Marcus Whitman The way west why did Whitman make his way west? On May 25, 1836, the Whitmans, and a group of other missionaries including Henry and Eliza Spalding, joined a caravan of fur traders and traveled west. were they going out there to be missionaries, too? The group established several missions as well as Whitman's settlement at a Cayuse settlement called Waiilatpu ( did they have a lot of followers? The fur traders had seven covered wagons, each pulled by six mules. were they able to help people out west? the Whitmans gave more attention to the settlers. They took in children to their own home and established a boarding school for settlers' children.
were they rewarded for all their help?
were the Whitmans rewarded for all their help?
On May 25, 1836, the Whitmans, and a group of other missionaries including Henry and Eliza Spalding, joined a caravan of fur traders and traveled west. The fur company caravan was led by the mountain men Milton Sublette and Thomas Fitzpatrick. The fur traders had seven covered wagons, each pulled by six mules. An additional cart drawn by two mules carried Milton Sublette, who had lost a leg a year earlier and walked on a "cork" one made by a friend. The combined group arrived at the fur-traders' annual rendezvous on July 6. The group established several missions as well as Whitman's settlement at a Cayuse settlement called Waiilatpu (Why-ee-laht-poo) in the Cayuse language, meaning "place of the rye grass". It was located just west of the northern end of the Blue Mountains. The present-day city of Walla Walla, Washington developed six miles to the east. The settlement was in the territory of both the Cayuse and the Nez Perce tribes. Whitman farmed and provided medical care, while Narcissa set up a school for the Native American children. In 1843, Whitman traveled east, and on his return, he helped lead the first large group of wagon trains west from Fort Hall, in southeastern Idaho. Known as the "Great Emigration", it established the viability of the Oregon Trail for later homesteaders. Not having much success with converting the Cayuse, the Whitmans gave more attention to the settlers. They took in children to their own home and established a boarding school for settlers' children. CANNOTANSWER
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Marcus Whitman (September 4, 1802 – November 29, 1847) was an American physician and missionary.

In 1836, Marcus Whitman led an overland party by wagon to the West. He and his wife, Narcissa, along with Reverend Henry Spalding and his wife, Eliza, and William Gray, founded a mission at present day Walla Walla, Washington in an effort to convert local Indians to Christianity. In the winter of 1842 Whitman went back east, returning the following summer with the first large wagon train across the Oregon Trail. The new settlers encroached on the Cayuse Indians living near the Whitman Mission and were unsuccessful in their efforts to Christianize the Tribe. 

Following the deaths of many nearby Cayuse from an outbreak of measles, some remaining Cayuse accused Whitman of murder, suggesting that he had administered poison and was a failed shaman. In retaliation, a group of Cayuse killed the Whitmans and twelve other settlers on November 30, 1847, an event that came to be known as the Whitman Massacre. This led to continuing warfare between settlers and Indians which reduced the Cayuse numbers further.

Early life
On September 4, 1802, Whitman was born in Federal Hollow, New York to Beza and Alice Whitman. After Beza's death when Whitman was seven, he was sent to Massachusetts to live with his uncle.

Whitman dreamed of becoming a minister but did not have the money for such schooling. He returned to New York as a young man. He studied medicine for two years with an experienced physician under the form of apprenticeship approved then, and received his degree from Fairfield Medical College in New York. He practiced medicine for a few years in Canada but was interested in going to the west.

Missionary
In 1835, Whitman traveled with the missionary Samuel Parker to present-day northwestern Montana and northern Idaho, to minister to bands of the Flathead and Nez Perce nations. During this journey, he treated several fur trappers during an outbreak of cholera. At the end of their stay, he promised the Nez Perce that he would return with other missionaries and teachers to live with them.

Parker and Whitman were present for the 1835 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous.

Marriage and family
In 1836, Whitman married Narcissa Prentiss, a teacher of physics and chemistry. She had also been eager to travel west as a missionary, but she had been unable to do so as a single woman. They had one daughter, Alice Clarissa, born On March 14, 1837, the first Anglo-American child born in Oregon Country. She was named after her grandmothers.  She drowned in the Walla Walla River at age two.

As settlers came in increasing numbers, the Whitmans took in eleven orphaned children, including the adoption of the Sager orphans. They also established a kind of boarding school for settlers' children at their mission.

The way west
On May 25, 1836, the Whitmans, and a group of other missionaries including Henry and Eliza Spalding, joined a caravan of fur traders and traveled west. The fur company caravan was led by the mountain men Milton Sublette and Thomas Fitzpatrick. The fur traders had seven covered wagons, each pulled by six mules. An additional cart drawn by two mules carried Milton Sublette, who had lost a leg a year earlier and walked on a "cork" one made by a friend. 

