Lecture 3. Intermolecular Forces Liquids & Solids, Part III
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Blake, Donald R.
UCI Chem 1B is the second quarter of General Chemistry and covers the following topics: properties of gases, liquids, solids; changes of state; properties of solutions; stoichiometry; thermochemistry; and thermodynamics. 
 Okay Solids today folks worst lecture of the year Except for Thursday where it's more solids, okay? but to start with Because I'm here to inspire and enlighten I'm going to tell you a story so In 2006 I Used to teach Kim 1b in the spring and if people take Kim 1b in the spring it's either because they they Work qualified to take Kim 1b in the fall or Kim 1a in the fall They they took Kim 1p. I'm not sure we've been offered Kim 1p in the fall anymore, but or they failed Kim 1a in the fall and Took Kim 1a in this winter and then took Kim 1b in the spring or They passed Kim 1a in the fall failed Kim 1b in the winter and then retook Kim 1b in the spring so in this class that was in this room With every seat filled just like here. I had 326 students who had failed Kim 1b Kim 1a or had taken Kim 1p So it wasn't a super strong class all right But and in that class was a young man named Paul who Came to me after the first midterm so we got a 49 class average was a 61 this was out of a hundred points So this was probably a D Okay, you're going oh my gosh a 61 Was the average and he's saying that a 49 is a D you got to understand This was a class where more than half of the class had failed their seats come on up here Well, everybody sit down come on get comfortable. I'm telling a story and It's gonna be the best part of the lecture so trust me Last night this is the truth as I teach Four days in a row I got to one part of the lecture where I started talking about solids And I said it's just gonna get worse from here on and a guy just got up and walked out What got up and walked out And I was as you said to the door I was doing this he couldn't see me because he's walking like this But I'm doing this he got the door just kind of smiled and waved and took off anyway. I don't blame him so so Paul Once you had a week class was a weak student and I told the students I said listen if you approach this class If you failed can one be last time and you approach this class the same way you did last time you're getting fail it again You don't get smarter You don't learn the material by sitting in on a class and not paying attention or not doing the homework or the assignments it just Few people maybe if you sat in on it ten times you might get a C, but that's not what you want. Okay? Everybody in this class wants an A Okay, there's not one person in this class now there are people in this class who would be willing to settle for it B, but there's nobody in this class who wouldn't like an A Okay, so after the first exam and back in those days folks you could drop the class until the sixth week So this was like in the fourth week or something So in the fifth week he comes to my office to talk and the question is okay Do I drop the class do I do it, but this young man had something in addition to being able to drop the class Because he was getting a D in the class turns out he tells me that he's in the army okay, that he is in the reserve and That he was thinking of just dropping out of school and going into the army full-time or whatever now this is 2006 We were in Iraq You know and and I then I I closed the door to my office And I said okay, we need to talk about this and so I challenged him I said listen you've been through boot camp you've been through some things that these other students haven't I said you know You're smart enough to do well in this class. You're just being lazy. I mean I I just told them the truth Okay, and there are students in this room who are lazy Okay, Paul was lazy And they showed it Okay, so I Said I don't want to have on my conscience you going to Iraq and getting blown up and then coming back And I'm me feeling bad because you know I was a hard-ass teacher, you know and so So I said look I'm challenging you to do what I had to do at UCLA Okay, where I started off like this took me a whole two quarters to do it I was challenging him to do it in one and I and so anyway, I told him how I did it We sat we talked he came to week we met a lot look what he did on the second exam and on the fire Okay, so This was just not a terribly bright guy Okay, what I mean by terribly bright is is that you're all bright, but some of you are exceptionally bright most of us are just Average bright, okay, I'm average bright guy. Okay, which means I have an IQ of above 100. Okay, so this is Paul and He got it in the class Unfortunately his unit got called up. So this is Paul somewhere in Afghanistan the following year 2006 or 7 actually This is him with a little Afghani girl at the the field hospital So then he came back Got admitted to pharmacy school in 2010 he studied hard He came back a couple years did his organic chemistry did this continued to meet with me We talked he studied hard. He got accepted to the pharmacy school He was his first year class president had a 3.9 and Unfortunately at the end of his first year he got yanked out so right now I emailed Paul right Facebook to my mature I did over the weekend and He tells me he's in Kuwait He is with the 349 combat support hospital in the forward part which is more the place where they bring in blown up people they land they get triaged and then they get sent onto the hospital in the rear and He is an E6 that sergeant chin is the non-commissioned officer in charge which makes me very proud This is him on the the right enjoying Kuwait It's kind of sandy there. This is him second from the the this is him right here. I'm not sure why pharmacists need guns, but It's be a prescription drug problems or something Okay, I thought I had one more of him doing something. I'm not sure what but anyway, he'll be back and And we'll go back to pharmacy school I don't know if once he's a pharmacist whether he will continue in the military as an officer or not, but anyway He did it you don't have to have been in the military to have done it one more thing This is another veteran she happens to be a student here. She's in organic chemistry Yanni is an undergraduate in my research group Okay, so she was in the Navy as a medic for six or seven years She's been active reserve for three years, so she still does her weekend stuff once a month at Pendleton She just became an E5 over the weekend She does undergraduate research what I mean by that is she approached me through a veterans organization and Asked if she could do research in my research group and I said yes so she actually comes to my group does work gets experience and When she she wants to go to dental school once she applies to dental school She will have a letter from somebody who actually can say something about her and her character Okay, some of you who come to office hours some of you who haven't we get an A in the class and In a couple years from now you will come to me and you'll say professor Blake. I was in your chem 1b class 2013 I'm applying to medical school. I'm applying to dental school. I'm applying to pharmacy school. I'm applying to graduate school And I need three letters of recommendation Everybody is going to need three letters any kind of school you go to after after in your undergraduate you acquire three letters Okay So I'm not encouraging you to get chummy with three professors But what I'm saying is is that all I will be able to write For a student who comes to my office hours Okay, so Nancy has come to every office hour Since the first one probably will be there today Okay, she might get an A in the class. I hope She studies hard but Two or three years from now when she comes and asks for a letter I Will say she came to the office hours. She was a tenant. She sat in the front row. She had good attendance And that's all I will be able to say Okay for Yanni I Can say something about her character. I can say something because she has been in the group I have worked with her. I have talked with her. I know more about her So what I'm saying to you folks is that not to join my group But there are opportunities for undergraduates to do undergraduate research In a variety of groups engineering Chemistry biology you name it you can do it now you have to have pretty decent grades Okay, we don't let somebody join a research group who's got a C average Okay, I once heard shared role until a student you need to spend more of your time studying than you do doing research But if you've got a 3o or better You and you find a teacher that's inspiring some biology teacher or some pharmacology teacher or some in John don't care what That you think is is interesting and and talks a little bit about their research and you say well This sounds like it could be kind of interesting Then I encourage you to ask that person if you can do undergraduate research Now I don't take undergrads until you've done organic Okay, just because you need to have enough chemistry to understand Organic to be in in my research group, but there are some biology groups that will take people as freshmen So I'm encouraging to do this because once again It's it's it's more work, but it's actually more exciting Aaron was an undergrad. That's right He was an undergraduate here and he did undergraduate research in the research group got to do stuff. What'd you do? You went on trips, okay? My group goes on trips. So every three months we'd send him to the South Pacific or something To collect air samples. I mean, I got a marine in my group who's he did the Pacific Northwest trip. I think in June So anyway, that's just my group But but so I encourage you to look into doing undergraduate research it's something that UCI actually prides itself on in terms of Trying to get students involved. It's a lot more Popular here than it was when I was at UCLA when I was a UCLA Very few students did undergraduate research in chemistry when I came here I was amazed at how many Undergraduates were doing graduate undergraduate research So it's really something you should try and do as I said, Yanni is one of the two undergrads in my group both veterans a Navy medic and then a Marine who was in He's not the reserves now. I think he was in four or six years went in the day after 9-11 and was a marine did some bad things and Then came back Okay Any questions about undergraduate search? Any questions? Okay, so a few definitions, okay We have adhesion and cohesion Have you ever been on a team or in a Boy Scout or Girl Scout unit or Some sort of thing where you talk about a cohesive unit? You've ever heard that term. It was a cohesive group. That means that there was a lot of You can count on the next person. Okay, there was an attraction Okay, that is cohesion Adhesion is like adhesive tape Sticks to things. Okay, so we're gonna go through that right here and also, you know that the notes have been they're posted, right? Okay So you've got liquid liquid Forces, which is the attractive forces between liquid molecules. You got a liquid substrate Which is the attractive forces between the liquid and the substrate that folks is like a true false question on an exam Okay You need to be I don't want I don't want to teach toward the exams I don't want you people to just say well Do I need to know that for the exam? But you need to it's always kind of nice if you go into an exam and there's a question This is exactly how you thought it was going to be asked. Okay So you need to learn the material, but you can also think about you know, could he ask this and if so, how could he ask it? So here's the difference in this case We have these droplets and they're sort of grabbing on to each other to form these little round drop that folks is cohesion That's a cohesive unit. Okay Here look at this you've got the burette You've got let's say water in here and you've got it climbing up the sides there's actually an attraction between The water and the substrate turns out this is made out of silicon oxides. Why it's glass It's got a lot of oxygen in