Month: July 2007	Soğdakça
July 19, 2007 by Mehmet Keçeci·0 Comments
Akşam, Kent (knt), Hvaten (Kraliçe)–>Hatun–>Katun–>Kadın. Acun, Kağnı kelimesi soğdakça’dır. Şehir kelimesi Farsçadır (şar, sar olarak değişebilir. Akçasar, Alaşar) ve Türkçesi balıktır. (Beşbalık, hanbalık gibi)
Dil dersleri ve sözlüğü: http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sogdian/index.html Derleyen: Mehmet Keçeci
July 6, 2007 by Mehmet Keçeci·0 Comments
Bu sözler sıfırdan zirveye tırmanmayı başarmış Zorlu Grubu’nun Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı Ahmet Nazif Zorlu’ya ait. Tırnaklarıyla kazıyarak geldiği noktayı hazmetmiş. Sakin duruyor! Ne yaptığından emin bir tonda anlatıyor:
Ahmet Nazif Zorlu’nun sıfırdan zirveye giden yolda katettiği kilometre taşlarına gelince… Ahmet Nazif Zorlu Denizli’nin el dokumalarıyla ünlü Babadağ ilçesinde, 1944 yılında dünyaya gelir. Ahmet Zorlu’nun ailesi de kasabanın diğer aileleri gibi tekstil işiyle uğraşmaktadır. Aile bireyleri evdeki dokuma tezgâhında Denizli bölgesine özgü çizgili çarşaf dokumaktadır. Baba Zorlu’nun 1950’lilerde ticaret işiyle uğraşmaya başlaması “Ticaret Ateşini”nin daha çocuk denecek yaşta, Ahmet Zorlu’nun yüreğine düşmesine neden olur. İlkokuldan sonra okulu bırakarak bir yandan evdeki dokuma tezgâhında, diğer yandan da babasının dükkânında çalışmaya başlar.
14’ünde tek başına ticaret yapabileceğine inanır; ama yaşını küçük bulan babası onunla aynı inancı paylaşmaz. Ve yaşamı Karadeniz pazarını keşfe çıkan amcasının eve yüklü siparişlerle geri dönmesiyle değişir. 15 yaşına geldiğinde amcasıyla birlikte Bursa, Ankara ve Samsun’u kapsayan bir iş gezisine çıkar. Trabzon son durakları olur. Orada bir dükkân açmaya karar verirler. Yaşıtları daha sokakta oyun oynarken Ahmet Nazif, 1960 yılında ailenin Trabzon’da açtığı dükkânın başına geçip çarşaf ve havlu satmaya başlar. O yıl 700 bin liralık satış gerçekleştiren Zorlu’yu kötü bir sürpriz beklemektedir. Bilançoda, 10 bin lira zarar gözükmektedir.
O an aklından geçenleri şöyle anlatır: “Beni bir korku aldı, babama ne cevap verecektim. Bu acı hayat dersi ona tedbirli olmayı ve ne olursa olsun başarısızlıklar karşısında yılmamayı öğretti. Başarısız damgasını yiyerek kasabaya geri dönmek istemiyordum. O günden sonra dükkânda satamadığım malları pazar günleri kentin pazarında satmaya çalıştım.”
Asker dönüşü üç yıl daha çalıştığı ve “İkinci memleketim” dediği Trabzon ona dar gelir. “Benim İstanbul gibi büyük bir kentte çalışmam gerekir” der ve yola düşer. İstanbul’da fason imalat yapmayı kafasına koyan Zorlu, işe pazarda bir boşluk aramakla koyulur. Çarşaf işini en ince ayrıntısına kadar bilmektedir. Bir İtalyan dergisinde gördüğü desenli nevresim takımı onun ilham kaynağı olur. O günlerde Türkiye’de çarşaf üreten tek firma Mensucat Santral’dir.
