bilirubin bilirubin bilirubin names iupac name 3,3′-(2,17-diethenyl-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-10,19,21,22,23,24-hexahydro-1h-biline-8,12-diyl)dipropanoic acid systematic iupac name 3,3′-(-13,74-diethenyl-14,33,54,73-tetramethyl-15,75-dioxo-11,15,71,75-tetrahydro-31h,51h-1,7(2),3,5(2,5)-tetrapyrrolaheptaphane-12(2),6(72)-diene-34,53-diyl)dipropanoic acid other names bilirubin ixα identifiers cas number 635-65-4 y 3d model (jsmol) interactive imageinteractive image chebi chebi:16990 y chembl chembl501680 y chemspider 4444055 y echa infocard 100.010.218 iuphar/bps 4577 pubchem cid 5280352 unii rfm9x3lj49 y comptox dashboard (epa) dtxsid90239827 inchi inchi=1s/c33h36n4o6/c1-7-20-19(6)32(42)37-27(20)14-25-18(5)23(10-12-31(40)41)29(35-25)15-28-22(9-11-30(38)39)17(4)24(34-28)13-26-16(3)21(8-2)33(43)36-26/h7-8,13-14,34-35h,1-2,9-12,15h2,3-6h3,(h,36,43)(h,37,42)(h,38,39)(h,40,41)/b26-13-,27-14- ykey: bpyktizutygole-ifadscnnsa-n ykey: bpyktizutygole-ifadscnnbs smiles cc1=c(/c=c2c(c)=c(c=c)c(n/2)=o)nc(cc3=c(ccc(o)=o)c(c)=c(/c=c4c(c=c)=c(c)c(n/4)=o)n3)=c1ccc(o)=occ1c(c(c1/c=c\2/c(=c(c(=o)n2)c=c)c)cc3c(c(c(3)/c=c\4/c(=c(c(=o)n4)c)c=c)c)ccc(=o)o)ccc(=o)o properties chemical formula c33h36n4o6 molar mass 584.673 g·mol−1 density 1.31 g·cm-3 melting point 235°c except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °c , 100 kpa). y verify (what is yn ?) infobox references bilirubin (br) (latin for "red bile") is a red-orange compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. this catabolism is a necessary process in the body's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged or abnormal red blood cells. in the first step of bilirubin synthesis, the heme molecule is stripped from the hemoglobin molecule. heme then passes through various processes of porphyrin catabolism, which varies according to the region of the body in which the breakdown occurs. for example, the molecules excreted in the urine differ from those in the feces. the production of biliverdin from heme is the first major step in the catabolic pathway, after which the enzyme biliverdin reductase performs the second step, producing bilirubin from biliverdin. ultimately, bilirubin is broken down within the body, and its metabolites excreted through bile and urine; elevated levels may indicate certain diseases. it is responsible for the yellow color of healing bruises and the yellow discoloration in jaundice. its breakdown products, such as stercobilin, cause the brown color of feces. a different breakdown product, urobilin, is the main component of the straw-yellow color in urine. although bilirubin is usually found in animals rather than plants, at least one plant species, strelitzia nicolai, is known to contain the pigment. structure bilirubin consists of an open chain tetrapyrrole. it is formed by oxidative cleavage of a porphyrin in heme, which affords biliverdin. biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin. after conjugation with glucuronic acid, bilirubin is excreted. bilirubin is structurally similar to the pigment phycobilin used by certain algae to capture light energy, and to the pigment phytochrome used by plants to sense light. all of these contain an open chain of four pyrrolic rings. like these other pigments, some of the double-bonds in bilirubin isomerize when exposed to light. this isomerization is relevant to the phototherapy of jaundiced newborns: the e,z-isomers of bilirubin formed upon light exposure are more soluble than the unilluminated z,z-isomer, as the possibility of intramolecular hydrogen bonding is removed. increased solubility allows the excretion of unconjugated bilirubin in bile. some textbooks and research articles show the incorrect geometric isomer of bilirubin. the naturally occurring isomer is the z,z-isomer. function bilirubin is created by the activity of biliverdin reductase on biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment that is also a product of heme catabolism. bilirubin, when oxidized, reverts to become biliverdin once again. this cycle, in addition to the demonstration of the potent antioxidant activity of bilirubin, has led to the hypothesis that bilirubin's main physiologic role is as a cellular antioxidant. consistent with this, animal studies suggest that eliminating bilirubin results in endogenous oxidative stress. bilirubin's antioxidant activity may be particularly important in the brain, where it prevents excitotoxicity and neuronal death by scavenging superoxide during n-methyl-d-aspartic acid neurotransmission. metabolism heme metabolism total bilirubin = direct bilirubin + indirect bilirubin elevation of both alanine aminotransferase (alt) and bilirubin is more indicative of serious liver injury than is elevation in alt alone, as postulated in hy's law that elucidates the relation between the lab test results and drug-induced liver injury