there. Okay, oxygen has lone pair electrons lone pair electrons like Something that's got some hydrogen bonding potential. So the water is actually hydrogen bonding to that surface right there So there is a cohesive and adhesive and so if you see something climbing up like that that is adhesion This is a nice example of cohesion So you got that in your notes once again if there's some adhesion then there the liquid substrate is bigger than the substrate or the liquid liquid and therefore it climbs up cohesion It's not yes, you know That's awesome. Osmotic pressure It's hydrogen bonding that makes the plants really big and tall, but that's a little bit different That's that's sort of like you pour water into on into the dirt and it just sort of Spreads out I wouldn't say that that's it's a good question Hmm anybody want to answer that? What was the question? Question was is that when you have roots? Okay, I mean roots usually it's the osmotic pressure. We're gonna actually do us Are we gonna do osmotic pressure? I think we're gonna do osmotic pressure sometime this quarter ask me that Okay, I promise this won't be on the exam this this time Okay, that's a good question that I should actually know the answer for but I don't Okay, so We said this was adhesion right here, okay, I don't know what this pink stuff is Kool-aid something and And you can see that it creeps up like that, but look what happens with mercury Mercury doesn't hydrogen bond Okay Mercury is just dispersion It's just an atom of mercury with another atom of mercury and and there's just this attraction Okay, this is just pure mercury and look at it doesn't stick on this at all And so it bubbles up because almost like the water droplets did on the surface Okay, there's no attraction at all to the glass wall for mercury so So So It has this cone or this Spherical top whereas this goes the other way. Okay, so this is a case where that where it just Liquid liquid is Stronger than liquid substrate here liquid liquid is not as strong as liquid substrate. It's what climbs up So this is cohesion and this is adhesion This is just a nice little picture I'm not sure how they made this but some waxy plant that doesn't really have much stickiness to it and so these drops of water form and The force is always inward and if you have something that's inward it just makes a drop a complete sphere all right That's just a nice picture of surface tension, okay Viscosity So you're going to need to know generally speaking what is viscosity? So viscosity is a measure of how Sort of fluid something is if you have and so they actually have measures of it So we've got four different liquids In a test tube and you drop I don't know a metal ball into it the one that drops the fastest. This is the less the least viscous This is let's say water. This is honey Okay, that's how I remember it Water and honey one you can pour easily one you just sort of sit forever. Okay, I'm a lassus or Let's say syrup syrup is between honey and water, right? You can pour you know it kind of hangs on and glops, you know if you ever put that in your pancakes or something like this You go like this and long stringy stuff Okay, and honey. Yeah, I can get honey Hang out this long. I can't get a water drop with this do that. So that's the viscosity Okay, and there are measures of viscosity. I do not expect you to know but if Okay, I don't care about any of this if I gave you this though Okay, this glycerol. It's like Honey, okay It's got a very big Viscosity okay, so the bigger the viscosity the more it resists flow wings. Okay, so if I gave you this If I said okay here the three here's a bcd and I said here are the four viscosity coefficients for this Put them in the right order you decide this one to a this one to be I don't see a huge difference between these two I mean water and ethanol none look too strong to me, but anyway, this one is very strong. So once again, we say things are viscous Now we can make things less viscous Okay, the same substance what do I have to do to honey? That's barely able to pour in this room How would I make it so that would pour more easily? Heat it up. That's right. You can change so this is at a given temperature Okay, so I can change how things pour by heating it up or cooling it down. Okay All right, viscosity remember it Okay, now we go to water Okay water is Very very special to us. I wish they had put one less ice cube in here Would look better because then you could have seen that it was actually floating Okay most compounds most The solid form is more dense than the liquid form Almost all solids are that way That they're that they the solid form is denser that means more molecules per cubic centimeter per volume Than the liquid not with water Okay That's why ice cubes float All right, that's why ice forms on the top and doesn't sink to the bottom. It's good for us Okay, so water is very special and we're going to go over this for a bit Because I like water and I actually understand it. Okay, so this is the structure of ice And It forms these nice. This is sort of like this 3d structure of ice what I want you to really understand though is this Okay, once again, I'm trying to teach you to think I'm trying to think trying to teach you how to think critically to look at something for which you have no background And yet be able to understand something so I want you to look at this right here and just think Okay, it's something that you're not challenged enough to do. I'm gonna give you one minute of silence Okay, I want you to look at this and think about what does this mean? Okay, this is zero degrees is right there Okay, right right there is zero degrees just so you case you're not very good. You're vertically challenged or something here, okay? Now I don't mean short so Just look at that and What does this mean what's your name? David what does this mean to David? Okay, what does this mean to? Brianna Look at that curve right there Gosh one minute Have you ever just stared at a plot like this for a minute and tried to think what what does this mean? Okay, because folks this is the kind of thing that is asked on Exams like an MCAT or maybe an SAT. I don't know was there something on an SAT? No, okay, I never took the SAT so I don't know okay, well, it should have been on the SAT, okay? Who wants to tell me what does this mean to you? What is this? How do you interpret this? What does this mean to the world what or am I just a crazy old man or both? Okay, you ask a lot of questions. How about you really loud So as the temperature increases going this direction the density decreases Only from four degrees four degrees folks is That point right there, okay? It's not shown very well, but four degrees is where the density of water is that it's absolute most What does that mean What does that mean folks if I've got a bottle this is 500 cc's right here? Okay If I have an absolute set volume this thing can kind of wiggle it there Let's say it was made out of steel. I Had a steel container all right exactly I had this problem last night Exactly 500 cc's Okay At what temperature do I need this container to be and the water I pour into it to get the absolute most molecules in that container for degrees Okay, and let's just say in my world That at four degrees I can put one million molecules of water One million it's actually a lot more than that, but let's say one million molecules of water in that volume Okay At four degrees How many molecules Could I put in that volume if instead the temperature were 40 degrees? The answer is here folks. Don't look at me 40 degrees If you're right there How many molecules Maybe 999,000 or maybe 999 wait 990,000 990,000 You know where I'm going on this okay less That'd be the good answer on the exam less Okay, unless I've got a number okay now if I ask you to calculate it If you just say less you're probably not gonna get all the points okay The point is is that at 40 degrees? The density is about point nine that means I can only I can put in 1% less molecules in that half a liter Okay What if I have it at 70 degrees? Even less good answer Okay, 97 and a half percent of the molecules that were in there will fit Okay, what happens if we go from four degrees to zero Better there You know instead of a million maybe you could put 990,900 I Didn't say that right 999 comma zero zero zero thank you. I'm cheating. I don't know what my I don't have forgotten my numbers okay Or let's say we cannot change the number of molecules Okay, I have a half a liter here 500 cc's exactly filled right to the very top at four degrees Think about this I've got Don Soda right there four degrees exactly at the top And we just let it warm up to room temperature What you do this experiment this would be a good experiment Nancy remind me in this in office hours to write this down Because I'll forget Okay, so my question to you though is is that if I have this sitting here. It's exactly four degrees And it's right to the very top What happens is it warms up assuming no evaporation? It's gonna overflow You understand that it's gonna overflow because the number of molecules stays the same and as the density changes Those molecules need a little bit more space Okay, a little bit more space well the only place to get spaces come out the top And so where does it end up spilled on the table right? You understand that Okay, four degrees folks remember that yeah, this thing is driving me crazy today Now look at this for one minute Don't worry about that that word yeah This is a word you will never hear again for my lips like that. I didn't know how to say it Epipelagic Somebody with an iPhone look that up I think that's how you pronounce that epipelagic Think it means like where the action is like this class This is where it's happening This is the ocean by the way, okay, quit laughing at me this guy's laughing. I'm too much fun in this class So I think that this is the top of the ocean and it's saying that 200 meters down is and I think this means like that's where like sunlight gets through and and there's a lot of plankton and fish and Plankton and fish and can you say it what do you say? Okay, I thought you could say the word but okay, so what does this mean to you? So the last plot said what the density was yes you I As the what okay, so he's saying that is the pressure Okay, so you could look at that yes, okay He's saying that as the pressure which is the depth as it decreases the temperature As this increases this decreases Okay, that's that is a literal interpretation interpretation, okay, yes, okay So It's that's sort of the cut it's not it's not It's not I mean if it's getting cold day maximum density down here, okay? But it's also maximum density You've got pressure on top, but it's also because it just getting colder down there. The heat source is on top Okay, so this is just sort of four degrees is about the at the actually from here down. It's four degrees Okay What does this mean to you? Go back to the slide before and think about density and then look at this yes Okay, that's what that's what this is but let me give you a hint Okay, my research involves global warming So we just had this little discussion about my 500 cc four degree water bottle Okay at four degrees we said it's gonna as it warms up. It's gonna spill on to the table Look at this. This is what's happening in the ocean What happens if the temperature on top goes not goes from 13 to 14? Or let's say this whole curve shifts She's a week I don't know where to stand Yes Yes, that's what I want Okay, sea level rises Same number molecules. I'm not talking folks about runoff from the glaciers Okay, I'm not talking about the South Pole melting and making sea level go up that Unfortunately has also happened I'm talking about just if we don't change the number of molecules of water at all in the ocean If we let the temperature increase Okay The average here once again, I don't know what the average temperature is it's four way down here But up on top in the top, you know Thousand meters the average is sort of right about there at about maybe eight or who knows what? Okay, if that value changes and warms up