Fakat onların çarşafı 1 metre 80 santim enindedir. Ve o ilk defa 2 metre 20 santim eninde çarşaf üretir… Zorlu’nun Türk tüketicisine tanıştırdığı renkli ve desenli nevresim, arkadaşları tarafından “Nevresim dediğin askerde kullanılır” yorumuna yol açar. Taç marka nevresimleri 1971 yılında piyasaya sürer. Zorlu, bu başarısı karşısında sabit yatırıma gitme kararı aldıysa da Santral Mensucat’ın Edirne’de Lale fabrikasını kurması onu bu fikrinden caydırır.
Bursa’dan aldığı 24 tane hazır dokuma tezgâhında çarşaf işinin yanı sıra orlon masa örtüsü işine de yönelir. Avrupa’dan getirttiği örneklerden esinlenerek yaptırdığı masa örtüleri büyük ilgi görür. Türk halkı renkli çarşafa adeta dolanmıştır. Artık mevcut kapasite, talebi karşılamaya yetmemektedir. Bunun üzerine 1975 yılında Bursa’da Korteks’i kurmaya karar verir.
Sonraki yıllarda dünyanın en büyük entegre iplik ve dokuma tesislerinden birisi olmayı başaran Korteks’in yatırımı, o yıl patlak veren döviz krizi nedeniyle yarım kalır. 1980 yılına gelindiğindeyse Zorlu’nun Bursa’daki fabrikasında 400 dokuma tezgâhı çalışmaktaydı. Yakaladığı fırsatı iyi değerlendiren Zorlu, nevresim pazarının yüzde 60’ını ele geçirir. Yüzde 50 kar marjıyla çalışır.
“1980’lerde doğru dürüst tül perde yoktu, olanlarda Avrupa’dan ithal ediliyordu. Bursa’daki Korteks tesislerinde yarım kalan yatırım Almanya’ya sipariş verilen 12 adet tül makinesi ile hız kazandı. Siparişimi duyan Alman ‘Bu kadar çok makineyle ne yapacaksın, altı tane alsan sana yeter’ dedi.”
Sonrasında yıllık tül perde üretimi 150 milyon metrekareye ulaşan Korteks, üretiminin yüzde 40’ını ihraç eder. Almanya ve Amerika ağırlıklı olmak üzere Güney Afrika, Japonya ve Singapur’da onun perdeleri pencereleri süslemeye başlar. O ise en büyük silahının ürününün kalitesi olduğunun farkındadır:
Diğer bir kilometre taşına gelince… 1994 yılıdır… Türk ekonomisinin uzun yıllardır yaşadığı krizli ortamın, kangrene dönüştüğü günlerdir. Adı pek medyada duyulmamış bir isim Bayraktar Holding, İhlâs, Garanti Bankası ve Sabancı gibi devleri geride bırakıp, Vestel’i satın alır. İş dünyasının birçok önemli şirketini geride bırakan bu isim Ahmet Nazif Zorlu’dan başkası değildir.
