Old Church Slavonic – Morphology, Part 1
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Olander, Thomas
Introduction to the morphology of Old Church Slavonic, with a discussion of stem formation.
 Hello, my name is Thomas Hollander. In this first lecture on Old Church Slavonic Morphology, I'm going to introduce the morphological system of Old Church Slavonic, and we'll talk about Old Church Slavonic stem formation. How are new words formed on the basis of existing material in the language? The lecture consists of four main parts. First, we'll look at some of the devices used in stem formation and inflection in Old Church Slavonic, namely affixation and non-concatenative devices. Then we'll examine how nominal derivation works in the language. We'll have a look at how nominal compounds are formed, and we'll look at verbal derivation, or more specifically, how various aspectual categories are expressed in Old Church Slavonic. When it comes to affixation, the various types of affixes have very different popularity in Old Church Slavonic. Sofixation is a very widespread device in stem formation and inflection. We'll have a closer look at suffixes in the other lectures on morphology. Prefixation is not used in nominal or verbal inflection. It's usually said to be used to a limited extent in nominal derivation, but it depends on your analysis. We'll get back to that in a moment. In verbal derivation, prefixation is a very common device. We'll have a look at that later on in this lecture. We do not find infixes used in the morphological system of Old Church Slavonic, nor do we find circumfixes. However, we do find several different interfixes used in various parts of the morphological system. And finally, reduplication is not used synchronically in Old Church Slavonic, either in derivational or in inflectional morphology. Old Church Slavonic morphology is mostly concatenative, as we shall see exemplified later on in this lecture. However, an important non-concatenative device of Old Church Slavonic is consonant mutations. Stem final consonants have different alternates. We've already looked at this in the lecture on phonology, so I'll just briefly give a few examples. First a couple of examples from derivation. Bohr Gheard has a stem final G, but Divinity is Bohr Gheard with a stem final Z. And the adjective Suche Dry forms a denominator verb Sucheti to Dry. These alternations are also productive in the inflectional system. The nominative Vlique Wolff with a stem final K has a negative singular Vizze with a stem final T. And the verb for To Run has a present first person singular Técon I run and a third person singular Técetel. In addition to the consonant alternations, Old Church Slavonic displays several types of alternations in vowel quality, also referred to as ablaut. Or alternates with A. The front Gheard alternates with I, the back Gheard alternates with I and so on. Ablaut plays a major role in both nominal and verbal derivation. For instance, a verb such as infinitive Técetil to Run present Técon has a divisible noun Toqe Flow. And similarly, from Vesti to Drive, first singular Vizze, we have Vose, a chart with an alternation between E and O. In Seu Birati to Assemble, first singular Seu Beron, the front Gheard of the verb alternates with an O in the noun Seu Porre Congregation. In Birati to Boil, first singular Virion, the front Gheard of the verb alternates with an A in the noun Vare Heet. And the determinant verb Nisti to Carry with E-grade has an indeterminate partner, Nociti, with Ograde. And Birati to Collect corresponds to a derived imperfective formation Birati used with various prefixes. Strikingly, in the system of nominal inflection, there are no synchronic ablaut alternations in the stem. By contrast, ablaut does play a role in verbal inflection. For instance, the infinitive and present stems may have different ablaut grades as in infinitive Birati to Collect versus first person singular Beron, with a front Gheard alternating with an A. And even within the A-Rist subparadhyme, some verbs display vowel quality alternations between the second and third person singular forms and the remaining forms. Thus the verb Nisti to Carry has a second and third person singular form Nese with E, but the remaining forms of the A-Rist have A. Thus the first person singular is Nasse, the first person plural is Näs, etc. Now let's see how derivation works in Old Church Slavonic. I already mentioned that it depends on your analysis whether you think it's possible to form new nominals by prefixes in Old Church Slavonic. For instance, we have a word pra dada great grandfather consisting of pra before and dada grandfather. In this word pra certainly looks like a prefix and is usually analyzed as such. However, it's also possible to regard it as a compositional variant of the preposition pro before. In that case we're dealing with a compound consisting of the preposition pro plus dada. Other apparent examples of prefix formations in Old Church Slavonic can more uncontroversially be analyzed as compounds. For instance, nà rhoda people from nà on and rhoda ken. Other words that are sometimes regarded as prefix formations are actually d-verbal formations from prefixed verbs and so