Richard I of England Crusade plans was richard involved in the crusades cross. He started to raise and equip a new crusader army. how many people were there I don't know. when did they go on a crusade 1188 where did they go on the Third Crusade, what countries did they go to London if I
where in the world were the crusades
Where in the world did the crusades occur?
Richard had already taken the cross as Count of Poitou in 1187. His father and Philip II had done so at Gisors on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin. After Richard became king, he and Philip agreed to go on the Third Crusade, since each feared that during his absence the other might usurp his territories.  Richard swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross. He started to raise and equip a new crusader army. He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 marks. To raise still more revenue he sold the right to hold official positions, lands, and other privileges to those interested in them. Those already appointed were forced to pay huge sums to retain their posts. William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely and the King's Chancellor, made a show of bidding PS3,000 to remain as Chancellor. He was apparently outbid by a certain Reginald the Italian, but that bid was refused.  Richard made some final arrangements on the continent. He reconfirmed his father's appointment of William Fitz Ralph to the important post of seneschal of Normandy. In Anjou, Stephen of Tours was replaced as seneschal and temporarily imprisoned for fiscal mismanagement. Payn de Rochefort, an Angevin knight, was elevated to the post of seneschal of Anjou. In Poitou the ex-provost of Benon, Peter Bertin, was made seneschal, and finally in Gascony the household official Helie de La Celle was picked for the seneschalship there. After repositioning the part of his army he left behind to guard his French possessions, Richard finally set out on the crusade in summer 1190. (His delay was criticised by troubadours such as Bertran de Born.) He appointed as regents Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham, and William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex--who soon died and was replaced by Richard's chancellor William Longchamp. Richard's brother John was not satisfied by this decision and started scheming against William. When Richard was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to declare, "I would have sold London if I could find a buyer". CANNOTANSWER
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Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: Le quor de lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The troubadour Bertran de Born also called him Richard Oc-e-Non (Occitan for Yes and No), possibly from a reputation for terseness.

By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father. Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he finalised a peace treaty and ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem.

Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Following his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his life as king was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France. Rather than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it merely as a source of revenue to support his armies. Nevertheless, he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects. He remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his epithet than his regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.

Early life and accession in Aquitaine

Childhood

Richard was born on 8 September 1157, probably at Beaumont Palace, in Oxford, England, son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was a younger brother of Henry the Young King and Matilda, Duchess of Saxony. As a younger son of King Henry II, he was not expected to ascend the throne. He was also an elder brother of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany; Queen Eleanor of Castile; Queen Joan of Sicily; and John, Count of Mortain, who succeeded him as king. Richard was the younger maternal half-brother of Marie of France, Countess of Champagne, and Alix, Countess of Blois. Henry II and Eleanor's eldest son William IX, Count of Poitiers, died before Richard's birth. Richard is often depicted as having been the favourite son of his mother. His father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of William the Conqueror. Contemporary historian Ralph de Diceto traced his family's lineage through Matilda of Scotland to the Anglo-Saxon kings of England and Alfred the Great, and from there legend linked them to Noah and Woden. According to Angevin family tradition, there was even 'infernal blood' in their ancestry, with a claimed descent from the fairy, or female demon, Melusine.

While his father visited his lands from Scotland to France, Richard probably spent his childhood in England. His first recorded visit to the European continent was in May 1165, when his mother took him to Normandy. His wet nurse was Hodierna of St Albans, whom he gave a generous pension after he became king. Little is known about Richard's education. Although he was born in Oxford and brought up in England up to his eighth year, it is not known to what extent he used or understood English; he was an educated man who composed poetry and wrote in Limousin () and also in French. During his captivity, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated way by his brother John to help destroy the authority of Richard's chancellor, William Longchamp, who was a Norman. One of the specific charges laid against Longchamp, by John's supporter Hugh Nonant, was that he could not speak English. This indicates that by the late 12th century a knowledge of English was expected of those in positions of authority in England.

Richard was said to be very attractive; his hair was between red and blond, and he was light-eyed with a pale complexion. According to Clifford Brewer, he was , though that is unverifiable since his remains have been lost since at least the French Revolution. John, his youngest brother, was known to be . The , a Latin prose narrative of the Third Crusade, states that: "He was tall, of elegant build; the colour of his hair was between red and gold; his limbs were supple and straight. He had long arms suited to wielding a sword. His long legs matched the rest of his body".

From an early age, Richard showed significant political and military ability, becoming noted for his chivalry and courage as he fought to control the rebellious nobles of his own territory.

Marriage alliances were common among medieval royalty: they led to political alliances and peace treaties and allowed families to stake claims of succession on each other's lands. In March 1159 it was arranged that Richard would marry one of the daughters of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona; however, these arrangements failed, and the marriage never took place. Henry the Young King was married to Margaret, daughter of Louis VII of France, on 2 November 1160. Despite this alliance between the Plantagenets and the Capetians, the dynasty on the French throne, the two houses were sometimes in conflict. In 1168, the intercession of Pope Alexander III was necessary to secure a truce between them. Henry II had conquered Brittany and taken control of Gisors and the Vexin, which had been part of Margaret's dowry.

Early in the 1160s there had been suggestions Richard should marry Alys, Countess of the Vexin, fourth daughter of Louis VII; because of the rivalry between the kings of England and France, Louis obstructed the marriage. A peace treaty was secured in January 1169 and Richard's betrothal to Alys was confirmed. Henry II planned to divide his and Eleanor's territories among their three eldest surviving sons: Henry would become King of England and have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy; Richard would inherit Aquitaine and Poitiers from his mother; and Geoffrey would become Duke of Brittany through marriage with Constance, heir presumptive of Conan IV. At the ceremony where Richard's betrothal was confirmed, he paid homage to the King of France for Aquitaine, thus securing ties of vassalage between the two.

After Henry II fell seriously ill in 1170, he enacted his plan to divide his territories, although he would retain overall authority over his sons and their territories. Young Henry was crowned as heir apparent in June 1170, and in 1171 Richard left for Aquitaine with his mother, and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of Eleanor. Richard and his mother embarked on a tour of Aquitaine in 1171 in an attempt to pacify the locals. Together they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Monastery in Limoges. In June 1172, at age 12, Richard was formally recognised as the duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitou when he was granted the lance and banner emblems of his office; the ceremony took place in Poitiers and was repeated in Limoges, where he wore the ring of St Valerie, who was the personification of Aquitaine.

Revolt against Henry II

According to Ralph of Coggeshall, Henry the Young King instigated rebellion against Henry II; he wanted to reign independently over at least part of the territory his father had promised him, and to break away from his dependence on Henry II, who controlled the purse strings. There were rumors that Eleanor might have encouraged her sons to revolt against their father.

Henry the Young King abandoned his father and left for the French court, seeking the protection of Louis VII; his younger brothers, Richard and Geoffrey, soon followed him, while the five-year-old John remained in England. Louis gave his support to the three brothers and even knighted Richard, tying them together through vassalage.
Jordan Fantosme, a contemporary poet, described the rebellion as a "war without love".

The brothers made an oath at the French court that they would not make terms with Henry II without the consent of Louis VII and the French barons. With the support of Louis, Henry the Young King attracted many barons to his cause through promises of land and money; one such baron was Philip I, Count of Flanders, who was promised £1,000 and several castles. The brothers also had supporters ready to rise up in England. Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester, joined forces with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester, and William I of Scotland for a rebellion in Suffolk. The alliance with Louis was initially successful, and by July 1173 the rebels were besieging Aumale, Neuf-Marché, and Verneuil, and Hugh de Kevelioc had captured Dol in Brittany. Richard went to Poitou and raised the barons who were loyal to himself and his mother in rebellion against his father. Eleanor was captured, so Richard was left to lead his campaign against Henry II's supporters in Aquitaine on his own. He marched to take La Rochelle but was rejected by the inhabitants; he withdrew to the city of Saintes, which he established as a base of operations.

In the meantime, Henry II had raised a very expensive army of more than 20,000 mercenaries with which to face the rebellion. He marched on Verneuil, and Louis retreated from his forces. The army proceeded to recapture Dol and subdued Brittany. At this point Henry II made an offer of peace to his sons; on the advice of Louis the offer was refused. Henry II's forces took Saintes by surprise and captured much of its garrison, although Richard was able to escape with a small group of soldiers. He took refuge in Château de Taillebourg for the rest of the war. Henry the Young King and the Count of Flanders planned to land in England to assist the rebellion led by the Earl of Leicester. Anticipating this, Henry II returned to England with 500 soldiers and his prisoners (including Eleanor and his sons' wives and fiancées), but on his arrival found out that the rebellion had already collapsed. William I of Scotland and Hugh Bigod were captured on 13 and 25 July respectively. Henry II returned to France and raised the siege of Rouen, where Louis VII had been joined by Henry the Young King after abandoning his plan to invade England. Louis was defeated and a peace treaty was signed in September 1174, the Treaty of Montlouis.

When Henry II and Louis VII made a truce on 8 September 1174, its terms specifically excluded Richard. Abandoned by Louis and wary of facing his father's army in battle, Richard went to Henry II's court at Poitiers on 23 September and begged for forgiveness, weeping and falling at the feet of Henry, who gave Richard the kiss of peace. Several days later, Richard's brothers joined him in seeking reconciliation with their father. The terms the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier in the conflict (when Richard was offered four castles in Aquitaine and half of the income from the duchy): Richard was given control of two castles in Poitou and half the income of Aquitaine; Henry the Young King was given two castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of Brittany. Eleanor remained Henry II's prisoner until his death, partly as insurance for Richard's good behaviour.

Final years of Henry II's reign

After the conclusion of the war, the process of pacifying the provinces that had rebelled against Henry II began. The King travelled to Anjou for this purpose, and Geoffrey dealt with Brittany. In January 1175 Richard was dispatched to Aquitaine to punish the barons who had fought for him. The historian John Gillingham notes that the chronicle of Roger of Howden is the main source for Richard's activities in this period. According to the chronicle, most of the castles belonging to rebels were to be returned to the state they were in 15 days before the outbreak of war, while others were to be razed. Given that by this time it was common for castles to be built in stone, and that many barons had expanded or refortified their castles, this was not an easy task. Roger of Howden records the two-month siege of Castillon-sur-Agen; while the castle was "notoriously strong", Richard's siege engines battered the defenders into submission. 

On this campaign, Richard acquired the name "the Lion" or "the Lionheart" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership. He is referred to as "this our lion" () as early as 1187 in the  of , while the byname "lionheart" () is first recorded in Ambroise's  in the context of the Accon campaign of 1191.

Henry seemed unwilling to entrust any of his sons with resources that could be used against him. It was suspected that Henry had appropriated Alys, Richard's betrothed, the daughter of Louis VII of France by his second wife, as his mistress. This made a marriage between Richard and Alys technically impossible in the eyes of the Church, but Henry prevaricated: he regarded Alys's dowry, Vexin in the Île-de-France, as valuable. Richard was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the sister of King Philip II of France, a close ally.

After his failure to overthrow his father, Richard concentrated on putting down internal revolts by the nobles of Aquitaine, especially in the territory of Gascony. The increasing cruelty of his rule led to a major revolt there in 1179. Hoping to dethrone Richard, the rebels sought the help of his brothers Henry and Geoffrey. The turning point came in the Charente Valley in the spring of 1179. The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed impregnable. The castle was surrounded by a cliff on three sides and a town on the fourth side with a three-layer wall. Richard first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no reinforcements or lines of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle and attacked Richard; he was able to subdue the army and then followed the defenders inside the open gates, where he easily took over the castle in two days. Richard the Lionheart's victory at Taillebourg deterred many barons from thinking of rebelling and forced them to declare their loyalty to him. It also won Richard a reputation as a skilled military commander.

In 1181–1182 Richard faced a revolt over the succession to the county of Angoulême. His opponents turned to Philip II of France for support, and the fighting spread through the Limousin and Périgord. The excessive cruelty of Richard's punitive campaigns aroused even more hostility. However, with support from his father and from the Young King, Richard the Lionheart eventually succeeded in bringing the Viscount Aimar V of Limoges and Count Elie of Périgord to terms.

After Richard had subdued his rebellious barons he again challenged his father. From 1180 to 1183 the tension between Henry and Richard grew, as King Henry commanded Richard to pay homage to Henry the Young King, but Richard refused. Finally, in 1183 Henry the Young King and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, invaded Aquitaine in an attempt to subdue Richard. Richard's barons joined in the fray and turned against their duke. However, Richard and his army succeeded in holding back the invading armies, and they executed any prisoners. The conflict paused briefly in June 1183 when the Young King died. With the death of Henry the Young King, Richard became the eldest surviving son and therefore heir to the English crown. King Henry demanded that Richard give up Aquitaine (which he planned to give to his youngest son John as his inheritance). Richard refused, and conflict continued between them. Henry II soon gave John permission to invade Aquitaine.

To strengthen his position, in 1187, Richard allied himself with 22-year-old Philip II, the son of Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII by Adela of Champagne. Roger of Howden wrote:

The King of England was struck with great astonishment, and wondered what [this alliance] could mean, and, taking precautions for the future, frequently sent messengers into France for the purpose of recalling his son Richard; who, pretending that he was peaceably inclined and ready to come to his father, made his way to Chinon, and, in spite of the person who had the custody thereof, carried off the greater part of his father's treasures, and fortified his castles in Poitou with the same, refusing to go to his father.

Overall, Howden is chiefly concerned with the politics of the relationship between Richard and King Philip. Gillingham has addressed theories suggesting that this political relationship was also sexually intimate, which he posits probably stemmed from an official record announcing that, as a symbol of unity between the two countries, the kings of England and France had slept overnight in the same bed. Gillingham has characterized this as "an accepted political act, nothing sexual about it;... a bit like a modern-day photo opportunity".

In exchange for Philip's help against his father, Richard promised to concede to him his rights to both Normandy and Anjou. Richard paid homage to Philip in November 1187. With news arriving of the Battle of Hattin, he took the cross at Tours in the company of other French nobles.

