Lady Randolph Churchill Later marriages How many marriages did she have? Her third marriage, How did her second marriage end? and they were divorced in April 1914, whereupon, in a bit of irony, Cornwallis-West married Mrs. Campbell. Did she have an affairs? I don't know. Who was her second husband? George Cornwallis-West,
When did she get married for the third time?
When did Lady Randolph Churchill get married for the third time?
Lord Randolph died in 1895, aged 45. His death freed Jennie to move effortlessly in spite of her impecuniosity; she mixed in the highest London society circles, and was much-admired by the Prince of Wales. Attending a party hosted by Daisy Warwick, Jennie was introduced to George Cornwallis-West, who was just 26 days older than Winston; he was instantly smitten, and they spent much time together. A captain in the Scots Guards, George had two sisters: Constance (known as Shelagh) was the first wife of the 2nd Duke of Westminster; Daisy was married to the Prince of Pless. George and Jennie were married on 28 July 1900 at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge. Around this time, Jennie became well-known for chartering the hospital ship RFA Maine to care for those wounded in the Second Boer War, for which she received the decoration of the Royal Red Cross (RRC) in the South Africa Honours list published on 26 June 1902. In 1908, she wrote her memoirs The Reminiscences of Lady Randolph Churchill. George doted on Jennie, amorously nicknaming her "pussycat". However, they drifted apart. The Churchills were becoming a dedicated-literary family, and George, who was a financial failure in the City, slowly fell out of love with his wife, who was old enough to be his mother. Short of money, Jennie contemplated selling the family home in Hertfordshire to move into the Ritz Hotel in Piccadilly. George was in fragile health when he recuperated at the royal skiing resort of St Moritz. Jennie took to writing plays for the West End, in many of which the star was Mrs. Patrick Campbell. Jennie separated from George in 1912, and they were divorced in April 1914, whereupon, in a bit of irony, Cornwallis-West married Mrs. Campbell. Jennie dropped the surname Cornwallis-West, and resumed, by deed poll, the name Lady Randolph Churchill. Her third marriage, on 1 June 1918, was to Montagu Phippen Porch (1877-1964), a member of the British Civil Service in Nigeria, who was younger than Winston by three years. At the end of World War I, Porch resigned from the colonial service. After Jennie's death, he returned to West Africa, where his business investments had proven successful. CANNOTANSWER
on 1 June 1918,
Jennie Spencer-Churchill  (; 9 January 1854 – 29 June 1921), known as Lady Randolph Churchill, was an American-born British socialite, the wife of Lord Randolph Churchill, and the mother of British prime minister Sir Winston Churchill.

Early life
Jennie Jerome was born in the Cobble Hill section of Brooklyn in 1854, the second of four daughters (one died in childhood) of financier, sportsman, and speculator Leonard Jerome and his wife Clarissa (always called Clara), daughter of Ambrose Hall, a landowner. Jerome's father was of Huguenot extraction, his forebears having emigrated to America from the Isle of Wight in 1710. Hall family lore insists that Jennie had Iroquois ancestry through her maternal grandmother; however, there is no research or evidence to corroborate this.

She was raised in Brooklyn, Paris, and New York City. She had two surviving sisters, Clarita (1851–1935) and Leonie (1859–1943). Another sister, Camille (1855–1863) died when Jennie was nine.

There is some disagreement regarding the time and place of her birth. A plaque at 426 Henry St. gives her year of birth as 1850, not 1854. However, on 9 January 1854, the Jeromes lived nearby at number 8 Amity Street (since renumbered as 197). It is believed that the Jeromes were temporarily staying at the Henry Street address, which was owned by Leonard's brother Addison, and that Jennie was born there during a snowstorm.

She was a noted beauty; an admirer, Lord d'Abernon, said that there was "more of the panther than of the woman in her look."

Personal life
Jennie was a talented amateur pianist, having been tutored as a girl by Stephen Heller, a friend of Chopin. Heller believed that his young pupil was good enough to attain "concert standard" with the necessary "hard work", of which, according to author Mary S Lovell, he was not confident she was capable.

Lady Randolph launched The Anglo-Saxon Review (June 1899-September 1901), a short-lived quarterly magazine.