It warms up folks Look what's happening Warms up which way are we headed on this thing this way? We're heading this direct We're headed in this direction Okay Anytime you're warming or cooling. Okay, if we were having a problem of cooling if we got Where the waters were getting colder than four degrees? They would also get bigger four degrees is the maximum density Okay Maximum density so it makes sense that down low. It's at four degrees Okay, because you got all this pressure. You should what this guy said But as we warm up folks now, we're not going to get 80 degrees Okay, look at this right now. Let's say I asked this question. I'm challenging you to think folks Okay, you might say this can every on an exam. This is on the exam of life Okay. Yeah, occasionally you need to do a little bit of thinking outside the box Here's a question if I give you that on an exam, I won't give it on the next exam But I can give it on the final where you have two hours Okay, you have a little bit of time to actually think and and write something If I gave you that plot And I said what's your name? rim-gen rim-gen comes in to class with Cold water one gallon of cold water Okay for the final Okay, you need to stay hydrated. Okay And because she also sits in the front she puts it right here Gallo thing okay much bigger than this young ladies Leader or so, okay, but this is a nice example. Okay Okay Four degrees or let's say ten degrees. Okay ten degrees Not ten degrees Coffee I need something warm Coffee keeps you awake. Okay, so let's say she comes with a gallon of coffee This will be a problem later on in the final But it may be a good idea for the first 30 or 40 minutes and that coffee is what temperature What temperature do you get your I never understand how people drink coffee? You know, it's like boiling Do you do how who in this room drinks it like as soon as you like get it You know from the the dispenser or something is anybody actually that guy back there I Mean I'm just saying I mean I got like a sissy mouth You know I can't drink anything if it's like more than about a hundred and four degrees. I can't drink it It has to be not lukewarm. I mean I like it to be warm coffee, but I just I've seen people just Yeah, so let's say that person that guy back there who raised his hand brings in the coffee Okay, 50 degrees Celsius is warm. It's like 130 degrees. I think It's warm too hot for me to drink. Okay, but let's say it's at 50 Okay, what is the density of the water in that coffee at 50 degrees folks? You you lady right there. Okay, what do you think 50 degrees? What is the density? I? Say up like maybe point nine eight five, okay now same way What is the density of an ice cube at ten below? Hello Right more than that So what happens what happens folks If I bring an ice cube, it's ten degrees below zero And I drop it in that guy that guy right there. Yeah, sorry about the laser in your eye, but you That guy's coffee Which is got this density What does that ice cube do? Melt smart ass That's not the right okay That's what happens Okay, that would be of an acceptable answer on the exam, but I Would probably say something like what happens like instantly It drops it sinks to the bottom Because the density of that ice cube is Greater than the density of the liquid it's in Okay, you understand that Okay, so you probably stand why is he teaching us this okay? But I just want you to learn to think I want you to learn to analyze things and and be able to because I can make ice cubes sink Just put it in something Warm of water Okay, yes, and it will melt and it'll melt pretty quickly But it would we would see it just go Right to the bottom of the thing Is that cool yes Can I repeat what I just said I've been gaping for about 15 minutes now, so how much of that you want? Okay, so The density of the ice cube at this temperature is about point nine nine five you understand that That means that you can put 99.5 percent of all the molecules That would could the maximum amount that would go in water which is at four degrees That's the density of this so this dance is a little bit less dense that ice cube would float in water. That's four degrees Okay, now what I don't know What I don't know is what if we went to minus 30 or 40? Okay, I don't really know whether this Tanks goes like I don't know you can look it up. Okay, but let's say most people don't have ice cubes that are colder than 20 degrees below zero Probably true and so we're looking at something right here. And so this piece of ice is Gonna float in Anything that is between of course. This is this is zero right there. I'm not sure where zero is maybe zero's right there But it's gonna float in anything that is from here to there This is liquid liquid from here to here. Okay liquid starts right there at zero So this thing is gonna float in anything that is above This on the curve, but if you come over to here the temperature the density of the water is less than the density of the ice cube Okay, so the number of molecules per cubic centimeter for this is 0.99 Five and Over here. It's about 0.995. So right there. It's gonna just wherever you put it in the water. It's gonna sit It'll melt, but it'll just sit wherever you put it when it's same exact density It just sits like no gravity Okay As it warms up with the water that you put it in warms up and the density decreases then that Floating piece of ice the density of it is greater Density greater means it sinks So that's what I'm saying is is that that right here you have a density that's that's pretty high but it's I mean it's lower than it would be at the four degrees, but anywhere over here from here down It would actually sink in that So that's a kind of a question where you know, I would it's a challenge. You understand that Did that make any sense? What are you said? Any other questions? You sure okay Okay Okay, this is a question This is a the way I've got a post here is a multiple choice question. All right Now How long did I say you should spell on a multiple choice question about one minute? Okay multiple choice question one minute two minutes at most So here it says you got 20 grams of water Now people think differently my mind thinks differently I Would I don't know why I think this way But I would look at that 20 grams and I would say hmm That's about how many moles? One more One mole of water would be 18 grams right now. I think in moles folks. This is gonna Bother you as we continue in the quarter. I'm a mole guy. All right So I just immediately put things in moles because I know that you need a model this and a model this to make a model that Not a certain amount of weight. Okay, so One mole About of water Okay How many agree with that that's close to a mole? Okay? Close to a mole a little bit more than a mole now. I told you on I think day one That rule of thumb rule of thumb What is the volume difference between a liquid and a gas a Thousand thank you. How many remember me saying that? That it's about a thousand. Okay, it could be 1500 it could be 500, but it's about a thousand So if you were given 25 grams and I've already gone over the fact that the density of water is one So that 25 at 20 grams is really 20 ccs. Okay? 20 ccs. All right multiply that by a thousand Okay, how many liters would that give you? You have point oh two liters And you multiply by a thousand 20 liters You understand that 20 liters Okay, how much volume do they actually give you? One it's a closed thing. Okay, it's a closed volume You got one liter Is that enough to have all the water molecules be a liquid? No, you need 20 liters Okay, or more To be able to have all the water molecules be in the gas phase So what happens to the water molecules that are not in the gas phase? What are the what phase are they in? the liquid phase so You look at this you should be able to in 20 seconds answer this question Okay, you look at it. Okay. I got 20. I got a mole a mole of a gas is how much volume 22.4 liters or 20 liters. Okay, it's rough 20 liters and they only give me one So only a small amount Only a small amount of the actual liquid that started is to vaporize Okay, are we are we understand that how many of you? Don't have a clue what I'm talking about. It's okay because my mind doesn't Think okay, so there's at least one person Who's all right? How about it raise your hand if you if you could if you can do this probably I just said it Right don't raise your hand raise your hand if you can't What I just say I'm not sure what are you saying But somebody raised their hand Okay, and what they said was I'm not quite sure so what I'm saying is this all roads lead to Rome Okay, you can do this initially by just doing moles. Okay, so okay look that's more than a mole a Mole should take up 22.4 liters. I only have one liter therefore only a small Five percent of the liquid water is actually going to go to the gas phase Okay, that means the 95% of it is liquid So this is the only one that has gas liquid Okay, now if instead if I had said the flask is a hundred liters A hundred liters folks, what's the answer? Right But it's not it's only a small vessel and therefore it's this now That is a two or three point multiple choice question It could also be a ten point free response question Okay, I would then have to give you the temperature and all but I would have I would then say okay. What is How many what is the volume of liquid? right there after this happens Then you'd have to do a lot more you'd have to actually figure out the number of moles know the temperature and figure out you say geez only You know if I started with 20 grams only 19.11 grams of water are here The other point 89 grams is in the gas phase That's a lot tougher. That's worth ten points. That's worth spending you know five or ten minutes on maybe I tend But you should be able to look at a question of multiple choice and so okay It's got to be honest. The problem is is that this is always a kicker. I always hated these can't tell So this is a closed vessel once again next question Okay, no, I don't like the way they answer I don't like the way they do it. So now if you were to take this to Aspen, Colorado Now right off folks, you know that this is a bogus question Okay, so how many you know where Aspen is? Some of you don't even know where Aspen, Colorado is How can they ask a chemistry question about geography? What they're trying to say is that if you know that Aspen is close to Detroit I Mean neck that close to Denver starts at a D There might be an Aspen in Michigan, I don't know but it's not the one they were thinking about since this is I can call it off. It's a mile high stadium my high stadium So they're saying that the pressure is less they don't know where we filled this What have we filled at Mexico City, which is at 10,000 feet? So you already know it's a bogus answer bogus question What happens to the pressure and the flask nothing? It's a flask. Okay, it's not a it's this You think the shape of this is going to change Okay, I'm guarantee you you take this on an airplane This isn't gonna change. Okay when this young lady goes up and it's half full. It's not gonna do this Which is what happens, you know you when you go up high and then you take a drink and then you land and it looks like this That's because this is flimsy. This is hard. You're not gonna change the volume of this You'd have to run a truck over this thing Okay, so that's what we're talking about here. So that volume just you move it around and nothing changes Okay, so it's a stupid question But it's an easy answer, okay It does not change It's the same. Yes. Okay. Okay. Now Here's a little something about The atmosphere. Okay, this is all water stuff. Okay Some of you know this some of you're gonna go my gosh this guy is killing me today But how many of you have ever been to an extremely brutally hot and humid place Okay You where Vegas, okay, it's Brutally hot. It's not as humid as I was hoping for but okay Who wants to top Vegas? You New York, okay Thailand, yeah Vietnam Thailand been there done that. Okay When the military we have a term for how hot it was but I won't I can't say that In the six in the 