In 1188 Henry II planned to concede Aquitaine to his youngest son John. But Richard objected. He felt that Aquitaine was his and that John was unfit to take over the land once belonging to his mother. This refusal is what finally made Henry II bring Queen Eleanor out of prison. He sent her to Aquitaine and demanded that Richard give up his lands to his mother, who would once again rule over those lands.

The following year, Richard attempted to take the throne of England for himself by joining Philip's expedition against his father. On 4 July 1189, the forces of Richard and Philip defeated Henry's army at Ballans. Henry, with John's consent, agreed to name Richard his heir apparent. Two days later Henry II died in Chinon, and Richard the Lionheart succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. Roger of Howden claimed that Henry's corpse bled from the nose in Richard's presence, which was assumed to be a sign that Richard had caused his death.

King and crusader

Coronation and anti-Jewish violence

Richard I was officially invested as Duke of Normandy on 20 July 1189 and crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 3 September 1189. Tradition barred all Jews and women from the investiture, but some Jewish leaders arrived to present gifts for the new king. According to Ralph of Diceto, Richard's courtiers stripped and flogged the Jews, then flung them out of court.

When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews to be killed, the people of London attacked the Jewish population. Many Jewish homes were destroyed by arsonists, and several Jews were forcibly converted. Some sought sanctuary in the Tower of London, and others managed to escape. Among those killed was Jacob of Orléans, a respected Jewish scholar. Roger of Howden, in his , claimed that the jealous and bigoted citizens started the rioting, and that Richard punished the perpetrators, allowing a forcibly converted Jew to return to his native religion. Baldwin of Forde, Archbishop of Canterbury, reacted by remarking, "If the King is not God's man, he had better be the devil's".

Offended that he was not being obeyed and realising that the assaults could destabilise his realm on the eve of his departure on crusade, Richard ordered the execution of those responsible for the most egregious murders and persecutions, including rioters who had accidentally burned down Christian homes. He distributed a royal writ demanding that the Jews be left alone. The edict was only loosely enforced, however, and the following March further violence occurred, including a massacre at York.

Crusade plans
Richard had already taken the cross as Count of Poitou in 1187. His father and Philip II had done so at Gisors on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin. After Richard became king, he and Philip agreed to go on the Third Crusade, since each feared that during his absence the other might usurp his territories.

Richard swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross. He started to raise and equip a new crusader army. He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for  marks (£). To raise still more revenue he sold the right to hold official positions, lands, and other privileges to those interested in them. Those already appointed were forced to pay huge sums to retain their posts. William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely and the King's chancellor, made a show of bidding £ to remain as Chancellor. He was apparently outbid by a certain Reginald the Italian, but that bid was refused.

Richard made some final arrangements on the continent. He reconfirmed his father's appointment of William Fitz Ralph to the important post of seneschal of Normandy. In Anjou, Stephen of Tours was replaced as seneschal and temporarily imprisoned for fiscal mismanagement. Payn de Rochefort, an Angevin knight, became seneschal of Anjou. In Poitou the ex-provost of Benon, Peter Bertin, was made seneschal, and finally, the household official Helie de La Celle was picked for the seneschalship in Gascony. After repositioning the part of his army he left behind to guard his French possessions, Richard finally set out on the crusade in summer 1190. (His delay was criticised by troubadours such as Bertran de Born.) He appointed as regents Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham, and William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex—who soon died and was replaced by William Longchamp. Richard's brother John was not satisfied by this decision and started scheming against William Longchamp. When Richard was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to declare, "I would have sold London if I could find a buyer".

Occupation of Sicily

In September 1190 Richard and Philip arrived in Sicily. After the death of King William II of Sicily in 1189 his cousin Tancred had seized power, although the legal heir was William's aunt Constance, wife of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister and did not give her the money she had inherited in William's will. When Richard arrived he demanded that his sister be released and given her inheritance; she was freed on 28 September, but without the inheritance. The presence of foreign troops also caused unrest: in October, the people of Messina revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave. Richard attacked Messina, capturing it on 4 October 1190. After looting and burning the city Richard established his base there, but this created tension between Richard and Philip. He remained there until Tancred finally agreed to sign a treaty on 4 March 1191. The treaty was signed by Richard, Philip, and Tancred. Its main terms were:
 Joan was to receive  of gold as compensation for her inheritance, which Tancred kept.
 Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, son of Geoffrey, as his heir, and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age, giving a further  of gold that would be returned by Richard if Arthur did not marry Tancred's daughter.

The two kings stayed on in Sicily for a while, but this resulted in increasing tensions between them and their men, with Philip plotting with Tancred against Richard.  The two kings finally met to clear the air and reached an agreement, including the end of Richard's betrothal to Philip's sister Alys.

Conquest of Cyprus

In April 1191 Richard left Messina for Acre, but a storm dispersed his large fleet.  After some searching, it was discovered that the ship carrying his sister Joan and his new fiancée, Berengaria of Navarre, was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's ruler, Isaac Komnenos.

On 1 May 1191 Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Lemesos on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol. Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Limassol at the same time, in particular Guy of Lusignan. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival, Conrad of Montferrat.

The local magnates abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and offering his daughter in marriage to the person named by Richard. Isaac changed his mind, however, and tried to escape. Richard's troops, led by Guy de Lusignan, conquered the whole island by 1 June. Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains because Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons. Richard named Richard de Camville and Robert of Thornham as governors. He later sold the island to the master of Knights Templar, Robert de Sablé, and it was subsequently acquired, in 1192, by Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom.

The rapid conquest of the island by Richard was of strategic importance. The island occupies a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without support from the sea. Cyprus remained a Christian stronghold until the Ottoman invasion in 1570. Richard's exploit was well publicised and contributed to his reputation, and he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island. Richard left Cyprus for Acre on 5 June with his allies.

Marriage

Before leaving Cyprus on crusade, Richard married Berengaria, the first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre. Richard first grew close to her at a tournament held in her native Navarre. The wedding was held in Limassol on 12 May 1191 at the Chapel of St George and was attended by Richard's sister Joan, whom he had brought from Sicily. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendour, many feasts and entertainments, and public parades and celebrations followed commemorating the event. When Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for the match in order to obtain the Kingdom of Navarre as a fief, as Aquitaine had been for his father. Further, Eleanor championed the match, as Navarre bordered Aquitaine, thereby securing the southern border of her ancestral lands. Richard took his new wife on crusade with him briefly, though they returned separately. Berengaria had almost as much difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and she did not see England until after his death. After his release from German captivity, Richard showed some regret for his earlier conduct, but he was not reunited with his wife. The marriage remained childless.

In the Holy Land

Richard landed at Acre on 8 June 1191. He gave his support to his Poitevin vassal Guy of Lusignan, who had brought troops to help him in Cyprus. Guy was the widower of his father's cousin Sibylla of Jerusalem and was trying to retain the kingship of Jerusalem, despite his wife's death during the Siege of Acre the previous year. Guy's claim was challenged by Conrad of Montferrat, second husband of Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella: Conrad, whose defence of Tyre had saved the kingdom in 1187, was supported by Philip of France, son of his first cousin Louis VII of France, and by another cousin, Leopold V, Duke of Austria. Richard also allied with Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella's first husband, from whom she had been forcibly divorced in 1190. Humphrey was loyal to Guy and spoke Arabic fluently, so Richard used him as a translator and negotiator.

Richard and his forces aided in the capture of Acre, despite Richard's serious illness. At one point, while sick from arnaldia, a disease similar to scurvy, he picked off guards on the walls with a crossbow, while being carried on a stretcher covered "in a great silken quilt". Eventually, Conrad of Montferrat concluded the surrender negotiations with Saladin's forces inside Acre and raised the banners of the kings in the city. Richard quarrelled with Leopold of Austria over the deposition of Isaac Komnenos (related to Leopold's Byzantine mother) and his position within the crusade. Leopold's banner had been raised alongside the English and French standards. This was interpreted as arrogance by both Richard and Philip, as Leopold was a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor (although he was the highest-ranking surviving leader of the imperial forces). Richard's men tore the flag down and threw it in the moat of Acre. Leopold left the crusade immediately. Philip also left soon afterwards, in poor health and after further disputes with Richard over the status of Cyprus (Philip demanded half the island) and the kingship of Jerusalem. Richard, suddenly, found himself without allies.

Richard had kept 2,700 Muslim prisoners as hostages against Saladin fulfilling all the terms of the surrender of the lands around Acre. Philip, before leaving, had entrusted his prisoners to Conrad, but Richard forced him to hand them over to him. Richard feared his forces being bottled up in Acre as he believed his campaign could not advance with the prisoners in train. He, therefore, ordered all the prisoners executed. He then moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the Battle of Arsuf  north of Jaffa on 7 September 1191. Saladin attempted to harass Richard's army into breaking its formation in order to defeat it in detail. Richard maintained his army's defensive formation, however, until the Hospitallers broke ranks to charge the right wing of Saladin's forces. Richard then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle. Arsuf was an important victory. The Muslim army was not destroyed, despite the considerable casualties it suffered, but it did rout; this was considered shameful by the Muslims and boosted the morale of the Crusaders. In November 1191, following the fall of Jaffa, the Crusader army advanced inland towards Jerusalem. The army then marched to Beit Nuba, only 12 miles from Jerusalem. Muslim morale in Jerusalem was so low that the arrival of the Crusaders would probably have caused the city to fall quickly. However, the weather was appallingly bad, cold with heavy rain and hailstorms; this, combined with the fear that the Crusader army, if it besieged Jerusalem, might be trapped by a relieving force, led to the decision to retreat back to the coast. Richard attempted to negotiate with Saladin, but this was unsuccessful. In the first half of 1192, he and his troops refortified Ascalon.

An election forced Richard to accept Conrad of Montferrat as King of Jerusalem, and he sold Cyprus to his defeated protégé, Guy. Only days later, on 28 April 1192, Conrad was stabbed to death by the Assassins before he could be crowned. Eight days later Richard's own nephew Henry II of Champagne was married to the widowed Isabella, although she was carrying Conrad's child. The murder has never been conclusively solved, and Richard's contemporaries widely suspected his involvement.

The crusader army made another advance on Jerusalem, and in June 1192 it came within sight of the city before being forced to retreat once again, this time because of dissension amongst its leaders. In particular, Richard and the majority of the army council wanted to force Saladin to relinquish Jerusalem by attacking the basis of his power through an invasion of Egypt. The leader of the French contingent, Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy, however, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Richard stated that he would accompany any attack on Jerusalem but only as a simple soldier; he refused to lead the army. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast.

There commenced a period of minor skirmishes with Saladin's forces, punctuated by another defeat in the field for the Ayyubid army at the Battle of Jaffa. Baha' al-Din, a contemporary Muslim soldier and biographer of Saladin, recorded a tribute to Richard's martial prowess at this battle: "I have been assured ... that on that day the king of England, lance in hand, rode along the whole length of our army from right to left, and not one of our soldiers left the ranks to attack him. The Sultan was wroth thereat and left the battlefield in anger...". Both sides realised that their respective positions were growing untenable. Richard knew that both Philip and his own brother John were starting to plot against him, and the morale of Saladin's army had been badly eroded by repeated defeats. However, Saladin insisted on the razing of Ascalon's fortifications, which Richard's men had rebuilt, and a few other points. Richard made one last attempt to strengthen his bargaining position by attempting to invade Egypt – Saladin's chief supply-base – but failed. In the end, time ran out for Richard. He realised that his return could be postponed no longer, since both Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence. He and Saladin finally came to a settlement on 2 September 1192. The terms provided for the destruction of Ascalon's fortifications, allowed Christian pilgrims and merchants access to Jerusalem, and initiated a three-year truce. Richard, being ill with arnaldia, left for England on 9 October 1192.

Life after the Third Crusade

Captivity, ransom and return

Bad weather forced Richard's ship to put in at Corfu, in the lands of Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who objected to Richard's annexation of Cyprus, formerly Byzantine territory. Disguised as a Knight Templar, Richard sailed from Corfu with four attendants, but his ship was wrecked near Aquileia, forcing Richard and his party into a dangerous land route through central Europe. On his way to the territory of his brother-in-law Henry the Lion, Richard was captured shortly before Christmas 1192 near Vienna by Leopold of Austria, who accused Richard of arranging the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. Moreover, Richard had personally offended Leopold by casting down his standard from the walls of Acre.

Leopold kept Richard prisoner at Dürnstein Castle under the care of Leopold's  Hadmar of Kuenring. His mishap was soon known to England, but the regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts. While in prison, Richard wrote  or  ("No man who is imprisoned"), which is addressed to his half-sister Marie. He wrote the song, in French and Occitan versions, to express his feelings of abandonment by his people and his sister. The detention of a crusader was contrary to public law, and on these grounds Pope Celestine III excommunicated Duke Leopold.

On 28 March 1193 Richard was brought to Speyer and handed over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned him in Trifels Castle. Henry VI was aggrieved by the support the Plantagenets had given to the family of Henry the Lion and by Richard's recognition of Tancred in Sicily. Henry VI needed money to raise an army and assert his rights over southern Italy and continued to hold Richard for ransom. Nevertheless, to Richard's irritation, Celestine hesitated to excommunicate Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful imprisonment of Richard. Richard famously refused to show deference to the Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God". The king was at first shown a certain measure of respect, but later, at the prompting of Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais and Philip of France's cousin, the conditions of Richard's captivity were worsened, and he was kept in chains, "so heavy," Richard declared, "that a horse or ass would have struggled to move under them."

The Emperor demanded that  marks (100,000 pounds of silver) be delivered to him before he would release the King, the same amount raised by the Saladin tithe only a few years earlier, and two to three times the annual income for the English Crown under Richard. Richard's mother, Eleanor, worked to raise the ransom. Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a quarter of the value of their property, the gold and silver treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was raised from the scutage and the carucage taxes. At the same time, John, Richard's brother, and King Philip of France offered  marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner until Michaelmas 1194. Henry turned down the offer. The money to rescue the King was transferred to Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), and finally, on 4 February 1194 Richard was released. Philip sent a message to John: "Look to yourself; the devil is loose".

War against Philip of France
In Richard's absence, his brother John revolted with the aid of Philip; amongst Philip's conquests in the period of Richard's imprisonment was Normandy. Richard forgave John when they met again and named him as his heir in place of their nephew, Arthur. At Winchester, on 11 March 1194, Richard was crowned a second time to nullify the shame of his captivity.

