulum lumen synaptic vesicle lumen neuronal dense core vesicle lumen biological process cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus cellular response to virus general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process response to estradiol response to hypoxia startle response locomotory behavior response to nicotine ageing response to epinephrine cellular response to vitamin d behavioral fear response locomotory exploration behavior response to calcium ion response to morphine response to lipopolysaccharide osteoblast differentiation glial cell proliferation sensory perception of pain cellular response to oxidative stress response to radiation response to ethanol positive regulation of behavioral fear response response to toxic substance cellular response to camp aggressive behavior signal transduction sensory perception neuropeptide signaling pathway chemical synaptic transmission post-translational protein modification regulation of signaling receptor activity g protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway response to bacterium sources:amigo / quickgoorthologsspecieshumanmouseentrez517918619ensemblensg00000181195ensmusg00000045573uniprotp01210p22005refseq (mrna)nm_006211nm_001135690nm_001002927nm_001348209refseq (protein)np_001129162np_001002927np_001335138location (ucsc)chr 8: 56.44 – 56.45 mbchr 4: 4.13 – 4.14 mbpubmed searchwikidataview/edit humanview/edit mouse proenkephalin (penk), formerly known as proenkephalin a (since proenkephalin b was renamed prodynorphin), is an endogenous opioid polypeptide hormone which, via proteolyic cleavage, produces the enkephalin peptides enkephalin, and to a lesser extent, enkephalin. upon cleavage, each proenkephalin peptide results in the generation of four copies of enkephalin, two extended copies of enkephalin, and one copy of enkephalin. contrarily, enkephalin] is predominantly synthesized from prodynorphin, which produces three copies of it per cleavage, and no copies of enkephalin. other endogenous opioid peptides produced by proenkephalin include adrenorphin, amidorphin, bam-18, bam-20p, bam-22p, peptide b, peptide e, and peptide f. proenkephalin in human diseases proenkephalin is produced by the medium spiny neurons of the striatum which undergo neurodegeneration in early stages of huntingtons disease (hd). penk and related peptides measured in cerebrospinal fluid are proposed as potential biomarkers of disease progression in hd.