Marcus Whitman The way west why did Whitman make his way west? On May 25, 1836, the Whitmans, and a group of other missionaries including Henry and Eliza Spalding, joined a caravan of fur traders and traveled west.
were they going out there to be missionaries, too?
were the fur traders going out there to be missionaries, too?
On May 25, 1836, the Whitmans, and a group of other missionaries including Henry and Eliza Spalding, joined a caravan of fur traders and traveled west. The fur company caravan was led by the mountain men Milton Sublette and Thomas Fitzpatrick. The fur traders had seven covered wagons, each pulled by six mules. An additional cart drawn by two mules carried Milton Sublette, who had lost a leg a year earlier and walked on a "cork" one made by a friend. The combined group arrived at the fur-traders' annual rendezvous on July 6. The group established several missions as well as Whitman's settlement at a Cayuse settlement called Waiilatpu (Why-ee-laht-poo) in the Cayuse language, meaning "place of the rye grass". It was located just west of the northern end of the Blue Mountains. The present-day city of Walla Walla, Washington developed six miles to the east. The settlement was in the territory of both the Cayuse and the Nez Perce tribes. Whitman farmed and provided medical care, while Narcissa set up a school for the Native American children. In 1843, Whitman traveled east, and on his return, he helped lead the first large group of wagon trains west from Fort Hall, in southeastern Idaho. Known as the "Great Emigration", it established the viability of the Oregon Trail for later homesteaders. Not having much success with converting the Cayuse, the Whitmans gave more attention to the settlers. They took in children to their own home and established a boarding school for settlers' children. CANNOTANSWER
The group established several missions as well as Whitman's settlement at a Cayuse settlement called Waiilatpu
Marcus Whitman (September 4, 1802 – November 29, 1847) was an American physician and missionary.

In 1836, Marcus Whitman led an overland party by wagon to the West. He and his wife, Narcissa, along with Reverend Henry Spalding and his wife, Eliza, and William Gray, founded a mission at present day Walla Walla, Washington in an effort to convert local Indians to Christianity. In the winter of 1842 Whitman went back east, returning the following summer with the first large wagon train across the Oregon Trail. The new settlers encroached on the Cayuse Indians living near the Whitman Mission and were unsuccessful in their efforts to Christianize the Tribe. 

Following the deaths of many nearby Cayuse from an outbreak of measles, some remaining Cayuse accused Whitman of murder, suggesting that he had administered poison and was a failed shaman. In retaliation, a group of Cayuse killed the Whitmans and twelve other settlers on November 30, 1847, an event that came to be known as the Whitman Massacre. This led to continuing warfare between settlers and Indians which reduced the Cayuse numbers further.

Early life
On September 4, 1802, Whitman was born in Federal Hollow, New York to Beza and Alice Whitman. After Beza's death when Whitman was seven, he was sent to Massachusetts to live with his uncle.

Whitman dreamed of becoming a minister but did not have the money for such schooling. He returned to New York as a young man. He studied medicine for two years with an experienced physician under the form of apprenticeship approved then, and received his degree from Fairfield Medical College in New York. He practiced medicine for a few years in Canada but was interested in going to the west.

Missionary
In 1835, Whitman traveled with the missionary Samuel Parker to present-day northwestern Montana and northern Idaho, to minister to bands of the Flathead and Nez Perce nations. During this journey, he treated several fur trappers during an outbreak of cholera. At the end of their stay, he promised the Nez Perce that he would return with other missionaries and teachers to live with them.

Parker and Whitman were present for the 1835 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous.

Marriage and family
In 1836, Whitman married Narcissa Prentiss, a teacher of physics and chemistry. She had also been eager to travel west as a missionary, but she had been unable to do so as a single woman. They had one daughter, Alice Clarissa, born On March 14, 1837, the first Anglo-American child born in Oregon Country. She was named after her grandmothers.  She drowned in the Walla Walla River at age two.

As settlers came in increasing numbers, the Whitmans took in eleven orphaned children, including the adoption of the Sager orphans. They also established a kind of boarding school for settlers' children at their mission.