Bir anda kamuoyunun gündemine giren bu isim kamuoyunda ciddi merak uyandırır. Sonradan dünyanın en büyük tül perde üreticisi olduğunun farkına varılan bu isimle Denizbank’ın yönetim katında sohbet ederken, “1980’li yılların başında aldığımız tedbirlerin semeresini görüyoruz. Bugün grubumuz 1 milyar dolarlık ihracat gerçekleştiriyor. Bu küçümsenecek bir rakam değildir. Bunun 250 milyon dolarını tekstilden, 700-750 milyon dolarını da elektronik ve beyaz eşyadan gerçekleştiriyoruz” demişti. Zorlu, Vestel ile katettikleri mesafeyi olumlu buluyor:
Geçen yıllar onu haklı çıkarır. Sezgileri onu yanıltmaz. Sorduğumda “Evet sezgilerim güçlüdür” deyip, geleceğe dönük öngörülerini şöyle sıralıyor:
İlkokuldan sonra okumadım. Başlangıçta lisan zorluğum oldu, ama şimdi onu da aştım. Eğer İngilizce biliyor olsaydım, işin başında bazı kazıklar yemezdim. Yanımda götürdüğüm tercümanlar bile yaptığım işten komisyon aldılar. Yaşam okulda öğretilenlere pek benzemez. Önemli olan pratik yapmaktır. Ben ticaret hayatından çok şey öğrendim. Okusaydım, bu noktaya gelmem bir on senemi daha alırdı. 25 yaşında büyük kararlar alıp, yatırımlar yaptım. Genç yaşta iş dünyasında koku almayı öğrendim. 24 saat çalıştığım günler olmuştur. Maalesef cumartesi pazarları da çalışırım. En büyük zevkim spor. Yürürüm, kayak yaparım, yüzerim. 6 ay deniz kenarında kal deseler, kalır ve yüzerim. Okumamış olmaktan pişmanlık duymadım, ama tüm çocuklarımı da okuttum. Ama bir lisanı tam olarak öğrenebilseydim, hiç gam çekmeyecektim. Bir keresinde Fransa’da bir fiyat verdim, tercüman bunu nasıl söyleyeceğini bilemedi. Kızardı, bozardı. Verdiğim fiyatın yarısıydı.
Sanayicilik kolay iş değil. İyi bir piyasa araştırması yapmadan bir işe girmem. Merdivenleri birer birer çıktım. Sanayicilik büyük özen isteyen bir uğraş. Yatırımını ufak bir bebek gibi göreceksin. Ona gereken ihtimam ve özeni göstereceksin. Sanayici parasını asla yastık altına koymamalı, yatırımlarını durdurmayı bir gün olsun aklının ucundan geçirmemeli. Kaliteye önem vermek şart. Aksi halde en gelişmiş robotları kullansan bile ürünün başarılı olamaz. Fabrikada disiplin çok önemli. Bekçiden genel müdüre kadar herkes işine sahip çıkmalı. Hiçbir zaman tokatçı olmadım. Bir kavgaya giriyorsan sonuna kadar mücadele edeceksin. İki tokat atıp kaçmak ne insanlığa ne de erkekliğe yakışır. Bizde insanlar yükseldiğinde “Kimleri çarptı acaba?” diye düşünülüyor. Kimse nasıl başarılı olduğunuzu merak etmiyor. Benimki gibi pek çok kuruluş olsa bu ülke zarar mı görür! Ben yükselmek için çok çalıştım. Önemli olan zirveye çıkmak değil, çıkılan zirveden geri inmemek. Bunun için gereken fedakarlığı göstermek lazım. Son söz benim. Sinirli bir patronum. Biraz da sert mizaçlıyım. Titizlik bizim ilkemiz. İşçim bunu bilir ve ona göre davranır. Çalışanın yanındayım, ona destek olurum. Bütün kararları kendim alırım. Bilgiler de bende toplanır. 1987’den bu yana kurumsallaşmaya önem verdik. Ama yine de bütün yatırım kararlarını ben veririm.
