nicotine nicotine nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. as a pharmaceutical drug, it is used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal symptoms. nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nachrα9 and nachrα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. nicotinetop: concentrated nicotine liquid. bottom left: the skeleton representation of a nicotine molecule. bottom right: a ball-and-stick model of a nicotine molecule. clinical datatrade namesnicorette, nicotrolahfs/drugs.commonographpregnancycategory au: d dependenceliabilityphysical: low–moderatepsychological: moderate–highaddictionliabilityvery highroutes ofadministrationinhalation; insufflation; oral – buccal, sublingual, and ingestion; transdermal; rectalatc coden07ba01 (who) qp53ax13 (who)legal statuslegal status au: s7 (dangerous drug) br: unscheduled ca: unscheduled de: unscheduled nz: unscheduled uk: general sales list (gsl, otc) us: otc and prescription un: unscheduled eu: unscheduled in general: legal for recreational use in most countries, except in australia and bhutan pharmacokinetic dataprotein binding<5%metabolismprimarily hepatic: cyp2a6, cyp2b6, fmo3, othersmetabolitescotinineelimination half-life1-2 hours; 20 hours active metaboliteexcretionrenal, urine ph-dependent; 10–20% (gum), 30% (inhaled); 10–30% (intranasal)identifiers iupac name 3-pyridine cas number54-11-5 ypubchem cid89594iuphar/bps2585drugbankdb00184 ychemspider80863 yunii6m3c89zy6rkeggd03365 ychebichebi:18723 ychemblchembl3 ypdb ligandnct (pdbe, rcsb pdb)comptox dashboard (epa)dtxsid1020930 echa infocard100.000.177 chemical and physical dataformulac10h14n2molar mass162.236 g·mol−13d model (jsmol)interactive imagechiralitychiraldensity1.01 g/cm3melting point−79 °c (−110 °f)boiling point247 °c (477 °f) smiles c1ncccc12cccn2c inchi inchi=1s/c10h14n2/c1-12-7-3-5-10(12)9-4-2-6-11-8-9/h2,4,6,8,10h,3,5,7h2,1h3/t10-/m0/s1 ykey:snicxcgakadscv-jtqlqieisa-n y part of a series ontobacco history history of tobacco chemistry tobacco tobacco smoke biology nicotiana (nicotiana tabacum) nicotine tobacco diseases types of tobacco personal and social effects health effects prevalence of consumption nicotine marketing tobacco and art tobacco and other drugs tobacco control religious views tobacco politics tobacco smoking tobacconist production cultivation of tobacco curing of tobacco tobacco industry tobacco products nicotine constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco. nicotine is also present at ppb-concentrations in edible plants in the family solanaceae, including potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, though sources disagree on whether this has any biological significance to human consumers. it functions as an antiherbivore toxin; consequently, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past, and neonicotinoids (structurally similar to nicotine), such as imidacloprid, are some of the most effective and widely used insecticides. nicotine is highly addictive. slow-release forms (gums and patches, when used correctly) are less addictive and aid in quitting. animal research suggests that monoamine oxidase inhibitors present in tobacco smoke may enhance nicotine's addictive properties. an average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine. the estimated lower dose limit for fatal outcomes is 500–1,000 mg of ingested nicotine for an adult (6.5–13 mg/kg). nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence. nicotine dependence involves tolerance, sensitization, physical dependence, psychological dependence, and can cause distress. nicotine withdrawal symptoms include depressed mood, stress, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances. mild nicotine withdrawal symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette. on quitting, withdrawal symptoms worsen sharply, then gradually improve to a normal state. nicotine use as a tool for quitting smoking has a good safety history. animal studies suggest that nicotine may adversely affect cognitive development in adolescence, but the relevance of these findings to human brain development is disputed. at low amounts, it has a mild analgesic effect. according to the international agency for research on cancer, "nicotine is not generally considered to be a carcinogen." the surgeon general of the united states indicates that evidence is inadequate to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between exposure to nicotine and risk for cancer. nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in humans and is considered a teratogen. the median lethal dose of nicotine in humans is unknown. high doses are known to cause nicotine poisoning, organ failure, and death through paralysis of respiratory muscles, though serious or fatal overdoses are rare. uses medical