The combined group arrived in time for the fur-traders' annual Rocky Mountain Rendezvous.

The group established several missions as well as Whitman's settlement at a Cayuse settlement called Waíilatpu (Why-ee-laht-poo) in the Cayuse language, meaning "People of the Place of the Rye Grass". It was located just west of the northern end of the Blue Mountains.  The present-day city of Walla Walla, Washington developed six miles to the east. The settlement was in the territory of both the Cayuse and the Nez Perce tribes. Whitman farmed and provided medical care, while Narcissa set up a school for the Native American children.

In 1842, Whitman traveled east, and on his return, he accompanied the first large group of wagon trains west. Known as the "Great Emigration", the 1843 expedition established the viability of the Oregon Trail for later homesteaders. Not having much success with converting the Cayuse, the Whitmans gave more attention to the settlers. They took in children to their own home and established a boarding school for settlers' children.

Massacre

The Cayuse resented the encroachment of white settlers. More significantly, the influx of settlers in the territory brought new infectious diseases to the Indian Tribes, including a severe epidemic of measles in 1847. The Native Americans lack of immunity to Eurasian diseases resulted in high death rates, with children dying in large numbers. The Whitmans cared for both Cayuse and white settlers, but half of the Cayuse died and nearly all the Cayuse children perished. Seeing that more whites had survived, the Cayuse blamed the Whitmans for the devastating deaths among their people.

The Cayuse tradition held medicine men personally responsible for the patient's recovery. Their despair at the deaths, especially of their children, led the Cayuse under Chief Tiloukaikt to kill the Whitmans in their home on November 29, 1847.  Warriors destroyed most of the buildings at Waiilatpu and killed twelve other white settlers in the community, kidnapping many children and forcibly marrying them in certain cases. The events became known among white settlers as the Whitman Massacre. The Cayuse held another 53 women and children captive for a month before releasing them through negotiations. These events, and continued white encroachment, triggered a continuing conflict between the settlers and the Cayuse that became known as the Cayuse War. Five Cayuse were hanged for murder; see Cayuse Five.

Historians have noted contemporary accounts of competition between the Protestant missionaries and Catholic priests, who had become established with Jesuit missions from Canada and St. Louis, Missouri, as contributing to the tensions. The Roman Catholic priest John Baptiste Brouillet aided the survivors and helped bury the victims. Two days later Brouillet encountered Rev. Henry H. Spalding on his way to the Whitmans', told him what had happened, and warned him that he might be in danger. Spalding later wrote a pamphlet stating forcefully that the Catholic priests, including Father Brouillet, had incited the Cayuse to massacre.

Spalding's version of the disaster was printed and reprinted, sometimes at taxpayer expense, for the next half-century.

Legacy

Whitman is commemorated by Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington,  the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest, Mount Rainier's Whitman Glacier, and numerous schools, including Marcus Whitman Middle School in Port Orchard, Washington; Marcus Whitman Junior High School in Seattle, Washington; and Marcus Whitman Central School in Rushville, New York, his hometown. His mission is preserved as Whitman Mission National Historic Site.  While the name is not used much now, the road from Penn Yan, New York to Rushville, New York was formerly called the Marcus Whitman Highway.

The Washington State Legislature has declared the fourth day of September as Marcus Whitman Day. A bronze tablet in Wheeler, New York commemorates his 1828-1835 practice as a medical doctor in that town.  In 1977, he was inducted into the Steuben County (NY) Hall of Fame.
Walla Walla has a Marcus Whitman Hotel and Conference Center.  

In 1953, the state of Washington donated a statue of him by the sculptor Avard Fairbanks to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol, but April 14, 2021, Governor Jay Inslee signed legislation to remove it replace it with a statue of Native American leader Billy Frank Jr.  An identical one stands at the edge of the campus of Whitman College.

Historical importance

Marcus Whitman's alleged political influence over the United States' claim to the Oregon country, as well as his purported leadership role in the emigration, were greatly exaggerated in the decades following his death, leading to great controversy in popular and academic literature.

After Whitman's death, Spalding energetically promoted the idea that Marcus Whitman had traveled east to Washington in order to "save" the Oregon Territory from British control by convincing the United States to send settlers to contest claims of British governance. In 1901, Yale University historian Edward Gaylord Bourne convincingly disproved this revision of history, using the historical record to demonstrate that Whitman's trip back east was motivated by his desire to maintain the mission to convert the Native American tribes of the Northwest to Christianity, and that he returned with settlers who were Protestant in order to promote (Protestant) Christianity.

