Mohammed Zahir Shah Exile What does the article say about the Exile? Zahir Shah lived in exile in Italy for twenty-nine years in a villa
why did he live in Exile?
Why did Zahir Shah live in Exile for twenty-nine years?
In 1973, while Zahir Shah was in Italy, undergoing eye surgery and therapy for lumbago, his cousin and former Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud Khan staged a coup d'etat and established a republican government. As a former prime minister, Daoud Khan had been forced to resign by Zahir Shah a decade earlier. During August 1974, Zahir Shah abdicated rather than risk a civil war, ending over 200 years of royal rule in Afghanistan. Zahir Shah lived in exile in Italy for twenty-nine years in a villa in the affluent community of Olgiata on Via Cassia, north of Rome where he spent his time playing golf and chess, as well as tending to his garden. He was prohibited from returning to Afghanistan during the late 1970s by the Soviet-assisted Communist government. In 1983 during the Soviet-Afghan War, Zahir Shah was cautiously involved with plans to develop a government in exile. Ultimately these plans failed because he could not reach a consensus with the powerful Islamist factions. It has also been reported that Afghanistan, the Soviet Union and India had all tried to persuade Zahir Shah to return as chief of a neutral, possibly interim, administration in Kabul. In 1991, Zahir Shah survived an attempt on his life by a knife-wielding assassin masquerading as a Portuguese journalist. After the fall of the pro-Soviet government, Zahir Shah was favored by many to return and restore the monarchy to unify the country and as he was acceptable to most factions. However these efforts were blocked mostly by Pakistan's ISI, who feared his stance on the Durand Line issue. In June 1995, Zahir Shah's former envoy Sardar Wali announced at talks in Islamabad, Pakistan that Zahir Shah was willing to participate in peace talks to end the Afghan Civil War, but no consensus was ever reached. CANNOTANSWER
his cousin and former Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud Khan staged a coup d'etat and established a republican government.
Mohammed Zahir Shah (Pashto/Dari: , 15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007) was the last king of Afghanistan, reigning from 8 November 1933 until he was deposed on 17 July 1973. Serving for 40 years, Zahir was the longest-serving ruler of Afghanistan since the foundation of the Durrani Empire in the 18th century. He expanded Afghanistan's diplomatic relations with many countries, including with both sides of the Cold War. In the 1950s, Zahir Shah began modernizing the country, culminating in the creation of a new constitution and a constitutional monarchy system. Demonstrating nonpartisanship, his long reign was marked by peace in the country that was lost afterwards.

In 1973, while Zahir Shah was undergoing medical treatment in Italy, his regime was overthrown in a coup d'etat by his cousin and former prime minister, Mohammed Daoud Khan, who established a single-party republic, ending more than 225 years of continuous monarchical government. He remained in exile near Rome until 2002, returning to Afghanistan after the end of the Taliban government. He was given the title Father of the Nation, which he held until his death in 2007.

Family background and early life

Zahir Shah was born on 15 October 1914, in a city quarter called Deh Afghanan in Kabul, Afghanistan. He was the son of Mohammad Nadir Shah (1883–1933) a senior member of the Mohammadzai Royal family and commander in chief of the Afghan Army for former king Amanullah Khan, and of Begum Mah Parwar Begum (d. 1941), a Pashtun tribe woman. Nadir Shah assumed the throne after the execution of the self-proclaimed ruler of Afghanistan Habibullah Kalakani on 1 November 1929. Mohammad Zahir's father, son of Sardar Mohammad Yusuf Khan, was born in Dehradun, British India, his family having been exiled after the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Nadir Shah was a descendant of Sardar Sultan Mohammad Khan Telai, half-brother of Emir Dost Mohammad Khan. His grandfather Mohammad Yahya Khan (father in law of Emir Yaqub Khan) was in charge of the negotiations with the British resulting in the Treaty of Gandamak. After the British invasion after the killing of Sir Louis Cavagnari during 1879, Yaqub Khan, Yahya Khan and his sons, Princes Mohammad Yusuf Khan and Mohammad Asef Khan, were seized by the British and transferred to the British Raj, where they remained forcibly until the two princes were invited back to Afghanistan by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan during the last year of his reign (1901). During the reign of Amir Habibullah they received the title of Companions of the King (Musahiban).