In 1909, when American impresario Charles Frohman became sole manager of The Globe Theatre, the first production was His Borrowed Plumes, written by Lady Randolph Churchill. Although Mrs Patrick Campbell produced and took the lead role in the play, it was a commercial failure. It was at this point that Campbell began an affair with Lady Randolph's then husband, George Cornwallis-West.

Lady Randolph served as the chair of the hospital committee for the American Women's War Relief Fund starting in 1914. This organization helped fund and staff two hospitals during World War I.

First marriage

Jennie Jerome was married for the first time on 15 April 1874, aged 20, at the British Embassy in Paris, to Lord Randolph Churchill, the third son of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough and Lady Frances Anne Vane. The couple had met at a sailing regatta on the Isle of Wight in August 1873, having been introduced by the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII. Although they became engaged within three days of this initial meeting, the marriage was delayed for months while their parents argued over settlements. By this marriage, she was properly known as Lady Randolph Churchill and would have been addressed in conversation as Lady Randolph.

The Churchills had two sons: Winston (1874–1965), the future prime minister, was born less than eight months after the marriage. According to his biographer William Manchester, Winston was most likely conceived before the marriage, rather than born prematurely. A recent biography has stated that he was born two months prematurely after Lady Randolph "had a fall". When asked about the circumstances of his birth, Winston Churchill replied: "Although present on the occasion, I have no clear recollection of the events leading up to it." Lady Randolph's sisters believed that the biological father of the second son, John (1880–1947) was Evelyn Boscawen, 7th Viscount Falmouth.<ref>Anne Sebba, American Jennie: The Remarkable Life of Lady Randolph Churchill", Norton, 2008</ref> although most discredited that due to the boys' striking likeness to their father and each other.

Lady Randolph is believed to have had numerous lovers during her marriage, including the Prince of Wales, Milan I of Serbia, Prince Karl Kinsky, and Herbert von Bismarck.

As was the custom of the day in her social class, Lady Randolph played a limited role in her sons' upbringing, relying largely upon nannies, especially Elizabeth Everest. Winston worshipped his mother, writing her numerous letters during his time at school and begging her to visit him, which she rarely did. He wrote about her in My Early Life: "She shone for me like the evening star. I loved her dearly – but at a distance." After he became an adult, they became good friends and strong allies, to the point where Winston regarded her almost as a political mentor, more as a big sister than a mother.

Lady Randolph was well-respected and influential in the highest British social and political circles. She was said to be intelligent, witty, and quick to laughter. It was said that Queen Alexandra especially enjoyed her company, although Lady Randolph had been involved in an affair with her husband, the king, which was well known to Alexandra. Through her family contacts and her extramarital romantic relationships, Lady Randolph greatly helped her husband's early career, as well as that of her son Winston.

Later marriages
Lord Randolph died in 1895, aged 45. His death freed Jennie to move on effortlessly despite her lack of money; she mixed in the highest London society circles, and was much admired by the Prince of Wales. Attending a party hosted by Daisy Warwick, Jennie was introduced to George Cornwallis-West, a captain in the Scots Guards who was just 16 days older than Winston; he was instantly smitten, and they spent much time together. George and Jennie were married on 28 July 1900 at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge.

Around this time, Jennie became well known for chartering the hospital ship  to care for those wounded in the Second Boer War, for which she was awarded the decoration of the Royal Red Cross (RRC) in the South Africa Honours list published on 26 June 1902. She received the decoration in person from King Edward VII on 2 October that year, during a visit to Balmoral Castle. In 1908, she wrote her memoirs The Reminiscences of Lady Randolph Churchill. George doted on Jennie, amorously nicknaming her "pussycat". However, they drifted apart. The Churchills were becoming a dedicated literary family, and George, who was a financial failure in the City, slowly fell out of love with his wife, who was old enough to be his mother. Short of money, Jennie contemplated selling the family home in Hertfordshire to move into the Ritz Hotel in Piccadilly. George was in fragile health when he recuperated at the royal skiing resort of St Moritz. Jennie took to writing plays for the West End, in many of which the star was Mrs. Patrick Campbell.