60s I could I can't know. Yeah Yes, hot and humid Florida. Okay the East Coast. I mean All over the world. There are some places in the tropics that are just killer hot and and I was in a place called B. O. It's yeah, it's right at the equator. I mean like within 10 miles the equator at noontime The Sun was exactly above me. Oh My god, there's water everywhere It was miserable, okay Hotter than 32 But what makes things Really bad for a person like me who sweats a lot Okay, I'm not too bad if I am in Palm Springs Okay, or a place that it doesn't have any water nearby 100 degrees I sweat a lot Turns out that the water molecules that for my sweat jump off my body But it's true they jump off, but I have to give them the energy to jump It's called heat of vaporization Gotta come from somewhere come from dawn So I cool down That's why I sweat Okay, guess the bad news when dawn's in Thailand Is that those molecules can't jump Because the water is full of are the air is full of water Okay, it's like 95% real. It's 100 degrees and it's raining Who you laugh Jessica you laugh who's ever been in something. It's about 100 degrees and it's raining. Yeah, see So if you have sweat guess what it does it accumulates on you and If you can't have the molecules jump off and take the energy with them Then guess what it stays with you. So dawn walks around Thailand or Vietnam sweat And uncomfortable because the sweat is doing me absolutely no good Okay, so at hotter temperatures The air can hold warm water Okay At when I'm at the South Pole folks Okay, and at the South Pole it has not been warmer than minus 23 in something like four million years Do you have to take my word and Yet you know what the relative humidity the relative humidity at the South Pole 23 below when I was there at 60 below Okay Anybody want to guess what the relative humidity at the South Pole was when dawn was there when it was 60 below a hundred percent 100% relative humidity Sounds bad, but it wasn't bad. It was cold horrible The point is is that the temperature of the air Determines how much water it can hold So at minus 60 the amount of water that you could actually have in air before it turns into a cloud is like tiny tiny tiny Okay, less than a thousandth of an atmosphere of water If instead you go to a place like Jeddah in Saudi Arabia where I've been in the summertime You got the Red Sea right there almost boiling it seems like And it's just hotter than the son of a gun The the air temperature might be 50 degrees Maybe not quite that up close to 50 at 50 degrees the air can hold a whole bunch of water This guy's looking like Explain that professor Blake. I'm gonna right now so at the surface You got an air parcel. I don't care if it's if this room were 32 degrees. It's not but let's say there's certainly our times when So in California can be that warm you have this volume that moves up this volume gets bigger as it moves up because Gas expands as you go up Okay, so at 32 degrees. It's this big at 22. It's this big it just keeps getting bigger bigger bigger, but With the amount of water that was in this air at two degrees C two degrees C It can't hold the water anymore because the vapor pressure of water at two degrees is a couple tour Okay a couple millimeters of mercury maybe like six Okay, so what this is saying at a six six millimeters of mercury of water in of water in the the the air mass now You can't hold in the air If you can't hold the air, what's the next phase it goes to goes to the liquid phase That's how clouds are formed You bring the warm air that has water in it up and at some temperature. It's not necessarily two degrees Sometimes it's ten degrees Yeah, there's a lot of water it can be you know twelve degrees Goes up and at some point it forms clouds Okay, that's how life works now in terms of So at 25 degrees You can have this much of an atmosphere that's 31 well 31 millibars, okay, so it's a tiny bit. It's about 130th of of Atmospheric pressure you can have as Water in the gas 20 grams per one kilogram Okay, and That's what the picture looks like and if you have that at you have that much at 25 degrees you are 100% relative humidity Okay, you cannot get any more if this number were increased to 21 then we'd have to get some liquid in here Okay any more than 20 or Lee this is killing me today but What happens if instead at 25 degrees we only have point oh nine grams? This mini-gram or sorry point oh nine this mini-gram so about a third of that at the same temperature What's gonna happen over here? Fewer molecules vapor pressure is the same look at that 30% So folks on the news when you see all the unit relative humidity is 30% That means it's 30% of the maximum we can be That means it's 30% of the maximum we can be And obviously the temperature determines how much is going to go in So if you count these let's count them. Let me go back one. I want you to count how many molecules are actually in that box One looks like six six molecules in that box seven Seven sorry It looks different up here. So seven molecules in that box. Okay? If we change that temperature from 25 to 20 At least one of those would have to drop out and become a liquid Okay Now look at this. What happens at five degrees higher up in the atmosphere or just some other place in the world? If you have the same amount you have six grams of water per kilogram Okay, so the same numbers you can have seven Molecules of water in that box just like below it. There's seven. Am I right? Seven again. Guess what the relative humidity is? 100% Because at five degrees The most molecules you can cram into that box is seven You make it warmer you can cram more in So that folks is what tells you about how sort of wet or dry it is outside you got to have the relative humidity Okay So that's how it works temperature determines how much can go in so this is a hundred percent right here so a phone exam I said estimate use this to estimate what is the Relative humidity When you have this 20 grams of water per kilogram when the temperature is 35 degrees C 35 degrees C What would you estimate? The relative humidity is when you only have 20 grams per kilogram so in other words you have the same number of molecules But now we're going to 35 degrees C. What would you estimate the relative humidity to be you? 60% 60% great answer Okay, why because we're saying we actually could have more molecules in there Okay, if he'd have said 90% that would have been a great answer any answer that would say it would be less than a hundred percent Okay, 60 is probably pretty pretty close So you see what I'm saying Who doesn't get this? You don't get okay, so what I'm saying is is that? Let's use this room as an example, okay? I'm not sure I'm gonna I'm not feeling very smart today, so I'm not sure this is gonna even make any sense, but go with me So we have room that one room That holds 473 people Okay I'm not feeling very smart who wants to come up with an analogy for me Yes, it's not so easy okay, well I'm trying to come up with something where it was like you know you got limited size here, but Okay, this isn't bad Nope, never mind. There's a bad one went with opposite way. Okay. Well, you're just gonna have to learn this on your own I guess cuz I've tried Okay, the point is is that it's relative Okay, it's relative to the maximum Okay, and if I already give you something like this and this says right here at 25 degrees You can have 20 grams of water per kilogram and that gives you 100% relative humidity If I gave you 30 grams Okay, here's question 30 grams In this closed container This is one kilogram of air Okay If 20 kilograms is 100% What if I what if I gave you 30 grams? Sorry 30 grams of water How many grams of water would be sitting on the bottom 10 right this is as much water as you can get in it You can't get any more it rains. It actually rains or makes fog Okay, I Don't know I think I'm losing you Okay now This is what an adiabatic expansion. This is what the atmospheric temperature should look like Okay, temperature getting bigger this way altitude here. This is what the temperature of the atmosphere Would in theory be except That's what it is Anybody want to guess why? Look at that for just a second. It looks very different Instead of it just falling off with pressure As the pressure decreases the temperature decreases, okay? Instead it does this it starts off. Okay Trend is this when all of a sudden it turns back and then it starts to go this way and eventually it actually would go over there Well you're gonna know Oops remember this from day one Day one I showed you this I told you you didn't have to know it Okay, I just wanted to show you how ozone protects us Okay, now look at this again I've said that an oxygen at a molecule gets hit with light Certain wavelength breaks up into two oxygen atoms An oxygen atom then can go together an oxygen molecule and then I said there was this M That I didn't tell you about and then you formed ozone. That was the important thing that day that ozone then comes here And it absorbs radiation. Okay, this happens a lot forms radiation or hits hit by this radiation makes an O2 and an O The O2 O goes right back up here and cycles. This is a cycle goes a lot and it goes fast This doesn't happen that often and this doesn't happen that often. This is what really is going and going and going I Didn't tell you what the M was M is a third body Okay, this has too much energy in it. Look at this you had an ozone molecule was hit with radiation If you have enough energy to break that molecule up Why is it going to go back together? You broke it apart No reason for it to go together except It ends up giving some energy to this third body which is going to be oxygen and nitrogen That's what makes up 99% of the atmosphere oxygen and nitrogen So it runs into an oxygen or nitrogen and gives up its energy and that's what that M star is folks is that M star Just that that M star in the ozone layer The causes that look at that it's in the ozone layer where this all happens ozone layers here Temperature goes up. It's all because of M star. It's all because you have ozone broken apart absorbing the sunlight radiation and Then what happens is the radiation is sort of turned into heat Okay by that M star molecule comes along grabs a little energy gets excited warms things up Who would have thought that my first lecture was going to come back on our third lecture That shows you how brilliant I am I had this planned from the beginning You don't believe that good you shouldn't I just had to notice it yesterday, so I Thought it's a nice little segue. So do you understand their molecular forces? I'm going to send you this table. I will email this table to all of you today It's a nice little cheater gives you some idea of the range and size of of Different intermolecular forces now hold on hold on You'll leave early, but not this early The important ones I'm dipole very strong dipole dipole down to two blah blah blah dipole these dipole and hydrogen bonding now don't freak out You don't you only have a couple of hydrogen bonds per molecule Okay, let's say with water you've got to free each molecule Okay So two times 20 is 40 I've told you about cooking oil How it boils at a much higher temperature than water and you go how can that happen if it's only two It's two because you can have many of them The longer more spaghetti like the molecule the more twos you add together So you might have cooking oil might have a hundred of these little Dipole and dice do doose dipoles so it's a hundred times two gives you two hundred So that's how you can have once you get all these things are added up. Oh So I will email you this okay You get this So you wouldn't have gotten this on the first day of class This is a polar bear in case you couldn't figure out and this is a brown bear Okay, let's stop here
