mental health inequality mental health inequality mental health inequality refers to the differences in the quality, access, and health care different communities and populations receive for mental health services. globally, the world health organization estimates that 350 million people are affected with depressive disorders. mental health can be defined as an individual's well-being and/or the absence of clinically defined mental illness. inequalities that can occur in mental healthcare may include mental health status, access to and quality of care, and mental health outcomes, which may differ across populations of different race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, sex, gender, socioeconomic statuses, education level, and geographic location. social determinants of health, more specifically the social determinants of mental health, that can influence an individual's susceptibility to developing mental disorders and illnesses include, but are not limited to, economic status, education level, demographics, geographic location and genetics. disparities in accessing and quality of mental health care there is a growing unmet need for mental health services and equity in the quality of these services. while these services often advertise themselves as being a support system and caregiver for any and all who need treatment or support, oftentimes certain aspects of an individual's life, such as race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation, will determine the access and quality of care that they are given. due to a growing level of socioeconomic inequality among races, african americans are less likely to have access to mental health care and are more likely to have lesser quality care when they do find it. african americans and hispanics are more likely to be uninsured or have medicaid, limiting the amount and type of access that they have mental health outpatient sources. in one study, of all those who received mental health care, minority populations reported a higher degree of unmet needs and dissatisfaction with the services they were given (12.5% of whites, 25.4% of african americans, and 22.6% of hispanics reported poor care). in addition, mental illnesses are often under and over diagnosed among different minority groups for various reasons. for example, schizophrenia is often over diagnosed in african americans, whereas mood disorders, depression, and anxiety are under diagnosed. this serves as an example of how minority groups in the united states, such as african americans, are at risk of being diagnosed based on stereotype and not properly assessed or treated for other mental health conditions that they may or may not be at risk for. the lgbtq population, while still open to the same disparities as racial minority groups, is often confronted with the problem of being denied mental health treatment because of the gender they identify as or their sexual orientation. in a study conducted by the national center for transgender equality and the national gay and lesbian task force, 19% of the lgbtq sample reported being denied the healthcare they needed. in addition, 28% of the sample reported being harassed or even physically assaulted during the health visit. while denial of treatment and harassment during treatment are large causes of the disparities among mental health care quality, the lack of knowledge is also of concern among the lgbtq population. as it is such a newly developing field of study, there is very little knowledge or research conducted that relate specifically to lgbtq health and healthcare. because of this, about 50% of the lgbtq population report having to teach aspects of their health and treatment to the health care providers. socioeconomic status disparities lack of socioeconomic resources can lead to development of traumatic experiences that precipitate into mental health disorders. for example, not having employment or having limited access to resources can influence the course of developing some of the most common mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and psychological stress. living with a mental health disorder can also contribute to disparities in receiving mental health care. living with a mental health disorder could affect an individual's economic status, which can additionally lead into their mental health quality as well as life expectancy. another socioeconomic factor that can lead to barriers and inequalities in accessing mental health care services include financial restraints. there has been a rise in cost for uninsured individuals in accessing mental health care services compared to individuals who have private or public insurance. education disparities educational disparities can be defined as unjust or unfair differences in educational outcomes that can be a result of difference in treatment of certain minority groups in schools, varying socioeconomic statuses, and varying educational needs. these disparities in education can ultimately lead to issues of mental health. when this happens, less privileged groups get looped into the cascading effects of inequality. disparities in education, contributory to socioeconomic status, immigrant status, and ethnic/racial status can be another contributing factor to mental health inequality. socioeconomic status plays a large role in the difference in access to educational resources. school districts are split geographically. because the current funding for public schools comes from local property taxes, there is more incentive for high-status individuals to narrow the boundaries to not include lower income families from their school districts. because each school district is then only encompassing one socioeconomic group, the programs and quality are affected. this is where we begin to see the dramatic differences between school districts. while some schools offer amazing guidance departments, advanced classes, and phenomenal facilities, other areas struggle to find qualified and motivated teachers to teach basic classes. although public education is something that is supposed to be a right for all, an individual's socioeconomic status can greatly affect the quality of that education. an individual's immigration status also affects the quality of education received. while there are some immigrant groups which do well after immigrating to the united states, many do not have the same level of success. there are many barriers that prevent the academic success of immigrant children. these barriers include but are not limited to the fact that most parents of immigrant children do not understand the united states educational system, inadequate english as a