indirect (unconjugated) the measurement of unconjugated bilirubin (ucb) is underestimated by measurement of indirect bilirubin, as unconjugated bilirubin (without/yet glucuronidation) reacts with diazosulfanilic acid to create azobilirubin which is measured as direct bilirubin. direct direct bilirubin = conjugated bilirubin + delta bilirubin conjugated in the liver, bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the enzyme glucuronyltransferase, first to bilirubin glucuronide and then to bilirubin diglucuronide, making it soluble in water: the conjugated version is the main form of bilirubin present in the "direct" bilirubin fraction. much of it goes into the bile and thus out into the small intestine. though most bile acid is reabsorbed in the terminal ileum to participate in enterohepatic circulation, conjugated bilirubin is not absorbed and instead passes into the colon. there, colonic bacteria deconjugate and metabolize the bilirubin into colorless urobilinogen, which can be oxidized to form urobilin and stercobilin. urobilin is excreted by the kidneys to give urine its yellow color and stercobilin is excreted in the feces giving stool its characteristic brown color. a trace (~1%) of the urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the enterohepatic circulation to be re-excreted in the bile. conjugated bilirubin's half-life is shorter than delta bilirubin. delta bilirubin although the terms direct and indirect bilirubin are used equivalently with conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, this is not quantitatively correct, because the direct fraction includes both conjugated bilirubin and δ bilirubin. delta bilirubin is albumin-bound conjugated bilirubin. in the other words, delta bilirubin is the kind of bilirubin covalently bound to albumin, which appears in the serum when hepatic excretion of conjugated bilirubin is impaired in patients with hepatobiliary disease. furthermore, direct bilirubin tends to overestimate conjugated bilirubin levels due to unconjugated bilirubin that has reacted with diazosulfanilic acid, leading to increased azobilirubin levels (and increased direct bilirubin). δ bilirubin = total bilirubin – (unconjugated bilirubin + conjugated bilirubin) half-life the half-life of delta bilirubin is equivalent to that of albumin since the former is bound to the latter, yields 2–3 weeks. a free-of-bound bilirubin has a half-life of 2 to 4 hours. urine under normal circumstances, only a very small amount, if any, of urobilinogen, is excreted in the urine. if the liver's function is impaired or when biliary drainage is blocked, some of the conjugated bilirubin leaks out of the hepatocytes and appears in the urine, turning it dark amber. however, in disorders involving hemolytic anemia, an increased number of red blood cells are broken down, causing an increase in the amount of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. because the unconjugated bilirubin is not water-soluble, one will not see an increase in bilirubin in the urine. because there is no problem with the liver or bile systems, this excess unconjugated bilirubin will go through all of the normal processing mechanisms that occur (e.g., conjugation, excretion in bile, metabolism to urobilinogen, reabsorption) and will show up as an increase of urobilinogen in the urine. this difference between increased urine bilirubin and increased urine urobilinogen helps to distinguish between various disorders in those systems. toxicity main article: kernicterus unbound bilirubin (bf) levels can be used to predict the risk of neurodevelopmental handicaps within infants. unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn can lead to accumulation of bilirubin in certain brain regions (particularly the basal nuclei) with consequent irreversible damage to these areas manifesting as various neurological deficits, seizures, abnormal reflexes and eye movements. this type of neurological injury is known as kernicterus. the spectrum of clinical effect is called bilirubin encephalopathy. the neurotoxicity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia manifests because the blood–brain barrier has yet to develop fully, and bilirubin can freely pass into the brain interstitium, whereas more developed individuals with increased bilirubin in the blood are protected. aside from specific chronic medical conditions that may lead to hyperbilirubinemia, neonates in general are at increased risk since they lack the intestinal bacteria that facilitate the breakdown and excretion of conjugated bilirubin in the feces (this is largely why the feces of a neonate are paler than those of an adult). instead the conjugated bilirubin is converted back into the unconjugated form by the enzyme β-glucuronidase (in the gut, this enzyme is located in the brush border of the lining intestinal cells) and a large proportion is reabsorbed