The way west
On May 25, 1836, the Whitmans, and a group of other missionaries including Henry and Eliza Spalding, joined a caravan of fur traders and traveled west. The fur company caravan was led by the mountain men Milton Sublette and Thomas Fitzpatrick. The fur traders had seven covered wagons, each pulled by six mules. An additional cart drawn by two mules carried Milton Sublette, who had lost a leg a year earlier and walked on a "cork" one made by a friend. 

The combined group arrived in time for the fur-traders' annual Rocky Mountain Rendezvous.

The group established several missions as well as Whitman's settlement at a Cayuse settlement called Waíilatpu (Why-ee-laht-poo) in the Cayuse language, meaning "People of the Place of the Rye Grass". It was located just west of the northern end of the Blue Mountains.  The present-day city of Walla Walla, Washington developed six miles to the east. The settlement was in the territory of both the Cayuse and the Nez Perce tribes. Whitman farmed and provided medical care, while Narcissa set up a school for the Native American children.

In 1842, Whitman traveled east, and on his return, he accompanied the first large group of wagon trains west. Known as the "Great Emigration", the 1843 expedition established the viability of the Oregon Trail for later homesteaders. Not having much success with converting the Cayuse, the Whitmans gave more attention to the settlers. They took in children to their own home and established a boarding school for settlers' children.

Massacre

The Cayuse resented the encroachment of white settlers. More significantly, the influx of settlers in the territory brought new infectious diseases to the Indian Tribes, including a severe epidemic of measles in 1847. The Native Americans lack of immunity to Eurasian diseases resulted in high death rates, with children dying in large numbers. The Whitmans cared for both Cayuse and white settlers, but half of the Cayuse died and nearly all the Cayuse children perished. Seeing that more whites had survived, the Cayuse blamed the Whitmans for the devastating deaths among their people.

The Cayuse tradition held medicine men personally responsible for the patient's recovery. Their despair at the deaths, especially of their children, led the Cayuse under Chief Tiloukaikt to kill the Whitmans in their home on November 29, 1847.  Warriors destroyed most of the buildings at Waiilatpu and killed twelve other white settlers in the community, kidnapping many children and forcibly marrying them in certain cases. The events became known among white settlers as the Whitman Massacre. The Cayuse held another 53 women and children captive for a month before releasing them through negotiations. These events, and continued white encroachment, triggered a continuing conflict between the settlers and the Cayuse that became known as the Cayuse War. Five Cayuse were hanged for murder; see Cayuse Five.

Historians have noted contemporary accounts of competition between the Protestant missionaries and Catholic priests, who had become established with Jesuit missions from Canada and St. Louis, Missouri, as contributing to the tensions. The Roman Catholic priest John Baptiste Brouillet aided the survivors and helped bury the victims. Two days later Brouillet encountered Rev. Henry H. Spalding on his way to the Whitmans', told him what had happened, and warned him that he might be in danger. Spalding later wrote a pamphlet stating forcefully that the Catholic priests, including Father Brouillet, had incited the Cayuse to massacre.

Spalding's version of the disaster was printed and reprinted, sometimes at taxpayer expense, for the next half-century.

Legacy

Whitman is commemorated by Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington,  the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest, Mount Rainier's Whitman Glacier, and numerous schools, including Marcus Whitman Middle School in Port Orchard, Washington; Marcus Whitman Junior High School in Seattle, Washington; and Marcus Whitman Central School in Rushville, New York, his hometown. His mission is preserved as Whitman Mission National Historic Site.  While the name is not used much now, the road from Penn Yan, New York to Rushville, New York was formerly called the Marcus Whitman Highway.

The Washington State Legislature has declared the fourth day of September as Marcus Whitman Day. A bronze tablet in Wheeler, New York commemorates his 1828-1835 practice as a medical doctor in that town.  In 1977, he was inducted into the Steuben County (NY) Hall of Fame.
Walla Walla has a Marcus Whitman Hotel and Conference Center.  

In 1953, the state of Washington donated a statue of him by the sculptor Avard Fairbanks to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol, but April 14, 2021, Governor Jay Inslee signed legislation to remove it replace it with a statue of Native American leader Billy Frank Jr.  An identical one stands at the edge of the campus of Whitman College.

Historical importance

Marcus Whitman's alleged political influence over the United States' claim to the Oregon country, as well as his purported leadership role in the emigration, were greatly exaggerated in the decades following his death, leading to great controversy in popular and academic literature.

