vegans. the european commission was granted the power to adopt an implementing act on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the european parliament and the council of the european union in article 36 of regulation (eu) no 1169/2011. the german consumer protection minister conference approved a definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 april 2016. the european vegetarian union adopted this text for a proposal for a legally binding definition based on regulation (eu) no 1169/2011 in july 2019. in 2021, the international organization for standardization published standard iso 23662 on "definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims". iso 23662 was rejected by nederlandse vereniging voor veganisme who found the standard inconsistent with their vision. increasing interest alternative food movements in the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the counterculture in the united states that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and a distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening. one of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was frances moore lappé's 1971 text, diet for a small planet. it sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain". the following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the united states, including physicians dean ornish, caldwell esselstyn, neal d. barnard, john a. mcdougall, michael greger, and biochemist t. colin campbell, who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as the western pattern diet, were detrimental to health. they produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including mcdougall's the mcdougall plan (1983), john robbins's diet for a new america (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and dr. dean ornish's program for reversing heart disease (1990). in 2003 two major north american dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages. this was followed by the film earthlings (2005), campbell's the china study (2005), rory freedman and kim barnouin's skinny bitch (2005), jonathan safran foer's eating animals (2009), and the film forks over knives (2011). in the 1980s, veganism became associated with punk subculture and ideologies, particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the united states; and anarcho-punk in the united kingdom. this association continues on into the 21st century, as evinced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as fluff fest in europe. into the mainstream the vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s, especially in the latter half. the economist declared 2019 "the year of the vegan". chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan-processed food. the global mock-meat market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010, and in the united states by eight percent between 2012 and 2015, to $553 million a year. the vegetarian butcher (de vegetarische slager), the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the netherlands in 2010, while america's first vegan butcher, the herbivorous butcher, opened in minneapolis in 2016. since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering beyond meat and impossible foods products including carl's jr. outlets offering beyond burgers and burger king outlets serving impossible whoppers. plant-based meat sales in the u.s grew 37% between 2017 and 2019. german strongman patrik baboumian, who starred in the 2018 documentary the game changers to demonstrate that athletes can thrive on a vegan diet in 2011, europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in germany: veganz in berlin and vegilicious in dortmund. in 2013, the oktoberfest in munich (traditionally a meat-heavy event) offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history. by 2016, 49% of americans were drinking plant milk, and 91% still drank dairy milk. in the united kingdom, the plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36 million litres (63 million imperial pints) in 2011 to 92 million (162 million imperial pints) in 2013. there was a 185% increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the uk. in 2017, the united states school nutrition association found 14% of school districts across the country were serving vegan school meals compared to 11.5% of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016, reflecting a change happening in many parts of the world, including brazil and england. in total, as of 2016, the largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in asia pacific with nine percent of people following a vegan diet. in 2017, veganism rose in popularity in hong kong and china, particularly among millennials. china's vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17% between 2015 and 2020, which is expected to be "the fastest growth rate internationally in that period". this exceeds the projected growth in the second and third fastest-growing vegan markets internationally in the same period, the united arab emirates (10.6%) and australia (9.6%) respectively. in 2018, the book the end of animal farming by jacy reese anthis argued that veganism will completely replace animal-based food by 2100. the book was featured in the guardian, the new republic, and forbes, among other newspapers and magazines. the growth of schools serving vegan school meals has increased in recent years with the lunches added by los angeles, california in 2018, portland, maine in 2019, and new york city in 2022. in january 2021, 582,538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for veganuary, breaking the previous year's record of 400,000. that same month, ona in france became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a michelin star. throughout the year, a further 79 plant-based restaurants around the world received michelin stars. at the end of the year, a poll conducted by the guardian showed that a new high of 36% of the british public were interested in veganism. prevalence by country australia: australians topped google's worldwide searches for the word "vegan" between mid-2015 and mid-2016. a euromonitor international study concluded the market for packaged vegan food in australia would rise 9.6% per year