KİRAZ YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ Bakımı Hastalık Zararlıları Besin Noksanlığı ve Bitki Beslemesi
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KİRAZ VE VİŞNE YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ Bakımı Hastalık Zararlıları Besin Noksanlığı ve Bitki Beslemesi
CHERRY BREEDING Care Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and Plant Pests Syndication
Kiraz ağaçları sıcak bir büyüme sezonu, kış mevsiminde belli bir süre dinlenme, yağmursuz bir çiçeklenme ve
hasat dönemini severler. Kiraz, soğuklama ihtiyacı yüksek bir meyve türüdür. 1000 saatin üstünde soğuklama ister. Bu ihtiyacı karşılanmaz ise düzensiz çiçeklenme ve çiçek silkmeleri görülür. Yaklaşık 1000 m. rakım yetiştiricilik için idealdir.
Cherry plant nutrient deficiency, symptoms, removal, fertilization
Kirazda çinko noksanlığı
Cherry zinc deficiency
Kirazda çinko noksanlığında, Ağaçlarda, küçük yapraklılık veya rozetleşme gözlenir. Belirtilere yeni gelişen kısımlarda rastlanır. Sürgünlerin boğum araları, sürgün ucuna doğru kısalır. Yapraklar, normal şeklini kaybederek, şiddetli kuraklığa maruz kalmış gibi kurur ve dökülür. Meyve tutumu etkilenir. Meyveler ufak kalır ve deforme olur.
Kiraz ağaçlarında çinko noksanlığının tipik belirtisi, daralmış, küçülmüş yapraklar ve rozet oluşumudur. Bu ölçümün nedeni ise boğum araları uzunlukları oldukça kısalmış olmasıdır. Yaprak kenarları bazen dalgalı bir hal alırlar. Yaprak yüzeyin de damar kenarları yeşil kalmak üzere, damar aralarında sari mozaik şeklinde lekeler oluşur. Noksanlık çok şiddetli değilse sadece yaprakları etkiler, sürgün gelişimi normal devam eder. Ancak noksanlık şiddetli ise sürgün gelişimi tamamen durur. Sürgünlerde meyve tomurcuğu sayısı azalır veya tamamen yok olur. Taş çekirdekli meyvelerin meyve etlerinde kararmalar görülür.
Kirazda potasyum noksanlığı
Cherry potassium deficiency
Kirazda potasyum noksanlığında, yaşlı yaprakların kenarlarında, yanıklık şeklinde gözlenir. Yaprakların uçları kıvrılır.
Yaprak ayasındaki nekrotik alanlar, sağlam dokudan belirgin bir sınır çizgisiyle ayrılır. Kurak mevsimlerde, belirtinin şiddeti de artar.
Meyve gözü oluşumu çok azalır. Bu noksanlığa, topraktaki potasyum yetersizliği, topraktaki katyon değişim kapasitesinin düşük olması neden olabilir.
Kirazda azot noksanlığı
Cherries in nitrogen deficiency
Kirazda azot noksanlığında yapraklar kısa ve sarımsı yeşil renkli olurlar. Dallar ince gelişirler. Genellikle çiçek bol olmakla birlikte, meyve sayısı az ve meyveler küçük olur.
Kirazda bor noksanlığı
Cherry boron deficiency
Kirazda bor noksanlığında, en dikkat çekici belirti meyvelerdedir. Meyve etinde kahverengileşme ve mantarlaşmalar olur. Ya da noktalar görülür. Meyve kabuğunda da çatlamalar ve mantarlaşmalar görülür. Olgunlaşma gayri nizami olur. Vejetatif büyüme olumsuz yönde etkilenir. Tepe tomurcuğu ve sürgünler geriye doğru ölür. Yapraklarda kıvrılmalar gözlenir. Yan gözlerden, yeni sürgünler meydana gelirse de bunların ucundaki tomurcuklar da hızla ölür. Bu noksanlığa, topraktaki bor yetersizliği, düşük PH, aşırı kireç uygulamaları, aşırı kuraklık, aşırı yağış neden olabilir. Kolay yıkanan organik maddece fakir topraklarda sıkça görülür. Golden Bor zinc, ağaçların taç izdüşümlerinde açılan 20- 25 cm. derinlik ve genişlikteki karıklara 40-50 litre su ile verilmelidir. Toprakta kirecin belli oranlardan yüksek olması, PH’nın uygun olmaması, aşırı yağış ve aşırı kuraklık, acil düzeltilmesi gereken akut noksanlık hallerinde, yapraktan uygulamalar yapılmalıdır. Araştırmalar, yaprak uygulamalarının toprak uygulamalarından daha etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.