through the enterohepatic circulation. in addition, recent studies point towards high total bilirubin levels as a cause for gallstones regardless of gender or age. health benefits in the absence of liver disease, high levels of total bilirubin confers various health benefits. studies have also revealed that levels of serum bilirubin (sbr) are inversely related to risk of certain heart diseases. while the poor solubility and potential toxicity of bilirubin limit its potential medicinal applications, current research is being done on whether bilirubin encapsulated silk fibrin nanoparticles can alleviate symptoms of disorders such as acute pancreatitis. in addition to this, there has been recent discoveries linking bilirubin and its ε-polylysine-bilirubin conjugate (pll-br), to more efficient insulin medication. it seems that bilirubin exhibits protective properties during the islet transplantation process when drugs are delivered throughout the bloodstream. blood tests bilirubin is degraded by light. blood collection tubes containing blood or (especially) serum to be used in bilirubin assays should be protected from illumination. for adults, blood is typically collected by needle from a vein in the arm. in newborns, blood is often collected from a heel stick, a technique that uses a small, sharp blade to cut the skin on the infant's heel and collect a few drops of blood into a small tube. non-invasive technology is available in some health care facilities that will measure bilirubin by using an instrument placed on the skin (transcutaneous bilirubin meter) bilirubin (in blood) is found in two forms: abb.name(s)water-solublereaction "bc""conjugated bilirubin"yes (bound to glucuronic acid)reacts quickly when dyes (diazo reagent) are added to the blood specimen to produce azobilirubin "direct bilirubin" "bu""unconjugated bilirubin"noreacts more slowly, still produces azobilirubin, ethanol makes all bilirubin react promptly, then: indirect bilirubin = total bilirubin – direct bilirubin note: conjugated bilirubin is often incorrectly called "direct bilirubin" and unconjugated bilirubin is incorrectly called "indirect bilirubin". direct and indirect refer solely to how compounds are measured or detected in solution. direct bilirubin is any form of bilirubin which is water-soluble and is available in solution to react with assay reagents; direct bilirubin is often made up largely of conjugated bilirubin, but some unconjugated bilirubin (up to 25%) can still be part of the "direct" bilirubin fraction. likewise, not all conjugated bilirubin is readily available in solution for reaction or detection (for example, if it is hydrogen bonding with itself) and therefore would not be included in the direct bilirubin fraction. total bilirubin (tbil) measures both bu and bc. total bilirubin assays work by using surfactants and accelerators (like caffeine) to bring all of the different bilirubin forms into solution where they can react with assay reagents. total and direct bilirubin levels can be measured from the blood, but indirect bilirubin is calculated from the total and direct bilirubin. indirect bilirubin is fat-soluble and direct bilirubin is water-soluble. measurement methods originally, the van den bergh reaction was used for a qualitative estimate of bilirubin. this test is performed routinely in most medical laboratories and can be measured by a variety of methods. total bilirubin is now often measured by the 2,5-dichlorophenyldiazonium (dpd) method, and direct bilirubin is often measured by the method of jendrassik and grof. blood levels the bilirubin level found in the body reflects the balance between production and excretion. blood test results are advised to always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test. the si units are μmol/l. typical ranges for adults are: 0–0.3 mg/dl – direct (conjugated) bilirubin level 0.1–1.2 mg/dl – total serum bilirubin level μmol/l = micromole/litremg/dl = milligram/ decilitre total bilirubin<21<1.23 direct bilirubin1.0–5.10–0.3, 0.1–0.3, 0.1–0.4 reference ranges for blood tests, comparing blood content of bilirubin (shown in blue near horizontal center at around 3 mg/l and 3 μmol/l, scroll to the right to view) with other constituents hyperbilirubinemia hyperbilirubinemia is a higher-than-normal level of bilirubin in the blood. mild rises in bilirubin may be caused by: hemolysis or increased breakdown of red blood cells gilbert's syndrome – a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism that can result in mild jaundice, found in about 5% of the population rotor syndrome: non-itching jaundice, with rise of bilirubin in the patient's serum, mainly of the conjugated type moderate rise in bilirubin may be caused by: pharmaceutical drugs (especially antipsychotic, some sex hormones, and a wide range of other drugs) sulfonamides are contraindicated in infants less than