Jennie separated from George in 1912, and they were divorced in April 1914, whereupon Cornwallis-West married Mrs. Campbell. Jennie dropped the surname Cornwallis-West, and resumed, by deed poll, the name Lady Randolph Churchill.Her third marriage, on 1 June 1918, was to Montagu Phippen Porch (1877–1964), a member of the British Civil Service in Nigeria, who was younger than Winston by three years. At the end of World War I, Porch resigned from the colonial service. After Jennie's death, he returned to West Africa, where his business investments had proven successful.

Death

In May 1921, while Montagu Porch was away in Africa, Jennie slipped while coming down a friend's staircase wearing new high-heeled shoes, breaking her ankle. Gangrene set in, and her left leg was amputated above the knee on 10 June.  At age 67, she died at her home at 8 Westbourne Street in London on 29 June, following a haemorrhage of an artery in her thigh resulting from the amputation.

She was buried in the Churchill family plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, Oxfordshire, next to her first husband.

Cocktail misattribution
The invention of the Manhattan cocktail is sometimes erroneously attributed to Jennie Churchill, who supposedly asked a bartender to make a special drink to celebrate the election of Samuel J. Tilden to the New York governorship in 1874. However, though the drink is believed to have been invented by the Manhattan Club (an association of New York Democrats) on that occasion, Jennie could not have been involved as she was in Europe at the time, about to give birth to her son Winston later that month.

Portrayals

 Jennie Churchill was portrayed by Anne Bancroft in the film Young Winston (1972) and by Lee Remick in the British television series Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill (1974).
 A play "Lady Randy" written by Anne Undeland was staged in 2019 at the WAM Theatre in Lenox, Massachusetts.

See also
 The Anglo-Saxon Review, a quarterly miscellany edited by Lady Randolph Churchill

Notes

References

Further reading
 Churchill, Lady Randolph Spencer. The Reminiscences of Lady Randolph Churchill, 1908 (Autobiography)
 
 Leslie, Anita. Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill, 1969
 Martin, Ralph G. Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill – The Romantic Years, 1854–1895 (Prentice-Hall, Ninth printing, 1969)
 Martin, Ralph G. Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill – Volume II, The Dramatic Years, 1895–1921 (Prentice-Hall, 1971) 
 Martin, Ralph G.  Reissue of both volumes of Jennie: The Life of Lady Randolph Churchill, (Sourcebooks, 2007) 
 Sebba, Anne. American Jennie: The Remarkable Life of Lady Randolph Churchill'' (W.W. Norton, 2007)

External links

 Interview with Anne Sebba, author of American Jennie

1854 births
1921 deaths
Socialites from London
Mistresses of Edward VII
Randolph Churchill, Lady
Winston Churchill
Women of the Victorian era
American autobiographers
American socialites
English autobiographers
British people of American descent
People from Cobble Hill, Brooklyn
Theatre people from London
Companions of the Order of the Crown of India
Dames of Grace of the Order of St John
British amputees
Burials at St Martin's Church, Bladon
Women autobiographers
20th-century British women writers
20th-century American women writers
American emigrants to England
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Parents of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
American women non-fiction writers
Members of the Royal Red Cross
American people of French descent
Countess Emilia Antwerpiana of Nassau (Antwerp, 9 December 1581 - Landsberg, 28 September 1657) was the sixth and youngest daughter of William the Silent and his third wife, Charlotte of Bourbon.

Biography

Emilia Antwerpiana was her father's last surviving daughter. When her elder sister Louise Juliane married in 1593, she went to live with her in Heidelberg. She was neither beautiful nor did she have any money, and therefore remained unmarried until a later age than was normal for princesses at the time.

On 4 July 1616, Emilia Antwerpiana married Frederick Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Landsberg (1585–1645) and settled with him in Landsberg.

In 1621, Emilia Antwerpiana and Frederick Casimir had to flee Landberg for Strasbourg during the Thirty Years' War.  The flight caused long standing economic problems, and for many years she tried to get access to her inheritance and asked her siblings for money.  Her sister Charlotte Brabantine finally arranged for her to live at the castle Montfort in France.

