time compared with ophthalmoscopy dilation not required, making it a less invasive procedure than traditional methods high patient compliance images can be saved and used at a later time or by different clinicians progression of diseases can be monitored over time, allowing for better management plans different filters and dyes available to allow for different types tests image produced is two-dimensional, unlike 3d in indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy difficulty observing and assessing abnormalities (e.g. cotton wool spots) due to lack of depth appreciation on images less magnification and image clarity than indirect ophthalmoscopy conditions such as cataracts will reduce image clarity artifact errors may produce unusual images lack of portability high cost brief discomfort and disruption to vision caused by the flash flash can elicit ocular migraine in susceptible individuals