(bad for the climate, good for biodiversity) include natural forest expansion on former agricultural land.: 125–147 lose-lose scenarios include increased use of thick forest residues like stumps from some boreal forests with slow decay rates, and conversion of natural forests into forest plantations.: 8–147 pollution simple traditional use of biomass for cooking or heating (combustion of wood logs). other problems are pollution of soil and water from fertiliser/pesticide use, and emission of ambient air pollutants, mainly from open field burning of residues. the traditional use of wood in cook stoves and open fires produces pollutants, which can lead to severe health and environmental consequences. however, a shift to modern bioenergy contribute to improved livelihoods and can reduce land degradation and impacts on ecosystem services.: 375 according to the ipcc, there is strong evidence that modern bioenergy have "large positive impacts" on air quality. traditional bioenergy is inefficient and the phasing out of this energy source has both large health benefits and large economic benefits. when combusted in industrial facilities, most of the pollutants originating from woody biomass reduce by 97-99%, compared to open burning. combustion of woody biomass produces lower amounts of particulate matter than coal for the same amount of electricity generated.