B. H. Roberts Political and military career How did he start his political career? Roberts became a fervent Democrat and was elected Davis County Delegate to the Utah State Constitutional Convention in 1894. What did he do in Utah? Roberts proved a vocal member of the Convention, particularly in his opposition to women's suffrage. What did he say about women's suffrage? I don't know. What was his military career like? in 1917, when the United States declared war on Germany, Roberts volunteered to serve as a U.S. Army chaplain. Did he do anything other than being a chaplain in the army? The governor of Utah had appointed Roberts a chaplain in the Utah National Guard; Are there any other interesting aspects about this article? Roberts believed LDS Church leaders, who were predominantly Republicans, "had unfairly influenced the election
How did they unfairly influence the election?
How did the LDS Church leaders unfairly influence the election, according to B. H. Roberts?
During the transitional period following 1890, the LDS Church disbanded its People's Party, "and the Saints were encouraged to align themselves with the national parties." Roberts became a fervent Democrat and was elected Davis County Delegate to the Utah State Constitutional Convention in 1894. Roberts proved a vocal member of the Convention, particularly in his opposition to women's suffrage.  In 1895, Roberts was the losing Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives, and Roberts believed LDS Church leaders, who were predominantly Republicans, "had unfairly influenced the election by publicly reprimanding him and fellow Democrat Moses Thatcher for running for office without express permission of the Church." The LDS Church then issued the "Political Manifesto of 1895," which forbade church officers from running for public office without the approval of the church. Both Roberts and Thatcher refused to agree to the Political Manifesto and were suspended from their ecclesiastical offices. Roberts, believing such a requirement was a basic infringement of his civil rights, capitulated just hours before a deadline of March 24, 1896, signed the manifesto, wrote a letter of apology to the First Presidency, and was reinstated. Thatcher was more stubborn: he refused to sign, was expelled from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and barely evaded excommunication. In 1898, Roberts was elected as a Democrat to the 56th Congress, but the House of Representatives refused to seat him because of his practice of polygamy. The prolonged battle that ensued to keep his seat, which was not successful, left Roberts bitter.  The governor of Utah had appointed Roberts a chaplain in the Utah National Guard; in 1917, when the United States declared war on Germany, Roberts volunteered to serve as a U.S. Army chaplain. The age limit of forty was waived--Roberts was then sixty--and Roberts became chaplain to the 145th Field Artillery, which arrived in France in September 1918 but did not see action before the Armistice was signed in November. CANNOTANSWER
by publicly reprimanding him and fellow Democrat Moses Thatcher for running for office without express permission of the Church.
Brigham Henry Roberts (March 13, 1857 – September 27, 1933) was a historian, politician, and leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He edited the seven-volume History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and independently wrote the six-volume Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Roberts also wrote Studies of the Book of Mormon—published posthumously—which discussed the validity of the Book of Mormon as an ancient record.  Roberts was denied a seat as a member of United States Congress because of his practice of polygamy.

Early life

Roberts was born in Warrington, Lancashire, England, the son of Benjamin Roberts, an alcoholic blacksmith and ship plater, and Ann Everington, a seamstress. In the year of his birth both parents converted to the LDS Church. Benjamin Roberts then abandoned his family. Roberts later wrote, "My childhood was a nightmare; my boyhood a tragedy."

Assisted by the Perpetual Emigrating Fund, B. H. Roberts and a sister left England in April 1866. In Nebraska they joined a wagon train and proceeded to walk—for much of the way barefoot—to Salt Lake City, where they were met by their mother, who had preceded them. In 1867, Roberts was baptized into the LDS Church by Seth Dustin, who two years later became his stepfather. Dustin eventually deserted his family, and "after several reappearances, he finally disappeared completely." Ann Dustin was granted a divorce in 1884. Upon coming to Utah Territory, Roberts settled in Bountiful, which he always from then on considered his home.