She was finally able to return to Landberg after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Issue
She had three children:
 Frederick (1617-1617) Died one day after birth 
 Frederick Louis (1619-1681) Married to Juliana Magdalena of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
 Charles Henry (1622-1623) Died as a child

Ancestry

References

Emilia Antwerpiana
1581 births
1657 deaths
Emilia Antwerpiana Sherry Yvonne Johnson is an American activist who advocates for restrictions on child marriage in the United States. 

Johnson successfully campaigned for tighter restrictions on child marriage in her home state of Florida. Prior to 2018, pregnant children of any age in Florida could get married with a judge's permission. With the passage of the 2018 legislation, children under 17 are prohibited from getting married.

Early life and first marriage
Johnson grew up in Tampa, Florida.
She was an only child, and her household consisted of her, her mother, and her mother's husband. They lived in the parsonage of their conservative Pentecostal church.
Beginning at age 9, Johnson was repeatedly raped by the deacon and bishop of her church.
Johnson was also raped by her mother's husband.
She became pregnant as a result of rape at age 10. The pregnancy was not recognized until she was 7 months along in gestation. Johnson's mother did not support or believe her statements that she was raped, and did not accompany her to the hospital when it was time to deliver the baby. Johnson's mother arranged for her to marry the deacon who had raped her, Alfonsa Tolbert, so that he could avoid criminal charges.

At the time, 16- and 17-year-old minors could get married with parental permission in Florida, and children of any age could be married with the permission of a county judge if a pregnancy was involved.
While the first judge refused to license the marriage of a child so young—though it was legal—a second judge agreed to grant the license and Johnson was married to Tolbert on March 29, 1971, at age 11.
Johnson had six children by the time she was 17-years-old, and had to drop out of school after ninth grade to raise them. At age 17, she sought help from the Legal Aid Society, which gave her $75 to pay for an attorney for her divorce

After first divorce
At age 19, Johnson remarried a man 18 years her senior.
Together, they had three children.
They were married for 26 years before separating in 2002.

Activism
Johnson published a book detailing her experience as a child bride, Forgiving the Unforgivable.
She is opposed to child marriage on the basis that children cannot enter into other legal contracts.
Johnson stated, "You can't get a job, you can't get a car, you can't get a license, you can't sign a lease, so why allow someone to marry when they're still so young?"
Johnson also believes that permitting child marriage allows rapists to escape the legal consequences of their crimes by marrying their victims.
Speaking on how she was forced to marry the man who raped her, Johnson said, "No one actually protected me. They protected him by putting the handcuffs on me, instead of putting the handcuffs on him, and he was the rapist."

In 2012, Johnson began to lobby the Florida state legislature to make child marriage illegal.
Johnson initially faced opposition or disbelief from lawmakers, with some lawmakers incorrectly asserting to her that child marriage such as hers was not legal in Florida, or that her case was anomalous.
However, Johnson's ideas gained traction with lawmakers over time.
After the Florida Senate voted unanimously to ban child marriage, Senator Lizbeth Benacquisto called Johnson "the reason for the bill."
The proposed ban on child marriage was amended, however, to allow 17-year-olds to marry.
17-year-olds can marry in the state of Florida, regardless of if a pregnancy is involved, as long as their intended partner is less than two years older than they are.
Such couples would also have to take a premarital preparation course, as well as sign an affidavit that the marriage is not coerced.
If a pregnancy is involved, the couple must receive additional counseling.
This amended legislation again passed unanimously in the Senate; in the House, support was near-unanimous, with George Moraitis the lone dissenter.
Moraitis stated, "I'm particularly focused on the pregnancy aspect of it. I don't want the message to be that it's better to not get married."
On 23 March 2018, this legislation (Senate Bill 140) was signed by Governor Rick Scott.

Despite the lack of an outright ban on child marriage in Florida, Johnson stated that she was pleased with the bill, saying, "I can deal with the line of [age] 17 with all of the requirements."
While she was happy with the legislative victory in Florida, Johnson indicated that her activism against child marriage was not over.
She stated, "My mission is for the world, for the children all over the world," she said. "It's not just Florida . . . It's for the children everywhere."

References

Living people
1960 births
American human rights activists
Women human rights activists
Child marriage in the United States
Activists from Florida
People from Tampa, Florida