second language programs, and segregation. there are also differences in outcomes across immigrant generation, with first-generation immigrants performing better than subsequent generations. this is termed the immigrant paradox. these issues along with the psychological effects of acculturation (e.g., adapting to a whole new country, language, and culture) amplify educational inequality. disparities in education are the insufficiency of resources that are included but limited. these disparities usually targets socially excluded communities with low income. statistics are used when measuring grades, gpa, test scores, and dropout rates to determine the success of students. by creating a system in which a person could never succeed can perpetuate inequalities, especially those suffering from mental health. spatial disparities (geographic location) spatial disparities include, but are not limited to, where one lives, spends most of their time, where they receive most of their resources, and where they receive education. for example, minority races who live in higher poverty neighborhoods are at higher risk for additional stresses and mental health disorders. yet this population has been shown to experience more difficulties in accessing mental health services. considering this cycle of needing care but not being able to receive care, inequality due to spatial location will likely remain and continue to limit access to mental health care without additional intervention to increase access to mental health services. many minorities including african americans, hispanics, and asian americans inhabit these poverty filled neighborhoods due to factors being not in their favor in certain aspects of society. these neighborhoods lack resources such as offices with psychiatrists or health clinics with good doctors who are trained to help those in need of mental health care. it would also be beneficial to make specific services just for those in high-poverty neighborhoods who lack the resources so we can encourage those in need to get the help that they deserve. with adjustments made to meet these circumstances, the spatial disparities can be lowered and allow those who need the help to get it. ethnic and racial disparities and predictors there is inequality in mental health care access for different races and ethnicities. studies have shown that minorities with low-income have less access to mental health care than low-income non-latino whites. in addition to lack of access, minorities in the united states were more likely to receive poorer quality in mental health care and treatment compared to non-latino whites individuals, leading to many minorities delaying or failing treatment. studies have shown the african americans have decrease access to mental health services and mental health care compared non-latino white americans. many minorities have difficulty in finding care for mental health services. the historical events that took place in the united states against african americans have resulted in a distrust in the healthcare system. the stigma of mental healthcare in the african american community has caused an increased prevalence of these disorders as surveys have found that 12 million women and 7 million men suffer from some kind of mental health illness. besides being the most vulnerable race to contract the covid-19 virus, they also presented a higher incidence of mental health disorders. research has shown that this community reacts better to treatment when it is offered by healthcare professionals as an alternative to other treatments. when considering why african americans are so at-risk for mental health issues, it is important to consider how their race impacts their daily lives. black individuals in this country still face discrimination, which leads to negative emotions, and these emotions could include feelings of social isolation. not only are they made to feel as though they are not fully a part of our society, but they may also feel as though their non-black family members and friends do not fully understand their struggles. this could definitely lead to subjective social isolation, or a lack of feeling close to other people. one study revealed that subjective social isolation in african americans is correlated to having any 12-month disorder listed in the dsm and to having a higher number of 12-month disorders listed in the dsm. based on this reasoning, subjective social isolation could be one of the reasons why african americans are an at-risk group when it comes to mental health struggles, and it would definitely make sense for this subjective social isolation to be a result of racism that still exists today. it is also important to consider the intersectionality of race and gender when thinking about mental health. the same study as mentioned above states that african american men are more likely to experience social isolation than african american women, which could make black men in this country even more at-risk for psychiatric disorders. when thinking about the racism in this country, this somewhat makes sense, because black men experience certain aspects of discrimination that are specific to their group. for example, african american men are often perceived as dangerous and have high rates of being arrested. when all of these risk factors are then combined with the stigma that all men face in terms of discussing mental health issues, this puts african american men at a very high risk for both developing psychiatric disorders and not feeling empowered enough to talk about their struggles. when we are talking about racial disparities in mental health, not only do we need to acknowledge the lack of access that minority groups have to the proper health care, but we also need to understand that being in a minority racial group puts individuals at a higher risk for developing psychiatric disorders in the first place. then, it is crucial to consider some of the possible reasons for this and begin to ask how we could decrease the disparities in this country. all minority groups are especially at-risk for mental health issues, including racial minority groups, and this is linked to systemic racism. during the early 2010's the latino community experienced an increase in cases of mental health disorders. studies have shown that latinos are more likely to present early symptoms of mental health disorders than non latino-whites. among latinos, those without a legal status in the united states suffer a higher burden of being diagnose with a mental health disorders as their journey to the country has caused them to experience traumatizing events including sexual abuse, kidnapping, and