Old Lithuanian – Morphology, Part 2
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Gelumbeckaitė, Jolanta
Introduction to the inflectional morphology of Old Lithuanian. This lecture covers the topics of declension of nouns and conjugation of verbs.
 Hello everybody! Welcome to the second lesson of our module on Old Lithanian morphology. In this video, you will get an overview of inflection of Old Lithanian, both declension and conjugation. The Old Lithanian noun distinguishes gender, number and case. The adjective distinguishes the same categories as the noun and agrees with it consistently. Old Lithanian retained C7 cases out of 8, which are reconstructed for proto-Indo-European. Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative. Addictives have no vocative case usually. The ablative has merged with the genitive exactly like it did in Old Greek. Substantives can be masculine and feminine. Along with singular and plural, Old Lithanian retained dual. In his lectures on morphosyntax, my colleague Jurgis will tell you more detailed about 4 new cases in Old Lithanian, also about a definite declension of the adjectives and also about dual. Let's go on. Baltic descendants of the proto-Indo-European, ja and ja stems are highly productive. Baltic e stem is just as well productive. To the contrary, i and u stems, and especially the consonant stem, are not productive. They shift gradually to the productive ones. Consonant stems alternate with i, a and ja stems already in Old Lithanian. Let me show you an example of one declination. I chose the a stem Vilkas, wolf for you. Maybe you can recognize it from other Indo-European languages. So, let's go. The paradigm. Singular. Nominative Vilkas. Genitive Vilko. Dative Vilkui. Accusative Vilka. Instrumental Vilko. Locative Vilke. Vocative Vilke. Plural. Nominative Vilke. Genitive Vilku. Dative Vilkums. Accusative Vilkus. Instrumental Vilkeis. Locative Vilkua. The dual is used quite regularly in Old Lithanian, and here we have also dual forms. Let's go back to the table. Nominative Vilku. Dative Vilkam. Instrumental Vilkam. So, the dual you can find quite regularly in Old Lithanian, but usually only in the Nominative. The Genitive and Locative were replaced by the plural forms already in the oldest texts. Generally, the dual paradigm consists of three forms, as you saw. One form is identical for Nominative, Accusative and Vocative. The Dative and Instrumental differ only by intonation. Let me pronounce it again. Vilkam. Dative and Vilkam. Instrumental. Let's go on. A and ja stemms. A masculine in Lithuanian. Like Vilkas and ja stemms. Broles. Addictive Geras. Dative plural ending. Arms alternates with Amus in Old Lithuanian. Let's see in the list. Apostolams and Angeloamus. It could be that Amus reflects an accented ending, omus, with a change of o into u in final syllable. This long ending, Amus, was shortened very late. That is why there was no change into unz in Eastern Old Lithuanian, but should be expected from an old nasal diphthong, Am. All the endings show a high degree of fusion with thematic vowels. Because of that, the traditional grammar treats the ending proper and the thematic vowel as synchronically indivisible endings. The locative plural, aplosu, it means apostolosu. Aplosu is an abbreviation. Has a half paradigmatic ending, wosu. Stung and Majuli is considered that the pospositional inesive ending, wosse, derived from wosu plus en. These both endings alternate with the third one, wosa in Old Lithuanian. Let's go to Feminina. Astem, jastem and estem. They are Feminina in Lithuanian. Ranka, jastem, dvosa, adektiv, göra, estem, nasle. This stem, i, is completely parallel to astem. Nasle, jame and other examples. Also in this stem, dative plural ending, we can look at it. Dative plural ending, maldoms, omms, prayer, alternates, maldoms, alternates with the ending omus. Like maldomus and this estem, naslemus. Such forms you can find very often in Old Lithuanian texts. Also in this stem, you see free locative endings. Let's look at it. Locative plural, maldosu, osu, múkose, osse and knígose, osa. This was problematic already in Old Lithuanian times. Daniel Klein discussed this problem of the Lithuanian writers as he called and suggested a solution. The ending se for the masculina and the ending sa for the Feminina. Let's go on, istem. Istem declension contains mostly feminine nouns, which were either inherited from common Baltic or have been transferred to this class from consonant stems. Dative singular