Richard began his reconquest of Normandy. The fall of the Château de Gisors to the French in 1193 opened a gap in the Norman defences. The search began for a fresh site for a new castle to defend the duchy of Normandy and act as a base from which Richard could launch his campaign to take back Vexin from French control. A naturally defensible position was identified, perched high above the River Seine, an important transport route, in the manor of Andeli. Under the terms of the Treaty of Louviers (December 1195) between Richard and Philip II, neither king was allowed to fortify the site; despite this, Richard intended to build the vast Château Gaillard. Richard tried to obtain the manor through negotiation. Walter de Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen, was reluctant to sell the manor, as it was one of the diocese's most profitable, and other lands belonging to the diocese had recently been damaged by war. When Philip besieged Aumale in Normandy, Richard grew tired of waiting and seized the manor, although the act was opposed by the Catholic Church. The archbishop issued an interdict against performing church services in the duchy of Normandy; Roger of Howden detailed "unburied bodies of the dead lying in the streets and square of the cities of Normandy". The interdict was still in force when work began on the castle, but Pope Celestine III repealed it in April 1197 after Richard made gifts of land to the archbishop and the diocese of Rouen, including two manors and the prosperous port of Dieppe.

Royal expenditure on castles declined from the levels spent under Henry II, attributed to a concentration of resources on Richard's war with the king of France. However, the work at Château Gaillard was some of the most expensive of its time and cost an estimated £15,000 to £20,000 between 1196 and 1198. This was more than double Richard's spending on castles in England, an estimated £7,000. Unprecedented in its speed of construction, the castle was mostly complete in two years, when most construction on such a scale would have taken the best part of a decade. According to William of Newburgh, in May 1198 Richard and the labourers working on the castle were drenched in a "rain of blood". While some of his advisers thought the rain was an evil omen, Richard was undeterred.
As no master-mason is mentioned in the otherwise detailed records of the castle's construction, military historian Richard Allen Brown has suggested that Richard himself was the overall architect; this is supported by the interest Richard showed in the work through his frequent presence. In his final years, the castle became Richard's favourite residence, and writs and charters were written at Château Gaillard bearing "" (at the Fair Castle of the Rock).

Château Gaillard was ahead of its time, featuring innovations that would be adopted in castle architecture nearly a century later. Allen Brown described Château Gaillard as "one of the finest castles in Europe", and military historian Sir Charles Oman wrote that it was considered "the masterpiece of its time. The reputation of its builder, Cœur de Lion, as a great military engineer might stand firm on this single structure. He was no mere copyist of the models he had seen in the East, but introduced many original details of his own invention into the stronghold".

Determined to resist Philip's designs on contested Angevin lands such as the Vexin and Berry, Richard poured all his military expertise and vast resources into the war on the French King. He organised an alliance against Philip, including Baldwin IX of Flanders, Renaud, Count of Boulogne, and his father-in-law, King Sancho VI of Navarre, who raided Philip's lands from the south. Most importantly, he managed to secure the Welf inheritance in Saxony for his nephew, Henry the Lion's son, who was elected Otto IV of Germany in 1198.

Partly as a result of these and other intrigues, Richard won several victories over Philip. At Fréteval in 1194, just after Richard's return to France from captivity and money-raising in England, Philip fled, leaving his entire archive of financial audits and documents to be captured by Richard. At the Battle of Gisors (sometimes called Courcelles) in 1198, Richard took —"God and my Right"—as his motto (still used by the British monarchy today), echoing his earlier boast to Emperor Henry that his rank acknowledged no superior but God.

Death

In March 1199, Richard was in Limousin suppressing a revolt by Viscount Aimar V of Limoges. Although it was Lent, he "devastated the Viscount's land with fire and sword". He besieged the tiny, virtually unarmed castle of Châlus-Chabrol. Some chroniclers claimed that this was because a local peasant had uncovered a treasure trove of Roman gold.

On 26 March 1199, Richard was hit in the shoulder by a crossbow bolt, and the wound turned gangrenous. Richard asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively Pierre (or Peter) Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, and Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of Gourdon) by chroniclers, the man turned out (according to some sources, but not all) to be a boy. He said Richard had killed his father and two brothers, and that he had killed Richard in revenge. He expected to be executed, but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and by my bounty behold the light of day", before he ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100 shillings.

Richard died on 6 April 1199 in the arms of his mother, and thus "ended his earthly day." Because of the nature of Richard's death, it was later referred to as "the Lion by the Ant was slain". According to one chronicler, Richard's last act of chivalry proved fruitless when the infamous mercenary captain Mercadier had the boy flayed alive and hanged as soon as Richard died.

Richard's heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy, his entrails in Châlus (where he died), and the rest of his body at the feet of his father at Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou. In 2012, scientists analysed the remains of Richard's heart and found that it had been embalmed with various substances, including frankincense, a symbolically important substance because it had been present both at the birth and embalming of the Christ.

Henry Sandford, Bishop of Rochester (1226–1235), announced that he had seen a vision of Richard ascending to Heaven in March 1232 (along with Stephen Langton, the former archbishop of Canterbury), the King having presumably spent 33 years in purgatory as expiation for his sins.

Richard produced no legitimate heirs and acknowledged only one illegitimate son, Philip of Cognac. He was succeeded by his brother John as king. His French territories, with the exception of Rouen, initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur. The lack of any direct heirs from Richard was the first step in the dissolution of the Angevin Empire.

Character

Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a knight famed for personal martial prowess; this was, apparently, the first such instance of this combination. He was known as a valiant, competent military leader and individual fighter who was courageous and generous. At the same time, he was considered prone to the sins of lust, pride, greed, and above all excessive cruelty. Ralph of Coggeshall, summarising Richard's career, deplores that the King was one of "the immense cohort of sinners". He was criticised by clergy chroniclers for having taxed the clergy both for the Crusade and for his ransom, whereas the church and the clergy were usually exempt from taxes.

Richard was a patron and a protector of the trouvères and troubadours of his entourage; he was also a poet himself. He was interested in writing and music, and two poems are attributed to him. The first one is a sirventes in Old French, Dalfin je us voill desrenier, and the second one is a lament that he wrote during his imprisonment at Dürnstein Castle, Ja nus hons pris, with a version in Old Occitan and a version in Old French.

Speculation regarding sexuality 
In the historiography of the second half of the 20th century, much interest was shown in Richard's sexuality, in particular whether there was evidence of homosexuality. The topic had not been raised by Victorian or Edwardian historians, a fact which was itself denounced as a "conspiracy of silence" by John Harvey (1948). The argument primarily drew on accounts of Richard's behaviour, as well as of his confessions and penitences, and of his childless marriage. Richard did have at least one illegitimate child, Philip of Cognac, and there are reports on his sexual relations with local women during his campaigns. Historians remain divided on the question of Richard's sexuality. Harvey argued in favour of his homosexuality but has been disputed by other historians, most notably John Gillingham (1994), who argues that Richard was probably heterosexual. Flori (1999) again argued in favour of Richard's homosexuality, based on Richard's two public confessions and penitences (in 1191 and 1195) which, according to Flori, "must have" referred to the sin of sodomy. Flori, however, concedes that contemporary accounts of Richard taking women by force exist, concluding that he probably had sexual relations with both men and women.
Flori and Gillingham nevertheless agree that accounts of bed-sharing do not support the suggestion that Richard had a sexual relationship with King Philip II, as had been suggested by other modern authors.

Legacy

Heraldry

The second Great Seal of Richard I (1198) shows him bearing a shield depicting three lions passant-guardant. This is the first instance of the appearance of this blazon, which later became established as the Royal Arms of England. It is likely, therefore, that Richard introduced this heraldic design. In his earlier Great Seal of 1189, he had used either one lion rampant or two lions rampants combatants, arms which he may have adopted from his father.

Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant (now statant-guardant). The coat of three lions continues to represent England on several coins of the pound sterling, forms the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams (such as the England national football team, and the team's "Three Lions" anthem), and endures as one of the most recognisable national symbols of England.

Medieval folklore

Around the middle of the 13th century, various legends developed that, after Richard's capture, his minstrel Blondel travelled Europe from castle to castle, loudly singing a song known only to the two of them (they had composed it together). Eventually, he came to the place where Richard was being held, and Richard heard the song and answered with the appropriate refrain, thus revealing where the King was incarcerated. The story was the basis of André Ernest Modeste Grétry's opera  and seems to be the inspiration for the opening to Richard Thorpe's film version of Ivanhoe. It seems unconnected to the real Jean 'Blondel' de Nesle, an aristocratic . It also does not correspond to the historical reality, since the King's jailers did not hide the fact; on the contrary, they publicised it. An early account of this legend is to be found in Claude Fauchet's Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poesie françoise (1581).

At some time around the 16th century, tales of Robin Hood started to mention him as a contemporary and supporter of King Richard the Lionheart, Robin being driven to outlawry, during the misrule of Richard's evil brother John, while Richard was away at the Third Crusade.

Modern reception

Richard's reputation over the years has "fluctuated wildly", according to historian John Gillingham.
While contemporary sources emphasize his stern and unforgiving nature and his excessive cruelty, his image had already been romanticized a few decades after his death, with the new views on Richard depicting him as generous-hearted .

Richard left an indelible imprint in large part because of his military exploits, and his popular image tended to be dominated by the positive qualities of chivalry and military competence. This is reflected in Steven Runciman's final verdict of Richard I: "he was a bad son, a bad husband, and a bad king, but a gallant and splendid soldier" ("History of the Crusades" Vol. III).

Victorian England was divided on Richard: many admired him as a crusader and man of God, erecting an heroic statue to him outside the Houses of Parliament. The late-Victorian scholar William Stubbs, however, thought him "a bad son, a bad husband, a selfish ruler, and a vicious man". During his ten years' reign, he was in England for no more than six months, and was totally absent for the last five years. Stubbs argued that:

He was a bad king: his great exploits, his military skill, his splendour and extravagance, his poetical tastes, his adventurous spirit, do not serve to cloak his entire want of sympathy, or even consideration, for his people. He was no Englishman, but it does not follow that he gave to Normandy, Anjou, or Aquitaine the love or care that he denied to his kingdom. His ambition was that of a mere warrior: he would fight for anything whatever, but he would sell everything that was worth fighting for. The glory that he sought was that of victory rather than conquest.

In World War I, when British troops commanded by General Edmund Allenby captured Jerusalem, the British press printed cartoons of Richard looking down from the heavens with the caption reading, "At last my dream has come true". General Allenby protested against his campaign being presented as a latter-day Crusade, stating "The importance of Jerusalem lay in its strategic importance, there was no religious impulse in this campaign".

Family tree

See also
 Cultural depictions of Richard I of England
 The Crusade and Death of Richard I

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

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 Roger of Hoveden, , ed. William Stubbs, 2 vols, (London, 1867), available at Gallica.
 Roger of Hoveden, , ed. William Stubbs, 4 vols, (London, 1868–71), available at Gallica.
 
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Further reading

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Medieval Sourcebook: Guillame de Tyr (William of Tyre): Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum (History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea).
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External links 
 

 
1157 births
1199 deaths
12th-century English monarchs
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Burials at Fontevraud Abbey
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The Crusades Through Arab Eyes () is a French language historical essay by Lebanese author Amin Maalouf.

As the name suggests, the book is a narrative retelling of primary sources drawn from various Arab chronicles that seeks to provide an Arab perspective on the Crusades, and especially regarding the Crusaders – the (Franj), as the Arabs called them – who were considered cruel, savage, ignorant and culturally backward.

From the first invasion in the eleventh century through till the general collapse of the Crusades in the thirteenth century, the book constructs a narrative that is the reverse of that common in the Western world, describing the main facts as bellicose and displaying situations of a quaint historic setting, where Western Christians are viewed as "barbarians," and unaware of the most elementary rules of honor, dignity and social ethics.

References

 

Books about the Crusades
1984 non-fiction books
Works by Amin Maalouf
Arab history
French non-fiction books The list of modern historians of the Crusades identifies those authors of histories of the Crusades from the 20th century through the present whose works are widely read. This is a continuation of the list of later historians of the Crusades which discusses historians from the 13th century through the end of the 19th century. That list was, in turn a continuation of the list of sources for the Crusades and the list of collections of Crusader sources. Two good references for these biographies are available. The first is The Routledge Companion to the Crusades by historian Peter Lock. The second is the Historians of the Crusades (2007–2008), an on-line database of scholars working in the field of Crusader studies.

Early Twentieth Century

Historians from the early part of the 20th century include the following.

J. B. Bury. John Bagnell (J. B.) Bury (1861–1927), an Anglo-Irish historian, classical scholar, Medieval Roman (Byzantine) historian and philologist.

 Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 volumes (1898). A new edition, edited and with notes by J. B. Bury.
 The Cambridge Medieval History, 8 volumes (1911–1936). Planned by J .B. Bury.
 The Eastern Roman Empire 717–1453 (1923). Volume 4 of the Cambridge Medieval History.

Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History. Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History, 6 volumes (1901). A collection published by the University of Pennsylvania that includes articles by Dana C. Munro on Urban II, letters from the Crusaders and the Fourth Crusade.

Biographies. A number of biographies of Crusader figures were published in the 20th century, including the following:

 The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon (1947). By John Andressohn.
 Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch (1917). By Ralph Yewdale.
 Raymond IV, count of Toulouse. By John Hugh Hill and Laurita Lyttleton Hill.
 Robert II of Flanders in the First Crusade (1928). By M. M. Knappen.
 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy (1920). By Charles W. Davis.

Joseph Delaville Le Roulx. Joseph Delaville Le Roulx (1855–1911), a French historian specializing on the Knights Hospitaller (Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem).

 Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes, 1310–1421 (1874).
 Documents concernant les Templiers extraits des archives de Malte (1882).
 Les archives la bibliothèque et le trésor de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem à Malte (1883). The archives the library and treasury of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem in Malta.
 La France en Orient au xive siècle: expéditions du maréchal Boucicaut. (1885). An account of the travels of French marshal Jean II Le Maingre (1366–1421), known as Boucicaut, a knight renown for his martial skills and chivalry. He was the sole participant in the Crusade of Marchal Boucicaut to Constantinople in 1399.
 Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers, 4 volumes (1894-1904). Collection edited by le Roulx that consists of various charters and documents of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem which are numbered and organized chronologically from 1100 to 1310.
 Les Hospitaliers en Terre sainte et à Chypre (1100–1319) (1904).
 Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes jusqu'à la mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421) (1913).

