similar to a u.s. intern. the two-year training lead to an m.d. degree with license for independent practice on successful completion. with the introduction of the bachelor/master system as prescribed by the bologna process, the medical education curriculum has been modified in all eight medical schools to consist of a three-year bachelor and a three-year master program. the bachelor phase is almost exclusively pre-clinical. the master includes internships, skills training, refresher courses, and a research internship. the "master" is awarded with an m.d. degree. new zealand all graduates of new zealand and australian accredited medical schools undertake pre-vocational medical training, also known as the intern training programme. it is also undertaken by doctors who obtained registration based on a pass in the new zealand registration examination (nzrex clinical). during postgraduate year 1 (pgy1) and postgraduate year 2 (pgy2), house officers complete a series of 13-week clinical attachments as part of their pre-vocational medical training. from 2020, one of these attachments must be community-based. nigeria the internship program (housemanship) is a one-year period in most hospitals in nigeria. after an internship program under the supervision of qualified licensed doctors each house officer must complete a one-year program in the national youth service corp (nysc). during this period, they must have a provisional license from the nigeria medical & dental council to practice, temporarily with little or no supervision. the residency program is available to any medical doctor who wants to continue in their medical career. this involves writing a postgraduate examination termed "primaries" in any faculty of choice. pakistan after completing five years of medical school, each graduate must complete a year of training at a teaching hospital, rotating through various departments. after they complete this mandatory training period, a candidate may begin residency (specialty) training. peru in peru, a medical intern is a seventh year medical student who must complete the specialties of internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, and pediatrics. some universities include mental health in the seventh year curriculum. some hospitals pay interns. universidad peruana cayetano heredia has an internship program and externship program—in which the latter acts as an apprentice of the former, thus the medical student has two years of medical practice. philippines after earning their doctor of medicine (m.d.) degree through a four-year post-baccalaureate program, medical graduates are required to complete one year of internship in authorized hospitals and health centers. the program is supervised and monitored by the association of philippine medical colleges (apmc), and its completion is a requirement for the physician licensure examination (ple). poland in poland internship starts after six years of medical school. during thirteen months interns have to attend rotations in internal medicine, general and trauma surgery, anesthesiology and intensive care, emergency medicine, pediatrics and neonatology, gynecology and obstetrics, psychiatry, family medicine and additionally few courses: medical law, bioethics, etc. after finishing the internship and passing medical exam young doctors can start residency to earn chosen specialty or work as a doctor without specific medical specialty. slovenia in slovenia, medical graduates, after six-years of medical school, must complete a six-month paid internship at a medical institution. during the internship, they rotate through internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, ob/gyn, ent, ophthalmology, emergency medicine, and anesthesiology—with emphasis on emergencies in each department. completing the internship is a condition for taking the professional medical exam, passing which earns a doctor a license to practice medicine in slovenia and apply for a specialty. south africa an internship is a compulsory requirement for newly qualified medical doctors who are registered with the health professions council of south africa in order to obtain a medical license to practice. they work in designated hospitals under supervision for two years. they may work independently in specified medical disciplines, and for periods of time designated by the hpcsa. they are employed by the institution they work at, and this option is generally only available to south african citizens or permanent residents. foreign-qualified doctors who have recently qualified and do not have the required medical experience to register with the hpcsa may be told to do an internship to qualify for full registration. they may intern in their country of origin or in south africa. in south africa, an elective for medical students is where a student arranges to visit a hospital for a short period (three to six months) to gain experience in a different medical context. they work under supervision, mentored by experienced doctors. it is primarily a learning experience. they cannot work independently, and must register with hpcsa if they are a foreign student. sweden the swedish equivalent to an internship is the allmäntjänstgöring (at, "general practice"), which is required for obtaining a medical license. it takes at least 18 months, but usually lasts longer—21 months in most cases. students must fulfill at least nine months in medicine and surgery (at least three months of each, but mostly six + six months), three months in psychiatry, and six months as a general practitioner. after the allmäntjänstgöring, the students must complete a test from the national board of health and welfare (socialstyrelsen), to receive a medical license. this is followed by specialisttjänstgöring (st, "specialization practice"), the equivalent of residency. thailand after graduation from medical school, most newly-qualified doctors are required to undertake a compulsory placement at a provincial hospital outside bangkok (internship) for up to 3 years according to the medical council of thailand (tmc). in the first year, internships are generally held at larger provincial hospitals, while second to third years are spent in smaller community hospitals. upon completion of the first year, interns will receive a certificate of initial training (thai:ใบรับรองการปฏิบัติงานแพทย์เพิ่มพูนทักษะ). the duration spent in internship depends on the specialty the graduate wishes to study. united kingdom main articles: foundation programme and foundation doctor the british equivalent of an intern is the foundation year 1 (f1, fy1) doctor, who is on the first year of their two-year foundation programme, and has provisional registration with the general medical council. before the introduction of the foundation programme in 2005, the equivalent post was called a "house officer" (also known as junior house officer and latterly, pre-registration house officer or prho). despite its technical obsolescence, many clinicians still use the term house officer. (the term "senior house officer" or sho is still used to refer to a tier of doctors that may include both those in the second year of foundation programme, and those who have begun a specialty training programme). the foundation programme is a 2 year long training period in which competencies are developed and documented. united states a medical internship typically lasts one year and usually begins on july 1. internships are of two types: transitional and specialty track. after a physician completes an internship and step 3 of the usmle or level 3 of the comlex-usa, they may practice as a general practitioner. however, most physicians complete a specialty track medical residency over two to seven years, depending on the specialty. the accreditation council for graduate medical education (acgme) officially dropped the term "intern" in 1975, instead referring to individuals in their first year of graduate medical education as "residents" (post-graduate year 1, or pgy-1). venezuela venezuela has two internship types: a two-year postgraduate internship and a one-year compulsory pre graduation internship. the postgraduate internship is an elective two year postgraduate internship in type iii or iv hospitals. it is required for obtaining a medical license (the other option is one-year in a rural location). the intern must complete for four month each of the specialties of internal medicine, obstetrics, surgery (general surgery and orthopedics surgery), and pediatrics. also, there is a six months externship in a city setting outpatient clinic. pre graduation internship: venezuela mandates two types of medical studies for a medical degree. the program for a degree of "médico cirujano" or "médico integral comunitario" during the final year or one and a half year, depending on the university program, has a compulsory internship program under the supervision of qualified licensed doctors at a type iii or iv hospital. during this time, students undergo basic hospital work. the intern must complete eight weeks each of the specialties of internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, general surgery, orthopedics, surgery, and pediatrics. there is also an eight-week externship in a rural outpatient clinic.