 Okay  Solids today folks worst lecture of the year  Except for Thursday where it's more solids, okay?  but to start with  Because I'm here to inspire and enlighten  I'm going to tell you a story so  In 2006 I  Used to teach  Kim 1b in the spring and if people take Kim 1b in the spring it's either because they they  Work qualified to take Kim 1b in the fall or Kim 1a in the fall  They they took Kim 1p. I'm not sure we've been offered Kim 1p in the fall anymore, but  or they failed Kim 1a in the fall and  Took Kim 1a in this winter and then took Kim 1b in the spring or  They passed Kim 1a in the fall  failed Kim 1b in the winter and then retook Kim 1b in the spring so in this class that was in this room  With every seat filled just like here. I had  326 students who had failed Kim 1b  Kim 1a or had taken Kim 1p  So it wasn't a super strong class  all right  But and in that class was a young man named Paul  who  Came to me after the first midterm so we got a 49 class average was a 61 this was out of a hundred points  So this was probably a D  Okay, you're going oh my gosh a 61  Was the average and he's saying that a 49 is a D you got to understand  This was a class where more than half of the class had failed their seats come on up here  Well, everybody sit down come on get comfortable. I'm telling a story and  It's gonna be the best part of the lecture so trust me  Last night this is the truth as I teach  Four days in a row I got to one part of the lecture where I started talking about solids  And I said it's just gonna get worse from here on and a guy just got up and walked out  What got up and walked out  And I was as you said to the door I was doing this he couldn't see me because he's walking like this  But I'm doing this he got the door just kind of smiled and waved and took off anyway. I don't blame him so  so Paul  Once you had a week class was a weak student and I told the students I said listen if you approach this class  If you failed can one be last time and you approach this class the same way you did last time you're getting fail it again  You don't get smarter  You don't learn the material by sitting in on a class and not paying attention or not doing the homework or the assignments it just  Few people maybe if you sat in on it ten times you might get a C, but that's not what you want. Okay?  Everybody in this class wants an A  Okay, there's not one person in this class now there are people in this class who would be willing to settle for it  B, but there's nobody in this class who wouldn't like an A  Okay, so after the first exam and back in those days folks you could drop the class until the sixth week  So this was like in the fourth week or something  So in the fifth week he comes to my office to talk and the question is okay  Do I drop the class do I do it, but this young man had something in addition to being able to drop the class  Because he was getting a D in the class  turns out he tells me that he's in the army  okay, that he is in the reserve and  That he was thinking of just dropping out of school and going into the army full-time or whatever now this is 2006  We were in Iraq  You know and and I then I I closed the door to my office  And I said okay, we need to talk about this and so I challenged him  I said listen you've been through boot camp you've been through some things that these other students haven't I said you know  You're smart enough to do well in this class. You're just being lazy. I mean I I just told them the truth  Okay, and there are students in this room who are lazy  Okay, Paul was lazy  And they showed it  Okay, so I  Said I don't want to have on my conscience you going to Iraq and getting blown up and then coming back  And I'm me feeling bad because you know I was a hard-ass teacher, you know and so  So I said look I'm challenging you to do what I had to do at UCLA  Okay, where I started off like this took me a whole two quarters to do it  I was challenging him to do it in one and I and so anyway, I told him how I did it  We sat we talked he came to week we met a lot look what he did on the second exam and  on the fire  Okay, so  This was just not a terribly bright guy  Okay, what I mean by terribly bright is is that you're all bright, but some of you are exceptionally bright  most of us are just  Average bright, okay, I'm average bright guy. Okay, which means I have an IQ of above 100. Okay, so  this is Paul and  He got it in the class  Unfortunately his unit got called up. So this is Paul somewhere in Afghanistan  the following year  2006 or 7 actually  This is him with a little Afghani girl  at the the field hospital  So then he came back  Got admitted to pharmacy school in 2010 he studied hard  He came back a couple years did his organic chemistry did this continued to meet with me  We talked he studied hard. He got accepted to the pharmacy school  He was his first year class president had a 3.9 and  Unfortunately at the end of his first year he got yanked out  so  right now I  emailed Paul  right Facebook to my mature I did  over the weekend and  He tells me he's in Kuwait  He is with the  349 combat support hospital in the forward part which is more the place where they bring in  blown up people they land they get triaged and then they get sent onto the hospital in the rear and  He is an E6 that sergeant chin is the non-commissioned officer in charge which makes me very proud  This is him on the the right  enjoying Kuwait  It's kind of sandy there. This is him second from the the this is him right here. I'm not sure why  pharmacists need guns, but  It's be a prescription drug problems or something  Okay, I thought I had one more of him doing something. I'm not sure what but anyway, he'll be back and  And we'll go back to pharmacy school  I don't know if once he's a pharmacist whether he will continue in the military as an officer or not, but anyway  He did it you don't have to have been in the military to have done it one more thing  This is another veteran she happens to be a student here. She's in organic chemistry  Yanni is an undergraduate in my research group  Okay, so she was in the Navy as a medic for six or seven years  She's been active reserve for three years, so she still does her weekend stuff once a month at Pendleton  She just became an E5 over the weekend  She does undergraduate research what I mean by that is she  approached me  through a veterans organization and  Asked if she could do research in my research group and I said yes  so she actually comes to my group does work gets experience and  When she she wants to go to dental school once she applies to dental school  She will have a letter from somebody who actually can say something about her and her character  Okay, some of you who come to office hours some of you who haven't we get an A in the class and  In a couple years from now you will come to me and you'll say professor Blake. I was in your chem 1b class 2013  I'm applying to medical school. I'm applying to dental school. I'm applying to pharmacy school. I'm applying to graduate school  And I need three letters of recommendation  Everybody is going to need three letters any kind of school you go to after after in your undergraduate you acquire three letters  Okay  So I'm not encouraging you to get chummy with three professors  But what I'm saying is is that all I will be able to write  For a student who comes to my office hours  Okay, so Nancy has come to every office hour  Since the first one probably will be there today  Okay, she might get an A in the class. I hope  She studies hard  but  Two or three years from now when she comes and asks for a letter I  Will say she came to the office hours. She was a tenant. She sat in the front row. She had good attendance  And that's all I will be able to say  Okay for Yanni I  Can say something about her character. I can say something because she has been in the group  I have worked with her. I have talked with her. I know more about her  So what I'm saying to you folks is that not to join my group  But there are opportunities for undergraduates to do undergraduate research  In a variety of groups engineering  Chemistry biology you name it you can do it now you have to have pretty decent grades  Okay, we don't let somebody join a research group who's got a C average  Okay, I once heard shared role until a student you need to spend more of your time studying than you do doing research  But if you've got a 3o or better  You and you find a teacher that's inspiring some biology teacher or some pharmacology teacher or some in John don't care what  That you think is is interesting and and talks a little bit about their research and you say well  This sounds like it could be kind of interesting  Then I encourage you to ask that person if you can do undergraduate research  Now I don't take undergrads until you've done organic  Okay, just because you need to have enough chemistry to understand  Organic to be in in my research group, but there are some biology groups that will take people as freshmen  So I'm encouraging to do this because once again  It's it's it's more work, but it's actually more exciting Aaron was an undergrad. That's right  He was an undergraduate here and he did undergraduate research in the research group got to do stuff. What'd you do?  You went on trips, okay? My group goes on trips. So every three months we'd send him to the South Pacific or something  To collect air samples. I mean, I got a marine in my group who's he did the Pacific Northwest trip. I think in June  So anyway, that's just my group  But but so I encourage you to look into doing undergraduate research  it's something that UCI actually prides itself on in terms of  Trying to get students involved. It's a lot more  Popular here than it was when I was at UCLA when I was a UCLA  Very few students did undergraduate research in chemistry when I came here  I was amazed at how many  Undergraduates were doing graduate undergraduate research  So it's really something you should try and do as I said, Yanni is one of the two undergrads in my group both veterans a  Navy medic and then a  Marine who was in  He's not the reserves now. I think he was in four or six years went in the day after 9-11 and  was a marine did some bad things and  Then came back  Okay  Any questions about undergraduate search? Any questions?  Okay, so a few definitions, okay  We have adhesion and cohesion  Have you ever been on a team or in a Boy Scout or Girl Scout unit or  Some sort of thing where you talk about a cohesive unit?  You've ever heard that term. It was a cohesive group. That means that there was a lot of  You can count on the next person. Okay, there was an attraction  Okay, that is cohesion  Adhesion is like adhesive tape  Sticks to things. Okay, so we're gonna go through that right here and also, you know that the notes have been they're posted, right?  Okay  So you've got liquid liquid  Forces, which is the attractive forces between liquid molecules. You got a liquid substrate  Which is the attractive forces between the liquid and the substrate that folks is like a true false question on an exam  Okay  You need to be I don't want I don't want to teach toward the exams  I don't want you people to just say well  Do I need to know that for the exam? But you need to it's always kind of nice if you go into an exam and there's a question  This is exactly how you thought it was going to be asked. Okay  So you need to learn the material, but you can also think about you know, could he ask this and if so, how could he ask it?  So here's the difference in this case  We have these droplets and they're sort of grabbing on to each other to form these little round drop that folks is cohesion  That's a cohesive unit. Okay  Here look at this you've got the burette  You've got let's say water in here and you've got it climbing up the sides  there's actually an attraction between  The water and the substrate turns out this is made out of silicon oxides. Why it's glass  It's got a lot of oxygen in there. Okay, oxygen has lone pair electrons  lone pair electrons like  Something that's got some hydrogen bonding potential. So the water is actually hydrogen bonding to that surface right there  So there is a cohesive and adhesive and so if you see something climbing up like that that is adhesion  This is a nice example of cohesion  So you got that in your notes once again if there's some adhesion then there the liquid substrate is bigger than the  substrate or the liquid liquid and therefore it climbs up cohesion  It's not yes, you know  That's awesome. Osmotic pressure  It's hydrogen bonding that makes the plants really big and tall, but that's a little bit different  That's that's sort of like you pour water into on into the dirt and it just sort of  Spreads out I wouldn't say that that's it's a good question  Hmm anybody want to answer that?  