they do not technically consist of a prefix plus a nominal. This goes for instance for the noun ismanna change which is derived from ismanniti to change. The most popular device for creating new nominals in Old Church Slavonic is suffixation. There is a host of suffixes in Old Church Slavonic and they use to form all kinds of nominals. Let's take the verb ubiti to love and look at its derivatives formed by one or more suffixes. With the suffix itze we can make an agent noun ubitze lover. We also have ubienike loved one and a noun ubuilove another noun nje lubistvo hate and several adjectives. For instance, jube d'ea expensive, jube ve loving, jube inne d'ea, jubisne full of love, jube vine pertaining to love. We also have a verbal noun jubienie loving but it belongs more appropriately to the inflectional system. Like in other Indo-European languages it's possible to make derivatives from derivatives through suffixation. So we end up having a series of suffixes. For instance smocki means fake or fake tree. If we add the adjective suffix in we get smocko vine of a fake or of a fake tree. To this adjective we can add the suffix itze which gives us a noun smocko vineetze, fake tree. And in order to form a new adjective from this noun we add the suffix in obtaining a new adjective smocko vineetze with the meaning of a fake tree. Now let's move on to compounding. If we look at compounding in old Church Slavonic, the corpus offers a large variety of nominal compounds. While they follow old patterns, the compounds we find in old Church Slavonic are very often Calcson Greek compounds. They are mostly easily distinguishable as compounds but like in other languages the border between a compound and a juxtaposition is not clearly delineated. For instance the noun menogoglagolania, abundance of words, looks very much like a compound but in the locative we find the form vvo menodgaglagolani svoiemi in their prolixity, while the first member menodgia is inflected and thus seems to be a separate word. But on the other hand it has the indefinite form which is unexpected if the form is a regular adjective. We find three main types of nominal compounds. The first type is determinative compounds where the second member is modified by the first member. For instance in vinograde, a vineyard from vinoghvain and gradejad, the first member modifies the second member. So what kind of yard is it? It's a vineyard. Then we have the verbal government compounds where the second member is formed from a verb and the first member is subordinate to that verb. Verbal government compounds may be formed without a suffix as in vodernosse, a water container, formed from vodar, water and nositi to carry. But usually they have a suffix as in bogonositzi, a guard carrier formed from boggogl and nositi to carry. Bogonositzi is probably caled on greek teoporos. The final type are exocentric compounds for instance bezdenne bottomless from bez without and denne bottom. And suche ronke dry-handed from suche dry and ronka hand. So now let's take a look at the first member of nominal compounds. The first member of a compound can be a nominal, a noun, an adjective, a numeral or a pronoun. When the first member of a compound is a nominal it's usually connected to the second member through the interfix or or soft variant e. With a noun as the first member we find a zakono ucitteli, a teacher of the law. It's made from zakone law and ucitteli teacher and it's the patterned on greek nomod didas kalos. Our next example blago obrazine, respectable, has the adjective blago as its first member and the noun obraze form as its second member. It's also a calc, this time on greek eoskémon. With a numeral as the first member we have triiimeine meaning with three names consisting of trii and ime name. The first member of a compound can also be an adverb as in pakkö butie regeneration from the adverb pakkö again and a verbal noun butie from buti to be. Again we are dealing with a calc from greek where we have palingenesia. With a negation we have the compound ne pravidar in justice consisting of ne nut and the noun pravidar justice. With a preposition we have bez vodine waterless from the preposition bez without and the noun vodar water. And we already had a look at pra dede great grandfather. If we analyze it as a compound it consists of pra the compositional elomorph of the preposition pro before and the noun dede grandfather. A very rare type of compounds in old church slavonic has a verb as its first member. An example of this type is ne järn vera skeptical which is built from the phrase janti vera to her faith. The second member of a compound is usually followed by a derivational suffix which determines the function of the compound. For instance the noun borgo no sitze a god carrier consists of bogge god and no city to carry followed by the suffix it's formed after greek theoporos. And similarly the adjective krevojardivöblad eating consists of krevi blad plus jasti id and the adjective forming suffix ev. Incidentally it is worth observing here that the interface is o although krevi blad is in a stem from the front gear declension. Some compounds are formed without the suffix for instance vinograde as we've already seen consisting of