Kirazda magnezyum noksanlığı
Cherries in magnesium deficiency
Kirazda magnezyum noksanlığında, yaşlı sürgünlerin koyu yeşil, gevşek dokulu yapraklarında ve damar aralarında, klorotik ve nekrotik alanlar oluşur. Büyüme mevsiminin sonuna doğru belirtilerin şiddeti artar ve nekrotik alanlar siyah bir renk alır. Yapraklarda delikler oluşur. Sürgün ucundaki yaprakların renkleri açılır. Yaprakların dökülmesi hızlanır. Bu noksanlığa, topraktaki magnezyum yetersizliği, aşırı potasyum ve kalsiyum, aşırı yağış neden olabilir.
Kirazda bakır noksanlığı
Cherries in copper deficiency
Kirazda bakır noksanlığında, geriye doğru ölüm ve cadısüpürgesi olarak karakterize edilir. Sürgün uçlarında geriye doğru ölüm, yeni gelişen kısımların çalımsı bir hal alması, çift tomurcuk oluşumu ve zamklanma başlıca belirtileridir. Ayrıca yapraklar küçük, klorotik veya nekrotik lekeli ve noktalar halinde pigmentli olabilir.
Kirazda fosfor noksanlığı
Cherries in phosphorus deficiency
Yaprak damarları ve sapları menekşe rengindedir. Belirtiler, aktif büyüme devresinde en belirgin şekilde gözlemlenir.
Kirazda mangan noksanlığı
Cherry manganese deficiency
Kirazda demir noksanlığı, bu fizyolojik hastalık, yapraklarda hafif sararma şeklinde başlar. Önce damar araları sararır, fakat damarlar yeşil kalır. Sonra yaprağın tamamı sararır. Yaprakların kenarları, kahverengi kırmızımtırak renk alarak kurur. Hasta yapraklar daha sonra dökülebilir. Yapraklar normalden daha küçük kalır. Sürgünler kısa kalır ve uçlardan geriye doğru kuruma başlar. Ağaçlar yıldan yıla zayıflar ve meyve verimi azalır.
• Böyle topraklarda, PH’yı düşürmek veya toprak yapısını, bazik karakterden asit karaktere dönüştürmek için, bol ahır gübresi ve gerekiyorsa ticari gübreler kullanılmalı;
Kiraz ve vişne bahçelerinde özellikle ilk kuruluş devresinde dekara 2-3 ton yanmış çiftlik gübresi verilmesi ve bunun 2 yılda bir tekrarlanması ağaçların gelişmesi açısından yararlıdır. Dikimi izleyen ilk yıllarda, yani ağaçların teşekkülü esnasında çok kuvvetli gübre verilmesi sakıncalıdır. Çünkü kuvvetli vegatatif gelişme gösterir ve meyve teşekkülü gecikir. Ancak verime yatmış ağaçlarda durum farklı olup, bunlara her yıl yukarıda belirtilen çiftlik gübresi dışında yapılacak toprak ve yaprak analizleri doğrultusunda inorganik gübre verilmelidir.
Kiraz ve vişne yetiştiriciliğinde, yağışın yıl içinde düzenli olarak yayılması en uygun olanıdır. Genel olarak 600 mm yağış alan yerlerde kiraz, 400 mm yağış alan yerlerde ise vişne yetiştiriciliği sulamaya gerek kalmadan
yapılabilir. Kiraz ve vişnelerde çiçeklenme ve meyve oluşumu esnasında havaların yağışlı gitmesi istenmez. Çünkü çiçeklenme zamanında yoğun yağmur döllenmeyi güçleştirir ve mantar zararının artmasına neden olur. Yine meyve olgunlaşması esnasında yağabilecek yağmur meyvelerin çatlamasına neden olarak, Pazar değerini düşürür.