Roberts became a miner and participated in the gambling and drinking typical of that time and place. (He was once disciplined by a Salt Lake bishop, who warned him that alcohol "would not only beat him to his knees but to his elbows and chin.") But Roberts eventually learned to read and, after a series of menial jobs, was apprenticed to a blacksmith while attending school. He then became a "voracious reader, devouring books of history, science, philosophy," especially the Book of Mormon and other Mormon religious texts. In 1878, Roberts married Sarah Louisa Smith, and in the same year he graduated first in his class from University of Deseret, the normal school precursor of the University of Utah. He and Sarah eventually had seven children.

Church service

After graduation (and the birth of his first child) Roberts was ordained a seventy in his local church branch and taught school to support his family. The LDS Church sent him on a mission to Iowa and Nebraska, "but because the cold weather was hard on his health, he was transferred to Tennessee in December of 1880." There he rose to prominence as the president of the Tennessee Conference of the Southern States Mission. 

On August 10, 1884, a mob in the small community of Cane Creek murdered two Mormon missionaries and two members of the Mormon congregation. (One of the latter had killed a member of the mob before he was in turn slain.) At some personal risk, Roberts disguised himself as a tramp and recovered the bodies of the two missionaries for their families in Utah Territory.

During a brief return to Utah, Roberts took a second wife, Celia Dibble, by whom he had eight children. From 1889 to 1894, Celia was exiled in Manassa, Colorado, to protect her husband from prosecution for unlawful cohabitation.

In December 1886, while serving as  associate editor of the Salt Lake Herald, Roberts was arrested on the charge of unlawful cohabitation. He posted bond to appear in court the next day and that night left on a mission to England.

In England, Roberts served as assistant editor of the LDS Church publication the Millennial Star and completed his first book, the much reprinted The Gospel: An Exposition of Its First Principles (1888).

Returning to Salt Lake City in 1888, as full-time editor of The Contributor, he was chosen as one of the seven presidents of the First Council of the Seventy, the third-highest governing body in the LDS Church. "Tiring of evading federal authorities," Roberts surrendered in April 1889 and pleaded guilty to the charge of unlawful cohabitation. He was imprisoned in the Utah Territorial Prison for five months. Following his release, he moved his families to Colorado and married a third wife, Dr. Margaret Curtis Shipp, after church president Wilford Woodruff issued the 1890 Manifesto that prohibited solemnization of new plural marriages. (Roberts's third wife was seven years his senior and had obtained a degree in obstetrics. Roberts seemed to prefer Margaret's company, "and this created some trouble" with his other families—although Roberts continued to have children by his other wives. Roberts and Margaret had no children.) Roberts was pardoned in 1894 by U.S. President Grover Cleveland. He resigned as an editor of the Salt Lake Herald in 1896, giving his reason that the position that the paper had taken on the recent "Manifesto" was apt to place him in a false light.

Published works

 (vol 2)

See also
Mormonism and evolution
Unseated members of the United States Congress
List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats
List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded

Notes

References
Madsen, Truman G. Defender of the Faith: The B. H. Roberts Story (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1980.)
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Further reading

External links
John W. Welch, "Roberts, Brigham Henry," American National Biography Online, February 2000.
"Introduction" to John Sillito, ed., History's Apprentice: The Diaries of B. H. Roberts (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2004).
 
 
 
 B. H. Roberts collection, MSS 1430, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University.

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The 2015 Birmingham City Council election took place on 7 May 2015 to elect members of Birmingham City Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections, and also the 2015 UK General Election.

In Birmingham the Labour Party went against the trend across the United Kingdom, as they lost the General Election the Labour Party managed to strengthen its hold on Birmingham City Council as well as performing well in the Westminster seats. This is despite the problems facing the Council in the form of the recent Operation Trojan Horse scandal and the Kerslake review, which was highly critical of Birmingham City Council. Albert Bore (Labour Group leader) said the Labour Party did well in Birmingham because it was honest and open with the people of Birmingham and that the people of Birmingham felt they had been unfairly targeted by the Conservative led government.

All results compared to 2012, which is the term that expired in 2015. In 2011 Respect, who did not contest this election, were the main opposition to Labour in a small number of safe seats.