After Whitman's death, Spalding energetically promoted the idea that Marcus Whitman had traveled east to Washington in order to "save" the Oregon Territory from British control by convincing the United States to send settlers to contest claims of British governance. In 1901, Yale University historian Edward Gaylord Bourne convincingly disproved this revision of history, using the historical record to demonstrate that Whitman's trip back east was motivated by his desire to maintain the mission to convert the Native American tribes of the Northwest to Christianity, and that he returned with settlers who were Protestant in order to promote (Protestant) Christianity.

See also
 Jason Lee (missionary)

References

External links
 Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the Opening of Old Oregon by Clifford M. Drury at Whitman Mission National Historic Site
 Whitman at the Architect of the Capitol
 The West: "Marcus & Narcissa Whitman", 2001, BS
 The Marcus Whitman Trail Route Historical Marker

1802 births
1847 deaths
Physicians from Oregon
Cayuse War
Presbyterian missionaries in the United States
Oregon Country
Oregon pioneers
Oregon Trail
People from Rushville, New York
Pre-statehood history of Washington (state)
American Presbyterian missionaries
People murdered in Washington (state)
Washington (state) pioneers
Religious leaders from Washington (state)
Marja Ilmatar Väisälä (9 May 1916, Helsinki, Finland – 21 December 2011, Turku) was a Finnish teacher of mathematics and natural sciences, who in 1950 founded a private school in Swakopmund in what is now Namibia, where she taught the children of Finnish missionaries. She also discovered two asteroids, 1718 Namibia and 2437 Amnestia, at the Turku Observatory in 1942.

Background
Marja Väisälä was the daughter of astronomer Yrjö Väisälä, a renowned discoverer of minor planets. After she graduated from the university, she was going to start working as his father's assistant. However, she had heard from one of the student friends, Lahja Väänänen, of missionary work in Ovamboland. Väänänen's parents, missionaries Nestor Wäänänen and Martta Wäänänen, had worked as in Ovamboland, Nestor during 1907–1918 and 1921–1928 and Martta during 1909–1918 and 1921–1928, and Lahja herself was born in Ongandjera, Ovamboland, in 1915, so she was personally familiar with the missionary work in Ovamboland. Later she also worked in South West Africa herself, in Kavango during 1947–1953.

Work in Swakopmund

Preparing for her work
Väisälä arrived in Africa in 1949. She spent her first year there in South Africa, studying the most important languages in Southern Africa, English and Afrikaans, and the local culture. South West Africa was for all practical purposes the fifth province of South Africa at the time.

The location of the school
Before Väisälä arrived in South West Africa, the Finnish missionaries there had heard of a “master of sciences in astronomy”, and they were afraid that such a highly learned person might not be suitable for teaching small children. However, Väisälä turned out to be excellent both in pedagogics and organization.

At the time, the Finnish missionaries were debating where the future Finnish school should be founded. Some of the missionaries favoured Ovamboland, and it is clear that they were thinking that some of the children would be able to live at home when attending the school. However, the children whose homes were in Kavango would not have had the same benefits, as their journeys home during vacations would have been much longer than for the other children.

Väisälä favoured Swakopmund for two reasons. First, the weather was better for children there than in Ovamboland, and there they would also be safe from the diseases that were encountered in Ovamboland, e.g. malaria. It would also be possible for the children to engage in sports activities, since the climate was cooler.

Väisälä also considered the cultural atmosphere of Swakopmund to be better there than that of Ovamboland. The matter was finally resolved by the board of the Finnish Missionary Society, which, like Väisänen, favoured Swakopmund as the location of the new school.

The school facilities
Väisälä started the school in rented premises in 1950, but it soon turned out that the premises were not large enough. The owners, too, informed her that they were going to sell the premises in the near future. In 1952 Väisälä heard that the town planned to have a new neighbourhood to the north of the town centre. On the last day of May that year, she signed a bill of purchase for two adjacent lots in the future Vineta neighbourhood. The Finns then built a house, which would function as both a school and a dormitory. A housewarming party was held in connection with the church service for the first advent in 1953. In 1858, an annex was built on the same lot, containing a garage and a room.