Dana Carleton Munro. Dana Carleton Munro (1866–1933), an American historian.

 The Fourth Crusade (1896). In Volume 3.I of Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History.
 A Syllabus of Medieval History, 395-1300 (1899). Includes chapters of chivalry, the Byzantine empire, the Saracen empires, and the Crusades. Extended to 1500 by American medieval historian Joseph R. Strayer (1904–1987), published in 1942.
 Letters of the Crusaders (1902). Correspondence regarding the First through Sixth Crusades, and others through 1281. Published as a stand-alone document as well as Volume 1.IV of Translations and Reprints.
 Essays on the Crusades (1902). With works by Munro, Hans Prutz (1843–1929) and Charles Diehl (1859–1944).
 Urban and the Crusaders (1902). Collection of sources including Urban II at the Council of Clermont (also published separately), the Truce of God, privileges granted to the Crusaders, Peter the Hermit, and selected bibliography. Volume 1.II of Translations and Reprints.
 Christian and Infidel in the Holy Land (1902). In Essays on the Crusades.
 A History of the Middle Ages (1902). A textbook on the history of the Western world from Charlemagne until the fourteenth century, including the Byzantine empire, the Muslim world from 750 to 1095, and the Crusades from 1096 to 1204.
 Medieval Civilization: Selected Studies from European Authors (1904). with American historian George Sellery (1872–1962). Includes articles on: Chivalry (Jacques Flach); Character and results of the Crusades (Charles Seignobos); ibn Jubayr's al-Rihlah; and Material for Literature from the Crusades (Vincent Vaublanc).
Did the Emperor Alexios I ask for aid at the Council of Piacenza, 1095? (1922) An article in the American Historical Review.
 The Kingdom of the Crusaders (1935). Based on Munro's lectures of 1924. A history from before the First Crusade until the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1189. With an extensive bibliography.

Girolamo Golubovich. Girolamo Golubovich (1865–1941), an Italian historian.

 Serie cronologica dei reverendissimi superiori di Terra Santa (1898). A chronological series on the Grand Masters of the Knights Templar.
  (1900). The travel account of Italian friar Francesco Suriano (1480-1481). Edited by G. Golubovich.
 Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell'Oriente francescano, 14 volumes (1906–1927).
 Collectanea Terrae Sanctae ex archivo Hierosolymitano deprompta (1933). Edited by G. Golubovich.

William Miller. William Miller (1864–1945), a British-born medievalist and journalist, specializing in the period of Frankish rule in Greece following the sack of Constantinople in 1204.

 Travels and Politics in the Near East (1898).
 The Latins in the Levant: History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566) (1908).
 Essays on the Latin Orient (1921). A comprehensive history of Greece, from Roman times, through the Byzantine empire, rule by the Franks, Venetians and Genoese, Turkish Greece (1460–1684), and the Venetian revival (1684–1718). Includes brief sections on the Balkans, the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, and a biography of Anna Komnene, called a Byzantine Blue Stocking.
 Empire of Trebizond, the Last Greek Empire (1926). A history of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461), a successor state to the Eastern Roman Empire.

Ferdinand Chalandon. Ferdinand Chalandon (1875–1921), a French medievalist and Byzantinist.

 Essai sur le règne d'Alexis Ier Comnène (1081-1118) (1900). An account of the rule of Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (c. 1048 – 1118).
 Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 volumes (1907).
 Jean II Comnène, 1118-1143, et Manuel I Comnène, 1143-1180 (1912).
 Histoire de la Première Croisade jusqu'à l'élection de Godefroi de Bouillon (1925). A history of the First Crusade from the Council of Clermont until the election of Godfrey of Bouillon as Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri, ruler of the kingdom of Jerusalem.
 Sigillographie de l'Orient latin (1943). Continuation of the work of French historian and numismatist Gustave Schlumberger (1844–1929).
Henry Gough. Henry Gough (1821–1906), a British barrister of the Middle Temple.

 Itinerary of King Edward the First throughout his reign, A. D. 1272-1307 (1900). A biography extracted from the public record that includes a history of Lord Edward's Crusade.

Marius André. Marius André (1868–1927), a French historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Marius André)

 Le Bienheureux Raymond Lulle (1232-1315) (1900). A biography of Spanish missionary blessed Ramon Lull (1232/1236 – 1315).

Émile Bridrey. Émile Bridrey (1873-1943), a French historian.

 La Condition Juridique des Croisés et le Privilège de Croix (1900). The legal condition of the Crusaders and the Privilege of the Cross. A study of the history of French law.

Jean-Baptiste Martin. Abbé Jean-Baptiste Martin (1864–1922), a French historian of the Catholic Church. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean-Baptiste Martin)

 Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 53 volumes (1901–1927). First published in 31 volumes (1759-1798) by Giovanni D. Mansi (1692 –1769). Continued by J-B. Martin and Louis Petit (1868–1927). Extensive edition of Church councils from the First Council of Nicaea in 325 through the Council of Florence in 1438. Includes the Canons of the Council of Clermont. and other source material relevant to the Crusades.

Arturo Magnocavallo. Arturo Magnocavallo (fl. 1901), an Italian historian.

 Marin Sanudo il Vecchio e il suo progetto di crociata (1901). An account of Marin Sanuto the Elder and his crusade project.

Charles Bémont. Charles Bémont (1848–1939), a French scholar.

 History of Europe from 395 to 1270 (1902). A textbook originally written in French in collaboration with French historian Gabriel Monod (1844–1912). Introduction by American medievalist George Burton Adams (1851–1925). Translated into English by Mary Sloan. Includes chapters on the Christian and Muslim (Mussulman) Orient from the seventh to eleventh centuries, and on the First through Eighth Crusades.
 Histoire de l'Europe au moyen âge, 1270–1493 (1931). History of Europe in the Middle Ages from 1270 to 1493.

Early Twentieth Century Fiction. The Crusades continued to be a popular subject in twentieth-century fiction, including the following.

 G. A. Henty (1832–1902), an English novelist who wrote Winning His Spurs: A Tale of the Crusades (1882), American title, The Boy Knight (1891); For the Temple: A Tale of the Fall of Jerusalem (1888); and A Knight of the White Cross: A Tale of the Siege of Rhodes (1896).
 The Assassins: a Romance of the Crusades (1902), by British writer Nevill Myers Meakin (1876–1912). A fictionalized account of the attempt of master Assassin Rashid ad-Din Sinan (after 1132 – 1193) to murder Saladin in 1176.
 Richard the Fearless: A Tale of the Red Crusade (1904), by Paul Creswick.
 The Brethren (1904), by H. Rider Haggard (1856–1925). A novel set during the Third Crusade that features Saladin and the Assassins.
 Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1927–1928), in which Lord Greystoke encounters the descendants of a Crusader contingent of knights of Richard I of England. By author Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875–1950).
 The Lord of Samarcand (originally published in the 1920s and 1930s), short stories about Crusader knights, by author American author Robert E. Howard (1906–1936), famous for his novels about Conan the Barbarian.
 Crusades Trilogy (1998–2000), a trio of novels entitled The Road to Jerusalem, The Knight Templar, and The Kingdom at the End of the Road, by Swedish author Jan Guillou (born 1944).

Edgar Blochet. Edgar Blochet (1870-1937), a French historian.

 Les relations diplomatiques des Hohenstaufen avec les Sultans d'Egypte (1902), in Revue historique 80, 1902.
 Introduction à l'Histoire des Mongols de Fadl Allah Rashid ed-Din (1910). An introduction to the work Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh by Persian historian Rashīd al-Dīn Hamadān (1247–1318).

Karl Zimmert. Karl Zimmert (fl. 1903), a German historian.

 Der Friede zu Adrianapol, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (1902).
 Der deutsch-byzantinische Konflikt vom Juli 1189 bis Februar 1190, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (1903).

Lucien Paulot. Lucien Paulot (1864-1938), a French historian.

 Un Pape français: Urbain II (1903). With a preface by French historian Georges Goyau (1869–1939).

Charles Seignobos. Charles Seignobos (1854–1942), a French historian and historiographer. Considered as one of the leading proponents of the historical method along with French historian Charles-Victor Langlois (1863–1929). Seignobos' view of the Crusades is best summarized in a quote: "In the eleventh century ... the barbarous Christians penetrated the lands of the civilized Muslims".

 Character and Results of the Crusades (1904). An essay in Dana C. Munro's Medieval Civilization: Selected Studies from European Authors.
 History of Mediæval Civilization (1909). Translated by American historian James Alton James (1864–1962). The Crusades though the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin are briefly covered in Chapter VIII, Oriental Civilization in the West.

Achille Luchaire. Denis Jean Achille Luchaire (1846–1908), a French historian.

 Innocent III, 6 volumes (1904–1908). The six volumes are: Rome et Italie; La Croisade des Albigeois; La Papauté et l'Empire; La Question d'Orient; Les Royautés vassales du Saint-Siège; and Le Concile de Latran et la réforme de l'Église.

Jules Gay. Jules Gay (1867-1935), a French historian specializing in the medieval popes.

 Le Pape Clément VI et les affaires d'Orient (1342-1352) (1904).

Ernst Gerland. Ernst Gerland (1870–1934), a German historian.

 Geschichte des lateinischen Kaiserreiches von Konstantinopel (1905).

Giuseppe Gerola. Giuseppe Gerola (1877–1938), an Italian historian known for his involvement in monument restoration projects and his studies on the Kingdom of Candia (Venetian Crete).

 Monumenti veneti nell'isola di Creta, 4 volumes (1905).

William Barron Stevenson. William Barron Stevenson (1869-1954), a British historian.

 The Crusaders in the East: A brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (1907). A history of the Crusades from the Muslim viewpoint, with sources drawn from Islamic histories. Includes major chapters on Zengi, Nur ad-Din and Saladin. Extensive bibliography and chronology discussion.

James Rennell Rodd. James Rennell Rodd, 1st Baron Rennell (1858–1941), a British historian, poet and politician, serving as British Ambassador to Italy during the First World War.

 The Princes of Achaia and the Chronicles of Morea: A study of Greece in the Middle Ages (1906).
Oliver J. Thatcher. Oliver Joseph Thatcher (1857–1937), an American historian.

 A source book for mediæval history: selected documents illustrating the history of Europe in the Middle Age (1905). With Edgar H. McNeal.
 Library of original sources (1907). Volume IV discusses the Crusades.

Edgar H. McNeal. Edgar Holmes McNeal (1874–1955), an American medieval historian.

 A source book for mediæval history: selected documents illustrating the history of Europe in the Middle Age (1905). With Oliver J. Thatcher.
 The conquest of Constantinople (1936). Translated from the old French work La Conquête de Constantinople of Robert de Clari (died after 1216).

Maurice Prou. Maurice Prou (1861–1930), a French archivist, paleographer and numismatist.

 Recueil des actes de Philippe Ier, roi de France (1059-1108) (1908). With Auguste H. Longnon (1844–1911).
Alan Orr Anderson. Alan Orr Anderson (1879–1958), a Scottish historian and compiler.

 Scottish annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286 (1908).
 Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286, 2 volumes (1922).

August C. Krey. August Charles Krey (1887–1961), an American medievalist.

 John of Salisbury's Knowledge of the Classics (1909). Classical interests of John of Salisbury (1115/1120–1180), bishop of Chartres, author of Historia Pontificalis quae Supersunt, a description of Western Europe during and after the Second Crusade. John reputedly lost an arm trying to protect Thomas Becket from a fatal blow.
 The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants (1921).
A history of deeds done beyond the sea (1943). A translation of William of Tyre's work, with Emily Atwater Babcock.
Urban's Crusade: Success or Failure (1948). In American Historical Review, LIII (1948), pp. 235–250.
Review of Crusading Warfare (1097-1193), by R. C. Smail. The American Historical Review, 62(2), 378–379.

T. E. Lawrence. Thomas Edward (T. E.) Lawrence (1888–1935), a British officer, archaeologist and author, famously known as Lawrence of Arabia. Member of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Lawrence was a British representative at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920.

 The Influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture—to the End of the 12th Century (1910). Lawrence's thesis at Oxford. Eventually published as Crusader Castles, 2 volumes, in 1936.
 Introduction to Travels in Arabia Deserta (1921), by English explorer Charles M. Doughty (1843–1926)
 Anonymous articles for the Times of London, supporting the Arab cause after World War I.
 Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1922, published 1926). An autobiographical account of Lawrence's activities during the war. Made into the film Lawrence of Arabia in 1962.

Henri Dehérain. Henri Dehérain (1867–1941), a French historian and geographer.

 Les origines du recueil des "historiens des croisades" (1919). A study of the origins of Recueil des historiens descroisades.
 Le consul orientaliste Joseph Rousseau (1936). An account of the work of French orientalist Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (1780-1831).
 Silvestre de Sacy et l'enseignement de l'arabe à Marseille (1937).
Charles Wendell David. Charles Wendell David (1885–1984), an American medievalist.

 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy (1920). A biography of Robert Curthose, the eldest son of William the Conqueror.

Winston Churchill. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874–1965), a British statesman, army officer, and writer.

 A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 volumes (1956–1958). A history of Great Britain and America from 55 BC through 1902. The first volume, The Birth of Britain, includes a chapter on Richard I of England and the Third Crusade.
Kate Norgate. Kate Norgate (1853–1935), a British historian and one of the first women to achieve comparable academic success. She is best known for her history of England under the Angevin kings and for coining the name Angevin Empire to describe their domains.

 Richard the Lion Heart (1924). A biography of Richard I of England.

René Grousset. René Grousset (1885–1952), a French historian.