İyi drene edilmiş, derin, havalanabilen ve yaz aylarında düzenli olarak sulanabilen topraklar kirazlar için
en uygun topraklardır. İyi drenaja sahip olmayan fakir topraklarda ağaç zayıf gelişir ve seyrek meyve dalları meydana gelir. Yine kuru topraklarda meyveler küçük kalır. Taban suyunun yüksek olduğu yerlerde kökler yüzlek kalır ve ağacın gelişimi yavaş olur. Bu gibi durumlarda ise ağacın kuraklık ve dondan etkilenme riski artar.
KİRAZ VE VİŞNE YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE SULAMA
Kiraz ve vişneler taçlarının gelişimi açısından farklılıklar gösterir. Kiraz çeşitleri genellikle dikili büyüyen bir taç oluştururken, vişne çeşitleri daha yayvan bir taç şekli oluşturur. Bu nedenle kirazlar için piramit veya modifiye lider (değişik doruk dallı) sistem uygulanırken, vişneler genellikle modifiye lider ( değişik doruk dallı sistem şeklinde taçlandırılır. Yaygın olarak uygulanan ise her ikisinden de modifiye lider sistemdir. Modifiye lider
Kiraz marmeladı nasıl
Kiraz Agacida şifa kay
Kiraz Aspirinden faydalı
Kiraz Bobrek ağrısına
sisteminde genel esaslar elma ve armuttakinin aynısıdır. Ancak kirazlarda, çatal dalların yarılmaya hassasiyeti nedeniyle kuvvetli çatı dalların oluşturulmasına özel bir dikkat göstermek gerekir.
Fidanlar, tercihen 1.5-2 cm. çapında, 150-200cm. boyunda, bir yaşlı ve kuvvetli olmalıdır. Bu fidanların tepeleri 90-107cm. den vurulur. Lider haricinde seçilen 4 yan dalın ana gövde üzerinde birbirlerinden 30cm. aralıkta ve ana gövde ile aralarındaki açının 45-60° olması gerekir. Çatı teşekkül ettikten sonra, ağaçlar çiçeğe yatıncaya kadar çok az budanmalıdır. Özellikle genç kiraz ağaçlarında dalların yukarıya doğru gelişme eğilimi vardır. Bu bakımdan yan dalların gelişmesine özel bir dikkat göstermek gerekir. Kısaca gerek kiraz gerekse vişne ömrü boyunca hafif budama ister.
Cherry trees in a warm growing season, winter rest for a certain time, and the likes a rainless period of flowering and harvest. Cherry, a kind of fruit chilling requirements is high. Whether over 1000 hours of chilling. If this requirement is not met is seen shaking of irregular flowering and flower. Approximately 1000 m. Ideal for aquaculture altitude.
-20 ºC cold winter's where it should not fall under the cherry cultivation. Extreme summer temperatures double pistil formation, is undesirable because it encouraged twin fruit. Because there is no market value of such fruit.
The most important climatic factor is the temperature in cherry production. Flower buds -2,4 ° C, although they can withstand up, opened flowers -2 ° C donors. The woody parts of Cherry -40 ° C can stand up. Cherries are more resistance to low temperatures of the cherry. The cherry blossom in late spring after flowering cherry in the spring because it is more vulnerable to damage from frost is lower.
Requests for winter recreation is more important than sour cherries, are required to be able to get enough out of the rest of the winter cold. Chilling requirements were not met in cherry blossom is seen delays and irregularities. Lambert, Napoleon and needs to be more pronounced in high-chilling varieties of cherries like Bing.
Karşılayamayış enough requests in the rest of the winter cherry, pose problems in terms of fertilization. After the warm last winter, showing the kind of low chilling requirement, since the earlier flowering varieties of high chilling requirement, these two types tozlayıp fertilize each other. The Cherries, because it is self-fertile, there is no problem about it. Overall in cherries and cherry +7.2 ° C below the 1100 to 1700 hours of chilling time.
Cherry and sour cherry breeding regularly spread of rainfall during the year is the most appropriate. Overall 600 mm rainfall contained in cherries, is located at 400 mm of rainfall can be done without the need for watering cherry cultivation. Go to the rainy weather during flowering and fruit formation in cherry and sour cherry undesirable. Because flowering time, making it difficult to heavy rain causes the increase of fertilization and fungal damage. Causing cracking of rain during fruit ripening fruit can burn again, reducing its market value.
