system was also adopted by glaxosmithkline (gsk) in february 2011. in april 2011, cnn published a video highlighting sproxil's solution in the fight against counterfeit drugs in nigeria. in july 2011, kenya's pharmacy and poisons board also adopted text message-based anticounterfeiting systems and endorsed the sproxil solution. in early 2012 it was announced that more than one million people in africa had checked their medicines using the text-message based verification service developed by sproxil. an epedigree is another important system for the automatic detection of counterfeit drugs. states such as california are increasingly requiring pharmaceutical companies to generate and store epedigrees for each product they handle. on january 5, 2007 epcglobal ratified the pedigree standard as an international standard that specifies an xml description of the life history of a product across an arbitrarily complex supply chain. illicit drugs illegal drugs can be counterfeited easily because no standards or regulations govern them or their packaging though some examples of illegal drugs are sold under "brand names" to indicate certain standards or dosage levels were being adhered to, as in the case of 1960s-era lsd, which was sold with patterns or logos printed on blotter paper. these illegal "brands" can also be counterfeited by drug dealers who want to be able to sell their products at higher prices. counterfeit illegal and recreational drugs range from products which do not contain any active ingredients, as in cases where lactose powder is sold as heroin, or dried herbs such as oregano are sold as cannabis, to cases where the active ingredients are "cut" with a diluent (as in cases where cocaine is mixed with lactose powder), and cases where the claimed active ingredients are substituted by something cheaper (e.g., when methamphetamine is sold as cocaine). the use of diluents in illegal drugs reduces the potency of the drugs and makes it hard for users to determine the appropriate dosage level. diluents include "foodstuffs (flour and baby milk formula), sugars (glucose, lactose, maltose, and mannitol), and inorganic materials such as powder." the diluents used often depend on the way drug purchasers consume particular drugs. drug dealers selling heroin to users who inject dilute the drug with different products from dealers selling to users who smoke or insufflate the drug; diluents which can easily form a solution with water for injecting heroin can be problematic for users who are sniffing the powder. when cocaine is mixed with diluents for the purpose of injection, the "...diluents can produce serious abscesses and pain if the user misses the vein and injects into muscle tissue." "diluents and adulterants are often added to no. 3 heroin", including sugar, quinine, barbital and caffeine, some of which "can cause serious side effects." dr. hirsch, the new york medical examiner, claimed that buying illegal drugs is "... like playing russian roulette," because "there is no way of knowing just what a heroin dealer has slipped into the packets." in some cases, if a dealer does not take the time to dilute the drug with lactose or other fillers, a "very potent blend of heroin" is sold, which can lead to overdoses. claims that illegal drugs are routinely cut with substances such as rat poison and crushed glass, often cited in antidrug pamphlets, are largely unsubstantiated. some countries, cities and organizations deploy drug checking services in order to improve the ability of users to make a more accurate risk assessment. packaging two drug packages appear to be identical in normal lightselective uv wavelength identifies counterfeit package on left main article: pharmaceutical packaging custom package seals, authentication labels, holograms, and security printing, can be valued parts of an entire security system. they help verify that enclosed drugs are what the package says they are. drug counterfeiters, however, often work with package counterfeiters, some of whom can be sophisticated. no packaging system is completely secure.