 The Epic of the Crusades (1926). Translation of L'épopée des Croisades by Noël Lindsay (1970). Two centuries of history of the Frankish kingdom of Jerusalem and nine Crusades which marked two extraordinary centuries, from 1095 to 1291, in the history of the Christian West and of Islam.
 Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem, 3 volumes (1934-1936). The translation of Histoire, The History of the Crusades, was a standard reference of the subject. (cf. French Wikipedia, Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem)
 L'empire mongol (1941). A history of the Mongol empire.
 L'empire du Levant: histoire de la question d'Orient (1946). For René Grousset, the question of the Orient is the problem of relations between Europe and Asia. He first shows in this historical sketch what was the legacy of Antiquity and what, at the advent of the Christian empire, around 323, remained from the results of the Alexandrian conquest. The history of these east–west relations is then studied in its three successive aspects: Byzantine solution in the early Middle Ages, Frankish solution from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, Turkish solution from 1360 and especially from 1453.
 Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 (1947).

H. A. R. Gibb. H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971), a Scottish historian on orientalism.

 Arabic Literature – An Introduction (1926).
 Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354 (1929). Translation of Rihla (Voyages), the travelogue of Moroccan scholar and explorer Ibn Battūta (1304–1369). Translated by Charles Defrémery (1822–1883), B. R. Sanguinetti (1811–1883) and H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971).
 The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (1932). Extracted and translated from the Dhayl tārīkh Dimashq (Chronicle of Damascus from 1097 to 1159) of Arab historian ibn al-Qalānisi (c. 1071 – 1160).
 Modern Trends in Islam (1947). French edition Les tendances modernes de l'Islam translated by Bernard Vernier.
 Mohammedanism: An Historical Survey (1949).

Anton Chroust. Anton Chroust (1864–1945), a German historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Anton Chroust)

 Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzüges Kaiser Friedrichs I, 1 volume (1928). Sources on the history of Frederick I on the Third Crusade. Includes Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris, Historia Peregrinorum and Epistola de Morte Friderici Imperatoris.

John L. La Monte. John L. La Monte (1902–1949), an American historian.

 Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100–1291 (1932).
 The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus by Philip de Novare (1936).
 A syllabus and reading list to accompany Carl Stephenson's Mediæval History (1936). Companion to Mediæval History: Europe from the Fourth to the Sixteenth Century (1935) by American historian Carl Stephenson (1886–1954).
 The Noble Houses of Outremer (1937). Genealogical and biographical studies of the Crusading States.
 Some Problems in Crusading Historiography (1940). In Speculum, Volume 15.

Paul Deschamps. Paul Deschamps (1888-1974), a French medieval historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Paul Deschamps)

 Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte (1934-1939).
 Terre Sainte Romane (1964).

Carl Erdmann. Carl Erdmann (1898–1945), a German historian specializing in medieval political and intellectual history.

 Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens (1935).
 The Origin of the Idea of Crusade (1977). Translation of Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens by Marshall W. Baldwin (1903–1975) and Walter Goffart (born 1934). Forward and introductory notes by Baldwin.

Joseph Reese Strayer. Joseph Reese Strayer (1904–1987), an American medievalist historian.

 A Syllabus of Medieval History, 395-1500 (1942). Includes chapters of chivalry, the Byzantine empire, the Saracen empires, and the Crusades. Extension of A Syllabus of Medieval History, 395-1300 (1899) by American historian Dana C. Munro (1866–1933).
 The Albigensian Crusade (1972). An account of the Albigensian Crusade of 1209–1229, with an epilog by Carol Lansing.

Comprehensive studies 
In the later half of the 20th century, a number of key, comprehensive studies of the Crusades were published. These works provide the basis of Crusader studies and were authored by many of the more prominent historians discussed here.

Runciman's History of the Crusades. A History of the Crusades is the first modern, comprehensive review of the Crusades published after 1950. It was written by Sir James Cochran Stevenson (Steven) Runciman (1903–2000), a British historian of the Middle Ages, specializing in the Crusades and the Byzantine empire. (cf. French Wikipedia, Steven Runciman). The work consists of three volumes covering the history of the Holy Land, including pilgrimages to Jerusalem and the rise of the Islamic caliphates and sultanates. The Crusades are covered from the First Crusade until 1464.

 A History of the Crusades, Volume One: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1951).
 A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187 (1952).
 A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades (1954).

Wisconsin Collaborative History. The Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969–1989). Under the general editorship of Kenneth M. Setton.

 Volume I. The First One Hundred Years (1969). Edited by Marshall W. Baldwin. Western Europe, Byzantium, the Assassins and the Holy Land before the Crusades. The First Crusade, the Crusade of 1101, the kingdom of Jerusalem from 1101 to 1146, with the loss of Edessa. The Second Crusade and afterward. The rise of Saladin and the loss of Jerusalem.
 Volume II. The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 (1969). Edited by Robert L. Wolff and Harry W. Hazard. The Norman kingdom of Sicily. The Third Crusade. The Fourth Crusade. The Latin Empire of Constantinople and the Frankish states in Greece. The Albigensian Crusade. The Children's Crusade. The Fifth Crusade. The Sixth Crusade. The Baron's Crusade. The Crusades of Louis IX. The Ayyubids. The Mongols. The Mamluks.
 Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries (1975). Edited by Harry W. Hazard. Crusades in the fourteenth century. Byzantium and the Crusades. The Morea. The Catalans and Florentines in Greece. The Hospitallers at Rhodes. The kingdom of Cyprus. The Reconquista. The Mamluks. The Mongols. The German Crusade in the Baltics. The Crusade against the Hussites.
 Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States (1979). Edited by Harry W. Hazard. Life in Palestine and Syria. Pilgrimages and shrines. Ecclesiastical art. Military architecture. Arts in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cyprus and Rhodes.
 Volume V. The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East (1985). Edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989). Impact on Muslim lands. Social classes. Political and ecclesiastical organization of the Crusader States. Agriculture. Teutonic Knights. Venice and the Crusades. Missions to the East.
 Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe (1989). Edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989). Legal and political theory. Crusader propaganda. Financing. Institutions of the kingdom of Cyprus. Social evolution in Latin Greece. The Ottoman Turks. The Crusade of Varna. Coinage.
 Select Bibliography on the Crusades. Compiled by Hans E. Mayer and Joyce McLellan. Edited by Harry W. Hazard.

The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. The Crusades—An Encyclopedia (2006). Edited by historian Alan V. Murray. A comprehensive treatment of the Crusades with over 1000 entries written by 120 authors from 25 countries. Highlights include entries by the following historians.

 American historian James M. Powell, Editorial Consultant on the work
 British academic Anna Sapir Abulafia who specializes in medieval Christian-Jewish relations.
 British medieval historian Malcolm Barber, a leading expert on the Knights Templar.
 Canadian historian Niall Christie, specializing on Islamic sources of the Crusades.
 British historian Susan B. Edgington, with works on original Western sources of the Crusades.
 Egyptian historian Taef El-Azhari, specializing in the history of the Seljuk and Zengid dynasties.
 Italian historian Laura Minervini, an expert on the Gestes des Chiprois.
 French historian Jean Richard, a medievalist.
 British historian Jonathan Phillips, author of numerous works on the First, Second and Fourth Crusades.
 British historian Jonathan Riley-Smith, a widely published expert on the Crusades; member of the Editorial Advisory Board.
 British historian J. Elizabeth Siberry, a scholar on Crusader literature.
 British historian Christopher J. Tyerman (born 1953), a prominent expert on the Crusades.

The Oxford History of the Crusades. The Oxford History of the Crusades (1995). Edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a British historian of the Crusades. A series of essays on the Crusades by contemporary historians as follows.

 The Crusading Movement and Historians, by Jonathan Riley-Smith.
 Origins [of the Crusades], by British historian Marcus G. Bull.
 The Crusading Movement, 1096–1274, by British historian Simon Lloyd.
 The State of Mind of Crusaders to the East, 1095–1300, by Jonathan Riley-Smith.
 Songs [of the Crusades], by Michael J. Routledge.
 The Latin East, 1098–1291, by British medievalist Jonathan P. Phillips.
 Art in the Latin East, 1098–1291, by American art historian Jaroslav T. Folda III (born 1940).
 Architecture in the Latin East, 1098–1571, by British archeologist Denys Pringle.
 The Military Orders, 1120–1312, by British historian Alan J. Forey.
 Islam and the Crusades, 1096–1699, by British historian Robert Irwin.
 The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700, by British historian Norman Housley.
 The Latin East, 1291–1669, by British historian Peter W. Edbury.
 The Military Orders, 1312–1798, by historian Anthony T. Luttrell.
 Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, by British historian J. Elizabeth Siberry.
 Revival and Survival, by Jonathan Riley-Smith.
 Chronology and Maps.

God's War. God's War: A New History of the Crusades (2006) is a 21st-century comprehensive study of the Crusades by British Crusader historian Christopher Tyerman (born 1953)The dust jacket announces God's War as "the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story" and compares it to Runciman's "well-loved and much-published classic study of the Crusades."

Historians after the mid-Twentieth century 
Individual historians from the later 20th century through the current time include the following.

Anna Sapir Abulafia. Anna Brechta Sapir Abulafia (born 1952), a British academic who specializes in religious history.

 Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1995).
 Hebrew Sources (2006). In The Crusades—An Encyclopedia.
Eugene N. Anderson. Eugene Newton Anderson (1900-1984), an American historian.

 Medieval and historiographical essays: in honor of James Westfall Thompson (1938). Edited by E. Anderson and James L. Cate.
 History of Western Civilization (1957).
Arthur John Arberry. Arthur John Arberry (1905–1969), a British orientalist.

 A volume in the autograph of Yāqūt the geographer (1951). A brief description of the work of Arab scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229), with a reproduction of the manuscript of the Tamām Fasīh al-kalām of Ahmad ibn Fāris.

Thomas S. Asbridge. Thomas S. Asbridge, a British medieval historian.

 The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098-1130 (2000)
 The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam (2005).
 The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (2010).
 Works from the HathiTrust bibliographic catalogs
 Historians of the Crusades (2007–2008), an on-line database of scholars working in the field of Crusader studies. This is part of the Resources for Studying the Crusades created at Queen Mary University of London in 2007–2008.

Aziz Suryal Atiya. Aziz Suryal Atiya (1898–1988), an Egyptian Coptologist and historian specializing in Islamic and Crusades studies.

 The Crusade of Nicopolis (1934). An account of the battle of Nicopolis in 1396.
 The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (1938). Includes five appendixes: Petitio pro recuperatione Terrae Sanctae; Pilgrims and travelers; Aragon and Egypt; Lists of the crusaders; and Chronological tables.
Review of A History of the Crusades, by S. Runciman (1952). Speculum, 27(3), 422–425.
 The Crusade (1962).
 The Crusade: Historiography and Bibliography (1962).
 Kitāb al-Ilmām, 7 volumes (1968–1976). A history of Alexandria by al-Nuwayrī (fl. 1365–1373) edited by Atiya and Swiss Egyptologist Étienne Combe (1881–1962).
The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
The Aftermath of the Crusades (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
 The Coptic Encyclopedia, 8 volumes (1991). Editor-in-chief.

Marshall W. Baldwin. Marshall Whithed Baldwin (1903–1975), an American historian who was Professor Emeritus of History at New York University until his death.

 Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969-1989), under the general editorship of Kenneth M. Setton (1914–1995). Volume I. The First One Hundred Years (1969). Edited by M. Baldwin: Western Europe, Byzantium, the Assassins and the Holy Land before the Crusades. The First Crusade, the Crusade of 1101, the kingdom of Jerusalem from 1101 to 1146, with the loss of Edessa. The Second Crusade and afterward. The rise of Saladin and the loss of Jerusalem.
The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174. (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
 The Origin of the Idea of Crusade (1977), by Carl Erdmann (1898–1945). Translation by M. Baldwin and Walter Goffart (born 1934).
Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.

Malcolm Barber. Malcolm Barber (born 1943), a British medieval historian and leading expert on the Knights Templar.

 The Trial of the Templars (1978).
 The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (1994).
The Military Orders, Volume I: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick (1994). Edited by M. Barber.
 Petrus Vallium Sarnaii (2016). In the Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
 Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries (2016). With Keith Bate.
Richard Barber. Richard William Barber (born 1941), a British historian specializing in medieval history and literature.

 The Knight and Chivalry (1971)
 Tournaments: Jousts, Chivalry and Pageants in the Middle Ages (1989). With English historian Juliet Barker.
 The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief (2004)
 The Reign of Chivalry (2005).

Ernest Barker. Ernest Barker (1874–1960), an English political scientist.

 Crusades (1911), in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. A summary of the history of the Crusades, with sections on the Meaning of the Crusades, Historical Causes of the Crusades, and Literature of Crusades.
 The Crusades (1923). A later edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica article, edited with additional notes.
 List of Contributions of Barker to the Encyclopædia Britannica 11th Edition.
 Bibliography of works by Barker (1906–1956).
Virginia G. Berry. Virginia G. Berry, a Canadian historian.

 The Journey of Louis VII to the East (1948). The English translation of De profectione Ludovico VII in Orientem, an edition of the eyewitness account of the ill-fated Second Crusade by Odo of Deuil, chaplain to the French king, Louis VII, contains many details, including views of contesting factions, decisive facts about the battles, and accounts of Greek customs and Turkish modes of combat.
 Peter the Venerable and the Crusades (1956). A biography of Peter the Venerable (c. 1092 – 1156).
 The Second Crusade (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.

Charles Julian Bishko. Charles Julian Bishko, an American historian specializing on medieval Spain.

 The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095-1492 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.

Sheila Blair. Sheila Blair (born 1948), an American scholar of Islamic art.

 A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World (1995). An illustrated (59 folios) edition of Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) by Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318). The commentary traces the compendium's history from the scriptorium in Tabriz, through Herat during the Timurid dynasty, through the 19th-century Mughal court and the East India Company, to its final acquisition by the Royal Asiatic Society. Includes a translation by Wheeler Thackson of the articles of endowment of the Rabi’ Rashid. Volume XXVII of the Khalili Collection of Islamic Art.
 Arab Inscriptions in Persia (1998). In Encyclopædia Iranica's article on Epigraphy.
 Būyid Art and Architecture (2009).