Zahir Shah was educated in a special class for princes at Elementary Primary built in 1904 by United Kingdom Habibia High School, many subjects were taught in English, and for Secondary education he went to the Amaniya High School (built during the reign of King Amanullah by France, in which many subjects were taught in French. This school was renamed by Nadir Shah as Esteqlal High School after the fall of King Amanullah. For example, Prince Zahir Shah had to study in Infanterie Military School in winter (school year in Kabul, 21 March to November). Then he was sent to France for further training. He continued his education in France where his father had served as a diplomatic envoy, studying at the Pasteur Institute and the University of Montpellier. When he returned to Afghanistan he helped his father and uncles restore order and reassert government control during a period of lawlessness in the country. He was later enrolled at an Infantry School and appointed a privy counsellor. Zahir Shah served in the government positions of deputy war minister and minister of education.

Last king of Afghanistan

Zahir Khan was proclaimed king (shah) on 8 November 1933 at the age of 19, after the assassination of his father Mohammad Nadir Shah. After his ascension to the throne he was given the regnal title "He who puts his trust in God, follower of the firm religion of Islam". For the first almost thirty years he did not effectively rule, ceding power to his paternal uncles, Mohammad Hashim Khan and Shah Mahmoud Khan, both serving as prime ministers. This period fostered a growth in Afghanistan's relations with the international community as during 1934, Afghanistan joined the League of Nations while also receiving formal recognition from the United States. By the end of the 1930s, agreements on foreign assistance and trade had been reached with many countries, most notably with the 'Axis powers': Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Zahir Shah provided aid, weapons and Afghan fighters to the Uighur and Kirghiz Muslim rebels who had established the First East Turkestan Republic. The aid was not capable of saving the First East Turkestan Republic, as the Afghan, Uighur and Kirghiz forces were defeated during 1934 by the Chinese Muslim 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) commanded by General Ma Zhancang at the Battle of Kashgar and Battle of Yarkand. All the Afghan volunteers were killed by the Chinese Muslim troops, who then abolished the First East Turkestan Republic, and reestablished Chinese government control over the area.

Despite close relations to the Axis powers, Zahir Shah and his governments refused to take sides during World War II and Afghanistan remained one of the few countries in the world to remain neutral. From 1944 to 1947, Afghanistan experienced a series of revolts by various tribes. After the end of the Second World War, Zahir Shah recognised the need for the modernisation of Afghanistan and recruited a number of foreign advisers to assist with the process. During this period Afghanistan's first modern university was founded. During his reign a number of potential advances and reforms were derailed as a result of factionalism and political infighting. He also requested financial aid from both the United States and the Soviet Union, and Afghanistan was one of few countries in the world to receive aid from both the Cold War enemies. In a 1969 interview, Zahir Shah said that he is "not a capitalist. But I also don’t want socialism. I don’t want socialism that would bring about the kind of situation [that exists] in Czechoslovakia. I don’t want us to become the servants of Russia or China or the servant of any other place."

He was considered a relatively "mild" leader compared to previous Kings; Zahir Shah had never signed a warrant for execution of anyone for political reasons during his reign. He also used his power several times to reduce capital punishment given to some criminals convicted in court cases.  At Zahir Shah's behest a new constitution was introduced in 1964 which made Afghanistan a modern democratic state by introducing free elections, a parliament, civil rights, women's rights and universal suffrage.

At least five Afghani little Pul coins during his reign bore the Arabic title:
المتوكل على الله محمد ظاهر شاه, "AlMutawakkil 'ala Allah Muhammad Zhahir Shah" which means "The leaner on God, Muhammad Zhahir Shah". The title "AlMutawakkil 'ala Allah", "The leaner on God" is taken from Quran 8:61.

By the time he returned to Afghanistan in 2002, his rule was characterized by a lengthy span of peace.

Exile

In 1973, while Zahir Shah was abroad in Italy, his cousin Mohammad Daoud Khan staged a coup d'état and established an autocratic republican government. As a former Prime Minister, Daoud Khan had been forced to resign by Zahir Shah a decade earlier and felt that Zahir Shah lacked leadership and that the parliamentary system prevented real progressivism. In August 1973, Zahir Shah sent a letter from Rome to Khan in Kabul declaring his abdication, saying he respected "the will of my compatriots" after realizing the people of Afghanistan "with absolute majority welcomed a Republican regime".

Zahir Shah lived in exile in Italy for twenty-nine years alongside his wife Queen Humaira Begum and some other royal family members. Initially they lived in a three‐room apartment on Rome's Via Cassia. In the same city, relatives of the 1920s King Amanullah Khan, of the same house of Barakzai, still lived. President Daoud Khan continued to send money to them in Italy which were incomes from property and estates of the former royal family. After the Saur Revolution, the leftist Khalq government cut all incoming money to Italy.