What was the question?  Question was is that when you have roots?  Okay, I mean roots usually it's the osmotic pressure. We're gonna actually do us  Are we gonna do osmotic pressure? I think we're gonna do osmotic pressure sometime this quarter ask me that  Okay, I promise this won't be on the exam this this time  Okay, that's a good question that I should actually know the answer for but I don't  Okay, so  We said this was adhesion right here, okay, I don't know what this pink stuff is Kool-aid something  and  And you can see that it creeps up like that, but look what happens with mercury  Mercury doesn't hydrogen bond  Okay  Mercury is just dispersion  It's just an atom of mercury with another atom of mercury and and there's just this attraction  Okay, this is just pure mercury and look at it doesn't stick on this at all  And so it bubbles up because almost like the water droplets did on the surface  Okay, there's no attraction at all to the  glass wall for mercury so  So  So  It has this cone or this  Spherical top whereas this goes the other way. Okay, so this is a case where that where it just  Liquid liquid is  Stronger than liquid substrate here liquid liquid is not as strong as liquid substrate. It's what climbs up  So this is cohesion and this is adhesion  This is just a nice little picture  I'm not sure how they made this but some waxy plant that doesn't really have much  stickiness to it and so these  drops of water form and  The force is always inward and if you have something that's inward it just makes a drop a complete sphere  all right  That's just a nice picture of surface tension, okay  Viscosity  So you're going to need to know generally speaking what is viscosity?  So viscosity is a measure of how  Sort of fluid something is if you have and so they actually have measures of it  So we've got four different liquids  In a test tube and you drop  I don't know a metal ball into it the one that drops the fastest. This is the less the least viscous  This is let's say water. This is honey  Okay, that's how I remember it  Water and honey one you can pour easily one you just sort of sit forever. Okay, I'm a lassus or  Let's say syrup syrup is between honey and water, right?  You can pour you know it kind of hangs on and glops, you know if you ever put that in your pancakes or something like this  You go like this and long stringy stuff  Okay, and honey. Yeah, I can get honey  Hang out this long. I can't get a water drop with this do that. So that's the viscosity  Okay, and there are measures of viscosity. I do not expect you to know  but  if  Okay, I don't care about any of this if I gave you this though  Okay, this glycerol. It's like  Honey, okay  It's got a very big  Viscosity okay, so the bigger the viscosity the more it resists flow wings. Okay, so if I gave you this  If I said okay here the three here's a bcd and I said here are the four viscosity coefficients for this  Put them in the right order you decide this one to a this one to be I don't see a huge difference between these two  I mean water and ethanol none look too strong to me, but anyway, this one is very strong. So once again, we say things are viscous  Now we can make things less viscous  Okay, the same substance what do I have to do to honey? That's barely able to pour in this room  How would I make it so that would pour more easily?  Heat it up. That's right. You can change so this is at a given temperature  Okay, so I can change how things pour by heating it up or cooling it down. Okay  All right, viscosity remember it  Okay, now we go to water  Okay water is  Very very special to us. I wish they had put one less ice cube in here  Would look better because then you could have seen that it was actually floating  Okay most compounds most  The solid form is more dense than the liquid form  Almost all solids are that way  That they're that they the solid form is denser that means more molecules per cubic centimeter per volume  Than the liquid not with water  Okay  That's why ice cubes float  All right, that's why ice forms on the top and doesn't sink to the bottom. It's good for us  Okay, so water is very special and we're going to go over this for a bit  Because I like water and I actually understand it. Okay, so this is the structure of ice  And  It forms these nice. This is sort of like this 3d structure of ice what I want you to really understand though is this  Okay, once again, I'm trying to teach you to think  I'm trying to think trying to teach you how to think critically to look at something for which you have no background  And yet be able to understand something so I want you to look at this right here and just think  Okay, it's something that you're not challenged enough to do. I'm gonna give you one minute of silence  Okay, I want you to look at this and think about what does this mean? Okay, this is zero degrees is right there  Okay, right right there is zero degrees just so you case you're not very good. You're vertically challenged or something here, okay?  Now I don't mean short  so  Just look at that and  What does this mean what's your name?  David what does this mean to David? Okay, what does this mean to?  Brianna  Look at that curve right there  Gosh one minute  Have you ever just stared at a plot like this for a minute and tried to think what what does this mean?  Okay, because folks this is the kind of thing that is asked on  Exams like an MCAT or maybe an SAT. I don't know was there something on an SAT?  No, okay, I never took the SAT so I don't know okay, well, it should have been on the SAT, okay?  Who wants to tell me what does this mean to you? What is this?  How do you interpret this? What does this mean to the world what or am I just a crazy old man or both?  Okay, you ask a lot of questions. How about you really loud  So as the temperature increases going this direction the density decreases  Only from four degrees four degrees folks is  That point right there, okay? It's not shown very well, but four degrees is where the density of water is that it's absolute most  What does that mean  What does that mean folks if I've got a bottle this is 500 cc's right here?  Okay  If I have an absolute set volume this thing can kind of wiggle it there  Let's say it was made out of steel. I  Had a steel container all right  exactly  I had this problem last night  Exactly 500 cc's  Okay  At what temperature do I need this container to be and the water I pour into it to get the absolute most molecules in  that container  for degrees  Okay, and let's just say in my world  That at four degrees I can put one million molecules of water  One million it's actually a lot more than that, but let's say one million molecules of water in that  volume  Okay  At four degrees  How many molecules  Could I put in that volume if instead the temperature were 40 degrees?  The answer is here folks. Don't look at me  40 degrees  If you're right there  How many molecules  Maybe  999,000 or maybe 999 wait  990,000 990,000  You know where I'm going on this okay less  That'd be the good answer on the exam  less  Okay, unless I've got a number okay now if I ask you to calculate it  If you just say less you're probably not gonna get all the points okay  The point is is that at 40 degrees?  The density is about point nine that means I can only I can put in 1% less  molecules in that half a liter  Okay  What if I have it at 70 degrees?  Even less good answer  Okay, 97 and a half percent of the molecules that were in there will fit  Okay, what happens if we go from four degrees to zero  Better there  You know instead of a million maybe you could put 990,900 I  Didn't say that right 999 comma zero zero zero thank you. I'm cheating. I don't know what my I don't have forgotten my numbers okay  Or let's say we cannot change the number of molecules  Okay, I have a half a liter here  500 cc's exactly filled right to the very top at four degrees  Think about this I've got Don Soda right there four degrees exactly at the top  And we just let it warm up to room temperature  What you do this experiment this would be a good experiment  Nancy  remind me in this in office hours to write this down  Because I'll forget  Okay, so my question to you though is is that if I have this sitting here. It's exactly four degrees  And it's right to the very top  What happens is it warms up assuming no evaporation?  It's gonna overflow  You understand that it's gonna overflow because the number of molecules stays the same and as the density changes  Those molecules need a little bit more space  Okay, a little bit more space well the only place to get spaces come out the top  And so where does it end up spilled on the table right?  You understand that  Okay, four degrees folks remember that yeah, this thing is driving me crazy today  Now look at this for one minute  Don't worry about that that word yeah  This is a word you will never hear again for my lips like that. I didn't know how to say it  Epipelagic  Somebody with an iPhone look that up I think that's how you pronounce that  epipelagic  Think it means like where the action is like this class  This is where it's happening  This is the ocean by the way, okay, quit laughing at me this guy's laughing. I'm too much fun in this class  So I think that this is the top of the ocean and it's saying that 200 meters down is and I think this means like that's where  like sunlight gets through and  and there's a lot of plankton and fish and  Plankton and fish and can you say it what do you say?  Okay, I thought you could say the word but okay, so what does this mean to you?  So the last plot said what the density was yes you  I  As the what okay, so he's saying that is the pressure  Okay, so you could look at that yes, okay  He's saying that as the pressure which is the depth as it decreases the temperature  As this increases this decreases  Okay, that's that is a literal interpretation  interpretation, okay, yes, okay  So  It's that's sort of the cut it's not it's not  It's not I mean if it's getting cold day maximum density down here, okay?  But it's also maximum density  You've got pressure on top, but it's also because it just getting colder down there. The heat source is on top  Okay, so this is just sort of four degrees is about the at the actually from here down. It's four degrees  Okay  What does this mean to you?  Go back to the slide before and think about density and then look at this yes  Okay, that's what that's what this is but let me give you a hint  Okay, my research involves global warming  So we just had this little discussion about my 500 cc four degree  water bottle  Okay at four degrees we said it's gonna as it warms up. It's gonna spill on to the table  Look at this. This is what's happening in the ocean  What happens if the temperature on top goes not goes from 13 to 14?  Or let's say this whole curve shifts  She's a week I don't know where to stand  Yes  Yes, that's what I want  Okay, sea level rises  Same number molecules. I'm not talking folks about runoff from the glaciers  Okay, I'm not talking about the South Pole melting and making sea level go up that  Unfortunately has also happened  I'm talking about just if we don't change the number of molecules of water at all in the ocean  If we let the temperature increase  Okay  The average here once again, I don't know what the average temperature is it's four way down here  But up on top in the top, you know  Thousand meters the average is sort of right about there at about maybe eight or who knows what?  Okay, if that value changes and  warms up  It warms up folks  Look what's happening  Warms up which way are we headed on this thing this way?  We're heading this direct  We're headed in this direction  Okay  Anytime you're warming or cooling. Okay, if we were having a problem of cooling if we got  Where the waters were getting colder than four degrees?  