T. S. R. Boase. Thomas Sherrer Ross (T. S. R.) Boase (1898–1974), a British art historian.

 Boniface VIII (1933). A biography of pope Boniface VIII.
 Recent Developments in Crusading Historiography (1937). In History, Volume 22.
 The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia (1978).
Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria (1979). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.
Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria (1979). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.

Clifford Edmund (C. E.) Bosworth. Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1928–2015), an English historian and orientalist, specializing in Arabic and Iranian studies.

 The Early Ghaznavids (1975). Chapter 5 of The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4.
 The Ghaznavids, their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040 (1963). The first part of a history of the Ghaznavid empire.
 The Later Ghaznavids, Splendour and Decay: the dynasty in Afghanistan and northern India 1040–1186. (1977). The second part of the history of the Ghaznavids.
 The New Islamic Dynasties. A chronological and genealogical manual (1996).

Louis R. Bréhier. Louis R. Bréhier (1869–1951), a French historian specializing in Byzantine studies.

 Crusades (1908). In the Catholic Encyclopedia (1907–1912), edited by Charles G. Herbermann (1840–1916). An overview of the history of the Crusades, numbered as eight. Topics include: I. Origin of the Crusades; II. Foundation of Christian states in the East; III. First destruction of the Christian states (1144-1187); IV. Attempts to restore the Christian states and the Crusade against Saint-Jean d'Acre (1192-1198); V. The Crusade against Constantinople (1204); VI. The thirteenth-century Crusades (1217-1252); VII. Final loss of the Christian colonies of the East (1254-1291); VIII. The fourteenth-century Crusade and the Ottoman invasion; IX. The Crusade in the fifteenth century; X. Modifications and survival of the idea of the Crusade.
 Crusades (Bibliography and Sources) (1908). In the Catholic Encyclopedia. A concise summary of the historiography of the Crusades.
 L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades (1907). The Church and the East in the Middle Ages: The Crusades, including an extensive bibliography. Covers the Holy Land from before the Crusades, including the role of Holy relics, Charlemagne's role in the Middle East, and the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1109; the Crusades through 1291; and later activities through 1453.
 Crusade of the Pastoureaux (1911). An account of the First Shepherds’ Crusade (1251). In the Catholic Encyclopedia.
 Histoire anonyme de la première croisade (1924). A translation of the anonymous account of the First Crusade, Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks).
 List of Contributions of Bréhier to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1908–1913).
 Bibliography of works by Bréhier (1899–1950).
 Works of Bréhier from the HathiTrust bibliographic catalog (1899–1950).

James A. Brundage. James Arthur Brundage, an American historian specializing in the Crusades.

 The Crusades: A Documentary Survey (1962). Translations (various translators) from original documentary accounts of the times woven together with narrative introductions.
 The Crusades, Motives and Achievements (1964).
 Recent Crusade Historiography: Some Observations and Suggestions (1964). In Catholic Historical Review (CHR) 49.

Marcus G. Bull. Marcus Graham Bull, a British historian.

 Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade (1993).
 Origins [of the Crusades] (1995). In The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by J. Riley-Smith.

Claude Cahen. Claude Cahen (1909–1991), a French orientalist and historian, specializing in the studies of the Islamic Middle Ages and Crusades sources.

 La Syrie du nord à l'époque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche (1940).
 Historiography of the Seljuqid period (1962).
The Turkish Invasion: The Selchuükids (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
The Mongols and the Near East (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
 Tribes, Cities and Social Organizations (1975). Chapter 8 of The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4.
 The Formation of Turkey: the Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: eleventh to fourteenth century (2001). With Peter M Holt.
James Lea Cate. James Lea Cate (1899-1981), an American historian and part of the Air Force Historical Division during World War II.

 Medieval and historiographical essays: in honor of James Westfall Thompson (1938). Edited by J. Cate and Eugene N. Anderson.
 The Crusade of 1101 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
Fred A. Cazel. Fred A. Cazel (1921–2011), an American historian.

 Financing the Crusades (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.

Peter Charanis. Peter Charanis (1908–1985), a Greek-born American scholar of Byzantium.

 The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
Martin Chasin. Martin Chasin, an American historian.

 The Crusade of Varna (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.

Niall Christie. Niall Christie, a Canadian historian of the Crusades.

 Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources (2014)

Giles Constable. Giles Constable (born 1929), a British historian and medievalist.

 Monks, Hermits and Crusaders in Medieval Europe (1978).
 Cluny from the Tenth to the Twelfth Centuries, Further studies (2000).
 The Historiography of the Crusades (2001), In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World.

Eugene L. Cox. Eugene L. Cox, an American historian.

 The Green Count of Savoy (1967). A biography of Amadeus VI of Savoy.

Farhad Daftary. Farhad Daftary (born 1938), an American historian specializing on medieval Persian history and the Isma'ili branch of Shia Islam.

 The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines (1992).
 Encyclopædia Iranica (2008). Edited by F. Daftary.
Norman Daniel. Norman Daniel (c. 1919 – 1992), a British historian.

 The Critical Approach to Arab Society in the Middle Ages (1981).
 The Legal and Political Theory of the Crusade (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.
 Crusader Propaganda (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.

Frederic Duncalf. Frederic Duncalf (1882–1963), an American historian of the First Crusade.

 A problem in the use of parallel source material in medieval history: the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 (1912).
The Peasants Crusade (1921). An account of the People's Crusade.
 The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
 The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.

Peter W. Edbury. Peter W. Edbury (born 1947), A British historian.

 The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374 (1991).
 The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (1996). A complete collection of the key texts describing Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem in October 1187 and the Third Crusade. Includes a translation of the Old French Continuation of William Tyre for the years 1184–1197.

Susan B. Edgington. Susan B. Edgington, a British historian.

 Gendering the Crusades (2001).
 The First Crusade: the Capture of Jerusalem in AD 1099 (2003).
 Western Sources (2006). With Alan V. Murray. In The Crusades—An Encyclopedia.
 Jerusalem the Golden: the Origins and Impact of the First Crusade (2014).
 Crusading Chronicles (2016). In the Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
Baldwin I of Jerusalem, 1100–1118 (2019).

Carl Erdmann. Carl Erdmann (1898–1945), a German historian specializing in medieval political and intellectual history.

 Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens (1935).
 The Origin of the Idea of Crusade (1977). Translation of Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens by Marshall W. Baldwin (1903–1975) and Walter Goffart (born 1934). Forward and introductory notes by Baldwin.
Austin P. Evans. Austin Patterson Evans, an American medieval historian.

 Bibliography of English translations from Medieval Sources (1946). By Austin P. Evans and Clarissa Palmer Farrar (1899–1963).
 Heresies of the high Middle Ages (1969). With Walter Leggett Wakefield.
 The Albigensian Crusade (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
Nabīh Amīn Fāris. Nabīh Amīn Fāris (1906–1968), an Arab historian.

 Descriptive catalog of the Garrett collection of Arabic manuscripts in the Princeton University library (1938). With Philip Khuri Hitti.
 The Book of Idols (1952). A translation from the Arabic of the work of Hisham Ibn al-Kalbī by Nabih Amin Faris.
 Arab Culture in the Twelfth Century (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.

Harold S. Fink. Harold S. Fink (1903–1981), an American historian.

 A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127 (1969). A translation of Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium (Historia Hierosolymitana) by Fulcher of Chartres (c. 1059 – after 1128).
 The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099–1118 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.

Alan John Forey. Alan John Forey (born 1933), a British historian and an authority on the history of the military orders of the Middle Ages.

 The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries (1992)
 The Military Orders, 1120–1312 (1995). In the Oxford History of the Crusades.
Alfred Foulet. Alfred Foulet (1900–1987), a French historian.

 Lettres françaises du XIIIe siècle (1924). An edition of the work of Jean Pierre Sarrasin (died 1275) concerning letters from the Seventh Crusade.
 Le Couronnement de Renard, poème du treizième siècle (1929). An edition of the cycle of Reynard the Fox.
 The Epic Cycle of the Crusades (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.

Elizabeth Chapin Furber. Elizabeth Chapin Furber, an American historian.

 The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.

Richard N. Frye. Richard Nelson Frye (1920–2014), an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian studies.

 The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuks (1975).

Francesco Gabrieli. Francesco Gabrieli (1904–1996), an Italian Arabist and orientalist.

 Arabic Historiography of the Crusades (1962)
 Arab Historians of the Crusades (1969).

Deno Geanakoplos. Deno John Geanakoplos (1916–2007), an American scholar of Byzantine cultural and religious history and Italian Renaissance intellectual history.

 Greek scholars in Venice: studies in the dissemination of Greek learning from Byzantium to Western Europe (1962).
 Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
 Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354–1453 (1975). Ibid.
H. A. R. Gibb. H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971), a Scottish historian on orientalism.

 Arabic Literature – An Introduction (1926).
 Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354 (1929). Translation of Rihla (Voyages), the travelogue of Moroccan scholar and explorer Ibn Battūta (1304–1369). Translated by Charles Defrémery (1822–1883), B. R. Sanguinetti (1811–1883) and H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971).
 The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (1932). Extracted and translated from the Dhayl tārīkh Dimashq (Chronicle of Damascus from 1097 to 1159) of Arab historian ibn al-Qalānisi (c. 1071 – 1160).
 Modern Trends in Islam (1947). French edition Les tendances modernes de l'Islam translated by Bernard Vernier.
 Mohammedanism: An Historical Survey (1949).
 Islamic Society and the West, with Harold Bowen, 2 volumes (1950, 1957)
 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 11 volumes (1954– ). Edited by a number of leading orientalists including H. A. R. Gibb.
 The Caliphate and the Arab States (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
Zengi and the Fall of Edessa (1969). An account of Turkish atabeg Zengi (1085–1146), founder of the Zengid dynasty, and his successful siege of Edessa in 1144 that triggered the Second Crusade. In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
The Aiyūbids (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
The Career of Nūr-ad-Din (1969). An account of Nur ad-Din (1118–1174), the son of Zengi and successor to the Zengid dynasty. In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
The Rise of Saladin, 1169–1189 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
 Saladin–Studies in Islamic History (1974). Edited by H. A. R. Gibb and Yusuf Ibish.
Keith R. Giles. Keith Richard Giles is a British historian of the Crusades.

 The Emperor Frederick II's Crusade, c. 1215 – c. 1231 (1987).

John Gillingham. John Gillingham (born 1940), a British historian specializing in the Angevin Empire.

 Richard I (1999). A biography of Richard I of England.

Harry W. Hazard. Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989), an American numismatist and historian of the Crusades.

 The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa (1952). Prepared for the American Numismatic Society.
 Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969-1989). Under the general editorship of Kenneth M. Setton. Volumes II–VI edited by H. Hazard.
Muslin North Africa, 1049–1394 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
 Select Bibliography on the Crusades (1989). Compiled by Hans E. Mayer and Joyce McLellan, and edited by H. W. Hazard.
Frederick G. Heymann. Frederick Gotthold Heymann (1900–1983), a Canadian historian.

 The Crusades against the Hussites (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.

Carole Hillenbrand. Carole Hillenbrand (born 1943), a British Islamic scholar.

 History of the Jazira, 1100–1150: The Contribution of ibn al-Azraq al-Fariq (1979). Translations of the two existing manuscripts of Ta'rikh Mayyafariqin wa-Amid (The history of Mayyafariqin and Amid) by historian ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqī (1116–1176), with annotations and commentary. Ph.D thesis, University of Edinburgh.
 A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times: the Early Artuqid state (1990). Based on History of the Jazira, 1100–1150.
 The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (2000). Discusses themes that highlight how Muslims reacted to the presence of the Crusaders in the heart of traditionally Islamic territory. Examines ideological concerns and the importance of the jihad in the context of the gradual recovery of the Holy Land and the expulsion of the Crusaders.
Philip Khuri Hitti. Philip Khuri Hitti (1886–1978), a Lebanese-American authority on Arab and Middle Eastern history, Islam, and Semitic languages, helping to create the discipline of Arabic studies in the United States.

 The Origins of the Islamic State, 2 volumes (1916–1924). A translation from the Arabic accompanied with annotations, geographic and historic notes of the Kitāb Futūḥ al-Buldān (The Conquest of Nations), an early history of the Caliphate, of al-Imâm al-Balādhuri.
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah ibn-Munqidh (1929). A translation of Kitab al-I'tibar, the autobiography of Arab historian Usama ibn-Munqidh (1095–1188).
 History of the Arabs (1937). A history covering the pre-Islamic period; the rise of Islam; the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates; Moslems in Europe; and the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties.
Descriptive catalog of the Garrett collection of Arabic manuscripts in the Princeton University library (1938). With Nabīh Amīn Fāris.
 History of the Arabs: from the earliest times to the present (1943).
 The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.

Natasha Hodgson Natasha Hodgson, a British Historian specializing in the history of the Crusades.
 Women, crusading and the Holy Land in historical narrative (2007).
 Crusading and Masculinities (2019). Edited with Katherine J. Lewis and Matthew M. Mesley.
 Works by Natasha Hodgson

Urban Tigner Holmes. Urban Tigner Holmes Jr. (1900–1972), an American scholar focusing on medieval literature and romance philology.

 A History of Old French Literature, from the Origins to 1300 (1937).
 A New Interpretation of Chrétien's Conte del Graal (1948). A controversial interpretation of Chrétien de Troyes' 12th century romance Perceval, the Story of the Grail. With Sister Amelia Klenke.
 Life among the Europeans in Palestine and Syrian in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (1979). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.
Peter Holt. Peter Malcolm Holt (1918– 2006), a historian of the Middle East.

 The Cambridge History of Islam (1992). Edited by P. Holt.
 The Crusaders States and their Neighbours, 1098-1291 (2004).

Norman Housley. Norman Housley, a British historian specializing in the Crusades.

 The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992).
 The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700. (1995).
 The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343 (1982).

Kathryn Hurlock. Kathryn Hurlock, a British historian specializing in the role of crusades in medieval British life and the impact of warfare.
 Wales and the Crusades, c.1095-1291 (2011)
 Britain, Ireland and the Crusades, c.1000-1300 (2013)
 Crusading and Pilgrimage in the Norman World (2018). Edited with Paul Oldfield.
 Works by Kathryn Hurlock

Joan M. Hussey. Joan Mervyn Hussey (1907–2006), a British Byzantine scholar and historian.