vinogrejn and gradejard and vodunose a water container from vodar water and no city to carry. If we now proceed to the verbal system we find a very complex derivational system here. Let's first have a look at the very important category of the old church slavonic verb namely the aspect. There are many views on what aspect is and we assume that old church slavonic has five different aspectual categories. There is the perfective versus the imperfective, determinant versus indeterminate, imperfect versus aorist, retrospective versus absolute that is the perfect versus the non-perfect and the prospective versus actual which is normally called the future versus the present. The first two aspectual categories the perfective versus imperfective and the determinant versus the indeterminate are formed by derivation whereas categories three and five, three four and five are formed from one and the same lexical verb and thus belong to the conjugation system. We'll talk about the formation of these three aspectual categories in the lecture on old church slavonic conjugation. In the following we shall have a look at the first two aspectual categories namely those that are part of the derivational system. In old church slavonic almost all verbs have a perfective or an imperfective aspect. The aspect category perfective versus imperfective refers to the way a situation is presented. A perfective aspect is used to characterize a situation as an event while the imperfective aspect characterizes a situation as a process. Perfective and imperfective verbs have a derivational relationship to each other so aspect pairs consist of two different lexical verbs. We'll now have a look at the formal side of the perfective versus imperfective aspectual category. When a perfective verb is formed from an imperfective verb it's usually done by prefixation or with the suffix no. We'll see some examples in a moment. By contrast imperfective verbs are usually formed from perfective verbs through suffixation by using the suffixes a-ti or ya-ti or va-ti or ov-va-ti. Thus as a general rule unprefixed verbs are usually imperfective while prefix verbs are perfective with the exception of derived imperfectives as we shall see in a moment. So now let's have a look at some examples of this. If we begin with the imperfective verb tvor-ti to make we can make a perfective verb sötvor-ti with essentially the same meaning by adding the prefix s. And note that the imperfective counter part of sötvor-ti is the base verb tvor-ti. But from the base verb tvor-ti it's also possible to form alternative perfective forms. For instance if we use the prefix prä we obtain a new perfective verb prä-tvor-ti to change with a change in meaning from the base verb. And in order to make an imperfective verb corresponding to prä-tvor-ti we keep the prefix and add a suffix ja, yielding imperfective prä-tvor-ti to change. And note also the non concatenative change of the root vowel from o to a in this process. With the prefix za a perfective verb sötvor-ti to close this form and just like the preceding verb its imperfective counterpart is formed by a suffix and a change of the root vowel. So we have sötvor-ti with the same meaning. And then this goes on the suffix ras gives us a perfective verb rastvor-ti to mix with an imperfective counterpart rastvari-ti which also means to mix. But we can take another imperfective verb mretti to die with the prefix u it becomes perfective umretti to die. And note that the empty prefix which does not change the meaning of the verb was söt in the case of dvor-ti but here it's u. In fact it's impossible to predict which prefix is the empty one for a given verb. The relationship between the perfective and imperfective aspect pairs is lexicalized. An example of the formation of a perfective verb with a suffix non is provided by the relationship between imperfective kapati to drip and perfective kanon-ti with the same meaning. And the base verb may also be perfective for instance dati to give which forms an imperfective verb dayati. The process is recursive show from imperfective dayati. It's possible to form a perfective verb for instance rasdayati to distribute which again forms an imperfective verb rasda-vati to distribute. The other derived spectral category of Ulcer Slavonic is that of determinate versus indeterminate. This category is found in verbs of locomotion or motion verbs so it's a closed class. The formal relationship between an indeterminate and a determinate verb consists in upload and affixation or in supplation. For instance the determinate verb nesti to carry to carry something somewhere has an indeterminate counterpart no-siti to carry something around. As you can see there is a or upload in the root and the indeterminate verb has a suffix i. The same holds true for determinate vesti to lead something somewhere and indeterminate vaditi to lead. We find supplation on the other hand in determinate iti to go compared to indeterminate vaditi to walk. So in this lecture we've had a look at the devices used in old church Slavonic morphology and we've had a look at nominal and verbal derivation as well as compounds. Thanks so much for watching or as these two fellows would have said chvaliwe vui.