They would also get bigger four degrees is the maximum density  Okay  Maximum density so it makes sense that down low. It's at four degrees  Okay, because you got all this pressure. You should what this guy said  But as we warm up folks now, we're not going to get 80 degrees  Okay, look at this right now. Let's say I asked this question. I'm challenging you to think folks  Okay, you might say this can every on an exam. This is on the exam of life  Okay. Yeah, occasionally you need to do a little bit of thinking outside the box  Here's a question if I give you that on an exam, I won't give it on the next exam  But I can give it on the final where you have two hours  Okay, you have a little bit of time to actually think and and write something  If I gave you that plot  And I said what's your name?  rim-gen rim-gen comes in to class with  Cold water one gallon of cold water  Okay for the final  Okay, you need to stay hydrated. Okay  And because she also sits in the front she puts it right here  Gallo thing okay much bigger than this young ladies  Leader or so, okay, but this is a nice example. Okay  Okay  Four degrees or let's say ten degrees. Okay ten degrees  Not ten degrees  Coffee I need something warm  Coffee keeps you awake. Okay, so let's say she comes with a gallon of coffee  This will be a problem later on in the final  But it may be a good idea for the first 30 or 40 minutes and that coffee is what temperature  What temperature do you get your I never understand how people drink coffee?  You know, it's like boiling  Do you do how who in this room drinks it like as soon as you like get it  You know from the the dispenser or something is anybody actually that guy back there I  Mean I'm just saying I mean I got like a sissy mouth  You know I can't drink anything if it's like more than about a hundred and four degrees. I can't drink it  It has to be not lukewarm. I mean I like it to be warm coffee, but I just I've seen people just  Yeah, so let's say that person that guy back there who raised his hand brings in the coffee  Okay, 50 degrees Celsius is warm. It's like 130 degrees. I think  It's warm too hot for me to drink. Okay, but let's say it's at 50  Okay, what is the density of the water in that coffee at 50 degrees folks?  You you lady right there. Okay, what do you think 50 degrees? What is the density? I?  Say up like maybe point nine eight five, okay now same way  What is the density of an ice cube at ten below?  Hello  Right more than that  So what happens what happens folks  If I bring an ice cube, it's ten degrees below zero  And I drop it in that guy that guy right there. Yeah, sorry about the laser in your eye, but you  That guy's coffee  Which is got this density  What does that ice cube do?  Melt smart ass  That's not the right okay  That's what happens  Okay, that would be of an acceptable answer on the exam, but I  Would probably say something like what happens like instantly  It drops it sinks to the bottom  Because the density of that ice cube is  Greater than the density of the liquid it's in  Okay, you understand that  Okay, so you probably stand why is he teaching us this okay?  But I just want you to learn to think I want you to learn to analyze things and and be able to because I can make  ice cubes sink  Just put it in something  Warm of water  Okay, yes, and it will melt and it'll melt pretty quickly  But it would we would see it just go  Right to the bottom of the thing  Is that cool yes  Can I repeat what I just said I've been gaping for about 15 minutes now, so how much of that you want?  Okay, so  The density of the ice cube at this temperature is about point nine nine five you understand that  That means that you can put  99.5 percent of all the molecules  That would could the maximum amount that would go in water which is at four degrees  That's the density of this so this dance is a little bit less dense that ice cube would float in water. That's four degrees  Okay, now what I don't know  What I don't know is what if we went to minus 30 or 40?  Okay, I don't really know whether this  Tanks goes like I don't know you can look it up. Okay, but let's say most people don't have ice cubes that are colder than 20 degrees below zero  Probably true and so we're looking at something right here. And so this piece of ice is  Gonna float in  Anything that is between of course. This is this is zero right there. I'm not sure where zero is maybe zero's right there  But it's gonna float in anything that is from here to there  This is liquid liquid from here to here. Okay liquid starts right there at zero  So this thing is gonna float in anything that is above  This on the curve, but if you come over to here the temperature the density of the water is less than the density of the ice cube  Okay, so the number of molecules per cubic centimeter for this is  0.99  Five and  Over here. It's about 0.995. So right there. It's gonna just wherever you put it in the water. It's gonna sit  It'll melt, but it'll just sit wherever you put it when it's same exact density  It just sits like no gravity  Okay  As it warms up with the water that you put it in warms up and the density decreases then that  Floating piece of ice the density of it is greater  Density greater means it sinks  So that's what I'm saying is is that that right here you have a density that's that's pretty high  but it's  I mean it's lower than it would be at the four degrees, but anywhere over here from here down  It would actually sink in that  So that's a kind of a question where you know, I would it's a challenge. You understand that  Did that make any sense? What are you said?  Any other questions?  You sure okay  Okay  Okay, this is a question  This is a the way I've got a post here is a multiple choice question. All right  Now  How long did I say you should spell on a multiple choice question about one minute?  Okay multiple choice question one minute two minutes at most  So here it says you got 20 grams of water  Now people think differently my mind thinks differently  I  Would I don't know why I think this way  But I would look at that 20 grams and I would say hmm  That's about how many moles?  One more  One mole of water would be 18 grams right now. I think in moles folks. This is gonna  Bother you as we continue in the quarter. I'm a mole guy. All right  So I just immediately put things in moles because I know that you need a model this and a model this to make a model that  Not a certain amount of weight. Okay, so  One mole  About of water  Okay  How many agree with that that's close to a mole? Okay?  Close to a mole a little bit more than a mole now. I told you on I think day one  That rule of thumb rule of thumb  What is the volume difference between a liquid and a gas a  Thousand thank you. How many remember me saying that?  That it's about a thousand. Okay, it could be 1500 it could be 500, but it's about a thousand  So if you were given 25 grams and I've already gone over the fact that the density of water is one  So that 25 at 20 grams is really 20 ccs. Okay?  20 ccs. All right  multiply that by a thousand  Okay, how many liters would that give you?  You have point oh two liters  And you multiply by a thousand  20 liters  You understand that  20 liters  Okay, how much volume do they actually give you?  One it's a closed thing. Okay, it's a closed volume  You got one liter  Is that enough to have all the water molecules be a liquid?  No, you need 20 liters  Okay, or more  To be able to have all the water molecules be in the gas phase  So what happens to the water molecules that are not in the gas phase?  What are the what phase are they in?  the liquid phase so  You look at this you should be able to in 20 seconds answer this question  Okay, you look at it. Okay. I got 20. I got a  mole a  mole of a gas is how much volume 22.4 liters or  20 liters. Okay, it's rough  20 liters and they only give me one  So only a small amount  Only a small amount of the actual liquid that started is to vaporize  Okay, are we are we understand that how many of you?  Don't have a clue what I'm talking about. It's okay because my mind doesn't  Think okay, so there's at least one person  Who's all right? How about it raise your hand if you if you could if you can do this probably I just said it  Right don't raise your hand raise your hand if you can't  What I just say I'm not sure what are you saying  But somebody raised their hand  Okay, and what they said was I'm not quite sure so what I'm saying is this all roads lead to Rome  Okay, you can do this initially by just doing moles. Okay, so okay look that's more than a mole a  Mole should take up 22.4 liters. I only have one liter  therefore only a small  Five percent of the liquid water is actually going to go to the gas phase  Okay, that means the 95% of it is liquid  So this is the only one that has gas liquid  Okay, now if instead if I had said the flask is a hundred liters  A hundred liters folks, what's the answer?  Right  But it's not it's only a small vessel and therefore it's this  now  That is a two or three point multiple choice question  It could also be a ten point  free response question  Okay, I would then have to give you the temperature and all but I would have I would then say okay. What is  How many what is the volume of liquid?  right there  after this happens  Then you'd have to do a lot more you'd have to actually figure out the number of moles know the temperature and figure out you say geez only  You know if I started with 20 grams only  19.11 grams of water are here  The other point 89 grams is in the gas phase  That's a lot tougher. That's worth ten points. That's worth spending you know five or ten minutes on maybe I tend  But you should be able to look at a question of multiple choice and so okay  It's got to be honest. The problem is is that this is always a kicker. I always hated these can't tell  So this is a closed vessel once again next question  Okay, no, I don't like the way they answer  I don't like the way they do it. So now if you were to take this to Aspen, Colorado  Now right off folks, you know that this is a bogus question  Okay, so how many you know where Aspen is?  Some of you don't even know where Aspen, Colorado is  How can they ask a chemistry question about geography?  What they're trying to say is that if you know that Aspen is close to Detroit I  Mean neck that close to Denver starts at a D  There might be an Aspen in Michigan, I don't know but it's not the one they were thinking about since this is  I can call it off. It's a mile high stadium  my high stadium  So they're saying that the pressure is less they don't know where we filled this  What have we filled at Mexico City, which is at 10,000 feet?  So you already know it's a bogus answer  bogus question  What happens to the pressure and the flask nothing? It's a flask. Okay, it's not a it's this  You think the shape of this is going to change  Okay, I'm guarantee you you take this on an airplane  This isn't gonna change. Okay when this young lady goes up and it's half full. It's not gonna do  this  Which is what happens, you know you when you go up high and then you take a drink and then you land and it looks like this  That's because this is flimsy. This is hard. You're not gonna change the volume of this  You'd have to run a truck over this thing  Okay, so that's what we're talking about here. So that volume just you move it around and nothing changes  Okay, so it's a stupid question  But it's an easy answer, okay  It does not change  It's the same. Yes. Okay. Okay. Now  Here's a little something about  The atmosphere. Okay, this is all water stuff. Okay  Some of you know this some of you're gonna go my gosh this guy is killing me today  But how many of you have ever been to an extremely brutally hot and humid place  Okay  You where  Vegas, okay, it's  Brutally hot. It's not as humid as I was hoping for but okay  Who wants to top Vegas?  