Cherries 5-6 years pass efficiency, but as a full bed and economic efficiency of 10-12 years. Although the economic life of 25-30 years if they live 100 years. The economic life of 15-20 years, Cherry.
REQUESTS FOR BREEDING GROUND in cherry and sour cherry
Has been well-drained, deep, off and land can be watered regularly during the summer months is a land most suitable for cherries. Non-poor soil with good drainage and rare fruit trees occurs develops weak branches. It remains dry land in small fruits. Remains exposed roots where high water and development of trees slow. In such cases, the risk of infection is increased drought and frost tree.
The cherries are more tolerant in terms of territory. Dried cherries can be grown in sandy or chalky soil. In particular, increases to withstand drought where the use of the cherry rootstock Idris. The lands are suitable for the most ideal breeding ground for Cherry cherry.
Breeding of cherries and cherry FERTILIZERS
Potassium deficiency in cherry, at the edges of older leaves is observed as blight. The curled edges of the leaves. Necrotic areas in the leaf blade are separated by a clear border line of healthy tissue. In the dry season, the greater the severity of symptoms. Fruit bud formation is much reduced. This deficiency of potassium deficiency in the soil may be due to the low cation exchange capacity of the soil.
Cherry, apricot and potassium deficiency in leaf curl in stone fruit trees such as peach and cause symptoms that appear with reddish brown spots. Killed in shoot tips, measurement and weak flower is smaller fruits than normal.
Of manganese deficiency in cherry causes yellowing of older leaves. However, the young leaves at the ends of shoots remain green. This lack of growth can be observed when the bit end exile. Manganese deficiency, iron deficiency görülmeyiş from young leaves, the vessel may be separated from the magnesium deficiency including lack cause necrosis.
In magnesium deficiency in cherry, dark green shoots of the elderly, in loose leaf tissue and blood vessels, including, chlorotic and necrotic areas are formed. Growing season increases the severity of symptoms and necrotic areas towards the end of a color is black. Holes appear in the leaves. Colors of the leaves on the shoot tip opens. Will accelerate the shedding of leaves. This deficiency in magnesium deficiency in the soil, excessive potassium and calcium can cause heavy rainfall.
Phosphorus deficiency in cherry, dark green shoots before the mature leaves in the bottom, then turns brown. Is violet leaf veins and stems. Symptoms are most clearly observed in the active growth stage. This deficiency in, lack of organic matter in the soil, cold and damp conditions can cause soil made ​​acid.
Of zinc deficiency in cherry and cherry, in the trees, or small yapraklılık rozetleş are observed. Encountered in developing new parts for the symptoms. Intermediate nodes of the shoot, shorter towards the shoot tip. Leaves lost its normal shape as it dries exposed to severe drought and poured. Fruit is affected. Fruits remains small and deformed.
This deficiency in zinc deficiency in the soil can cause excessive phosphorus.
Are common in high pH soils, mild and easily washed. For treatment, soil and leaf analysis must be carried out, according to the results of analysis of soil and foliar zinc-containing fertilizer application should be made.
Typical signs of zinc deficiency in the cherry tree, narrowed, smaller leaves and rosette formation. The reason for this measurement is the length between nodes are shrinking. Leaf edges are sometimes a volatile state. To stay green at the edges of the leaf surface veins, arteries develop plaques in the form of yellow mosaic between them. Very severe deficiency affects not only leaves, shoot growth continues normally. However, the situation is severe deficiency of shoot growth fully. The number of fruit buds in exile reduced or disappear completely. Stone fruit from browning meat fruit appears.
Boron deficiency in cherry, fruit of the most striking symptoms. Flesh browning and becomes corky studies. Or the dots are visible. Fruit cracking and corky bark also seen studies. Becomes irregular ripening. Vegetative growth is affected negatively. Apical bud and shoots backwards dies. Are observed in the leaves curl. Side eyes, buds are also rapidly die in the end they also occur if new shoots. This deficiency to boron deficiency in the soil, low pH, excess lime applications, extreme drought, heavy rainfall may cause. Easy washed occurs often in poor soil organic matter. Golden Bor zinc, opened in projection of tree crown 20- 25 cm. in the furrow width and depth should be given with 40-50 liters of water. A higher rate of certain lime in the soil is not suitable pH, excessive rainfall and severe drought in the acute deficiency must be corrected urgent cases, foliar applications should be made. Research has demonstrated that effective than soil application of foliar application.
