Ron \Pigpen\" McKernan" Grateful Dead What was special about the grateful dead? The Dead's early sets centered around blues and R&B covers chosen by McKernan. By the end of 1966, what happened in 1966? the end of 1966, Garcia had improved his musical skills and wanted to assert himself more as a leader and musical director, leader of what? and musical director, changing the band's direction and reducing McKernan's contributions. how did he change the direction contributions. In 1967, drummer Mickey Hart joined the Grateful Dead, followed by classically trained keyboardist Tom Constanten in 1968, Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?   In October 1968, McKernan and Weir were nearly fired from the band
why were they nearly fired?
why were McKernan and Weir nearly fired?
Along with Garcia and second guitarist Bob Weir, McKernan was a participant in the predecessor groups leading to the formation of the Grateful Dead, beginning with the Zodiacs and Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions. Drummer Bill Kreutzmann was added and the band evolved into the Warlocks. Around 1965, McKernan urged the rest of the Warlocks to switch to electric instruments. Bassist Phil Lesh joined soon after, and they became the Grateful Dead. The group were keen to involve McKernan in the band, as he was the group's original leader and was considered the best singer and frontman.  The Dead's early sets centered around blues and R&B covers chosen by McKernan. By the end of 1966, Garcia had improved his musical skills and wanted to assert himself more as a leader and musical director, changing the band's direction and reducing McKernan's contributions. In 1967, drummer Mickey Hart joined the Grateful Dead, followed by classically trained keyboardist Tom Constanten in 1968, further changing the group's style. Constanten often replaced McKernan on keyboards in the studio, as McKernan found it difficult to adapt to the new material that Garcia and Lesh composed for the band.  In October 1968, McKernan and Weir were nearly fired from the band after Garcia and Lesh believed their playing was holding the band back from lengthy and experimental jamming. Garcia delegated the task of firing them to Rock Scully, who said that McKernan "took it hard." Weir promised to improve, but McKernan was more stubborn. According to Garcia biographer Blair Jackson, McKernan missed three Dead shows before vowing not to "be lazy" any more and rejoining, while Kreutzmann objected to replacing McKernan and said the event never happened. Following his discharge from the United States Air Force in November 1968, Constanten officially joined the band, having only worked in the studio while on leave up to that point. Road manager Jon McIntire commented that "Pigpen was relegated to the congas at that point and it was really humiliating and he was really hurt, but he couldn't show it, couldn't talk about it." He began to take Hammond organ lessons and learned how to use the various drawbars and controls.  After Constanten's departure in January 1970 over musical and lifestyle differences, McKernan nominally resumed keyboard duties. He contributed instrumentation to only two tracks (Hammond organ on "Black Peter" and harmonica on "Easy Wind", the latter as lead vocalist) on Workingman's Dead (1970), the band's breakthrough studio release. On the follow-up album American Beauty, keyboard parts were handled by Garcia and Lesh, along with session musicians Howard Wales and Ned Lagin. The 1971 live album Grateful Dead featured three overdubbed organ parts from Merl Saunders in addition to McKernan's contributions on "Big Railroad Blues", "The Other One", and "Me & Bobby McGee". While Garcia expressed frustration at McKernan's missed rehearsals and his inability to keep up with new material, Lesh was more forgiving, opining that "it was okay for Pigpen to lay out... we kept wanting Pigpen to be there because he was 'one of us.'" CANNOTANSWER
Garcia and Lesh believed their playing was holding the band back from lengthy and experimental jamming.
A contagious shooting is a sociological phenomenon observed in military and police personnel, in which one person firing on a target can induce others to begin shooting. Often the subsequent shooters will not know why they are firing, unless they are infantrymen, in which case they are expected to do so. For instance, if someone was a member of a fire team following the point man and he suddenly begins firing his weapon, there is a good chance that their element is in contact with the enemy. Prerequisites for a sworn peace officer regarding the discharge of a duty weapon are in no way comparable to those of a military unit engaged in a firefight.

While commonly accepted in popular culture and police jargon, there has been yet no scientific evidence "to prove the existence of a contagious shooting dynamic", which O'Donnell said was a "debatable notion".

Additionally, a former CIA employee and FBI firearms instructor observed it in training.  "Consistently, in every class, officers would shoot at their target upon hearing others shoot, even when their particular target board did not contain the called target." He suggests that one reason it occurs is because of muscle memory: "[T]he targets turn, or the whistle blows, and all the officers shoot together until a cease-fire signal is given."

O'Donnell partially reinforces this, saying that in classic cases involving contagious shooting, "a gun was shot before any officers fired", and thus "the officers involved began shooting because of fear or because of the sound of a colleague firing".