http://www.kigem.com Islâhât Fermânı 1856
July 4, 2007 by Mehmet Keçeci·0 Comments
하티 후마윤 칙령 Kemal Gözler, Türk Anayasa Hukuku, Bursa Ekin Kitabevi Yayınları, 2000, s.19-23’ten alınmıştır Bibliyografya.- Tanör, Osmanlı-Türk Anayasal Gelişmeleri, op. cit., s.78-79; Üçok ve Mumcu, op. cit., s.314-316; Kapani, Kamu Hürriyetleri, op. cit., s.98-101; Rumpf, Türk Anayasa Hukukuna Giriş, op. cit., s.10; Arsel, Türk Anayasa Hukukunun Umumî Esasları, op. cit., s.19-20; Okandan, op. cit., s.73-75; Karal, Osmanlı Tarihi, op. cit., c.V, s.248-252. Kağıt Kaynaklar: Düstur, Birinci Tertip, Cilt 1, s.-7; Suna Kili ve A. Şeref Gözübüyük, Türk Anayasa Metinleri, Ankara, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, 1985, s.13-16; Server Tanilli, Anayasalar ve Siyasal Belgeler, İstanbul, Cem Yayınevi, 1976, s.11-14. E-Kaynaklar: http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultur_sanat/yayinlar/yayin001/001_00_005.pdf English Translation of Islahat Fermanı (Reform Edict / Reform Ferman / Royal Edict of Reform / Rescript of Reform / 28 February 1856): http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~genckaya/documents1.html
Islahat Fermani – Rescript of Reform 18 February 1856
The property, real or personal, of the different Christian ecclesiastics shall remain intact; the temporal administration of the Christian or other non-Muslim communities shall, however, be placed under the safeguard of an Assembly to be chosen from among the members, both ecclesiastics and laymen, of the said communities. In the towns, small boroughs and villages, where the whole population is of the same religion, no obstacle shall be offered to the repair, according to their original plan, of buildings set apart for religious worship, for schools, for hospitals, and for cemeteries.
Such being my wishes and my commands, you, who are my Grand Vezir, will, according to custom, cause this Imperial Firman to be published in my capital and in all parts of my Empire; and you will watch attentively, and take all the necessary measures that all the orders which it contains be henceforth carried out with the most rigorous punctuality. Kaynak: http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~genckaya/documents1.html
Kemal Gözler, Türk Anayasaları, Bursa, Ekin Kitabevi Yayınları, 1999, s.30-63’ten alınmadır. KANUNU ESASİNİN BÖLÜMLERİ
7 ZİLHİCCE 1293 TARİHLİ KANUNU ESASİNİN BAZI MEVADDI MUADDELESİNE DAİR KANUN 5 Şaban 1327 – 8 Ağustos 1325 (1909) Düstur, İkinci Tertip, Cilt 1, s.638-644.
2 Recep 1332 – 15 Mayıs 1330 (1914) Düstur, İkinci Tertip, Cilt 6, s.749-750.
26 Rebiyülevvel 1333 – 29 Kanunusani 1330 (1914) Düstur, İkinci Tertip, Cilt 7, s.224-225.
(4 Cemaziyüevvel 1334 – 25 Şubat 1331) (1916) Düstur, İkinci Tertip, Cilt 8, s.483
4 Cemaziyülevvel 1334 – 25 Şubat 1331 (1916) Düstur, İkinci Tertip, Cilt 8, s.484
15 Cemaziyülevvel 1334 – 7 Mart 1332 (1916) Düstur, İkinci Tertip, Cilt 8, s.754
8 Cemaziyülahir 1336 – 21 Mart 1334 (1918) Düstur, İkinci Tertip, Cilt 10, s.176
The Ottoman Constitution 23 December 1876
The Ottoman Empire Art. 1. The Ottoman Empire comprises present territory and possessions, and semi-dependent provinces. It forms an indivisible whole, from which no portion can be detached under any pretext whatever.
Art. 2. Istanbul is the capital of the Ottoman Empire. This city possesses no provilege or immunity peculiar to itself over the other towns of the empire. Sultan, “Supreme Caliph”
Art. 6. The liberty of the members of the Imperial Ottoman Dynasty, their property, real and personal, ad their civil list during their lifetime, are under the guarantee of all. Sovereign Rights of the Sultan
Art. 36. In case of urgent necessity, if the General Assembly be not in session, the Minister may adopt measures to protect the State against danger or to preserve the public safety. These measures, sanctioned by an Imperial Irade, have provisionally the force of law if they be not contrary to the Constitution. They must be submitted to the General Assembly immediately upon its meeting.
