their jobs or whose employment contract had not been renewed; those released from prisons and awaiting deportation, pregnant women, elderly people, students who had completed courses and whose visa had expired etc. however, it is unclear whether all these people would be allowed to travel home, considering certain conditions and priorities set by the local embassies and the centre. for weeks, the state health department had been engaged in setting up facilities and protocols to be pushed into action when the expatriates come home. health minister kk shailaja said in a statement that her department was fully equipped to deal with expatriates at all four international airports – trivandrum international airport, cochin international airport, calicut international airport and kannur international airport. pre-arrival protocols initially, there would be a basic medical screening for those wishing to return home. only those found asymptomatic were allowed to board the aircraft. passengers inside flights were seated in a zig-zag fashion, wearing masks. 45 minutes before arrival, announcements were made inside the flight about quarantine. those running a fever were sent to the isolation bay. others were directed to the help desks. each of the help desks had a doctor, staff nurse, volunteer and a data entry operator. passengers were checked for symptoms by the doctor. those with other symptoms were also directed to the isolation bay. the indian consulate had appealed to passengers not to overcrowd the airport, maintain social distancing and follow all necessary precautions stipulated by the authorities. air india crew members on board the repatriation flights were issued protective gear, including personal protective equipment, to reduce the risk of contracting coronavirus. post-arrival protocols separate mobile health applications had been created to register and track the expatriates who arrive at three of the airports in the first phase – kochi, thiruvananthapuram and kozhikode. the app to be used at thiruvananthapuram is named 'karuthal' (precaution in english), the one designed for kochi is ayurraksha and the one for kozhikode is agamanam (arrival in malayalam). all the details of those who have registered on the norka website have been plugged into the app. using qr codes, each of the travellers can be contacted and traced. the passengers were home quarantined for 14 days and monitored by ward-level vigil committees in their residences. those who wanted to stay in corona care homes were shifted to such centres near airports. the expatriates also had to stay in government-arranged facilities for the first seven days. on the seventh day, pcr test for coronavirus would be conducted and those who tested negative sent home. those who test positive would be sent to hospitals. those who were sent home would have to remain in quarantine for one more week. antibody tests would also be widely done on overseas returnees. operation samudra setu empty kunnamkulam town on a full lockdown sunday the navy named its evacuation operation as "samudra setu" (sea bridge). the repatriation exercise was conducted in keeping with a standard operating procedure (sop) prepared by the central government. under the first phase of operation "samudra setu", ins jalashwa brought back 750 indians from the maldives, followed by another 250 repatriations by ins magar. the ships sailed to the cochin port port and the evacuated personnel were disembarked there. sources in the military said there are nearly 3,500 indians stranded in the maldives, a tourist destination that lies to india's south-west in the indian ocean. a call is yet to be taken on the repatriation of the remaining 2,500 indians, the sources added. meanwhile, the sources said, two other naval ships are waiting off west asia, which hosts the largest share of indian citizens abroad. since the area is also being served by the air india repatriation flights, the sources added, the ministry of external affairs (mea) has not decided which country they will need to enter to undertake the exercise. arrangements were made at the port to receive the ship, part of the indian navy's 'operation samudra setu' to evacuate the stranded indians overseas amid the covid-19 pandemic. the movement of passengers from the ship to the terminal was held under the supervision of district administration and health department. the e-declaration of the passengers would be completed on board the ship itself. preliminary tests would also be conducted. those with symptoms would be allowed to disembark first and move to a separate zone earmarked on the terminal. and after completing the immigration and customs checks, they would be taken to the hospital in ambulances. the district medical office (dmo) would oversee this. other passengers would be categorized into batches of 50 based on their districts and allowed to disembark next. their immigration and customs checks will be completed at the samudrika cruise terminal. the port health organisation will check the e-declaration of the passengers. bsnl will issue new sim cards to passengers. passengers will have to install aarogya setu app at the terminal itself. after completing the checks, passengers would be sent to various districts in buses with 30 people each. cars will be provided depending on the need. visitors, relatives or friends of passengers would not be allowed at the samudrika terminal. second wave the return of expatriates caused a surge in cases from may to august. during this phase, there was very little community spread as most cases were in people already in quarantine. in july, a large local group of cases was identified at the kumarichantha fish market in thiruvananthapuram. while the first wave had mainly affected northern kerala, this wave was most severe in thiruvananthapuram district. third wave lock-down restrictions were significantly relaxed for the state festival of onam in late august. this led to a rapid spike in cases all across the state. the number of cases increased from 21,268 on 4 september to 96,310 on 11 october, before falling gradually. following this, restrictions were not relaxed for most other festivals. fourth wave kerala held elections to all local bodies (municipalities and panchayaths) in december. this led to a minor increase in cases in december 2020 and january 