for extraordinary crimes, it has been used only twice, and only one of those executions was by hanging. on 31 may 1962, nazi leader adolf eichmann was captured,taken to israel and then executed by hanging. japan all executions in japan are carried out by hanging. on 23 december 1948, hideki tojo, kenji doihara, akira mutō, iwane matsui, seishirō itagaki, kōki hirota, and heitaro kimura were hanged at sugamo prison by the u.s. occupation authorities in ikebukuro in allied-occupied japan for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace during the asian-pacific theatre of world war ii. on 27 february 2004, the mastermind of the sarin gas attack on the tokyo subway, shoko asahara, was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. on 25 december 2006, serial killer hiroaki hidaka and three others were hanged in japan. long-drop hanging is the method of carrying out judicial capital punishment on civilians in japan, as in the cases of norio nagayama, mamoru takuma, and tsutomu miyazaki. in 2018 shoko asahara and several of his cult members were hanged for committing the 1995 sarin gas attack. jordan death by hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in jordan. on 14 august 1993, jordan hanged two jordanians convicted of spying for israel. sajida al-rishawi, "the 4th bomber" of the 2005 amman bombings, was executed by hanging alongside ziad al-karbouly on 4 february 2015 in retribution for the immolation of jordanian pilot muath al-kasasbeh. lebanon lebanon hanged two men in 1998 for murdering a man and his sister. however, capital punishment ended up being altogether suspended in lebanon, as a result of staunch opposition by activists and some political factions. liberia the hanging of the harper seven, liberia – 16 february 1979 on 16 february 1979, seven men convicted of the ritual killing of the popular kru traditional singer moses tweh, were publicly hanged at dawn in harper. malaysia hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in malaysia and has been used to execute people convicted of murder, drug trafficking and waging war against the government. the barlow and chambers execution was carried out as a result of new tighter drug regulations. portugal the last person executed by hanging in portugal was francisco matos lobos on 16 april 1842. before that, it had been a common death penalty. pakistan in pakistan, hanging is the most common form of execution. russia hanging was commonly practised in the russian empire during the rule of the romanov dynasty as an alternative to impalement, which was used in the 15th and 16th centuries. hanging was abolished in 1868 by alexander ii after serfdom, but was restored by the time of his death and his assassins were hanged. while those sentenced to death for murder were usually pardoned and sentences commuted to life imprisonment, those guilty of high treason were usually executed. this also included the grand duchy of finland and kingdom of poland under the russian crown. taavetti lukkarinen became the last finn to be executed this way. he was hanged for espionage and high treason in 1916. the hanging was usually performed by short drop in public. the gallows were usually either a stout nearby tree branch, as in the case of lukkarinen, or a makeshift gallows constructed for the purpose. after the october revolution in 1917, capital punishment was, on paper, abolished, but continued to be used unabated against people perceived to be enemies of the regime. under the bolsheviks, most executions were performed by shooting, either by firing squad or by a single firearm. in 1943, hanging was restored primarily for german servicemen and native collaborators for atrocities committed against soviet pows and civilians. the last to be hanged were andrey vlasov and his companions in 1946. singapore in singapore, long-drop hanging is currently used as a mandatory punishment for crimes such as drug trafficking, murder and some types of kidnapping. it was introduced by the british, when they occupied singapore and neighbouring malaysia. it has also been used for punishing those convicted of unauthorised discharging of firearms. sri lanka hanging was abolished in sri lanka in 1956, but in 1959 it was brought back and later halted in 1978. in 1975, the day before the execution of maru sira, he had been overdosed by the prison guards to prevent him from escaping. on the day of his execution he was unconscious, so when he was brought to the gallows, he was slumped over on the trapdoor with a noose around his neck, and when the executioner pulled the lever, his execution was botched and he strangled. syria eli cohen, publicly hanged by syria on 18 may 1965 syria has publicly hanged people, such as two jews in 1952, israeli spy eli cohen in 1965, and a number of jews accused of spying in 1969. according to a 19th-century report, members of the alawite sect centred on lattakia in syria had a particular aversion towards being hanged, and the family of the condemned was willing to pay "considerable sums" to ensure its relations were impaled, instead of being hanged. as far as burckhardt could make out, this attitude was based upon the alawites' idea that the soul ought to leave the body through the mouth, rather than leave it in any other fashion. isis also used hanging, when it executed people in isis-occupied syria. it also used shooting, beheading and fire united kingdom as a form of judicial execution in england, hanging is thought to date from the anglo-saxon period. records of the names of british hangmen begin with thomas de warblynton in the 1360s; complete records extend from the 16th century to the last hangmen, robert leslie stewart and harry allen, who conducted the last british executions in 1964. until 1868 hangings were performed in public. in london, the traditional site was at tyburn, a settlement west of the city on the main road to oxford, which was used on eight hanging days a year, though before 1865, executions had been transferred to the street outside newgate prison, old bailey, now the site of the central criminal court. three british subjects were