boarding schools. progress 2008–2020 as of 2019, there had been eleven closing the gap reports presented to parliament, providing data in areas that previously had none and updates on progress. in 2018, the government's ten-year progress report against the key areas of the framework indicated that only three of the target areas were likely to be met, with ongoing concerns in areas such as education and school attendance, and health. the 10-year review (close the gap - 10 year review) published by the close the gap campaign in 2018, assessing the progress of the closing the gap strategy, included major findings as follows:*the close the gap statement of intent (and close the gap approach) has to date only been partially and incoherently implemented via the closing the gap strategy... closing the gap strategy – a 25-year program – was effectively abandoned after five-years and so cannot be said to have been anything but partially implemented in itself. this is because the ‘architecture’ to support the closing the gap strategy (national approach, national leadership, funding agreements) had unraveled by 2014-2015... a refreshed closing the gap strategy requires a reset which re-builds the requisite ‘architecture’ (national approach, national leadership, outcome-orientated funding agreements). national priorities like addressing aboriginal and torres strait islander health inequality have not gone away, are getting worse, and more than ever require a national response... a refreshed closing the gap strategy must be founded on implementing the existing close the gap statement of intent commitments... refreshed closing the gap strategy must focus on delivering equality of opportunity in relation to health goods and services, especially primary health care, according to need and in relation to health infrastructure (an adequate and capable health workforce, housing, food, water). this should be in addition to the focus on maternal and infant health, chronic disease and other health needs. the social determinants of health inequality (income, education, racism) must be addressed... there is a ‘funding myth’ about aboriginal and torres strait islander health – indeed in many indigenous affairs areas – that must be confronted as it impedes progress. that is the idea of dedicated health expenditure being a waste of taxpayer funds... aboriginal and torres strait islander population have, on average, 2.3 times the disease burden of non-indigenous people. yet on a per person basis, australian government health expenditure was $1.38 per aboriginal and torres strait islander person for every $1.00 spent per non-indigenous person in 2013-14... the closing the gap report 2019 reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and year 12 attainment – had been met. aims to halve the gap in child mortality by 2018, close the gap on school attendance by 2018, close the gap in life expectancy by 2031, halve the gap in literacy and numeracy by 2018 and halve the gap in unemployment by 2018 were not on track. the closing the gap report 2020 shows little progress on any of the targets, with still only two of the seven targets having been met (four having expired in 2018). the prime minister's foreword says that the final results of the evidence of the previous twelve years are not had been hoped for, but that there were stories and successes worth celebrating, and some progress on almost every measure, including the key areas of health and education. morrison wrote that "the new framework is based on true partnership...". measuring the new strategy starting in july 2021, a new report entitled closing the gap annual data compilation report is published annually by the productivity commission. however, as there was no data available for 10 of the 17 socio-economic targets of the 2020 agreement since their baseline year, and for other reasons relating to data quality, it is not yet possible to assess progress properly. however, targets on healthy birth weight, attendance at early childhood education, and reducing the number of teenagers in the youth justice system are on track. focus areas health aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples have a significantly lower life expectancy and higher burden of disease than non-indigenous australians. in 2020, indigenous australians expected to live 7.8 years for females, and 8.6 years for males, less than the non-indigenous population. both social and institutional determinants of health have been targets of improvement, with a lack of access to primary and tertiary health services, lower standards of infrastructure, and poor access to quality, fit-for-purpose housing, nutrition and water supply in indigenous communities. greater socioeconomic disadvantage as a result also predisposes indigenous australians to behavioural risk factors, such as alcohol abuse due to a lack of mental health services, and environmental risks such as poor nutrition due to relative remoteness and inaccessibility of some communities. major contributing factors to indigenous australians' lower life expectancy and poorer health outcomes originate from the effects of colonisation, and institutional and interpersonal racism from organisations and practitioners. between one third and one half of the life expectancy gap may be explained by differences in the social determinants of health. they affect the health of people and can also influence how a person interacts with health and other services. for example, aboriginal and torres strait islander adults are less likely to smoke if they have completed year 12, are employed and if they have higher incomes. additionally, higher levels of education are associated with healthier lifestyle choices and improved health literacy. education closing the gap has focused on improving education for indigenous people, with some success. attainment of year 12 or equivalent for ages 20–24 has increased from 47.4% in 2006 to 65.3% in 2016. this has led to more indigenous people undertaking higher or vocational education courses. according to the closing the gap report, indigenous students in higher education award courses more than doubled in number over the decade from 2006 (9,329) to 2017 (19,237). however, most of the closing the gap targets for education are not on track. in general, the gaps have improved (such as in naplan results) or not devolved (school attendance rate remaining stable for several years) have not met targets. remoteness seems to be a factor; students in isolated or remote communities do not perform or attend as well as students in urban areas. the closing the gap report 2019 reported that of the seven targets, only two – early childhood education and year 12 attainment – had been met. only year 9 numeracy was on track in all states and territories, with variations among them. employment the target to halve the gap in employment by 2018 is not on track; the gap has actually widened. the overall rate of employment for indigenous australians had risen by at least 4%, and that in remote areas by about 11% between 2006 and 2016.