Copper deficiency in cherry, is characterized as backward and cadısüpürge death. Shoot tips backwards in death, to receive a portion of the boy grows in emerging state, double bud formation and the main symptoms are glued on. Also the leaves are small, can be pigmented or as chlorotic and necrotic spots stained.
Another aspect of copper deficiency, the generative growth of plants, flowers and fruit that is affected more by vegetative development.
Nitrogen deficiency in cherry, fruits are dark. In general, a decline in the green part of my development, causing the leaves to fade in color. These deficiencies are even more pronounced at the end of the growing season. Fruits remains generally small and matures early. This deficiency; lack of nitrogen and organic matter in the soil, low soil temperature could cause severe drought and low phosphorus content.
The symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in cherry leaves are small, narrow, will light green. Older leaves may be yellowish orange or reddish purple and are shed early. Leaf stalks are branches with a view to form an acute angle, thin and short, and if it is seen that a very severe deficiency stems die. The shoot growth is weak. Number of flower buds and small, short duration of fertilization of flowers. Fruit color before ripening. Fruits are dark cherry.
Leaves become yellowish green color in cherry short and nitrogen deficiency. Branches grow thin. Although generally there are plenty of flowers, fruit and small fruit are small number.
Cherries in iron deficiency, this physiological disease begins as mild yellowing of leaves. First vein yellowing breaks, but the veins remain green. Then, the entire leaf yellowing. The edges of the leaves, dry brownish reddish color. The patient then leaves spill. Remain smaller than normal leaves. Shoots are short and flew backwards from the start drying out. Trees weakened from year to year and reduced fruit yield.
Trees may dry out if measures are not taken.
Iron deficiency is a major problem especially in calcareous soils. Yellowing, or enough iron elements in the soil or lack of enough iron, although it is present in the soil, taken up by plants due to failure to come forward by keeping iron calcareous soils.
Cultural measures in resolving the problem as:
• Heavy and very calcareous soils should be garden plant;
• In such soils, soil pH to decrease or structure, to convert characters acid from basic character, if you need plenty of manure and commercial fertilizers should be used;
• In places with calcareous soils, lime-tolerant varieties and rootstock should be planted;
• Ground water is high by opening the drainage channels, underground water level must be reduced and the soil must be handled;
• Irrigation intervals should be adjusted according to the soil character very well.
Chemical control of chlorosis disease is done by using ferrous preparations. However, in order to decide this, soil and leaf analysis should be performed. Against this disease, including the soil and leaves,
It can be applied in two ways.
First chlorotic spots made ​​in the lead. The amount of iron compound to be used is adjusted to the size and the age of the tree crown projection. Around the trunk of the tree during application, the radius of the crown projection fourth more distantly drawn up in a circle and place excavated in 5 cm depth. Ferrous preparations, dry place excavated or 1- 4 cans is given dissolved in water. Then covered with soil excavated over and done regular watering. Watering every 10-15 days, repeated three times.
The tree shows signs of iron deficiency, poured flower petals leaves 1-2 days after application is made.
Leaf spraying, depending on the severity of chlorosis, every 10-15 days, repeated 2-4 times. Chlorosis symptom of the condition is seen in an unknown tree yellowing application is made invisible and maintained the same intervals. Leaves must be thoroughly soaked in foliar applications.
Organizations, especially in the first half of cherry and sour cherry 2-3 tons per hectare garden manure be burned and it is useful for the development of a repetition of tree 2 years. In the first years following planting, ie, during the formation of the tree is objectionable be very strong fertilizer. Vegatatif because it shows strong growth and fruiting is delayed. However, the situation is different in yield or trees, they should be given every year inorganic fertilizer soil and leaf analysis to be carried out in accordance with the above mentioned farm fertilizer.