ending, let's look at the words. Dative singular ending, i o ija, is well retained in Old Lithuanian. In modern Lithuanian, it was replaced through a form from ja and jot stems. So in modern Lithuanian, we would have the ending i here. The locative ending like naktaja, is a pospositional form from the Old Locative, a plus n. You could probably predict the dative and locative plural has more endings. Of course, imus and isa, we saw it in other stems. Let's go on, ustem. Masculina, dangus, heaven and adjectives, saldos, sweet. The dative and locative plural of ustem's nouns, they are built by analogy. Locative, look at it, locative, dangusa, o dangusu. Secondary forms of the locative, use and use, uase, they are based on estems and on astems. Adjectives of ustem retain their nominal endings. For example, we have the example in the dative, saldumis, plural dative. Dangumus, dangumus and the adjective ending umis. The Baltic consonants stem declension is not intact. In Old Lithuanian, this stem was much more productive. Masculina are of n stem, like akmoa. Look at the list, masculina n stem akmoa. The stem augments from the nominative you don't see the stem. Feminina are of r stem, like duktae, the same here. Other casus show the stem dukter. Genitive, let's look at the list. Genitive singular, akmenes, akmenes and sasseres. Dative, I won't point it, you see it in the list. Dative, akmenia sasseria. The endings came from estems. Instrumental singular, an old form akmenmi. From akmenmi. This shows that the ending was added directly to the nominal stem. To the consonant stem belongs also the stem žmur, human being. Look at the folio, here žmur, human being. Genitive singular, žmunes. You see here, genitive singular žmunes. From the Baltic stem žmón. In Outlethian, feminine adjectives agree with the plural form žmones. Here you see the sentence from Vilentas, from Cathicismus. Mas jaunas ir prastas žmones. Young and simple jaunas ir prastas, the endings show the feminine gender. Now let's have a look at the adjective. In modern Lithuanian, adjectival endings are mostly identical with the nouns, except few cases. If I may, I read the whole paradigm for you. Our stem, old. Singular nominative, sernas, and we are here by masculine. Sernas, genitive serno, dative sannam. Remember the substantives had ending új, accusative sanna, instrumental sannu, locative sannam, the nouns we had the ending é, and plural, senni, remember the nouns we had vilkai. Sennu, dative senniams, remember the nouns, vilkams, accusative sennus, instrumental sannais, locative sennuase. And also these three dual forms, sennu, senniam, senniam. And now let me take you to the verbs. Modern Lithuanian retain the difference between atomic and thematic verbs. Atomatic endings do not differ from the thematic ones, in the first and second plural person. In the third person, there is no numerous opposition. In modern Lithuanian, most thematic verbs inflect a simple thematic verb. The endings show a high degree of fusion with thematic vowels, like in nominal case. Other thematic examples, which you can find in Old Lithuanian, you see on the picture, for example, they are much more, they were very popular thematic conjugation verbs. Dämmi, I put, duammi, I give. Also in a reflexive or middle form, duammias, miagmi, ateimi, liagmi, and so on. Now I will read one paradigm in the present tense for you. Atomatic, see, on the left side, you have the verb buti, to be. And the present tense of it is a sublative form. The verb buti is one of the very few sublative verbs in Lithuanian. So I am is esmi, second essi, first plural, esme, second plural, este, third person, este, first dual, esva, and second dual, esta. And you can compare it with the thematic conjugation. You see here the first person, dedu, and the infinitive would be, I write it for you, dete, dete, high, te, means to put. Dedo, second singular, dede, plural, derdeme, second derdete, third derde, dual, derdever, and derdete. Lithuanian marks tense and mood synthetically. Since Jurgis will talk about specific matters of morphothyntics, on this slide I can present for you a verbal paradigm in its wholeness. This concludes our survey on Outlethianian morphology. I thank you very much for your attention. I hope I could awaken your interest in matters, and you want to learn more about Outlethianian. One more section on morphosyntics, and the text samples are waiting for you. My dear colleague Jurgis will introduce you to both of them, and I say goodbye.
