2013, as the last endemic cases were in november 2006, october 2008, and november 2008, respectively. 2014 in 2014, 126 human cases were reported—70 in south sudan, 40 in mali, 13 in chad, and 3 in ethiopia. 13% fewer guinea worms emerged from humans in 2014 compared to 2013 (172 vs. 197), and 57% fewer villages had indigenous cases (30 vs. 69). the figure for total worms emerging is larger than new cases because a person may be infected by more than 1 worm, and it may emerge many months later than when the case is first reported. the big drop in cases was again in south sudan. containment increased from 66% to 73%, mainly due to mali's 24% improvement to 88%. the increase of the reward for reporting cases of the disease in south sudan, ethiopia and mali from the equivalent of about us$50 to about us$100 has improved reporting, as did the campaign to advertise this reward in mali. in mali, part of the increase has been caused by improved security allowing more of the country to be monitored. while parts of the country were still not monitored, all known endemic areas were covered. advertising the increased reward for reporting cases may have allowed cases to be found earlier, and so contained before the victims become a risk of spreading the parasite. a report from the who collaborating center for research, training and eradication of dracunculiasis, cdc noted two specific problems encountered while eliminating the last few cases in chad—some dogs seemed to be infected with the parasite, and the large number, size and heavy vegetation of lagoons used by fishermen reducing the effectiveness of the abate larvicide. it is likely that the disease is being caused by eating undercooked fish from these sources. the carter center reported the general consensus that in chad the disease has found an alternate host in dogs, and will have to be eradicated from both humans and dogs. 2015 in 2015, 22 human cases were reported—9 in chad, 3 in ethiopia, 5 in mali, and 5 in south sudan. the proportion of people contained was 36%, compared to 73% in 2014. that means 14 cases were not contained in 2015, compared to 34 cases in 2014. nine of these 14 cases not contained were in chad. ghana was certified free of dracunculiasis in 2015, as the last endemic case was in may 2010. a significant change from 2014 was the increased effort being used to identify and treat infected dogs—mainly in chad where the vast majority of cases of dogs hosting the worm were found, but also significantly in ethiopia. in 2015, 483 infected dogs were identified and treated in chad—more than 20 times the number reported in humans worldwide. this was more than four times larger than the number treated in 2014 (114 dogs). a major factor in this increase was probably the financial reward started in january for reporting an infected dog. 68% of dogs treated were also contained, compared to 40% in 2014. dogs are now believed to be the major source of the parasite infecting humans in chad, a country in which no indigenous cases of guinea worm were reported in the decade leading up to 2010. fifteen dogs outside chad were also been identified and treated, as well five cats and one baboon. the august carter center report predicts that chad may be the last country that eliminates dracunculiasis, and reports on further ongoing research into the relationship between the parasite and dogs there, and some different treatments for dogs. 2016 in 2016, 25 human cases were reported—16 in chad, 6 in south sudan, and 3 in ethiopia. no cases were reported in mali. this was the first increase in yearly case count. the 2016 juba clashes in south sudan led to the evacuation of all expatriate staff from the southern sudan guinea worm eradication program. members of the local staff were given the option of continuing to work if possible. it is unclear what impact the evacuation had. the efforts against infected dogs continue to increase in chad, with 498 dogs being identified and treated up to 31 may, compared to 196 cases in the same period the previous year. the level of containment of infected dogs before they become a risk of spreading the parasite has improved to 81% compared to 67% last year. by the end of 2016, chad reported provisional totals of 1,011 infected domestic dogs (66% contained), 11 infected domestic cats (55% contained), and one infected wild frog. mali reported 11 infected dogs (8/11 contained) in 2016, and ethiopia reported 14 infected dogs (71% contained), and two infected baboons. 2017 in 2017, 30 human cases were reported—15 in chad, and 15 in ethiopia; 13 of which were fully contained. for the first time ever, south sudan reported no human infections for a whole calendar year: the last reported case was on 20 november 2016. no human cases were reported in mali for the second year in a row. in addition to their human cases, chad reported 817 infected dogs and 13 infected domestic cats, and ethiopia reported 11 infected dogs and 4 infected baboons. despite no human infections, mali reported 9 infected dogs and 1 infected cat. 2018 in 2018, 28 human cases were reported worldwide: 17 in chad, 10 in south sudan and one in angola. in terms of animal cases chad has so far reported 832 infections in dogs and 17 infections in domestic cats, mali reported six infected dogs and two infected domestic cats, and ethiopia reported eight infected dogs and three infected domestic cats. on june 29, a case was reported in angola, a country not known to have had any cases in the past. at the end of 2018, 28 human cases and 1,102 animal cases were reported. of the animal cases 1,069 were in dogs, 32 in cats and one in a baboon. 2019 by the end of 2019, 54 human cases had been reported: one case each in angola and cameroon, four cases in south sudan and 48 cases in chad. in addition to this: angola reported a single animal case; mali reported nine animal cases; chad reported 1,899 animal cases, the vast majority in dogs (but a few also in cats); ethiopia reported eight animal cases, including a case in a baboon. a trial of flubendazole to treat dogs has been started. the world health organization revised its target date for eradication from 2020 to 2030, citing civil conflicts and new information about transmission between humans and dogs. the new goal includes eradication in both humans and animals. 2020 at the end of 2020, 27 total cases had been reported: one case each in angola, cameroon, mali, and south sudan, eleven cases in ethiopia, and twelve cases in chad. in addition, there were: 8 animal cases reported in mali; 15 animal cases reported in ethiopia; 1,570 animal cases reported in chad. 2021 in 2021, 15 cases were reported, of which eight cases were in chad, four cases in south sudan, two in mali, and one in ethiopia. the single ethiopian case was a family member of a previously infected individual and the case was contained. 863 animal cases were reported almost entirely in cats and dogs. 2022 in 2022, 13 cases were reported, of which six were in chad, five were in south sudan and one case each in ethiopia and the central african republic. the single case in the central african republic was apparently imported from chad. in addition: chad reported 606 animal cases mali reported 41 animal cases cameroon reported 28 animal cases angola reported 7 animal cases ethiopia reported 3 animal cases south sudan reported 1 animal case 2023 as of february 2023, no human cases of guinea worm have been reported and 26 animals have been infected. notes and references notes imported from chad. including 3 exported to sudan. including 1 imported from chad in central african republic.