See also
 Jason Lee (missionary)

References

External links
 Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the Opening of Old Oregon by Clifford M. Drury at Whitman Mission National Historic Site
 Whitman at the Architect of the Capitol
 The West: "Marcus & Narcissa Whitman", 2001, BS
 The Marcus Whitman Trail Route Historical Marker

1802 births
1847 deaths
Physicians from Oregon
Cayuse War
Presbyterian missionaries in the United States
Oregon Country
Oregon pioneers
Oregon Trail
People from Rushville, New York
Pre-statehood history of Washington (state)
American Presbyterian missionaries
People murdered in Washington (state)
Washington (state) pioneers
Religious leaders from Washington (state)
The Ice Organisation was a UK Loyalty programme. Ice promoted brands, goods and services that are more sustainable, with the aim of mitigating climate change through mass consumer purchase power. Like other loyalty schemes, customers were rewarded with Ice points which they earned when shopping with a retailer who is part of the programme. Customers could spend their points at Ice retailers for money off their purchases or get it for free. Depending on the retailer, customers could collect and spend Ice points either online, via the telephone or in-store.

The Ice Organisation was run by Jude Thorne (CEO, former CEO of Airmiles), Michael Baulk (chairman, former chairman and chief executive of AMV plc from Jan 1997 to 2006) and Tessa Tennant (president, co-founder of the UK Social Investment Forum, and the Carbon Disclosure Project) and the scheme tried to make people think about the environmental impacts of their shopping baskets and rewarded them for making more environmentally friendly purchases.

Environmental credentials
The Ice Organisation believe that together with their customers and partner businesses, they can make a real difference to mitigate climate change.
They assess all the businesses they partner with and only work with businesses that are doing the bit for the environment.

External links
Official MyIce.com Website
BBC News Article on launch of Ice

Customer loyalty programs YouthSays is an online youth opinion community that is operated and privately owned by Youth Asia Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. YouthSays works with organisations and businesses to reward youth for collective action. Youths get paid money or prizes for participating in online surveys, advertising campaigns, and campus activities. YouthSays was founded in March 2008 for Malaysian youths only, but recently it has launched local versions for 3 other countries in Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines. YouthSays is widely known for its active participation in youth campaigns and events across the region including SEAChange (Southeast Asia Youths for Change), Youth '08 and Youth '09, Malaysia National Youth Entrepreneurs Convention (NYEC) 2008 and 2009.

History
The first version of YouthSays originated from the website of Youth Malaysia - a youth NGO started in October 2006 by Joel Neoh.  Youth Malaysia organised Malaysia's largest youth festival for the first time, YOUTH'08. It was attended by Khailee Ng, who then collaborated with Joel to come up with the first version of YouthSays.

The YouthSays website then opened for beta testing on 15 March 2008 and officially launched on 2 May 2008 in Malaysia.
By the end of 2009, it claimed to have 230,000 members in Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam.

Features
The current version of YouthSays includes 4 main features:
 Surveys - Users tell the businesses what they think about their products & services by answering online surveys and get rewarded in return.
 Advertising - It is basically an affiliate network. Users can choose to support social or commercial campaigns and get unique links to promote those campaigns. They get rewarded for every unique clicks on these links.
 Campus - Users list their campus events on Youthsays.com & the Youthsays gets sponsors for their campus events. Students might also be selected to become campus ambassadors for certain brands and get rewarded.
 Community - Users get to ask questions & give answers to each other which allows them to increase their knowledge and make more friends.

Youth Campaigns and Events
YouthSays is widely known for its participation in youths campaigns and events across the region.

SEAChange (Southeast Asia Youths for Change)
SEAChange is an ongoing movement organised by Youth Asia connecting Southeast Asian Youths to projects, organisations, businesses, and leaders who can help them with the change they want to see. SEAchange used YouthSays as the community organising vehicle to produce the SEAchange Youth Report, where over 180,000  responses from youths from across the region was used to compile a report on change.

500 respondents of the survey were sent to Youth Engagement Summit 2009 (YES2009) where they met business leaders and global change icons including Bob Geldof, Biz Stone, Datuk Seri Tony Fernandes, and Garry Kasparov

Youth '09
YouthSays.com was the primary community organising vehicle which brought youths to YOUTH'09. Youth Asia claimed to attract 36,720 youths during that 3 day festival.

Ambiguity
Not-for-profit or for-profit
Due to its participation in youths' campaigns and its origin as an NGO, YouthSays is usually mistaken as a non-profit organisation.

See also
 Joel Neoh

References

External links
 Official Blog
 Youth Asia corporate website
 YES 2009 Official Website

Youth organisations based in Malaysia