 The Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century: some different interpretations (1950).
 The Byzantine World (1957).
 The Cambridge Medieval History. Volume IV, The Byzantine Empire (1966). Second edition, edited by J. Hussey.
 Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081–1204 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
Halil İnalcık. Halil İnalcık (1916–2016), a Turkish historian of the Ottoman Empire.

 The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329–1451 (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.
The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522 (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.

David Jacoby. David Jacoby (1928-2018), an Israeli historian of medieval studies.

 Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion (1989).
 Social Evolution in Latin Greece (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.

Edgar N. Johnson. Edgar Nathaniel Johnson (1901–1969), an American historian.

 An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300-1500 (1937). With James Westfall Thompson.
 The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI (1969). An account of the actions of Frederick Barbarossa in the Third Crusade and the follow-on Crusade of 1197 conducted by his son Henry VI of Germany. In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
The German Crusade on the Baltic (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.

Howard Kaminsky. Howard Kaminsky (born 1924), a British historian.

 A History of the Hussite Revolution (1967). A history of the Hussites and their conflicts with the Catholic Church, particularly the Hussite Wars that include the anti-Hussite crusades.
Benjamin Z. Kedar. Benjamin Zeev Kedar (born 1938) is an Israeli historian of the Crusades and the Latin East. (Benjamin Kedar CV)

 The Crusaders in their Kingdom, 1099–1291 (1987).
 The Franks in the Levant, 11th to 14th Centuries (1993)
 The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 (2004). In the Western Historiography of the Crusades (2004).

Hugh N. Kennedy. Hugh N. Kennedy (born 1947), a British medieval historian specializing in the early Islamic Middle East and the Crusades.

 The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, 600–1050 (1986).
 Crusader Castles (1994). An account of the history and architecture of Crusader castles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch between 1099 and 1291. 
 The Historiography of Islamic Egypt, c. 950–1800 (2000).
Castles: Outremer (2006). In The Crusades - An Encyclopedia.
Hilmar Carl Krueger. Hilmar Carl Krueger, an American historian specializing in medieval Italy.

 The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1093 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.

Angeliki E. Laiou. Angeliki E. Laiou (1941–2008), a Greek-American Byzantinist.

 The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001). Edited by A. Laiou and Roy Mottahedeh.
Ann Lambton. Ann Katharine Swynford Lambton (1912–2008), a British historian and expert on medieval and early modern Persian history.

 Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia (1988).
 The Cambridge History of Islam (1992). Edited by A. Lambton.

Bernard Lewis. Bernard Lewis (1916–2018), a British-American historian specialized in Oriental studies, particularly the Assassins.

 The Sources for the History of the Syrian Assassins, in Speculum, XXVII (1952).
 The Assassins: a Radical Sect in Islam (1967).
 The IIsmāʻīlites and the Assassins (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume 1.
 Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople (1974).
 The Origins of Ismāʻīlism: A Study of the Historical Background of the Fātimid Caliphate (2001).

Simon Lloyd. Simon Lloyd, a British historian.

 English Society and the Crusade, 1216-1307 (1988).
 The Crusading Movement, 1096–1274 (1995). In The Oxford History of the Crusades.

Peter Lock. Peter Lock, a British historian.

 The Franks in the Aegean, 1204-1500 (1995).
 The Routledge Companion to the Crusades (2006). A comprehensive discussion of all the Crusades, major players and historians. With complete bibliography.
Chronicle of the Morea (2006). A discussion of the 14th century work Chronicle of the Morea. In The Crusades - An Encyclopedia.
Jean Longnon. Jean Longnon (1887–1979), a French bibliothécaire, historian and journalist. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean Longnon)

 Livre de la conqueste de la princée de l'Amorée: Chronique de Morée (1204-1305) (1911). An edition of the Chronicle of the Morea, a 14th-century history covering the establishment of Crusader states in Greece, including a discussion of the civil organization of the Principality of Achaea.
 The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
 Les Compagnons de Villehardouin: Recherches sur les croisés de la quatrième croisade (1978). A study of Geoffrey de Villehardouin and the Fourth Crusade.
Harry Luke. Sir Harry Charles Luke (1884–1969), an official in the British Colonial Office, serving in He served in Cyprus and Palestine among others, and was the author of books on several of these countries.

 The Handbook of Cyprus (1913).
 The Handbook of Palestine (1922).

 The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1291–1369 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.

The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369–1489 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.

Anthony T. Luttrell. Anthony Thorton Luttrell, a British historian specializing in the military orders.

 The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
The Military Orders, 1312–1798 (1995). In the Oxford History of the Crusades.
 Works by Anthony T. Luttrell.

Francis Lützow. Francis Lützow (1849–1916), a Bohemian historian.

 Lectures on the Historians of Bohemia (1905).
 The Life and Times of Master John Hus (1909). A biography of pre-Protestant Christian reformer Jan Hus, executed by the Catholic Church in 1415 for heresy, bringing about the Hussite Wars.
 The Hussite Wars (1914). An account of the Hussite Wars of the 15th century, in particular the Anti-Hussite Crusades.

Thomas F. Madden. Thomas F. Madden (born 1960), an American historian of the Crusades. (cf. Thomas Madden CV)

 The New Concise History of the Crusades (2005). (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005; repr New York: Barnes and Noble, 2007).
 The Real History of the Crusades (2011). For the Association for Renaissance Martial Arts (ARMA).

Archibald Main. Archibald Main (1876–1947), a Scottish ecclesiastical historian.

 The Emperor Sigismund: the Stanhope essay (1903). A biography of 15th century Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund.

Hans E. Mayer. Hans Eberhard Mayer (born 1932), a German historian.

 Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (1960). A comprehensive bibliography of the Crusades.
Studies in the History of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (1972).
Ibelin versus Ibelin: The Struggle for the Regency of Jerusalem 1253-1258 (1978).
America and the Crusades. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 125, No. 1 (1981)
The Succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem: English Impact on the East (1985).
Angevins versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem (1989).
Select Bibliography on the Crusades (1989). Compiled by H. Mayer and Joyce McLellan. Edited by Harry W. Hazard.
Edgar H. McNeal. Edgar Holmes McNeal (1874-1955), an American historian specializing on medieval Europe and the Crusades.

 A Source Book for Mediæval History (1905). Selected documents illustrating the history of Europe in the Middle Age.
 The Conquest of Constantinople (1936).
 The Fourth Crusade (1977). With Robert L. Wolff. In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.

David Michael Metcalf. David Michael Metcalf (1933–2018), a British numismatist.

 Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford (1995). A collection of Crusade-era coins at the Ashmolean Museum, Britain's first public museum. Published by the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Royal Numismatic Society.

Laura Minervini. Laura Minervini, an Italian historian who is expert on the Gestes des Chiprois.

 Les Gestes des Chiprois et la tradition historiographique de l'Orient latin (2004).
 Literature of Outremer and Cyprus (2006). In The Crusades - An Encyclopedia.
 Gestes des Chiprois (2006). Ibid.
 Philip of Novara (2006). Ibid.

John L. La Monte. John L. La Monte (1902–1949), an American historian.

 Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100–1291 (1932).
 The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus by Philip de Novare (1936).
 A syllabus and reading list to accompany Carl Stephenson's Mediæval History (1936). Companion to Mediæval History: Europe from the Fourth to the Sixteenth Century (1935) by American historian Carl Stephenson (1886–1954).
 Review of "The Rule, Statutes and Customs of the Hospitallers 1099-1310," by E. J. King. Speculum, 10(3), 347–349.
 The Noble Houses of Outremer (1937). Genealogical and biographical studies of the Crusading States.
John of Ibelin. The Old Lord of Beirut, 1177-1236 (1937).
 Some Problems in Crusading Historiography (1940). In Speculum, Volume 15 (1940), pp. 57–75.

Roy Parviz Mottahedeh. Roy Parviz Mottahedeh, an American historian.

 The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001). Edited by R. Mottahedeh and Angeliki Laiou.

Alan V. Murray. Alan V. Murray, a British historian specializing on the Crusades. (cf. Alan V. Murray CV)

 From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 1095-1500 (1998). Edited by A. Murray.
 The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099-1125 (2000).
 Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150-1500 (2001). Edited by A. Murray.
 The Crusades—An Encyclopedia (2006). Edited by A. Murray. A comprehensive treatment of the Crusades.
Sirarpie Der Nersessian. Sirarpie Der Nersessian (1896–1989), an Armenian art historian specializing in Armenian and Byzantine studies.

 Armenia and the Byzantine Empire (1945).
 The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.

Helen J. Nicholson. Helen Jane Nicholson, a British historian of the Crusades and the Military Religious Orders.
 Chronicle of the Third Crusade: a translation of the Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi (1997).
 The Crusades (2004).
 Palgrave Advances in the Crusades (2005). Edited by Helen J. Nicholson.
Itnerarium Peregrinarum et Gesta Regis Ricardi (2016). An account of the anonymous Itinerarium Regis Ricardi (Itnerarium Peregrinarum et Gesta Regis Ricardi) compiled by Richard de Templo and once attributed to medieval grammarian Geoffrey of Vinsauf (fl. 1200). In Encyclopedia of Medieval Chronicle.
 Bibliography of works by Helen Nicholson.

Robert L. Nicholson. Robert Lawrence Nicholson (1908-1985), an American historian of the Crusades.

 Tancred: a study of his career and work in their relation to the first Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states in Syria and Palestine (1940). A biography of Tancred, Prince of Galilee (1075–1112).
 Joscelyn I, Prince of Edessa (1954). A biography of Joscelyn I of Edessa.
 The Growth of the Latin States, 1118–1144 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
 Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States, 1134-1199 (1973). A biography of Joscelyn III, Count of Edessa.

David C. Nicolle. David Charles Nicolle (born 1944) is a British historian specializing in the military history of the Middle East.

 Crusader Castles in the Holy Land, 1192–1302 (2004). Examines the early fortifications erected by the Crusaders in Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.
Sidney Painter. Sidney Painter (1902–1960), an American medievalist and historian.

 Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusades (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
The Third Crusade: Richard the Llionhearted and Philip Augustus (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241 (1969). An account of the Barons' Crusade.  In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.

Jonathan P. Phillips. Jonathan P. Phillips (born 1965), a British historian and medievalist.

 The Experience of Crusading (2003).
 The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (2004)
 The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom (2010).
 The Crusades 1095-1197 (2014).
 Perceptions of the Crusades from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century (2018). An exploration of the ways in which the Crusades have been used in the last two centuries, including the varying uses of Crusading rhetoric and imagery.
 The Life and Legend of the Sultan Saladin (2019).

James M. Powell. James M. Powell (1930–2011), an American historian.

 Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213-1221 (1986).
 The Crusades: An Introduction (2006). In The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.
 The Crusades, the Kingdom of Sicily, and the Mediterranean (2007).

Joshua Prawer. Joshua Prawer (1917–1990), an Israeli historian.

 Histoire du royaume Latin de Jérusalem (1969).
 The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (1972).
 The World of the Crusaders (1972).
 Crusader Institutions (1980)
Social Classes in the Crusader States: the "Minorities" (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.
Social Classes in the Latin Kingdom: the Franks (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.
The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1988)
 The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099) (1996).

Jean Richard. Jean Barthélémy Richard (1921–2021), a French historian and medievalist.

 The Political and Ecclesiastical Organization of the Crusader States (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.
Agricultural Conditions in the Crusader States (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.
The Institutions of the Kingdom of Cyprus (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe.
The Crusades: c. 1071 - c. 1291 (1999).

Jonathan Riley-Smith. Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a British historian of the Crusades. (cf. Jonathan Riley-Smith CV)

 The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (1993).
 The Oxford History of the Crusades (1995). Edited by J. Riley-Smith.
 The First Crusaders, 1095-1131 (1997)
 The works of Jonathan Riley-Smith in HathiTrust.
Louise Buenger Robbert. Louise Buenger Robbert, an American historian and numismatist, with an emphasis on medieval Venice.

 The Venetian money market, 1150-1229 (1971).
 Reorganization of the Venetian coinage by Doge Enrico Dandolo (1974).
 Venice and the Crusades (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.
Ettore Rossi. Ettore Rossi (1894-1955), an Italian historian.

 The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421–1523 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.

Jay Rubenstein. Jay Rubenstein (born 1967), an American historian of the Middle Ages.
 Guibert of Nogent: Portrait of a Medieval Mind (2002).
 What is the Gesta Francorum, and who was Peter Tudebode? (2005).

Steven Runciman. Steven Runciman (1903–2000), a British historian of the Middle Ages, specializing in the Crusades and the Byzantine empire. (cf. French Wikipedia, Steven Runciman)

 The First Crusaders' Journey across the Balkan Peninsula (1949). In Byzantion, Volume XXIX, pp. 207–221.
A History of the Crusades, Volume One: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1951).
 A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187 (1952).
 A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades (1954).
 The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century (1958).
 Byzantine Civilisation (1959).
 The Families of Outremer: the Feudal Nobility of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291 (1960).
The Pilgrimages to Palestine before 1093 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
The First Crusade, Constantinople to Antioch (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
The First Crusade, Antioch to Ascalon (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume I. The First One Hundred Years.
The Crusader States, 1243–1291 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
Josiah Cox Russell. Josiah Cox Russell, an American historian.

 The Population of the Crusader States (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.

Henry L. Savage. Henry Lyttleton Savage (1892–1979), an American Arthurian scholar.

 The Gawain-poet; studies in his personality and background (1956). A study of the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
 Pilgrimages and Pilgrim Shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095 (1979). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.

Kenneth Meyer Setton. Kenneth Meyer Setton (1914–1995), an American historian and an expert on the history of medieval Europe and the Crusades.

 Catalan Domination of Athens, 1311–1388 (1948). A history of the founding of the Catalan Company and their subsequent control of the Duchy of Athens and Thebes.
 The Age of Chivalry (1969).
 Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969-1989). General editorship.
 The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1380 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
 The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380–1462 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
 The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, 4 volumes (1976).

Moshe Sharon. Moshe Sharon (born 1937), an Israeli historian of Islam. Referred to as "Israel's greatest Middle East scholar."

 Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, 6 volumes to date; 7th projected (1997–2021). An extensive work that provides the epigraphy of the Holy Land relating to construction, dedication, religious endowments, epitaphs, Quranic texts, prayers and invocations. His work has been instrumental in the continued analysis of original texts of the Crusades. Current volumes cover A through J, Part 1. Seventh volume partially covers Jerusalem.

J. Elizabeth Siberry. J. Elizabeth Siberry, a British historian.

 Tasso and the Crusades: history of a legacy (1993). An essay on Italian poet Torquato Tasso (1544–1595) and his influential work La Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered) (1581).
 Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (1995). In the Oxford History of the Crusades.
 The New Crusaders: Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2000).
Denis Sinor. Denis Sinor (1916–2011), a Hungarian scholar of the history of Central Asia.

 The Mongols and Western Europe (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
 The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (1990). Edited by D. Sinor. Contributions include Introduction: the Concept of Inner Asia; the Hun Period; and the Establishment and Dissolution of the Türk Empire.

Raymond C. Smail. Raymond Charles Smail (1913-1986), a British historian and medievalist.

 Crusading Warfare (1097–1193) (1956).
 The Crusaders in Syria and the Holy Land. (1973).
Indrikis Sterns. Indrikis Sterns (1928–2005), a Latvian-American medieval historian.

 The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States (1985). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.

William Barron Stevenson. William Barron Stevenson (1869-1954), a British historian.

 The Crusaders in the East (1907). A history of the Crusades from the Muslim viewpoint.
Joseph R. Strayer. Joseph Reese Strayer (1904–1987) was an American medievalist, also serving as a member of the CIA's Office of National Estimates.

 Western Europe in the Middle Ages: a short history (1955).
 The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
The Crusades of Louis IX (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
 The Albigensian Crusades (1971). With a new epilog by Carol Lansing in the 1992 edition.

Heinrich von Sybel. Heinrich von Sybel (1817–1895), a German historian.

 History and Literature of the Crusades (1861). Translated by Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon.

Taef El-Azhari. Taef El-Azhari, an Egyptian historian specializing in the history of the Seljuk and Zengid dynasties.

 The Saljūqs of Syria: during the Crusades, 463-549 A.H./1070-1154 A.D (1997).
 Zengi and the Muslim response to the Crusades: The politics of jihad (2016).

James Westfall Thompson. James Westfall Thompson (1869–1941), an American historian specializing in the history of medieval and early modern Europe, particularly of the Holy Roman Empire and France.

 Economic and social history of the Middle Ages (300–1300), 2 volumes (1928).
 The Middle Ages, 300–1500, 2 volumes (1931).
An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300-1500 (1937). With Edgar N. Johnson.
 Medieval and historiographical essays: in honor of James Westfall Thompson (1938). Edited by James Lea Cate and Eugene N. Anderson.

Robert W. Thomson. Robert William Thomson (1934–2018), a British-Armenian historian.

 The Crusaders through Armenian Eyes (2001). In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001).
Peter Topping. Peter Topping, a British historian.

 The Morea, 1311–1364 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
 The Morea, 1364–1460 (1975). Ibid.

Barbara W. Tuchman. Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1912–1989), an American historian.

 A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century (1978).

Christopher Tyerman. Christopher Tyerman (born 1953), a British historian focusing on the Crusades.

 The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction (2005).
 God's War: A New History of the Crusades (2006). The dust jacket announces God's War as "the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story" and compares it to Runciman's "well-loved and much-published classic study of the Crusades."
 The Crusades (A Brief Insight) (2009).
 The Invention of the Crusades (1998).
 Modern Historiography (2006). In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray. A critical analysis of Crusader histories from the fifteenth century to the early twenty-first century.
 The Debate on the Crusades, 1099–2010 (2011). A study of how historians from the eleventh century to the present have developed accounts of the Crusades to suit changing contemporary circumstances and interests. Assessment of works by leading scholars from John Foxe, Gottfried Leibniz, Voltaire and Dave Hume, to historians such as William Robertson, Edward Gibbon and Leopold Ranke. Related the study of the Crusades to academic trends and controversies over the last hundred years, including twentieth-century works by Crusader scholars such as Carl Erdmann and Steven Runciman. In Issues in Historiography (2011)
 Bibliography of works by Christopher Tyerman.
Thomas C. Van Cleve. Thomas Curtis Van Cleve (1888–1976), and American historian of the Middle Ages.

 A Study of the Sources of the De Sphaera Mundi of Joannes de Sacrobosco or John Holywood (1921). A study of the astronomy work De sphaera mundi (The Sphere of the Cosmos or Tractatus de sphaera) by the medieval scholar Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195 – c. 1256).
 Markward of Anweiler and the Sicilian Regency: a study of Hohenstaufen policy in Sicily during the minority of Frederick II (1937). A biography of Markward von Annweiler (died 1202), imperial seneschal and regent of the Kingdom of Sicily, who was the target of one of the early political crusades.
 The Fifth Crusade (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
 The Crusade of Frederick II (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.

Helene Wieruszowski. Helene Wieruszowski, an American scholar of medieval history.

 The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.

Robert L. Wolff. Robert L. Wolff (1915–1980), an American historian.

 Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II. The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 (1969). Edited by R. Wolff (1915-1980) and Harry W. Hazard.
The Fourth Crusade (1969). With Edgar H. McNeal. In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1224–1311 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1976).

Norman P. Zacour. Norman P. Zacour, an American historian of the Crusades.

 The Children's Crusade (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II. The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume V. The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East (1985). Edited by N. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard.
 Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe (1989). Edited by N. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard.
Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ziyādaẗ. Muḥammad Muṣṭafā Ziyādaẗ (died 1968), an Egyptian medieval historian.

 The Mamluk Sultans to 1293 (1969). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume II. The Later Crusades 1187–1311.
The Mamluk Sultans, 1291–1517 (1975). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.

Bibliography for the historiography of the Crusades 
The historiography of the Crusades (literally, the history of histories) includes the original sources and subsequent histories, as well as the study of how historians have interpreted the Crusades. This is a complex subject that several contemporary historians have provided their perspective. Prominent ones are discussed below. These include Tyerman's Modern Historiography and Constable's Historiography of the Crusades.

Overview. Murray's The Crusades—An Encyclopedia includes a series of articles on the historiography of the Crusades, including the following.

 Modern Historiography, by Christopher Tyerman.
 Western Sources, by Susan Edgington and Alan V. Murray.
 Greek Sources, by Jonathan Harris.
 Arabic Sources, by Niall Christie.
 Armenian Sources, by Angus Stewart.
 Syriac Sources, by Dorothea Weltecke.
 Hebrew Sources, by Anna Sapir Abulafia.

Louis R. Bréhier. Louis R. Bréhier (1869–1951), a French historian specializing in Byzantine studies.

 Crusades (Bibliography and Sources) (1908). A concise summary of the historiography of the Crusades. In the Catholic Encyclopedia.

Ernest Barker. Ernest Barker (1874–1960), an English political scientist.

 Crusades (1911). A summary of the history of the Crusades. Section 11. Literature of Crusades provides a view of the historiography of the Crusades. In the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
 The Crusades (1923). A later edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica article, edited with additional notes.

Carole Hillenbrand. Carole Hillenbrand (born 1943), a British Islamic scholar.

 A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times: the Early Artuqid state (1990). Based on her PhD thesis History of the Jazira, 1100–1150.
 The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (2000). Discusses themes that highlight how Muslims reacted to the presence of the Crusaders in the heart of traditionally Islamic territory. Examines ideological concerns and the importance of the jihad in the context of the gradual recovery of the Holy Land and the expulsion of the Crusaders.

Konrad Hirschler. Konrad Hirschler, a German historian specializing on medieval Islam.

 Medieval Arabic Historiography: Authors as Actors (2006).
 The Jerusalem Conquest of 492/1099 in the Medieval Arabic Historiography of the Crusades: From Regional Plurality to Islamic Narrative (2013). A comparative study of how Arabic historians treated the conquest of Jerusalem, with estimates of victims ranging from 70,000 to 100,0000. Historians considered include ibn al-Qalanisi (1071–1160), Ali ibn al-Athir (1160–1233), al-Azimi (1090 – after 1161), ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi (1116–1176), Bar Hebraeus (1226–1286), Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (1125–1201), al-Jazari (fl. 1290–1299), Kamal al-Din (1192–1262), Sibt ibn al-Jawzi (1185–1256), ibn Khallikan (1211–1282), Abu’l-Fida (Abu'l-Feda) (1273–1331), Al-Makrizi (1364–1442) and Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi.(1173–1245). 
 Studying Mamluk Historiography. From Source-Criticism to the Cultural Turn (2013)
 Ibn Wāṣil: An Ayyūbid Perspective on Frankish Lordships and Crusades (2015). A study on the works of Syrian historian Ibn Wāṣil (1208–1298).
Ibn Khaldūn. 'Abd al-Raḥmār ibn Khaldūn (before 1337 – 1406), an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist and historian, who has been described as the father of the modern discipline of historiography.

 Kitāb al-ʻIbar, 7 volumes (1337), Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and the Berbers and Their Powerful Contemporaries. Includes three parts: al-Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), a universal history of empires; A world history of events up to 1337; and Historiography of works from Arabic Africa.

Bernard Lewis. Bernard Lewis (1916–2018), a British-American historian specialized in Oriental studies, particularly the Assassins.
 The Sources for the History of the Syrian Assassins, in Speculum, XXVII (1952).
Jonathan Riley-Smith. Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a British historian of the Crusades.
 The Crusading Movement and Historians (1995). A discussion of the evolving view of historians to the Crusades. In The Oxford History of the Crusades.
Christopher Tyerman. Christopher Tyerman (born 1953), a British historian focusing on the Crusades.
 Modern Historiography (2006). In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia.  A critical analysis of Crusader histories from the fifteenth century to the early twenty-first century.
 The Invention of the Crusades (1998). Particularly, Proteus Unbound: Crusading Historiography. A historical study of the Crusades from the original sources of the First Crusade through the nineteenth century.
 The Debate on the Crusades, 1099–2010 (2011). A study of how historians from the eleventh century to the present have developed accounts of the Crusades to suit changing contemporary circumstances and interests. Assessment of works by leading scholars from John Foxe, Gottfried Leibniz, Voltaire and Dave Hume, to historians such as William Robertson, Edward Gibbon and Leopold Ranke. Related the study of the Crusades to academic trends and controversies over the last hundred years, including twentieth-century works by Crusader scholars such as Carl Erdmann and Steven Runciman. In Issues in Historiography (2011).

Mikhail Abramovich Zaborov. Mikhail Abramovich Zaborov (20th century), a Russian historian of the Crusades.

 Introduction to the Historiography of the Crusades (1966), in Russian.
 Historiography of the Crusades [15th–19th century] (1971), in Russian.

Further works on the historiography of the Crusades, Western view. Additional works presenting the Western viewpoint of the topic of historiography, some previously cited, include the following.

 History and Literature of the Crusades (1861), by Heinrich von Sybel (1817–1895), translated by Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon. Particularly, Part II: Literature of the Crusades.
 Recent Developments in Crusading Historiography (1937), by T. S. R. Boase (1898–1974). In History, Volume 22.
 Some Problems in Crusading Historiography (1940), by John L. La Monte (1902–1949). In Speculum, Volume 15 (1940), pp. 57–75.
 The Origin of the Idea of Crusade (1977), by Carl Erdmann (1898–1945). Translation by Marshall W. Baldwin (1903–1975) and Walter Goffart (born 1934).
 The Historiography of the Crusades (2001), by Giles Constable (1929–2021). In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World .
 Introduction to the Historiography of the Crusades (1966) and Historiography of the Crusades [15th–19th century] (1971), both in Russian. By Mikhail Abramovich Zaborov,
 The Crusades: A Documentary Survey (1962) and The Crusades, Motives and Achievements (1964), by James A. Brundage.
 Recent Crusade Historiography: Some Observations and Suggestions (1964) by James A. Brundage. In Catholic Historical Review (CHR) 49.
 The New Crusaders: Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2000). By British historian J. Elizabeth Siberry.
 The Historiography of Islamic Egypt, c. 950-1800 (2000). By British historian Hugh N. Kennedy.
 Les Gestes des Chiprois et la tradition historiographique de l'Orient latin (2004). By Laura Minervini.
 Perceptions of the Crusades from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century (2018). Edited by Jonathan P. Phillips. An exploration of the ways in which the Crusades have been used in the last two centuries, including the varying uses of Crusading rhetoric and imagery.
 Medieval and historiographical essays: in honor of James Westfall Thompson (1938). Edited by James Lea Cate and Eugene N. Anderson.
 The Literature and Historiography of the Baltic Crusade (2001). Edited by Alan V. Murray. In Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150–1500.
 Crusaders and Historians (2005), by Thomas F. Madden.
The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades (2004), by Benjamin Z. Kedar.

Byzantine, Islamic, Jewish and Armenian views on the Crusades. Works that present the historiography of the Crusades from Byzantine, Islamic, Jewish or Armenian viewpoints included the following.

 The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001). Edited by Greek-American Byzantinist Angeliki E. Laiou (1941–2008) and American historian Roy Parviz Mottahedeh.
 Arabic Historiography of the Crusades (1962) and Arab Historians of the Crusades (1969), by Italian Arabist and orientalist Francesco Gabrieli (1904–1996).
 The Crusade: Historiography and Bibliography (1962), by Egyptian Coptologist Aziz Suryal Atiya (1898–1988).
 The Crusaders in the East (1907), by William Barron Stevenson (1869-1954). A history of the Crusades from the Muslim viewpoint.
 History of the Jews, 6 volumes (1853–1875), by Heinrich Graetz (1817–1891). The Crusades from a Jewish viewpoint are covered in Volume 3.
 The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (2000), by British Islamic scholar Carole Hillenbrand.
Historiography of the Seljuqid period (1962), by French orientalist Claude Cahen.
 The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638–1099) (1996). By Israeli historian Joshua Prawer (1917–1990).
 The Crusaders through Armenian Eyes (2001), by British Armenian historian Robert William Thomson (1934–2018). In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001).
 Islamic historiography (2016). By Heidi R. Krauss-Sánchez and Paulina López Pita. In the Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.

References