 Hello, my name is Thomas Hollander.  In this first lecture on Old Church Slavonic Morphology,  I'm going to introduce the morphological system of Old Church Slavonic,  and we'll talk about Old Church Slavonic stem formation.  How are new words formed on the basis of existing material in the language?  The lecture consists of four main parts.  First, we'll look at some of the devices used in stem formation  and inflection in Old Church Slavonic,  namely affixation and non-concatenative devices.  Then we'll examine how nominal derivation works in the language.  We'll have a look at how nominal compounds are formed,  and we'll look at verbal derivation,  or more specifically, how various aspectual categories are expressed in Old Church Slavonic.  When it comes to affixation, the various types of affixes  have very different popularity in Old Church Slavonic.  Sofixation is a very widespread device in stem formation and inflection.  We'll have a closer look at suffixes in the other lectures on morphology.  Prefixation is not used in nominal or verbal inflection.  It's usually said to be used to a limited extent in nominal derivation,  but it depends on your analysis. We'll get back to that in a moment.  In verbal derivation, prefixation is a very common device.  We'll have a look at that later on in this lecture.  We do not find infixes used in the morphological system of Old Church Slavonic,  nor do we find circumfixes.  However, we do find several different interfixes  used in various parts of the morphological system.  And finally, reduplication is not used synchronically in Old Church Slavonic,  either in derivational or in inflectional morphology.  Old Church Slavonic morphology is mostly concatenative,  as we shall see exemplified later on in this lecture.  However, an important non-concatenative device of Old Church Slavonic is consonant mutations.  Stem final consonants have different alternates.  We've already looked at this in the lecture on phonology, so I'll just briefly give a few examples.  First a couple of examples from derivation.  Bohr Gheard has a stem final G, but Divinity is Bohr Gheard with a stem final Z.  And the adjective Suche Dry forms a denominator verb Sucheti to Dry.  These alternations are also productive in the inflectional system.  The nominative Vlique Wolff with a stem final K has a negative singular Vizze  with a stem final T. And the verb for To Run has a present first person singular  Técon I run and a third person singular Técetel.  In addition to the consonant alternations, Old Church Slavonic displays several types of  alternations in vowel quality, also referred to as ablaut. Or alternates with A.  The front Gheard alternates with I, the back Gheard alternates with I and so on.  Ablaut plays a major role in both nominal and verbal derivation. For instance, a verb such as  infinitive Técetil to Run present Técon has a divisible noun Toqe Flow.  And similarly, from Vesti to Drive, first singular Vizze, we have Vose, a chart with an  alternation between E and O. In Seu Birati to Assemble, first singular Seu Beron,  the front Gheard of the verb alternates with an O in the noun Seu Porre Congregation.  In Birati to Boil, first singular Virion, the front Gheard of the verb alternates with an  A in the noun Vare Heet. And the determinant verb Nisti to Carry with E-grade has an  indeterminate partner, Nociti, with Ograde. And Birati to Collect corresponds to a derived  imperfective formation Birati used with various prefixes. Strikingly, in the system of nominal  inflection, there are no synchronic ablaut alternations in the stem. By contrast, ablaut  does play a role in verbal inflection. For instance, the infinitive and present stems may have  different ablaut grades as in infinitive Birati to Collect versus first person singular Beron,  with a front Gheard alternating with an A. And even within the A-Rist subparadhyme, some verbs  display vowel quality alternations between the second and third person singular forms and the  remaining forms. Thus the verb Nisti to Carry has a second and third person singular form Nese with  E, but the remaining forms of the A-Rist have A. Thus the first person singular is Nasse, the  first person plural is Näs, etc. Now let's see how derivation works in Old Church Slavonic.  I already mentioned that it depends on your analysis whether you think it's possible to form  new nominals by prefixes in Old Church Slavonic. For instance, we have a word pra dada great grandfather  consisting of pra before and dada grandfather. In this word pra certainly looks like a prefix  and is usually analyzed as such. However, it's also possible to regard it as a compositional variant  of the preposition pro before. In that case we're dealing with a compound consisting of the preposition  pro plus dada. Other apparent examples of prefix formations in Old Church Slavonic  can more uncontroversially be analyzed as compounds. For instance, nà rhoda people from nà on and  rhoda ken. Other words that are sometimes regarded as prefix formations are actually  d-verbal formations from prefixed verbs and so they do not technically consist of a prefix  plus a nominal. This goes for instance for the noun ismanna change which is derived from ismanniti  to change. The most popular device for creating new nominals in Old Church Slavonic is suffixation.  