 Hello everybody! Welcome to the second lesson of our module on Old Lithanian morphology.  In this video, you will get an overview of inflection of Old Lithanian, both declension and conjugation.  The Old Lithanian noun distinguishes gender, number and case.  The adjective distinguishes the same categories as the noun and agrees with it consistently.  Old Lithanian retained C7 cases out of 8, which are reconstructed for proto-Indo-European.  Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative.  Addictives have no vocative case usually.  The ablative has merged with the genitive exactly like it did in Old Greek.  Substantives can be masculine and feminine. Along with singular and plural, Old Lithanian retained dual.  In his lectures on morphosyntax, my colleague Jurgis will tell you more detailed about 4 new cases in Old Lithanian,  also about a definite declension of the adjectives and also about dual.  Let's go on.  Baltic descendants of the proto-Indo-European, ja and ja stems are highly productive.  Baltic e stem is just as well productive.  To the contrary, i and u stems, and especially the consonant stem, are not productive.  They shift gradually to the productive ones.  Consonant stems alternate with i, a and ja stems already in Old Lithanian.  Let me show you an example of one declination.  I chose the a stem Vilkas, wolf for you.  Maybe you can recognize it from other Indo-European languages.  So, let's go. The paradigm.  Singular. Nominative Vilkas. Genitive Vilko. Dative Vilkui. Accusative Vilka. Instrumental Vilko. Locative Vilke. Vocative Vilke.  Plural. Nominative Vilke. Genitive Vilku. Dative Vilkums. Accusative Vilkus. Instrumental Vilkeis. Locative Vilkua.  The dual is used quite regularly in Old Lithanian, and here we have also dual forms. Let's go back to the table.  Nominative Vilku. Dative Vilkam. Instrumental Vilkam.  So, the dual you can find quite regularly in Old Lithanian, but usually only in the Nominative.  The Genitive and Locative were replaced by the plural forms already in the oldest texts.  Generally, the dual paradigm consists of three forms, as you saw.  One form is identical for Nominative, Accusative and Vocative.  The Dative and Instrumental differ only by intonation. Let me pronounce it again.  Vilkam. Dative and Vilkam. Instrumental. Let's go on.  A and ja stemms. A masculine in Lithuanian. Like Vilkas and ja stemms. Broles.  Addictive Geras. Dative plural ending. Arms alternates with Amus in Old Lithuanian.  Let's see in the list.  Apostolams and Angeloamus.  It could be that Amus reflects an accented ending, omus, with a change of o into u in final syllable.  This long ending, Amus, was shortened very late. That is why there was no change into unz in Eastern Old Lithuanian,  but should be expected from an old nasal diphthong, Am.  All the endings show a high degree of fusion with thematic vowels.  Because of that, the traditional grammar treats the ending proper and the thematic vowel as synchronically indivisible endings.  The locative plural, aplosu, it means apostolosu.  Aplosu is an abbreviation. Has a half paradigmatic ending, wosu.  Stung and Majuli is considered that the pospositional inesive ending, wosse, derived from wosu plus en.  These both endings alternate with the third one, wosa in Old Lithuanian.  Let's go to Feminina. Astem, jastem and estem. They are Feminina in Lithuanian.  Ranka, jastem, dvosa, adektiv, göra, estem, nasle.  This stem, i, is completely parallel to astem. Nasle, jame and other examples.  Also in this stem, dative plural ending, we can look at it.  Dative plural ending, maldoms, omms, prayer, alternates, maldoms, alternates with the ending omus.  Like maldomus and this estem, naslemus.  Such forms you can find very often in Old Lithuanian texts.  Also in this stem, you see free locative endings.  Let's look at it. Locative plural, maldosu, osu, múkose, osse and knígose, osa.  This was problematic already in Old Lithuanian times.  Daniel Klein discussed this problem of the Lithuanian writers as he called and suggested a solution.  The ending se for the masculina and the ending sa for the Feminina.  Let's go on, istem.  Istem declension contains mostly feminine nouns, which were either inherited from common Baltic  or have been transferred to this class from consonant stems.  Dative singular ending, let's look at the words.  Dative singular ending, i o ija, is well retained in Old Lithuanian.  In modern Lithuanian, it was replaced through a form from ja and jot stems.  