The curriculum
Väisälä decided to stick to the curriculum of the schools in Finland. However, the school year was that of South Africa, i.e. it was the same as a calendar year. This would have meant difficulties for those families which were returning to Finland, but many children were sent to school in Swakopmund at the age of 6, and they were ahead of children in Finland by some six months.

Väisälä taught her students three languages, English, German and Swedish. History was taught according to Finnish textbooks, but in geography and biology she concentrated on local circumstances, plants and animals. Singing and music were taught, too, but physical education, arts and crafts and art did not receive as much attention as other subjects.

Teaching methods
Väisälä used a method she had devised herself, and called it “the method of expanding circles”. This method evolved out of necessity, when she had children of various grades in the same room. "The topic of the lesson would be the same for all children, but the younger students would be taught elementary knowledge and basics, whereas with the older students she would get deeper into details," wrote Kalle Seppänen in his 1994 master's thesis in theology. Seppänen wrote the following concerning Väisälä's methods:

Väisälä felt that the teaching of the first grade was the most difficult task, especially if the children did not know how to read when they came to school. Also, the grades from the 3rd grade up were problematic, because she was not able to devote as much time for these students as she would have wanted to. During later years she was able to get other teachers to help her with her tasks.

According to Seppänen, Väisälä was ahead of her time what came to her teaching methods. Often, she would actually teach the children but help them find out about things for themselves. This was the case inside the school building and during the many excursions and tours that she organized to various places.

In 1963, the head of the Finnish mission in South West Africa asked Väisälä if it would be possible to transfer her to the Oshigambo High School in Ovamboland, as the founder of that school, Toivo Tirronen was about to leave for Finland for a furlough. Väisälä wrote later that already during the preceding year she had thought that her various difficulties and the illnesses of the children were becoming too much for her, and she had pondered whether she was already too old to teach young children. Thus she decided to say yes to the head of the mission.

Work in Ovamboland
During 1963–1972, Väisälä worked at the Oshigambo High School in Ovamboland as its teacher of mathematics and natural sciences. She described the first years of this school in her book Ambolukion lehtorina ("teaching in the Ovambo high school"; 1967). She returned to Finland in 1972 to take care of her elderly mother.

Discovery of asteroid 
The Minor Planet Center credits Väisälä with the discovery of the asteroids 1718 Namibia and 2437 Amnestia, both discovered at Turku Observatory on 14 September 1942. The official  for 1718 Namibia was published on 1 April 1980 (), and the  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 May 1983 ().

Works

See also

References

External links 
 Minor Planet Discoverers (Alphabetically), Minor Planet Center
 Image of asteroid 2437 Amnestia, www.taivaanvahti.fi

1916 births
2011 deaths
Finnish schoolteachers
Missionaries of the Finnish Missionary Society
Discoverers of minor planets
Finnish expatriates in Namibia
20th-century Lutherans The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) (Spanish: La Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días) was established in Argentina in 1925 when Melvin J. Ballard arrived in Buenos Aires and opened the church's South American Mission. K.B. Reinhold Stoof became the first president of the South American Mission in July 1926. Missionary work largely focused on populations of German immigrants. After Stoof's release in 1935, the South American Mission split into the Brazilian Mission and the Argentine Mission. During World War II, missionaries were required to leave Argentina but then re-entered in 1947. The Argentine Mission divided again in 1962 and the first stake in Argentina was established in 1966 in Buenos Aires. The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple was dedicated on January 17, 1986, becoming the church's first temple in Argentina.

With 470,843 members at year-end 2019, Argentina ranks as having the 4th most members of the LDS Church in South America and 7th worldwide

Beginnings

LDS Church president Heber J. Grant wanted to send missionaries to Argentina, so he sent Andrew Jenson on a trip to Argentina in 1923 in order to determine where missionaries may be successful. The church's general authorities wanted to be slow and cautious in their attempt to send missionaries into South America, because once the mission was established, they wanted it to stay. They didn't want to repeat what happened with the LDS Church in Japan, where the Japanese Mission had to be closed in 1924. In 1925, a group of German members of the LDS Church immigrated to Argentina.  Among these was Wilhelm Friedrichs and Emil Hoppe and their families who were escaping post-World War I Germany. In Argentina, Friedrichs and Hoppe published religious messages in newspapers. In 1924, they asked the First Presidency to send missionaries to the German immigrants in Argentina. Friedrichs wanted the First Presidency to send missionaries was because Friedrichs said it was difficult to meet people in their homes and Friedrichs did not have the Melchizedek Priesthood so he could not baptize anyone. Despite this, Friedrichs wrote in newspapers to explain Church teachings and invite people to meetings in his or Hoppe's home.