Result

Result by Ward

The electoral division results listed below are based on the changes from the last time this third was up for election, in the 2011 elections, not taking into account any mid-term by-elections or party defections.

Acocks Green

Aston

Bartley Green

Billesley

Bordesley Green

Bournville

Brandwood

Edgbaston

Erdington

Hall Green

Handsworth Wood

Harborne

Hodge Hill

Kingstanding

Kings Norton

Ladywood

Longbridge

Lozells and East Handsworth

Moseley and Kings Heath

Nechells

Northfield

Oscott

Perry Barr

Quinton

Selly Oak

Shard End

Sheldon

Soho

South Yardley

Sparkbrook

Springfield

Stechford and Yardley North

Stockland Green

Sutton Four Oaks

Sutton New Hall
Due to a by-election the top two candidates were elected.

Sutton Trinity

Sutton Vesey

Tyburn

Washwood Heath

Weoley

References

2015 English local elections
May 2015 events in the United Kingdom
2015
2010s in Birmingham, West Midlands Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President — What We Don't, Can't, and Do Know is the sixteenth book by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, published in October 2018 by Oxford University Press. The book concludes that Russia very likely delivered Trump's victory in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Presuppositions
Jamieson begins with five premises:
Answering former governor Mike Huckabee, it is more likely that Russian trolls changed the election's outcome than that unicorns exist.
Any case for Russian influence would be based on the preponderance of the evidence, as in a legal trial, rather than advanced with certainty like e=mc2.
Donald Trump is the duly elected president of the United States.
Trolls did not elect Trump, voters did.
Russians created protests and counterprotests reflecting on the incumbent president and his chosen successor.
Russians changed the course of careers (Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Donna Brazile, and James Comey)
Russians changed public opinion of candidate Hillary Clinton with social media, news and ads.
By releasing hacked materials, Russians framed the news agenda and presidential debates.
Whether or not the Russians swayed enough voters to decide the election, Americans need to know as much as they can about how the Russians influenced the media and the candidates' campaigns.

Overview
Two chapters deal with who did it, why, and why might it matter. Chapter 2 explains that past research indicates that messaging like the Russians' is enough to be able to alter the results of a close election. Then, in five chapters, Jamieson examines the question of whether or not the Russians did what was necessary to affect the election's outcome. Three chapters deal with how the hacked content affected the last month of the campaign. Finally, Jamieson explains what we know, and what we can't know about how effective the Russians were. Regarding what we can't know, Jamieson doesn't claim to be able to identify specific U.S. citizens who changed their votes as a result of Russian interference. There is a short afterword.

Conclusion

In a PBS Newshour interview about the book, the anchor asked Jamieson "Did Russia turn the outcome of the last presidential race?" Jamieson replied, "I believe it's highly probable that they did, not certain, but highly probable."

Reviews and reception
On the whole, reviews were positive. The Guardian offered the only notable criticism; the reviewer thought that Cyberwar was a special plead excusing Clinton's loss. The Guardian did, however, agree to publish an opinion piece by Hall Jamieson. Blurbs were offered by NBC's Andrea Mitchell, Judy Woodruff of PBS, and Robert Jervis of Columbia University. Jane Mayer wrote a feature for The New Yorker based on the book. The Washington Post reported on Jamieson's criticism of the news media. Nature called Jamieson's critique of the press and its readers the book's most important. Kirkus Reviews concludes, "There's no good news in this book, which both admonishes and forewarns."

An academic review published in Public Opinion Quarterly expressed concern that Jamieson's evidence was largely circumstantial, going so far as to call the book "336 pages of mere speculation."

The book won the 2019 R.R. Hawkins Award from the Association of American Publishers, and was a Book of the Year  in The Times Literary Supplement.

See also
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016–election day)

References

2018 non-fiction books
Non-fiction books about elections
American non-fiction books
Books about computer hacking
Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign
Internet manipulation and propaganda
Books about Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Books about the 2016 United States presidential election
Works about computer hacking
Oxford University Press books