Zahir eventually lived in a villa in the affluent community of Olgiata on Via Cassia, north of Rome, where he spent his time playing golf and chess, as well as tending to his garden. He was financially supported by the Shah of Iran since the new Afghan government failed to provide him a monthly salary. The Shah also supported his two sons who were studying in the United States and Canada. He was prohibited from returning to Afghanistan during the late 1970s by the Soviet-assisted Communist government. In 1983 during the Soviet–Afghan War, Zahir Shah was cautiously involved with plans to develop a government in exile. Ultimately these plans failed because he could not reach a consensus with powerful Islamist factions. It has also been reported that Afghanistan, the Soviet Union and India had all tried to persuade Zahir Shah to return as chief of a neutral, possibly interim, administration in Kabul. Both the Soviet Union and the United States sent representatives to meet him, and President Mohammad Najibullah supported Zahir Shah to play a role in a possible interim government in the quest for peace. In May 1990, Zahir Shah issued a long statement through Voice of America and the BBC calling for unity and peace among Afghans, and offering his services. This reportedly led to a spark of interest and approval among the Kabul populace. However, the idea of a revived political role for Zahir Shah was met with hostility by some, notably radical Islamist Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.

In 1991, Zahir Shah survived an attempt on his life by a knife-wielding assassin masquerading as a Portuguese journalist. After the fall of the pro-Soviet government, Zahir Shah was favored by many to return and restore the monarchy to unify the country and as he was acceptable to most factions. However these efforts were blocked mostly by Pakistan's ISI, who feared his stance on the Durand Line issue. In June 1995, Zahir Shah's former envoy Sardar Wali announced at talks in Islamabad, Pakistan, that Zahir Shah was willing to participate in peace talks to end the Afghan Civil War, but no consensus was ever reached.

Return to Afghanistan

On 18 April 2002, at the age of 87 and four months after the end of Taliban rule, Zahir Shah returned to Afghanistan, flown in an Italian military plane, and welcomed at Kabul's airport by Hamid Karzai and other officials. His return was widely welcomed by Afghans, and he was liked by all ethnic groups. There were proposals for a return to the monarchy – Zahir Shah himself let it be known that he would accept whatever responsibility was given him by the Loya Jirga, which he initiated in June 2002. However he was obliged to publicly renounce monarchical leadership at the behest of the United States as most of the delegates to the Loya Jirga were prepared to vote for Zahir Shah and block the U.S.-backed Hamid Karzai. While he was prepared to become chief of state he made it known that it would not necessarily be as monarch: "I will accept the responsibility of head of state if that is what the Loya Jirga demands of me, but I have no intention to restore the monarchy. I do not care about the title of king. The people call me Baba and I prefer this title." Karzai called Zahir Shah a "symbol of unity, a very kind man" and a "fatherly figure."

He visited his father's tomb soon after arriving in Kabul and reportedly gasped after witnessing rocket holes and gunfire damage on the tomb caused by the civil war.

Hamid Karzai, who was favored by Zahir Shah, became president of Afghanistan after the Loya Jirga. Karzai, from the Pashtun Popalzai clan, provided Zahir Shah's relatives with major jobs in the transitional government. Following the Loya Jirga he was given the title "Father of the Nation" by Karzai, symbolizing his role in Afghanistan's history as a symbol of national unity. This title ended with his death. In August 2002 he relocated back to the Arg, his old palace, after 29 years.

In an October 2002 visit to France, he slipped in a bathroom, bruising his ribs, and on 21 June 2003, while in France for a medical check-up, he broke his femur.

On 3 February 2004, Zahir was flown from Kabul to New Delhi, India, for medical treatment after complaining of an intestinal problem. He was hospitalized for two weeks and remained in New Delhi under observation. On 18 May 2004, he was brought to a hospital in the United Arab Emirates because of nose bleeding caused by heat.

Zahir Shah attended the 7 December 2004 swearing-in of Hamid Karzai as President of Afghanistan.  During his final years, he was frail and required a microphone pinned to his collar so that his faint voice could be heard. During January 2007, Zahir was reported to be seriously ill and bedridden.

Death 

On 23 July 2007, Zahir Shah died in the compound of the presidential palace in Kabul after a prolonged illness. His death was announced on national television by President Karzai, who said "He was the servant of his people, the friend of his people, he was a very kind person, kind hearted. He believed in the rule of the people and in human rights." His funeral was held on 24 July. It began on the premises of the presidential palace, where politicians and dignitaries paid their respects; his coffin was then taken to a mosque before being moved to the royal mausoleum on Maranjan Hill in eastern Kabul.