There is a host of suffixes in Old Church Slavonic and they use to form all kinds of nominals.  Let's take the verb ubiti to love and look at its derivatives formed by one or more suffixes.  With the suffix itze we can make an agent noun ubitze lover. We also have ubienike loved one  and a noun ubuilove another noun nje lubistvo hate and several adjectives. For instance,  jube d'ea expensive, jube ve loving, jube inne d'ea, jubisne full of love, jube vine  pertaining to love. We also have a verbal noun jubienie loving but it belongs more appropriately  to the inflectional system. Like in other Indo-European languages it's possible to make  derivatives from derivatives through suffixation. So we end up having a series of suffixes.  For instance smocki means fake or fake tree. If we add the adjective suffix in we get smocko  vine of a fake or of a fake tree. To this adjective we can add the suffix itze which gives us a noun  smocko vineetze, fake tree. And in order to form a new adjective from this noun we add the suffix  in obtaining a new adjective smocko vineetze with the meaning of a fake tree.  Now let's move on to compounding. If we look at compounding in old Church Slavonic,  the corpus offers a large variety of nominal compounds. While they follow old patterns,  the compounds we find in old Church Slavonic are very often Calcson Greek compounds.  They are mostly easily distinguishable as compounds but like in other languages the border  between a compound and a juxtaposition is not clearly delineated. For instance the noun  menogoglagolania, abundance of words, looks very much like a compound but in the locative we find  the form vvo menodgaglagolani svoiemi in their prolixity, while the first member menodgia is  inflected and thus seems to be a separate word. But on the other hand it has the indefinite form  which is unexpected if the form is a regular adjective. We find three main types of nominal  compounds. The first type is determinative compounds where the second member is modified  by the first member. For instance in vinograde, a vineyard from vinoghvain and gradejad, the first  member modifies the second member. So what kind of yard is it? It's a vineyard. Then we have the  verbal government compounds where the second member is formed from a verb and the first member is  subordinate to that verb. Verbal government compounds may be formed without a suffix as in  vodernosse, a water container, formed from vodar, water and nositi to carry.  But usually they have a suffix as in bogonositzi, a guard carrier formed from boggogl and nositi  to carry. Bogonositzi is probably caled on greek teoporos. The final type are exocentric compounds  for instance bezdenne bottomless from bez without and denne bottom.  And suche ronke dry-handed from suche dry and ronka hand.  So now let's take a look at the first member of nominal compounds. The first member of a compound  can be a nominal, a noun, an adjective, a numeral or a pronoun. When the first member of a compound  is a nominal it's usually connected to the second member through the interfix or or soft variant  e. With a noun as the first member we find a zakono ucitteli, a teacher of the law. It's made  from zakone law and ucitteli teacher and it's the patterned on greek nomod didas kalos. Our next  example blago obrazine, respectable, has the adjective blago as its first member and the  noun obraze form as its second member. It's also a calc, this time on greek eoskémon.  With a numeral as the first member we have triiimeine meaning with three names consisting of trii  and ime name. The first member of a compound can also be an adverb as in pakkö butie regeneration  from the adverb pakkö again and a verbal noun butie from buti to be. Again we are dealing with a  calc from greek where we have palingenesia. With a negation we have the compound ne pravidar  in justice consisting of ne nut and the noun pravidar justice. With a preposition we have  bez vodine waterless from the preposition bez without and the noun vodar water.  And we already had a look at pra dede great grandfather. If we analyze it as a compound  it consists of pra the compositional elomorph of the preposition pro before and the noun dede grandfather.  A very rare type of compounds in old church slavonic has a verb as its first member. An example  of this type is ne järn vera skeptical which is built from the phrase janti vera to her faith.  The second member of a compound is usually followed by a derivational suffix which determines the  function of the compound. For instance the noun borgo no sitze a god carrier consists of bogge  god and no city to carry followed by the suffix it's formed after greek theoporos.  And similarly the adjective krevojardivöblad eating consists of krevi blad plus jasti id  and the adjective forming suffix ev. Incidentally it is worth observing here that the  interface is o although krevi blad is in a stem from the front gear declension.  Some compounds are formed without the suffix for instance vinograde as we've already seen  consisting of vinogrejn and gradejard and vodunose a water container from vodar water and no city  to carry. If we now proceed to the verbal system we find a very complex derivational system here.  