So in modern Lithuanian, we would have the ending i here.  The locative ending like naktaja, is a pospositional form from the Old Locative, a plus n.  You could probably predict the dative and locative plural has more endings.  Of course, imus and isa, we saw it in other stems.  Let's go on, ustem.  Masculina, dangus, heaven and adjectives, saldos, sweet.  The dative and locative plural of ustem's nouns, they are built by analogy.  Locative, look at it, locative, dangusa, o dangusu.  Secondary forms of the locative, use and use, uase, they are based on estems and on astems.  Adjectives of ustem retain their nominal endings.  For example, we have the example in the dative, saldumis, plural dative.  Dangumus, dangumus and the adjective ending umis.  The Baltic consonants stem declension is not intact.  In Old Lithuanian, this stem was much more productive.  Masculina are of n stem, like akmoa.  Look at the list, masculina n stem akmoa.  The stem augments from the nominative you don't see the stem.  Feminina are of r stem, like duktae, the same here.  Other casus show the stem dukter.  Genitive, let's look at the list.  Genitive singular, akmenes, akmenes and sasseres.  Dative, I won't point it, you see it in the list.  Dative, akmenia sasseria.  The endings came from estems.  Instrumental singular, an old form akmenmi.  From akmenmi.  This shows that the ending was added directly to the nominal stem.  To the consonant stem belongs also the stem žmur, human being.  Look at the folio, here žmur, human being.  Genitive singular, žmunes.  You see here, genitive singular žmunes.  From the Baltic stem žmón.  In Outlethian, feminine adjectives agree with the plural form žmones.  Here you see the sentence from Vilentas, from Cathicismus.  Mas jaunas ir prastas žmones.  Young and simple jaunas ir prastas, the endings show the feminine gender.  Now let's have a look at the adjective.  In modern Lithuanian, adjectival endings are mostly identical with the nouns, except few cases.  If I may, I read the whole paradigm for you.  Our stem, old.  Singular nominative, sernas, and we are here by masculine.  Sernas, genitive serno, dative sannam.  Remember the substantives had ending új,  accusative sanna, instrumental sannu,  locative sannam, the nouns we had the ending é,  and plural, senni, remember the nouns we had vilkai.  Sennu, dative senniams, remember the nouns, vilkams,  accusative sennus, instrumental sannais,  locative sennuase.  And also these three dual forms,  sennu, senniam, senniam.  And now let me take you to the verbs.  Modern Lithuanian retain the difference between atomic and thematic verbs.  Atomatic endings do not differ from the thematic ones,  in the first and second plural person.  In the third person, there is no numerous opposition.  In modern Lithuanian, most thematic verbs inflect a simple thematic verb.  The endings show a high degree of fusion with thematic vowels,  like in nominal case.  Other thematic examples, which you can find in Old Lithuanian,  you see on the picture, for example, they are much more,  they were very popular thematic conjugation verbs.  Dämmi, I put, duammi, I give.  Also in a reflexive or middle form, duammias,  miagmi, ateimi, liagmi, and so on.  Now I will read one paradigm in the present tense for you.  Atomatic, see, on the left side, you have the verb buti, to be.  And the present tense of it is a sublative form.  The verb buti is one of the very few sublative verbs in Lithuanian.  So I am is esmi, second essi, first plural, esme,  second plural, este, third person, este, first dual, esva,  and second dual, esta.  And you can compare it with the thematic conjugation.  You see here the first person, dedu, and the infinitive would be,  I write it for you, dete, dete, high, te, means to put.  Dedo, second singular, dede, plural, derdeme,  second derdete, third derde, dual, derdever, and derdete.  Lithuanian marks tense and mood synthetically.  Since Jurgis will talk about specific matters of morphothyntics,  on this slide I can present for you a verbal paradigm in its wholeness.  This concludes our survey on Outlethianian morphology.  I thank you very much for your attention.  I hope I could awaken your interest in matters,  and you want to learn more about Outlethianian.  One more section on morphosyntics, and the text samples are waiting for you.  My dear colleague Jurgis will introduce you to both of them,  and I say goodbye.
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