Personal life
Zahir Shah was reportedly shy, modest and "soft-spoken". He liked photography, chess, and smoking cigars.

Zahir Shah was fluent in Pashto, Dari (his mother tongue), and could speak English and perfect French.

To his family he was known as Baba.

Family

He married his first cousin Humaira Begum (1918–2002) on 7 November 1931 in Kabul. They had six sons and two daughters:

In January 2009 an article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Institute included one of his grandsons, Mustafa Zahir, on a list of fifteen possible candidates in the 2009 Afghan presidential election. However, Mostafa Zaher did not become a candidate.

Titles and styles

During his reign, His Majesty Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan.

References

External links

C-SPAN: Afghan King & Queen 1963 Visit to U.S. Reel America Preview (video)
Mohammad Zahir Shah at the Encyclopædia Britannica
Zahir Shah: The last king of Afghanistan, Robert Fisk, The Independent
 Profile, The Observer

 interviews Zahir Shah videos
 interwies Zahir Shah in written

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1914 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Afghan monarchs
Kings of Afghanistan
Barakzai dynasty
Leaders ousted by a coup
World War II political leaders
Afghan Sunni Muslims
Afghan exiles
Afghan expatriates in Italy
Pashtun people
People from Kabul
Habibia High School alumni
Collars of the Order of the White Lion
Grand Cordons of the National Order of the Cedar
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
1930s in Afghanistan
1940s in Afghanistan
1960s in Afghanistan
1970s in Afghanistan
20th-century Afghan politicians
Sekai Yamamoto (山本 世界, Yamamoto Sekai, born February 21, 1991, in Hayama, Kanagawa), better known by his stage name Exile Sekai (Exile 世界), is a Japanese dancer. He is a member of Exile and also the leader of the J-pop dance and vocal group Fantastics from Exile Tribe, and he forms dance unit XXIV Clan (later changes to FTHEB) with friends in 2014. As a member of Fantastics from Exile Tribe, he wins the "Best 5 New Artists Award" at the Japan Gold Disc Award in 2019. In 2020, he played "Gentleman Thief" in immersive theatre Sakura Hime in Minami-za. Since April 2020, he has become a regular host at Iwate Asahi Television's information program "It's good! I want to see! I want to know! I want to go out!". He loves anime, manga, and game, and deems himself as an otaku.   

Sekai is represented by LDH.

Biography

Early life 
Sekai was born on February 21,1991, in Hayama, Kanagawa. His mother was an actress of Takarazuka Revue and ran a dance class after she quit. Growing up in a house surrounded full of dance, Sekai started dancing at the age of 2 under the influence of his mother and the environment of growing up in a dance studio run by his mother. He learnt ballet and jazz dance for around ten years, while he was also learning Hip-Hop dance from O.G.S's Tatsu alongside Exile Tetsuya and House dance  from Pyro's TooRu as a elementary school students. He decided he would not be a professional ballet dancer at grade five as he found he was not so fond of the tights that ballet dancer would wear, and he was often criticized by his teacher for his head tended to follow the rhythm of the music when dancing ballet, and chose to become a street dancer instead. He fell in love with performing on stage with his experience of dancing in the center in dancing performance, as he was often the solo child dancer in the group. As a result, he decided to take the audition of Shiki Theatre Company after watching the Lion King, and he passed it to become their young Simba in the musical. He played the role for about 3 years, from his grade four in elementary school to grade 1 in junior high school. Meanwhile, he also developed his enthusiasm towards anime, mangas, and games while watching animes on TV, as he had to spend a lot of time by himself without siblings to play with when his mother was working.   

After high school, Sekai went to New York City to improve his dancing, while looking for a way to become a professional dancer. He learnt a lot from New York dance crew Elite Force, and become a student of their original member Loose Joint.  He was in the Top 4 at the dance event "Step Ya Game Up 2010" held in New York in 2010. As he returned to Japan, he began to serve as a backup dancer for various artists. In 2010, he took part in Miriam Yeung's World Tour Live "Ladies&Gentlemen" in Hong Kong as a backup dancer. He also served as a backup dancer for Daichi Miura in 2011 and for Ketsumeishi in 2011 and 2013 at their tours, and he appeared in Daichi Miura's "Shout It -Live  Edition-".  In 2012, he won at the hip hop section of "Step Ya Game Up 2012". He also worked part time as a instructor for EXPG Tokyo, and has gave lesson to all members of the future Jr. Exile (the collective of Generations, The Rampage, Fantastic and Ballistik Boyz from the Exile Tribe), including his future group mates of the Fantastic from the Exile Tribe.