2021. active cases increased from 58,000 in mid-december to 70,000 in late-january. this period also coincides with winter in kerala, and this may also have contributed to the rise. following this, cases declined steadily to about 25,000 in mid-march 2021, and then stood steady in the low 20,000s. fifth wave following local elections, elections to the state legislature were conducted on 6 april 2021. this was controversial, as the local elections had been followed by a rise in cases. despite strict rules on campaigning, this election was also followed by a spike. active cases increased from 31,493 on 7 april to 4,38,913 on 14 may. this was the largest spike in active cases to date. the thrissur pooram festival was closed to the public due to the spike in covid cases. april also saw a massive spike in covid cases throughout india, along with shortages in vaccines, oxygen cylinders and other medicines. kerala suffered severe shortages in vaccines, but oxygen supply was sufficient and cylinders were even sent to neighbouring states. oxygen 'war rooms' were announced in each district. on 6 may 2021 kerala announced a lockdown for the second time from 8 may 2021 to 16 may 2021 to contain the massive spread of the disease. the lockdown was later extended until 30 may 2021, then to 9 june with some relaxations and then to 16 june. after 16 june, the state-wide lock-down was replaced with four tiers based on test positivity rate. panchayaths and municipal wards with a tpr exceeding 30% would be placed under a triple lock-down, while the prevailing rules would continue in areas with a tpr between 20% and 30%. local bodies with a tpr between 8% and 20% would have significant relaxations, while those with a tpr below 8% would enjoy near-normal life. in all areas, agricultural and industrial activities would be allowed, and weekend lock-downs would continue. essential shops could operate from 7:00 to 19:00 hours. other relaxations were announced for public transport, offices, examinations and hotels. kerala government relaxed the lockdown regulations from july 18 to 20 due to bakrid celebration on july 21. shops other than those selling the essential goods like textile shops, footwear shops, electronics shops and fancy shops were allowed to function up to 8 pm on these days. this was applicable to a, b and c category local self-government bodies based on test positivity rate. maximum of 40 people with at least one dosage of immunisation was allowed in worship locations. stores in areas under triple lockdown was permitted to reopen on monday. on 4 august, the tpr-based tier system of local self-government bodies was replaced with a ward-level case density based system, under which triple lockdown would be applied in wards with more than ten cases per one thousand people. shops were allowed to open from 7 am to 9 pm, and the lock-down was limited to sundays. however, customers at shops were required to have either a recent covid negative rt-pcr test result, at least one dose of vaccination, or successful recovery from covid-19. enforcement of this rule was left to the shop owners, many of whom pointed out that it was difficult to follow. in the state assembly, the opposition said that this decision was impractical as vaccines were in short supply and only 42% of the population had received at least one dose. initially, veena george, the minister of health, refused to change the requirements. however, on 10 august, following further complaints, the requirement was waived for families in which no member could satisfy the requirements. following the kerala high court's criticism of the decision to exclude bevco outlets from these requirements, similar rules were applied there. finally, the local lock-down was extended to all wards with more than eight cases per one thousand people. following decline in the test positivity rate and 75% of adults getting at least one dose of the vaccination, the sunday lock-down and night-time restrictions were withdrawn on 7 september. by late november, adult vaccination had crossed 95%. however, it was found that many government employees, including 2,500 - 5000 school teachers, had refused vaccinations. considering the safety of students and the general public, unvaccinated school staff were asked to produce either a medical exemption certificate or weekly negative rt-pcr test results taken at their own expense. it was also decided that those who refused vaccinations for non-medical reasons would not be treated at state expense if they contracted covid-19. omicron variant in early january 2022, there was a fresh rise in cases due to the fast-spreading omicron variant. a partial night lockdown was implemented to control its spread. following a fall in the number of active cases, the government stopped publishing daily reports on 11 april. however, cases would continue to be recorded and monitored by the health department. current situation quarantine kerala mandates 14-day home quarantine for returnees from abroad and other states and also those who have come in contact with patients. testing samples are taken from symptomatic persons (known as routine samples). tests done in private labs also come under the routine sample heading. apart from this, samples are also taken from priority groups like health care workers, persons with high social exposure, workers etc., known as sentinel surveillance counts. the total samples tested will be the sum of all including repeated samples taken from the same person. mass testing following the uncontrollable surge in the number of daily cases and higher test positivity rate, on 15 april 2021 the government announced that a total of 250 000 tests would be conducted in the following 2 days to identify more positive cases and contain them. due to the steep increase in the daily cases on 21 april 2021, the government announced mass testing for the second time and a total of 3 lakh tests would be conducted on the following 2 days. i.e. on 22nd and 23 april 2021. the decision on conducting mass testing for the second time follows criticism and opposition from kerala govt medical officers association (kgmoa) and ima that the mass testing would be unscientific and the delay in results will lead to a crisis. kgmoa proposed that testing should be shortened to those people with symptoms and to those coming in the