Let's first have a look at the very important category of the old church slavonic verb namely  the aspect. There are many views on what aspect is and we assume that old church slavonic has five  different aspectual categories. There is the perfective versus the imperfective, determinant  versus indeterminate, imperfect versus aorist, retrospective versus absolute that is the  perfect versus the non-perfect and the prospective versus actual which is normally called the future  versus the present. The first two aspectual categories the perfective versus imperfective  and the determinant versus the indeterminate are formed by derivation whereas categories  three and five, three four and five are formed from one and the same lexical verb and thus belong  to the conjugation system. We'll talk about the formation of these three aspectual categories  in the lecture on old church slavonic conjugation. In the following we shall have a look at the first  two aspectual categories namely those that are part of the derivational system. In old church  slavonic almost all verbs have a perfective or an imperfective aspect. The aspect category  perfective versus imperfective refers to the way a situation is presented. A perfective aspect  is used to characterize a situation as an event while the imperfective aspect characterizes a  situation as a process. Perfective and imperfective verbs have a derivational relationship to each  other so aspect pairs consist of two different lexical verbs. We'll now have a look at the formal  side of the perfective versus imperfective aspectual category. When a perfective verb is formed from  an imperfective verb it's usually done by prefixation or with the suffix no. We'll see some examples  in a moment. By contrast imperfective verbs are usually formed from perfective verbs through  suffixation by using the suffixes a-ti or ya-ti or va-ti or ov-va-ti. Thus as a general rule  unprefixed verbs are usually imperfective while prefix verbs are perfective with the exception  of derived imperfectives as we shall see in a moment. So now let's have a look at some examples  of this. If we begin with the imperfective verb tvor-ti to make we can make a perfective verb  sötvor-ti with essentially the same meaning by adding the prefix s. And note that the  imperfective counter part of sötvor-ti is the base verb tvor-ti. But from the base verb tvor-ti  it's also possible to form alternative perfective forms. For instance if we use the prefix prä  we obtain a new perfective verb prä-tvor-ti to change with a change in meaning from the base verb.  And in order to make an imperfective verb corresponding to prä-tvor-ti we keep the  prefix and add a suffix ja, yielding imperfective prä-tvor-ti to change. And note also the non  concatenative change of the root vowel from o to a in this process. With the prefix za a  perfective verb sötvor-ti to close this form and just like the preceding verb its imperfective  counterpart is formed by a suffix and a change of the root vowel. So we have sötvor-ti with the same  meaning. And then this goes on the suffix ras gives us a perfective verb rastvor-ti to mix with an  imperfective counterpart rastvari-ti which also means to mix. But we can take another imperfective  verb mretti to die with the prefix u it becomes perfective umretti to die. And note that the  empty prefix which does not change the meaning of the verb was söt in the case of dvor-ti but here  it's u. In fact it's impossible to predict which prefix is the empty one for a given verb. The  relationship between the perfective and imperfective aspect pairs is lexicalized. An example of the  formation of a perfective verb with a suffix non is provided by the relationship between imperfective  kapati to drip and perfective kanon-ti with the same meaning. And the base verb may also be  perfective for instance dati to give which forms an imperfective verb dayati. The process is recursive  show from imperfective dayati. It's possible to form a perfective verb for instance rasdayati to  distribute which again forms an imperfective verb rasda-vati to distribute. The other derived  spectral category of Ulcer Slavonic is that of determinate versus indeterminate. This category  is found in verbs of locomotion or motion verbs so it's a closed class. The formal relationship  between an indeterminate and a determinate verb consists in upload and affixation or in supplation.  For instance the determinate verb nesti to carry to carry something somewhere has an indeterminate  counterpart no-siti to carry something around. As you can see there is a or upload in the root  and the indeterminate verb has a suffix i. The same holds true for determinate vesti to lead  something somewhere and indeterminate vaditi to lead. We find supplation on the other hand  in determinate iti to go compared to indeterminate vaditi to walk. So in this lecture we've had  a look at the devices used in old church Slavonic morphology and we've had a look at nominal and  verbal derivation as well as compounds. Thanks so much for watching or as these two fellows would have said  chvaliwe vui.
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