hanged after world war ii after having been convicted of having helped nazi germany in its war against britain. john amery, the son of prominent british politician leo amery, became an expatriate in the 1930s, moving to france. he became involved in pre-war fascist politics, remained in what became vichy france following france's defeat by germany in 1940 and eventually went to germany and later the german puppet state in italy headed by benito mussolini. captured by italian partisans at the end of the war and handed over to british authorities, amery was accused of having made propaganda broadcasts for the nazis and of having attempted to recruit british prisoners of war for a waffen ss regiment later known as the british free corps. amery pleaded guilty to treason charges on 28 november 1945 and was hanged at wandsworth prison on 19 december 1945. william joyce, an american-born irishman who had lived in britain and possessed a british passport, had been involved in pre-war fascist politics in the uk, fled to nazi germany just before the war began to avoid arrest by british authorities and became a naturalised german citizen. he made propaganda broadcasts for the nazis, becoming infamous under the nickname lord haw haw. captured by british forces in may 1945, he was tried for treason later that year. although joyce's defence argued that he was by birth american and thus not subject to being tried for treason, the prosecution successfully argued that joyce's pre-war british passport meant that he was a subject of the british crown and he was convicted. after his appeals failed, he was hanged at wandsworth prison on 3 january 1946. theodore schurch, a british soldier captured by the nazis who then began working for the italian and german intelligence services by acting as a spy and informer who would be placed among other british prisoners, was arrested in rome in march 1945 and tried under the treachery act 1940. after his conviction, he was hanged at hm prison pentonville on 4 january 1946. the homicide act 1957 created the new offence of capital murder, punishable by death, with all other murders being punishable by life imprisonment. in 1965, parliament passed the murder (abolition of death penalty) act, temporarily abolishing capital punishment for murder for five years. the act was renewed in 1969, making the abolition permanent. with the passage of the crime and disorder act 1998 and the human rights act 1998, the death penalty was officially abolished for all crimes in both civilian and military cases. following its complete abolition, the gallows were removed from wandsworth prison, where they remained in full working order until that year. the last woman to be hanged was ruth ellis on 13 july 1955, by albert pierrepoint who was a prominent hangman in the 20th century in england. the last hangings in britain took place in 1964, when peter anthony allen was executed at walton prison in liverpool. gwynne owen evans was executed by harry allen at strangeways prison in manchester. both were executed for the murder of john alan west. hanging was also the method used in many colonies and overseas territories. silken rope in the uk, some felons were traditionally executed by hanging with a silken rope: hereditary peers who committed capital offences, as anticipated by the fictional duke of denver, brother of lord peter wimsey. the duke was accused of murder in the novel clouds of witness, and this execution would have been his fate, after conviction by his peers in a trial in the house of lords. it has been claimed that the execution of earl ferrers in 1760 – the only time a peer was hanged after trial by the house of lords – was carried out with the normal hempen rope instead of a silk one. the writ of execution does not specify a silk rope be used, and the newgate calendar makes no mention of the use of such an item – an unusual omission given its highly sensationalist nature. those who have the freedom of the city of london. an image of suspected witches being hanged in england, published in 1655. balvenie pillar, also known as tom na croiche (hangman's knoll). the pillar was erected in 1755 to commemorate the last public hanging in the atholl region of scotland in 1630. hanging noose used at public executions outside lancaster castle, c. 1820s–1830s. united states the execution of mary surratt, lewis powell, david herold, and george atzerodt, who were all convicted by a military tribunal for being involved in the assassination of abraham lincoln, 7 july 1865 hanging was one means by which puritans of the massachusetts bay colony enforced religious and intellectual conformity on the whole community. the best known hanging carried out by the puritans, mary dyer was one of the four executed quakers known as the boston martyrs. capital punishment in the u.s. varies from state to state; it is outlawed in some states but used in most others. however, the death penalty under federal law is applicable in every state. hanging is no longer used as a method of execution. when black pastor denmark vesey of the emanuel african methodist episcopal church was suspected of plotting to launch a slave rebellion in charleston, south carolina in 1822, 35 people, including vesey, were judged guilty by a city-appointed court and were subsequently hanged, and the church was burned down. the largest mass execution in the united states, of 38 sioux indians sentenced to death after being charged for engaging in massacres of white settlers, was carried out by hanging in mankato, minnesota in 1862. originally, 303 had been sentenced to hang, but the convictions were reviewed by president abraham lincoln and the sentences of all but 38 were commuted. a total of 40 suspected unionists were hanged in gainesville, texas in october 1862. on 7 july 1865, four people involved in the assassination of president abraham lincoln—mary surratt, lewis powell, david herold, and george atzerodt—were hanged at fort mcnair in washington, d.c. white men pose for a photograph of the 1920 duluth, minnesota lynchings. two of the black victims are still hanging while the third