Art. 53. The initiative of bringing forward a bill or altering an existing law lies with the Ministry. The Senate and Chamber of Deputies may also originate a new law, or the modification of an existing one, with reference to matters within their own province. In the latter case, the demand is submitted by the Grand Vizier to His Majesty the Sultan, and, if occasion requires, the Council of State is empowered by an Imperial Decree to prepare the proposed Project of Law, aided by information and details from the proper quarter. Art. 54. Drafts of Bills elaborated by the Council of State are in the first instance laid before the Chamber of Deputies, and after that before the Senate. Though passing both Chambers, no Bill will become law until it has been sanctioned by the Imperial ?rade. No draft Bill, once thrown by either of the Chambers, can be brought forward a second time in the course of the same session.
Art. 59. The maintenance of order in each Chamber is entrusted to its President. Senate.
Art. 62. The senators are nominated for life. The rank of senator may be conferred on persons “en disponibilité,” having exercised the functions of Minister, Governor-General (vali), Commandant of Corps d’Armée, Judge, Ambassador or Minister Plenipotentiary, Patriarch, Grand Rabbi, General of Division of armies by land or sea (“terre et de mer”), an generally on persons combining the requisite conditions. Members of the Senate, called at their request to other functions, lose the position as senator.
Art. 63. The stipend of senators is fixed at 10.000 piastres per month. A senator receiving from the Treasury salary or pay in any other capacity is entitled only to the difference if the sum is below 10.000 piastres. If the sum is equal to or above the pay of senator, he continues to receive it. Art. 64. The Senate examines the Bills or Budget transmitted to it by the Chamber of Deputies. If in the course of the examination of a Bill the Senate finds a provision contrary to the sovereign rights of the Sultan, to liberty, the Constitution, the territorial integrity of the Empire, the internal security of the country, to the interests of the defence of the country, or to morality, it rejects it definitely by a vote, assigning its reasons; or it sends it back, accompanied by its observations, to the Chamber of Deputies, demanding that it should be amended or modified in the sense of those observations. Bills adopted by the Senate are invested with its approval, and are transmitted to the Grand Vizier. The Senate examines the petitions presented to it; transmits to the Grand Vizier such as it thinks deserving of reference, accompanying them with its observations. Chamber of Deputies
Art. 68. The following are ineligible as deputies: 1. Those who do not belong to the Ottoman nationality; 2. Those who, by virtue of the special regulation in force, enjoy immunities attached to the foreign service to which they belong; 3. Those not understanding Turkish; 4. Those not turned thirty years of age; 5. Persons attached to the service of a private individual; 6. Bankrupts not rehabilitated; 7. Those notoriously in disrepute for their conduct; 8. Persons visited with judicial interdiction, as long as that interdiction is not raised; 9. Those not enjoying their civil rights; 10. Those who lay claim to a foreign nationality. After the expiration of the first period of four years, one of the conditions of eligibility will be ability to read Turkish and, as far as possible, to write in that language.
Art. 72. The electors are bound to choose their deputies from among the inhabitants of the province to which they belong. Art. 73. In case of the dissolution of the Chamber by Imperial ?rade, the general elections are to commence in such times as that the Chamber may meet again at the latest within six months of the date of the dissolution.
Art. 78. The sittings of the Chamber of deputies are public. At the same time the Chamber may form itself into secret committee if the proposition is made by the ministers, or by the president, or by fifteen members, and that proposition is voted in secret committee.
Art. 80. The Chamber of deputies discusses the Bills submitted to it. It adopts, amends, or rejects the provisions affecting finance or the Constitution. It examines in detail the general expenditure of the State comprised in the Budget, and settles the amount with the Ministers. It likewise determines, in accord with the Ministers, the nature, amount, and mode of assessment and collection of the receipts destined to meet the expenditure. The Law Courts
Art 81. The judges nominated in conformity with the special law on this subject and furnished with the patent of investiture are irremovable, but they can resign. The promotion of Judges, their displacement, superannuation, and revocation, in case of judicial condemnation, are subject to the provisions of the same law. That law fixes the conditions and qualities requisite for exercising the functions of judge or the other functions of a judicial order.