Examples
2013: In California, officers involved in the search for Christopher Dorner mistakenly fired at least 100 rounds at a truck occupied by three people, none of whom had any connection to the suspect. Each of the two women injured received $2.1 million in a settlement with the city of Los Angeles. 
2012: NYPD officers responded to a report of shots fired with one victim killed in front of the Empire State Building. Officers fired sixteen rounds, wounding 9 bystanders and killing the shooter.
2011: On Memorial Day in Miami Beach, several police officers fired until their magazines were empty on a stopped car after the driver smashed into other cars, killing the driver and injuring seven bystanders.
2010: A bystander was injured in Harlem when a man "open[ed] fire on responding officers, who fired 46 times in response".  "In the Harlem episode, unlike the Bell and Diallo cases, a gun was shot before any officers fired, according to the police account. So, Professor O'Donnell said, in the Harlem case, 'there really is a shot,' and not just the threat of gunfire."
2009: A man threatening officers with a rifle was shot 59 times in what was ruled a "suicide-by-cop" in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
2006: Five officers fired 50 shots at Sean Bell in Queens, New York, including 31 by one detective—who reloaded his weapon during the incident.
2006: Three officers fired 26 shots at a pit bull that had bitten a chunk out of an officer's leg in the Bronx, New York, in July.
2006: Police in Lakeland, Florida, fired 110 rounds at a suspect, Angilo Freeland, who had killed an officer earlier, hitting him 68 times. Polk County Sheriff Grady Judd told the Orlando Sentinel, "That's all the bullets we had".
2005: Eight officers fired 43 shots at Brian Allen, an armed man in Queens, New York, killing him.
2005: June, six Los Angeles County, California sheriff's deputies fired more than 50 shots into the car in which drunken driving suspect Carl Williams was driving after his car rammed a police vehicle following a chase. One deputy had to reload his weapon during the incident.
2004: "When 44-year-old drug suspect Winston Hayes' SUV lurched forward, he hit a police car, deputies unloaded their weapons, firing 120 shots. Four bullets ended up hitting Hayes, who survived, one hit a deputy sheriff, 11 hit patrol cars, and 11 hit five homes in the neighborhood (one of them ended up tearing a hole in a homeowner's hat)." —ABC News.
1999: Four officers fired 41 shots at Amadou Diallo, an unarmed man in the Bronx, New York, on February 4, 1999.
1998: New Jersey State Police fired 11 shots at Daniel Reyes and three other basketball players in their car in April.
1970: May 4. Kent State shootings: At 12:24 pm, according to eyewitnesses, a Sgt. Myron Pryor turned and began firing at the students with his .45 pistol. A number of guardsmen nearest the students also turned and fired their rifles at the students. In all, 29 of the 77 guardsmen claimed to have fired their weapons, using a final total of 67 rounds of ammunition. The shooting was determined to have lasted only 13 seconds, killing 4 students and wounding 9, although John Kifner reported in The New York Times that "it appeared to go on, as a solid volley, for perhaps a full minute or a little longer". The question of why the shots were fired remains widely debated.

Usage
The New York Times; August 12, 2010; Defined as "officers firing because others are doing so… The simplest culturally accepted definition … is that 'cops shoot because other cops shoot.'"
United Press International; November 27, 2006; Police experts had suggested "contagious shooting" may have played a role in a deadly New York incident when five officers fired 50 rounds at a man.
The Baltimore Sun; May 24, 2006; "If one fire,, the rest fire. It is called contagious shooting," Mamet said. "People start shooting; they don't even know why."
The New York Times; March 26, 1999; "Some law enforcement officials said that it was possible that only one or two of the officers perceived a danger, and that the others opened fire simply because their comrades had begun firing—a phenomenon known in law enforcement circles as contagious shooting."
New York Daily News; March 10, 1999; "A lawyer for one of four cops who shot Amadou Diallo hinted yesterday that a phenomenon known as "contagious shooting"—in which a cop's shot sparks a volley from other officers—may have caused his client to fire 16 shots... According to the NYPD patrol guide, a contagious shooting occurs when "a shot fired by one officer sets off a chain reaction of shooting by other personnel … Thomas Reppetto, head of the Citizens Crime Commission, said the term contagious shooting was used during 1960s riots when a cop would fire at what he thought was a sniper and other officers would follow."

See also
Memetics

References

External links
How Stuff Works: Contagious shooting

Law enforcement terminology
Police brutality
Victimology
1990s neologisms
Crowd psychology
Popular psychology While many notable bands go through several lineup changes throughout their careers, this list of artists who left right before their bands became famous only lists members who quit or were fired from a band shortly before the band achieved mainstream commercial success.

Artists who were only meant to be temporary stand-ins in their bands should not be included in this list. The bands the listed artists left must be notable, can be from any genre of music, and include vocal groups whose members do not play instruments. Because these artists left before their former bands' mainstream breakthrough, they should not be considered part of their former bands' "classic" lineups.

Notable examples
 
Of these "nearly-men", drummer Pete Best, who was fired from the Beatles in 1962, just a year before "Beatlemania" started, has been cited as the best-known archetype. Best has since become "famous for not being famous".

Jason Everman left two bands that went on to become famous: he was fired from Nirvana in 1989 and Soundgarden in 1990. According to The New York Times, Everman "wasn't just Pete Best ... He was Pete Best twice."

Some of these artists eventually went on to find mainstream success in another band or as a soloist. For example, Metallica's original lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine, formed his own thrash metal band Megadeth in 1983 after he was fired from his former band. While Metallica went on to achieve massive commercial success, Mustaine's Megadeth also enjoyed commercial success, selling 50 million records worldwide.

Alphabetic list

Artists are listed alphabetically by their surname, followed by the band they left, their former role in the band, the year they left, and the year their former band achieved mainstream success. Additional comments on the way the artist left (fired or quit) and their replacement, if any, may be added at the end. All entries are referenced with reliable sources.

References 

Lists of musicians The Surgut-2 Power Station on the Ob River in Russia is the second-largest gas-fired power station in the world, and largest in Russia with an installed capacity of  in 2016.

Expansion in 2011 
Expansion of the power plant involved the construction of two  units by December 2011, costing nearly , which increased its original capacity of  to  The two new blocks do not use dried oil gas as is the case in the other six generators. They consume natural gas as a fuel, utilizing combined cycle, with overall efficiency rates of 56%.  General Electric is the manufacturer and supplier of the generators.

See also 

 List of power stations in Russia
 Surgut-1 Power Station

References 

Oil-fired power stations in Russia