In fall 1925, the LDS Church announced that Melvin J. Ballard, an LDS apostle, along with Rulon S. Wells and Ray Pratt, would be traveling to Buenos Aires to establish missionary work in South America. Wells spoke fluent German and Pratt, who was currently serving as president of the Mexican Mission, was knowledgeable in Spanish and Latin culture. They arrived in Buenos Aires on December 6, 1925. The first baptisms in South America were Anna Kullick and Ernst Biebersdorf and their families, along with two other young women, all German immigrants. They were baptized on December 12, 1925 in the Rio de la Plata. Language was a challenge for the missionaries. Church talks needed to be translated from English to Spanish to German. Furthermore, the missionaries found it difficult to decide where to proselyte.

Establishment of the mission
The LDS Church was officially established on December 25, 1925, as the South American Mission. The mission was dedicated by Ballard in Tres de Febrero Park in Buenos Aires. For about 6 months, Ballard, Wells, and Pratt served as missionaries in Argentina. They presented lectures and slideshows about Ancient American ruins, Latter-day Saint history, or Salt Lake City. Having little success in Buenos Aires, they tried to teach in Liniers. Herta Klara Kullick, daughter of Anna and Jakob Kullick, quickly learned Spanish and brought over 100 of her friends to listen to the missionaries. In May 1926, the missionaries began to hold Sunday school for them. Baptisms followed in June. Pratt believed that missionary work should focus on Spanish speaking population.

In July 1926, K.B. Reinhold Stoof became president of the South American Mission. Ballard, Wells, and Pratt remained in Argentina for about a month after Stoof arrived. Initially, missionaries had little success. Even though Stoof did not speak Spanish, he brought a Spanish speaking missionary with him, J. Vernon Clark, to maintain missionary work with Spanish-speaking people. Stoof, however, "felt deep in his heart" that he needed to work with German immigrants.  Later, Stoof realized that the German immigrant populations in Argentina were too scattered and he focused missionaries on Spanish-speaking and Italian-speaking populations. During Stoof's nine-year presidency, branches were created in Buenos Aires and other cities, focusing on German immigrants. Stoof never mastered the Spanish language, and there was a tension between Stoof's desire to preach to Germans and the missionaries' desire to preach to Spanish-speakers. Stoof also wanted to carry on the wishes of Ballard to preach to the native populations, though Stoof struggled to do this successfully in Northern Argentina. Moreover, Stoof did not have enough missionaries to proselyte. During his presidency, there were only 50 missionaries to work in the South American Mission, split between Brazil and Argentina. There were 96 baptisms in from 1926 to 1931, 50 were German immigrants, 32 were Spanish-speaking, and 11 were Italian immigrants. By the end of 1928, only one family of those who were baptized were not immigrants. The mission was expanded in 1930, when missionaries were sent to Rosario.

In 1935, the South American Mission was divided into the Brazilian Mission and the Argentine Mission. There were 192 members of the LDS Church in Argentina by 1935. W. Ernest Young became the first president of the Argentine Mission, with stewardship for 14 missionaries and 255 church members. Young served from 1935 to 1938. Although there was a German-speaking branch in Buenos Aires, both missionary work and church meetings were in Spanish. Missionaries changed focus from German immigrants to Spanish speakers. In 1938, Frederick S. Williams became the president of the Argentine Mission. In 1938, there were 66 baptisms performed among the 45 missionaries. There were 438 members. Church meetings were held in 20 rented halls because the church did not yet own land in Argentina where they could build church buildings. The first LDS chapel built in Argentina was in Liniers in Buenos Aires. It was dedicated on April 9, 1939. This was also the first LDS chapel in South America. Branches were established in other cities, including Quilmes, La Plata, Rosario, Santa Fe, Bahía Blanca, Córdoba, and Mendoza. Williams used sports and musical events to give the LDS Church public and media attention. By 1940, the number of members of the LDS Church in Argentina had more than tripled from 1935 with church membership at nearly 600. From 1938 to 1941, the number of missionaries sent to Argentina doubled because World War II reduced the number of missionaries being sent to Europe. This caused Argentina to stop granted visas to missionaries. As a result, missionary work in Argentina slowed. In 1942, every missionary except for three was required to leave the country due to World War II. James Barker was the next president of the Argentine Mission, but he presided over a mission void of missionaries. Barker struggled to visit and maintain the administrative aspects of the LDS Church. Many branches closed.