Art. 82. The sittings of all tribunals are public The publication of judgments is authorized Nevertheless, in cases specified by law, the tribunal may sit with closed doors.
Art. 84. No tribunal can, under any pretext, refuse to judge an affair within its competency. It cannot either arrest or adjourn judgment after having commenced the examination or instruction, unless the plaintiff desists. Nevertheless, in penal matters the public prosecution continues to be carried on conformably to law, even in case the plaintiff has desisted.
Art. 89. Apart from the ordinary tribunals, there cannot, under any title whatever, be formed extraordinary tribunals or commissions to judge certain special cases. Nevertheless, arbitration and the nomination of a “muvella” (judge delegate) are sanctioned in the forms established by law.
Art. 91. Public prosecutors will be appointed, charged with acting on behalf of the public. Their functions and grades will be fixed by law. High Court of Justice
Art. 92. The High Court is formed of thirty members, of whom ten are Senators, ten Councilors of State, and ten chosen among the presidents and members of the Court of Cassation and Court of Appeal. All the members are nominated by lot. The High Court is convoked, when necessary, by Imperial ?rade, and assembles in the Senate building. Its functions consist in trying the ministers, the president, and the members of the Court of Cassation, and all other persons accused of treason or attempts against the safety of the State.
Art. 93. The High Court is composed of two chambers; the Chamber of Accusation and the Chamber of Judgment. The former is formed of nine members, nominated by lot among the members of the High Court, three of them being senators, three councilors of State, and three members of the Court of Cassation or Court of Appeal. Art. 94. The decision of sending before the Chamber of Judgement is pronounced by the Chamber of Accusation by a majority of two-thirds of its members. The members belonging of the Chamber of Accusation cannot take part in the deliberations of the Chamber of Judgment.
Art. 97. The Budget is the law which contains the estimates of the receipts and expenses of the State. Taxes to the profit of the State are governed by that law as to their assessment, their distribution, and collection.
Art. 98. The examination and the vote by the General Assembly of the budget bill is carried through article by article. The tabular statements to be annexed, comprising the details of the receipts and expenditure, are to be divided into sections, chapters, and articles, according to the model defined by the regulations. These tables are voted by chapters.
Art. 102. The budget is voted for one year, and has only legal force for the year to which it refers. At the same time, if, in consequence of exceptional circumstances, the Chamber of Deputies is dissolved before the budget is voted, the Minister may, by a Decree issued in virtue of an Imperial ?rade, apply the budget of the preceding year till the next session, but the application of this provisional budget shall never extent beyond the term of one year. Art. 103. The law definitely settling the Budget indicates the amount of receipts collected and payments made out of the revenue and expenditure of the year to which it relates. Its form and provisions must be the same as those of the budget.
Art. 105. A Court of Accounts shall be created charged with the examination of the operations of the finance functionaries, as also of the annual accounts drawn up by the various ministerial departments. It will yearly address to the Chamber of Deputies a special report stating the results of its labors, accompanied by its observations. At the end of every quarter it will present to the Sultan, through the Grand Vizier, a report containing the explanation of the financial situation.
Art. 106. The Court of Accounts shall be composed of twelve irremovable members, nominated by Imperial ?rade. None of them can be revoked unless the explanatory proposition for his dismissal be approved by a decision of the majority of the Chamber of Deputies.
Art. 107. The conditions and qualities required of members of the Court of Accounts, the details of their functions, the rules applicable in case of resignation, replacement, promotion, and superannuation, as well as the organization of its bureaus, shall be determined by a special law. Provincial Administration
Art. 108. The administration of provinces shall be based on the principle of decentralization. The details of this organization shall be fixed by a law.