In February 2013, Sekai performed in Dance Earth ~Inochi no Rhythm~, a stage play planned and produced by Exile USA at Shinagawa Stellar Ball in Tokyo.

Career 
At first, Sekai wanted to become an underground dancer who participated in dance battles all around the world, but facing the reality of earning a living with dancing, he realized that joining Exile would be a opportunity for him to achieve all his dreams. In February 2014, he participated in "Exile Performer Battle Audition", which is held to find new performers for Exile, and on April 27 of the same year, he was chosen as one of the five Exile's new performers during the final held in Nippon Budokan. He was one of two new members who were not already members of the Exile Tribe.  On July 22, he changed his stage name from his real name to "Exile Sekai (Exile 世界)" like the old Exile members would do following the suggestion of Exile Hiro, though other new members and some old members have already dropped this tradition of using "Exile" as part of their stage name.  On July 23, he made his major debut as a member of Exile with the release of the group's new single, "New Horizon". He also formed dance unit XXIV Clan (later changed to FTHEB in 2015) with friends that year, continuing to be active as an underground dancer. In 2015, he and XXIV Clan performed in Exile Shokichi's single "Ignition".  

In January 2016, he performed in the music video of Generations from Exile Tribe's hit 'Ageha'. From July to September, he participated in High&Low the Live of the High&Low franchise. From December 25, 2016, to February 2, 2017, he also participated in Abema's online variety show DANCER'S PRIDE as one of the regular hosts. On December 29, 2016, he was announced as a member and leader (alongside Exile's member Taiki Sato) of the unit Fantastics from Exile Tribe. As Exile has suspended activities in September, Sekai began to focus more on Fantastic while improving his skill of video making, which he found himself passionate in. From 2016 to 2017, He also participated in various dance battles held in Germany, South Korea, Singapore and Japan.

In 2017, Sekai and dance unit Fantastics from Exile Tribe went on a nation-wide small-scale tour, the so-called Musha Shugyo ("Samurai training") from February 13 to April 16 , during which the members traveled around the country and put on 50 performances in 14 cities.  In June, Sekai and Fantastics from Exile Tribe travelled  Taiwan to put on more shows there for their Musha Shugyo ("Samurai training") . 

In 2018, as Exile resumed activities, he produced the lyric video of Exile's digital single "Step Up".On December 5, 2018, after being joined by the two vocalists who won "Vocal Battle Audition 5", he debuted in Fantastics from Exile Tribe with the single "Over Drive".

In January and February 2020, he played "Gentleman Thief" in Immersive theatre Sakura Hime in Minami-za.  He also made a AR video for Fantastics from Exile Tribe 's first photobook Fantastic Nine, which was published on April 15. In April, he was appointed as a regular host at Iwate Asahi Television's information program "It's good! I want to see! I want to know! I want to go out!". In August, he started streaming games he liked on live streaming platform openrec.tv.

In April, 2021, LDH announced the production of an animation for its  "mixed reality entertainment" project Battle of Tokyo as a crucial step for the project. Sekai took part in the production of the whole project, and he was also the man who did motion capture performance for the dances in the animation.

Personal life 
 Sekai's mother is Aoki Ryo, who used to be in Takarazuka Revue group and now ran a dance studio.
 He loves anime, manga, and games, and deems himself an otaku.
 On July 4, 2019, after the first day's performance of "Battle Of Tokyo-Enter The Jr. Exile-", he was diagnosed with a metatarsal bone fracture, due to which he could not appear on the stage in the following three days of the tour.

Works

Choreography

Participating groups

Filmography

TV dramas

Stage

Internet shows

TV shows

Live

Music Videos

Advertisements

Other

Producing

References

External links  
 EXILE Official Site
 FANTASTICS Official Site
 

1991 births
21st-century dancers
Japanese male dancers
LDH (company) artists
Living people
People from Kanagawa Prefecture Tiryani is a village and a deep forest area in Komaram Bheem District. Schedule tribes are the majority people in this mandal who live by hunting animals and the great Arjun valley locates 12 km from the mandal headquarters where the Pandavas in Mahabharatha did a Vanavasa (exile).

References 

Villages in Komaram Bheem district
Mandals in Komaram Bheem district