between 2015 and 2020, making australia the third-fastest growing vegan market behind china and the united arab emirates. austria: in 2013, kurier estimated that 0.5 percent of austrians practised veganism, and in the capital, vienna, 0.7 percent. belgium: a 2016 ivox online study found that out of 1000 dutch-speaking residents of flanders and brussels of 18 years and over, 0.3 percent were vegan. brazil: according to research by ibope inteligência published in april 2018, 14% of brazilians, or about 30 million people, considered themselves vegetarians, 7 million of them vegans. canada: in 2018, one survey estimated that 2.1 percent of adult canadians considered themselves as vegans. germany: a government-commissioned survey indicates that as of 2021, 2% of german residents follow a vegan diet, with higher incidence rates among the younger, the less educated (people who ended their formal education with hauptschule graduation), and residents of former west germany. india: in the 2005–06 national health survey, 1.6% of the surveyed population reported never consuming animal products. veganism was most common in the states of gujarat (4.9%) and maharashtra (4.0%). israel: five percent (approx. 300,000) in israel said they were vegan in 2014, making it the highest per capita vegan population in the world. a 2015 survey by globes and israel's channel 2 news similarly found 5% of israelis were vegan. veganism increased among israeli arabs. the israeli army made special provision for vegan soldiers in 2015, which included providing non-leather boots and wool-free berets. veganism also simplifies adherence to the judaic prohibition on combining meat and milk in meals. italy: between 0.6 and 3 percent of italians were reported to be vegan as of 2015. netherlands: in 2018, the dutch society for veganism (nederlandse vereniging voor veganisme, nvv) estimated there were more than 100,000 dutch vegans (0.59 percent), based on their membership growth. in july 2020 the nvv estimated the number of vegans in the netherlands at 150,000. that is approximately 0.9% of the dutch population. romania: followers of the romanian orthodox church keep fast during several periods throughout the ecclesiastical calendar amounting to a majority of the year. in the romanian orthodox tradition, devotees abstain from eating any animal products during these times. as a result, vegan foods are abundant in stores and restaurants; however, romanians may not be familiar with a vegan diet as a full-time lifestyle choice. sweden: four percent said they were vegan in a 2014 demoskop poll. switzerland: market research company demoscope estimated in 2017 that three percent of the population was vegan. united kingdom: a 2016 ipsos mori study commissioned by the vegan society, surveying almost 10,000 people aged 15 or over across england, scotland, and wales, found that 1.05 percent were vegan; the vegan society estimates that 542,000 in the uk follow a vegan diet. according to a 2018 survey by comparethemarket.com, the number of people who identify as vegans in the united kingdom has risen to over 3.5 million, which is approximately seven percent of the population, and environmental concerns were a major factor in this development. however, doubt was cast on this inflated figure by the uk-based vegan society, who perform their own regular survey: the vegan society themselves found in 2018 that there were 600,000 vegans in great britain (1.16%), which was seen as a dramatic increase on previous figures. yougov reported 3% vegans in 2021. united states: estimates of vegans in the u.s. in past varied from 2% (gallup, 2012) to 0.5% (faunalytics, 2014). according to the latter, 70% of those who adopted a vegan diet abandoned it. however, top trends in prepared foods 2017, a report by globaldata, estimated that "6% of us consumers now claim to be vegan, up from just 1% in 2014." in 2020, yougov published results of 2019 research which showed only 2.26% reported being vegan. nearly 59% of the vegan respondents were female. according to gallup, black americans are three times as likely to be vegan and vegetarian as whites as of july 2018 (9% compared to 3%). the city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from happycow was chiang mai (thailand), followed by ubud (bali, indonesia), phuket (thailand), tel aviv (israel), and lisbon (portugal). vegan diets, substitutions, and meat analogues vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds, legumes (particularly beans), fruits, vegetables, edible mushrooms, and nuts. soy milk meat substitutes vegan meat alternatives are commonly sold in forms like vegetarian sausage, mince, or veggie burgers. they are often made from soybeans, seitan (wheat gluten), beans, lentils, rice, mushrooms or vegetables. meat substitutes have been made in china since at least the tang dynasty (618 to 907 common era), including mock duck made from seitan. they are much newer to western countries. some famous western producers of vegan meat alternatives include impossible foods and beyond meat. however, in the late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes. plant milk and dairy product alternatives plant milks—such as soy milk, almond milk, cashew milk, grain milks (oat milk, flax milk and rice milk), hemp milk, and coconut milk—are used in place of cows' or goats' milk. soy milk provides around 7 g (1⁄4oz) of protein per cup (240 ml or 8 fl oz), compared with 8 g (2/7oz) of protein per cup of cow's milk. almond milk is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates, and protein. soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula, normally based on cows' milk or soy. the latter is known as soy-based infant formula or sbif. butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products. vegan cheeses are made from seeds, such as sesame and sunflower; nuts, such as cashew, pine nut, and almond; and soybeans, coconut oil, nutritional yeast, tapioca, and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate the meltability of dairy cheese. nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes. cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as cashews. yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant-based products such as soy