Whitney Museum of American Art Early years When was the Museum created? she created in 1918 Who was museum named for? Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, Who was she? Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, the museum's namesake and founder, How did the museum begin? she offered to donate over 500 works of art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but the museum declined the gift.
What did she do when she was declined?
What did Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney do when she was declined?
Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, the museum's namesake and founder, was herself a well-regarded sculptor as well as a serious art collector. As a patron of the arts, she had already achieved some success as the creator of the "Whitney Studio Club", a New York-based exhibition space which she created in 1918 to promote the works of avant-garde and unrecognized American artists. Whitney favored the radical art of the American artists of the Ashcan School such as John Sloan, George Luks and Everett Shinn, as well as others such as Edward Hopper, Stuart Davis, Charles Demuth, Charles Sheeler, and Max Weber.  With the aid of her assistant, Juliana R. Force, Whitney had collected nearly 700 works of American art. In 1929, she offered to donate over 500 works of art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but the museum declined the gift. This, along with the apparent preference for European modernism at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art, led Whitney to start her own museum, exclusively for American art, in 1929.  Whitney Library archives from 1928 reveal that during this time the Studio Club utilized the gallery space of Wilhelmina Weber Furlong of the Art Students League to exhibit traveling shows featuring Modernist works. In 1931, architect Noel L. Miller converted three row houses on West 8th Street in Greenwich Village - one of which had been the location of the "Studio Club" - to be the museum's home as well as a residence for Whitney. Force became the first director of the museum, and under her guidance, the museum concentrated on displaying the works of new and contemporary American artists.  In 1954, the museum left its original location and moved to a small structure on 54th Street connected to and behind the Museum of Modern Art on 53rd Street. On April 15, 1958, a fire on the second floor of MOMA that killed one person forced the evacuation of paintings and staff on MOMA's upper floors to the Whitney. Among the paintings moved in the evacuation was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte which had been on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago. CANNOTANSWER
This, along with the apparent preference for European modernism at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art, led Whitney to start her own museum,
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz (, meaning "Shapur, son of Shahrvaraz"), also known as Shapur V,  was Sasanian king (shah) of Iran briefly in 630.

Biography
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz was the son of Shahrbaraz, the distinguished Iranian military commander (spahbed) and briefly shah of Iran. Shapur's mother was the sister of Khosrow II. In 630, after Boran was deposed, Shapur became king of Iran, but was shortly deposed by the nobles who did not acknowledge his rule. He was succeeded by his cousin Azarmidokht. When she became queen of Iran, Farrukh Hormizd proposed to marry her, which Shapur was in favor of; however, Azarmidokht declined the proposal and became angry at Shapur for agreeing. What happened to Shapur afterward is not known.

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Sources 

Year of death unknown
7th-century Sasanian monarchs
Year of birth unknown
House of Mihran 

Early life 
Carter was born in 1894 in the Huachuca Mountains outside of Douglas, Arizona. She was known as a skilled hunter and farmer. According to her father Peter Blauser, Carter graduated from college but chose to live a life on a ranch where she tended to 200 cattle and 16 saddle horses. She married John J. Carter on December 12, 1916.

World War I involvement 
When her husband was sent to France on the first American contingent to fight in World War I, she first tried to join the Red Cross in Douglas, but was not accepted. Carter then cut her hair short and stole an Army uniform. She boarded the same train as the one carrying her husband and went undetected for two days when she was forced off the train and told to go back to Douglas. However, she got back on the train. At the port, she was able to get onto a ship and stow away. Carter claims her husband did not know of her presence on the train until they neared Chicago. The contingent was five days at sea when her identity was revealed. Her voice was what eventually gave her away and Captain Eugene D. Rideout, realized that she was a woman. Upon arrival on the shores of Europe, she was not permitted to disembark from the ship's deck.

A request by Carter to remain as a nurse was refused. Her husband was demoted from corporal to private as a result of the debacle. Carter states that her mother did not know she was stowing away. Carter's  American Civil War veteran grandfather, H. Clark remarked how proud he was of his granddaughter, stating "I knew she would do it…That girl sure has grit. I wish she could stay and fight the Germans. You ought to have seen her in uniform. She made a better looking soldier than John, I do believe. She can handle a rifle better than most men. They sure should have let her stay."

On return, she was detained and questioned at the police headquarters in Hoboken, New Jersey. She then moved on to Atlantic City, New Jersey. A hero's welcome was planned for her return to Douglas. Carter was met by a brass band and supporters. She also wrote about her experiences and her account was published by The Bell Syndicate. Carter authored a series of four articles detailing her experience that were serialized nationally by several newspaper companies.

Death 
Before her death, she intended on earning enough money to return to France to serve as an Army nurse. Carter died in Lordsburg, New Mexico, on July 11, 1918, after being ill for two days. Her husband was still fighting overseas when she passed. It was said by friends that her health declined after her return and they believed she died of a "broken heart." Carter's body was returned to Douglas for burial and she was given a military funeral with a military chaplain and six soldiers as pallbearers. In 1918 after the funeral, it was reported by her cousin, Ella Murphy, that Carter's was the first military funeral held in the United States for a woman.

References

Further reading

External links 
 "The Sad Home Coming"

1894 births
1918 deaths
People from Douglas, Arizona
Female wartime cross-dressers
American women in World War I
Writers from Arizona
Military personnel from Arizona
20th-century American women writers The Memphis Free Speech was an African-American newspaper founded in 1881 in Memphis, Tennessee, by the Reverend Taylor Nightingale, based at the Beale Street Baptist Church. In 1888 the publication's name was changed to the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight when Nightingale was joined by J. L. Fleming, a newspaperman from Crittenden County, Arkansas, who had previously edited the Marion Headlight "until a white mob 'liberated' the county from black rule and ran him out of town." The following year Ida B. Wells was invited to contribute to the paper but declined to do so unless she was an equal partner, so with the agreement of Nightingale and Fleming she bought a one-third interest, becoming the editor while Fleming was the business manager and Nightingale the sales manager.

As an investigative journalist and campaigner against lynching, Wells wrote articles for the Free Press and Headlight, including a notable editorial on May 21, 1892, refuting what she called the "that old threadbare lie that Negro men rape White women. If Southern men are not careful, a conclusion might be reached which will be very damaging to the moral reputation of their women." Days later, on May 27, 1892, a White mob ransacked the newspaper's office, destroying the building and its contents. As Wells would note in her diary: "I thought then it was the white southerner's chivalrous defense of his womanhood which caused the mob to destroy my paper, even though it was known that the truth had been spoken. I know now that it was an excuse to do what they had wanted to do before but had not dared because they had no good reason until the appearance of that famous editorial."

According to the Tennessee Encyclopedia, no copy of the Memphis Free Speech survives.

References

External links
 "Chronicling America", Library of Congress – search results for Memphis Free Speech.

Defunct newspapers published in Tennessee
Newspapers published in Memphis, Tennessee
1881 establishments in Tennessee
Publications disestablished in 1892
Publications established in 1888
African-American newspapers
Defunct African-American newspapers