You  New York, okay  Thailand, yeah Vietnam Thailand been there done that. Okay  When the military we have a term for how hot it was but I won't I can't say that  In the six in the 60s I could I can't know. Yeah  Yes, hot and humid Florida. Okay the East Coast. I mean  All over the world. There are some places in the tropics that are just killer hot and and I was in a place called B. O.  It's yeah, it's right at the equator. I mean like within 10 miles the equator at noontime  The Sun was exactly above me. Oh  My god, there's water everywhere  It was  miserable, okay  Hotter than 32  But what makes things  Really bad for a person like me who sweats a lot  Okay, I'm not too bad if I am in Palm Springs  Okay, or a place that it doesn't have any water nearby  100 degrees I sweat a lot  Turns out that the water molecules that for my sweat jump off my body  But it's true they jump off, but I have to give them the energy to jump  It's called heat of vaporization  Gotta come from somewhere come from dawn  So I cool down  That's why I sweat  Okay, guess the bad news when dawn's in Thailand  Is that those molecules can't jump  Because the water is full of are the air is full of water  Okay, it's like 95% real. It's 100 degrees and it's raining  Who you laugh Jessica you laugh who's ever been in something. It's about 100 degrees and it's raining. Yeah, see  So if you have sweat guess what it does it accumulates on you and  If you can't have the molecules jump off and take the energy with them  Then guess what it stays with you. So dawn walks around Thailand or Vietnam  sweat  And uncomfortable because the sweat is doing me absolutely no good  Okay, so at hotter temperatures  The air can hold warm water  Okay  At when I'm at the South Pole folks  Okay, and at the South Pole it has not been warmer than minus 23 in something like four million years  Do you have to take my word and  Yet you know what the relative humidity the relative humidity at the South Pole  23 below when I was there at 60 below  Okay  Anybody want to guess what the relative humidity at the South Pole was when dawn was there when it was 60 below a  hundred percent  100% relative humidity  Sounds bad, but it wasn't bad. It was cold horrible  The point is is that the temperature of the air  Determines how much water it can hold  So at minus 60 the amount of water that you could actually have in air before it turns into a cloud is like  tiny tiny tiny  Okay, less than a thousandth of an atmosphere of water  If instead you go to a place like Jeddah in Saudi Arabia where I've been in the summertime  You got the Red Sea right there almost boiling it seems like  And it's just hotter than the son of a gun  The the air temperature might be 50 degrees  Maybe not quite that up close to 50 at 50 degrees the air can hold a whole bunch of water  This guy's looking like  Explain that professor Blake. I'm gonna right now  so at the surface  You got an air parcel. I don't care if it's if this room were 32 degrees. It's not but let's say there's certainly our times when  So in California can be that warm you have this volume that moves up  this volume gets bigger as it moves up because  Gas expands as you go up  Okay, so at 32 degrees. It's this big at 22. It's this big it just keeps getting bigger bigger bigger, but  With the amount of water that was in this air at two degrees C  two degrees C  It can't hold the water anymore  because the vapor pressure of water at two degrees is a couple tour  Okay a couple millimeters of mercury maybe like six  Okay, so what this is saying at a six six millimeters of mercury of water in of water in the the the air mass now  You can't hold in the air  If you can't hold the air, what's the next phase it goes to goes to the liquid phase  That's how clouds are formed  You bring the warm air that has water in it up and at some temperature. It's not necessarily two degrees  Sometimes it's ten degrees  Yeah, there's a lot of water it can be you know twelve degrees  Goes up and at some point it forms clouds  Okay, that's how life works now in terms of  So at 25 degrees  You can have this much of an atmosphere that's 31  well  31 millibars, okay, so it's a tiny bit. It's about 130th of  of  Atmospheric pressure you can have as  Water in the gas  20 grams per  one kilogram  Okay, and  That's what the picture looks like and if you have that at you have that much at 25 degrees you are 100%  relative humidity  Okay, you cannot get any more if this number were increased to 21 then we'd have to get some liquid in here  Okay  any more than  20 or  Lee this is killing me today  but  What happens if instead at 25 degrees we only have point oh nine grams?  This mini-gram or sorry point oh nine this mini-gram so about a third of that at the same temperature  What's gonna happen over here?  Fewer molecules  vapor pressure is the same look at that 30%  So folks on the news when you see all the unit relative humidity is 30%  That means it's 30% of the maximum we can be  That means it's 30% of the maximum we can be  And obviously the temperature determines how much is going to go in  So if you count these let's count them. Let me go back one. I want you to count how many molecules are actually in that box  One looks like six six molecules in that box seven  Seven sorry  It looks different up here. So seven molecules in that box. Okay?  If we change that temperature from 25 to 20  At least one of those would have to drop out and become a liquid  Okay  Now look at this. What happens at five degrees higher up in the atmosphere or just some other place in the world?  If you have the same amount you have six grams of water per kilogram  Okay, so the same numbers you can have seven  Molecules of water in that box just like below it. There's seven. Am I right?  Seven again. Guess what the relative humidity is?  100%  Because at five degrees  The most molecules you can cram into that box is seven  You make it warmer you can cram more in  So that folks is what tells you about how sort of wet or dry it is outside you got to have the relative humidity  Okay  So that's how it works temperature determines how much can go in so this is a hundred percent right here  so a phone exam I said  estimate use this to estimate what is the  Relative humidity  When you have this 20 grams of water per kilogram when the temperature is 35 degrees C  35 degrees C  What would you estimate?  The relative humidity is when you only have 20 grams per kilogram so in other words you have the same number of molecules  But now we're going to 35 degrees C. What would you estimate the relative humidity to be you?  60% 60% great answer  Okay, why because we're saying we actually could have more molecules in there  Okay, if he'd have said 90% that would have been a great answer any answer that would say it would be less than a hundred percent  Okay, 60 is probably pretty pretty close  So you see what I'm saying  Who doesn't get this?  You don't get okay, so what I'm saying is is that?  Let's use this room as an example, okay?  I'm not sure I'm gonna I'm not feeling very smart today, so I'm not sure this is gonna even make any sense, but go with me  So we have room that one room  That holds 473 people  Okay  I'm not feeling very smart who wants to come up with an analogy for me  Yes, it's not so easy okay, well I'm trying to come up with something where it was like you know you got limited size here, but  Okay, this isn't bad  Nope, never mind. There's a bad one went with opposite way. Okay. Well, you're just gonna have to learn this on your own  I guess cuz I've tried  Okay, the point is is that it's relative  Okay, it's relative to the maximum  Okay, and if I already give you something like this and this says right here at 25 degrees  You can have 20 grams of water per kilogram and that gives you 100% relative humidity  If I gave you  30 grams  Okay, here's question  30 grams  In this closed container  This is one kilogram of air  Okay  If 20 kilograms is 100%  What if I what if I gave you 30 grams? Sorry 30 grams of water  How many grams of water would be sitting on the bottom  10 right this is as much water as you can get in it  You can't get any more it rains. It actually rains or makes fog  Okay, I  Don't know I think I'm losing you  Okay  now  This is what an adiabatic expansion. This is what the atmospheric temperature should look like  Okay, temperature getting bigger this way altitude here. This is what the temperature of the atmosphere  Would in theory be  except  That's what it is  Anybody want to guess why?  Look at that for just a second. It looks very different  Instead of it just falling off with  pressure  As the pressure decreases the temperature decreases, okay?  Instead it does this it starts off. Okay  Trend is this when all of a sudden it turns back and then it starts to go this way and eventually it actually would go over there  Well you're gonna know  Oops remember this from day one  Day one I showed you this I told you you didn't have to know it  Okay, I just wanted to show you how ozone protects us  Okay, now look at this again  I've said that an oxygen at a molecule gets hit with light  Certain wavelength breaks up into two oxygen atoms  An oxygen atom then can go together an oxygen molecule and then I said there was this M  That I didn't tell you about and then you formed ozone. That was the important thing that day that ozone then comes here  And it absorbs radiation. Okay, this happens a lot forms radiation or hits hit by this radiation makes an O2 and an O  The O2 O goes right back up here and cycles. This is a cycle goes a lot and it goes fast  This doesn't happen that often and this doesn't happen that often. This is what really is going and going and going I  Didn't tell you what the M was  M is a third body  Okay, this has too much energy in it. Look at this you had an ozone molecule was hit with radiation  If you have enough energy to break that molecule up  Why is it going to go back together?  You broke it apart  No reason for it to go together  except  It ends up giving some energy to this third body which is going to be oxygen and nitrogen  That's what makes up 99% of the atmosphere oxygen and nitrogen  So it runs into an oxygen or nitrogen and gives up its energy and that's what that M star is  folks is that M star  Just that that M star in the ozone layer  The causes that look at that it's in the ozone layer where this all happens ozone layers here  Temperature goes up. It's all because of M star. It's all because you have ozone broken apart  absorbing the sunlight  radiation and  Then what happens is the radiation is sort of turned into heat  Okay by that M star molecule comes along grabs a little energy gets excited  warms things up  Who would have thought that my first lecture was going to come back on our third lecture  That shows you how brilliant I am I had this planned from the beginning  You don't believe that good you shouldn't I just had to notice it yesterday, so I  Thought it's a nice little segue. So do you understand their molecular forces?  I'm going to send you this table. I will email this table to all of you today  It's a nice little  cheater  gives you some idea of the range and size of  of  Different intermolecular forces now hold on hold on  You'll leave early, but not this early  The important ones I'm dipole very strong dipole dipole down to two blah blah blah dipole these dipole and hydrogen bonding  now don't freak out  You don't you only have a couple of hydrogen bonds per molecule  Okay, let's say with water you've got to free each molecule  Okay  So two times 20 is 40  I've told you about cooking oil  How it boils at a much higher temperature than water and you go how can that happen if it's only two  It's two because you can have many of them  The longer more spaghetti like the molecule the more twos you add together  So you might have cooking oil might have a hundred of these little  Dipole and dice do doose dipoles so it's a hundred times two gives you two hundred  So that's how you can have once you get all these things are added up. Oh  So I will email you this okay  You get this  So you wouldn't have gotten this on the first day of class  This is a polar bear in case you couldn't figure out and this is a brown bear  Okay, let's stop here
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