The most appropriate method of replication is replication by vaccination. The most appropriate form of the vaccine, the vaccine is still observed. First need to start the stagnant budding of wild cherry seedlings in nurseries. Vegetative growth that usually take longer to start later in Idris ie up to the time the vaccine is given shell rootstocks late and this work continues until the beginning of autumn is possible. Gözaşı of stagnant time-out of the eyes of the mature start, finish time making situations can be arranged according to the rootstock bark.
GARDEN PLANTS GROWING in cherry and sour cherry
While cherry and cherry garden plant closing is required, especially in planning and planting a good cherry. Because there can be only varieties of cherry pollination problems in the garden plants. However, a second kind of yield increases more. The main varieties of cherries is self-sterile, should never be more than two rows away from the pollinator varieties. Need for fertilization, harvesting and marketing facilities, taking into account this principle; garden early pass at least 4-5 varieties to be true, even the best varieties should be planted 7-8.
Planting range of soil conditions, rootstock, determines conditions such as irrigation and fertilization. But overall spacing used, grafted onto wild cherry in cherry 8 x 8, 8 x 6 or 7 x 7; Idris cherry grafted onto a 6 x 6, 5 x 6; In Stockton Morello cherries grafted onto rootstock clones 3 x 4 m up to fall. Grafted on sour cherry seedlings in 4 x 4 is 3 x 4 m.
In FARMING IRRIGATION AND CHERRY CHERRY
Cherry where annual rainfall is 600 mm or 400 mm and over, the cherry is no need for irrigation. However, if these rains in places under a year 2-3 times irrigation will be beneficial in terms of vegetative and generative growth.
CHERRY CHERRY GROWING AND PRUNING in
Cherries and cherry show differences in the development of the crown. Cherry varieties are usually planted when creating a growing crown creates a more prolate shape of a crown cherry varieties. Therefore pyramid or modified leader for cherries (different peak branched) system is applied, cherries are usually modified leader (is crowned as different peaks branched system. The most commonly applicable is modified leader system from both. The general principles of the modified leader system is identical to that in apples and pears. However, cherry, because of the sensitivity of the crotch cleavage should give special attention to the establishment of strong roof branches.
Saplings, preferably 1.5-2 cm. diameter, 150-200cm. in length should be an old and strong. These seedlings 90-107cm hills. also shot. Leaders from each other except on the main body 30cm 4 side branches selected. angle between them and the main body should be in the range 45-60 °. After the formation of the roof, trees should be pruned up to yatınca little flower. Especially in young cherry tree branches are upward development trend. This should give special attention to the development of the minor maintenance. In short, whether both need light pruning during the cherry cherry life.
CHERRY COMMON DISEASES AND PESTS in GROWING
Cherry Leaf Curl Virus Disease (Cherry leafroll nepoviruses)
Monilya (Mummy) disease (Monilia laxa)
Pfeffingen Virus Disease (European Cherry Rasp Leaf)
Leaf Spot Disease Virus in Hard Core (Prunus necrotic ringspot Ilarvirus)
Leaf Delen (CIL) Disease (Stig to Corpophil A)
Leaf spot disease (Blumeriell to Jaap)
Adi leaves bender (a.xylosteanus)
Red tree borer (Cossus Cossus)
Yellow tree borer (Zeuzer to the Pyre)
Tiger Pear (Stephanitis Pyre of)
Assign mud (Agalmati I flavescens)
NEW apple leaf curl (Archips Rosanus)
Cherry Fruit Fly (Rhagoletis Cerasi)
Leeches of Cherry (Caliro to limacina)
Dip Fruit Tree worms (Capnodis spp.)
Leaf Gallery moths
Cherry Leaf Gallery moth (Lyonetia clerkella)
Fruit Insects Printer Printer beetle (Scolytus Rugulosus)
Olive Crusted Bit (Parlatori to Olea)
Saplings of fruit trees and underground pests (Polyphylla spp., Melolontha spp., Anoxia spp.)
Dudu Bit Shellfish (Pseudaulacaspis Pentagon)
Peach Lepidosaphes ulmi (Nilotaspis Hallie)
Fruit Eyes Wolves
Red Tomurcuktırtıl of (Spilonot until the Ocell)
Small Tomurcukgüve of (Recurvari to Nanell A)