Art. 110. The functions of the Provincial Council-General shall be fixed by the same special law, and shall comprise: The right of deliberating on matters of public utility, such as the establishment of means of communication, the organization of “caisses de crédit agricole,” the development of manufactures, commerce, and agriculture, and the diffusion of education. The right of applying to the competent authorities for the redress of acts committed in contravention of the laws and regulations as regards assessment or collection of taxes or any other matter. Art. 111. There shall be in every canton a Council appertaining to each of the different confessions. This Council will be charged with controlling: 1. The administration of the revenues of the real property of pious foundations (vak?f), the special destination of which is fixed by the express provisions of the founders or by custom. 2. The employment of funds or properties assigned by testamentary provision to acts or charity or beneficence. 3. The administration of funds for orphans, in conformity with the special regulation governing the matter. Each Council shall be composed of members elected by the community it represents, conformably to special rules to be established. These Councils will be subordinated to the local authorities and the Councils General of provinces.
Art. 112. Municipal business will be administered in Istanbul and in the provinces by elected municipal councils. The organization of the municipal councils, their functions, and the mode of election of their members, will be determined by a special law. Various Provisions
Art. 113. In the case of the perpetration of acts, or the appearance of indications of a nature to presage disturbance at any point on the territory of the Empire, the Imperial Government has the right to proclaim a state of siege there. The state of siege consists in the temporary suspension of the civil laws. The mode of administration of localities under a state of siege will be regulated by a special law. His Majesty the Sultan has the exclusive right of expelling from the territory of the Empire those who, in consequence of trustworthy information obtained by the police, are recognized as dangerous to the safety of the State.
Art. 116. In case of duly proved necessity, the Constitution may be modified in some of its provisions. This modification is subordinated to the following conditions: Every proposal of modification, whether presented by the Minister or by either of the two Chambers, must be, in the first instance, submitted to the deliberations of the Chamber of Deputies. If the proposition is approved by two-thirds of the members of the Chamber it shall be forwarded to the Senate. In case the Senate also adopts the proposed modification by a two-thirds majority, it shall be submitted for the sanction of His majesty the Sultan. If it is sanctioned by Imperial ?rade, it shall have force of law. Articles of the Constitution, which it is proposed to modify, remain in force, until the modification, after having been voted by the Chambers, shall have been sanctioned by Imperial Irade.
Art. 119. The preliminary order of 28th October 1876, concerning the General Assembly, will cease to have effect from the end of the first session. The Young Turk Constitution Revised Articles of the 1876 Constitution August 1909
Art. 7. Among the sacred prerogatives of the Sultan are the following: The mention of his name in prayers; the minting of money; the granting of high public offices and titles, according to the law ad hoc; the conferring of orders; the selection and appointment of the Grand Vizier and the ?eyhülislam; the confirmation in their offices of the members of the Cabinet formed and proposed by the Grand Vizier, and, if need arise, the dismissal and replacement of Ministers according to established practice; the approval of putting into force of general laws; the drawing up of regulations concerning the workings of Government departments and the method of administering the laws; the initiative in all kinds of legislation; the maintenance and execution of the canon and civil laws; the appointment of persons to the privileged provinces according to the terms of their privileges; the command of the military and naval forces; the declaration of war and the making of peace; the reduction and remission of sentences passed by penal Courts; the granting of a general amnesty with the approval of Parliament; the opening and closing of the parliamentary sessions; the summoning of Parliament before its time in extraordinary circumstances; the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies if necessary, with the consent of the Senate, on condition that elections take place and the Chamber assembles within three months; and the conclusion of Treaties in general. Only, the consent of Parliament is required for the conclusion of Treaties which concern peace, commerce, the abandonment or annexation of territory, or the fundamental or personal rights of Ottoman subjects, or which involve expenditure on the part of the State. In case of a change of Cabinet while Parliament is not sitting, the responsibility arising out of the change rests upon the new Cabinet.
Art. 120. Ottomans enjoy the right of assembly, on the condition that they obey the law on the subject. The societies are forbidden which aim at injuring the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, changing the form of the Constitution or of the government, acting contrary to the provisions of the Constitution, or bringing about a separation between the various Ottoman elements, or which are contrary to public morals. The formation of secret societies in general is also forbidden.