Post World War II development
After World War II, Young again became president Argentina mission, though the mission still did not have missionaries. Young traveled to check on branches in Argentina. LDS Church membership increased from 597 in 1940 to 801 in 1945. Despite the lack of experienced missionaries and a mission housing shortage in 1947, 29 missionaries were sent to Argentina. Many of the missionaries were ex-servicemen from World War II and were "mature" and "disciplined". In 1949, LDS Church membership was 1,000 in 27 branches, yet missionaries provided most of the ecclesiastical leadership. That same year, Harold Brown became the new president of the Argentine Mission, fresh with experience with LDS Church leadership in Mexico. By 1950 church membership had increased by almost six times since 1935, with membership numbers larger than Brazil and Uruguay. During his presidency, Brown further developed local organization and recruited ecclesiastical leadership from church members in Argentina. Missionary work was expanded with the addition of new programs and proselyting areas. Brown was replaced by Lee Valentine, who continued to send missionaries into new areas in Argentina. Valentine guided LDS Church President David O. McKay on a tour of the Argentine Mission. There, McKay met with president of Argentina at the time Juan Perón. In 1956, Loren N. Pace replaced Valentine as mission president. By 1959, church membership had increased to 3,500. The North Argentine Mission was established in 1962. Even though the Book of Mormon had already been translated into Spanish, there was a lack of church materials in Spanish in South American countries. The church divided up the translation work among Spanish-speaking countries in South America. Argentina was responsible for translating Primary lessons for children into Spanish.

The first stake in Argentina was opened in 1966 in Buenos Aires. This was the first Spanish-speaking stake in South America and the second Spanish speaking stake in the world. Ángel Abrea was named as stake president. In 1981, Abrea become the first general authority from Latin America.

Argentina hosted area conferences in March 1975 and October 1978.  These conferences were attended by many general authorities, including church president Spencer W. Kimball. At the end of 1980, there were over 20 stakes, 5 missions, and nearly 50,000 members. In October 1985, a missionary training center (MTC) was built in Buenos Aires. The Buenos Aires Argentina Temple was dedicated on January 17, 1986, becoming the first temple in Argentina. In 1998, there were 265,000 members and 62 stakes in Argentina. By 2009, there were 70 stakes and 10 missions.

The MTC in Argentina will close in July 2019.

Cultural obstacles
There are two main obstacles to LDS missionary work in Argentina. First, traditions in Argentina are deeply rooted parts of their culture. These traditions discourage family members from converting to another religion because it requires someone to sacrifice their normal lives and traditions. Another obstacle to missionary work in Argentina is poverty. Poverty in Argentina is widespread and missionaries discover challenges in trying to proselyte to or convert families who lack food or basic human needs. Recent economic improvements in Argentina have improved the lives of Argentines and improved missionaries' abilities to perform missionary work.

Statistics and other information

As of October 2018, the LDS Church reported 452,309 members, 14 missions, 114 family history centers, 763 congregations with 488 wards and 275 branches, and 2 temples. Additionally, there were 76 stakes and 28 districts. Argentina ranks as having the 4th most members of the LDS Church in South America and 7th worldwide

Missions
Argentina Bahía Blanca Mission
Argentina Buenos Aires North Mission
Argentina Buenos Aires South Mission
Argentina Buenos Aires West Mission
Argentina Buenos Aires East Mission
Argentina Córdoba Mission
Argentina Córdoba North Mission
Argentina Mendoza Mission
Argentina Neuquén Mission
Argentina Resistencia Mission
Argentina Rosario Mission
Argentina Salta Mission
Argentina Comodoro Rivadavia Mission

Temples

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References

External links
Official site (in Spanish)
The official Argentine website of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Argentina Mormon Newsroom (in Spanish)
LDS Church news publication in Argentina

 
1925 establishments in Argentina
Harold B. Lee Library-related Americana articles