Diponegoro Fighting against the Dutch When did he start fighting the Dutch? Mount Merapi's eruption in 1822 and a cholera epidemic in 1824 furthered the view that a cataclysm is inbound, Was he successful in his fight against the Dutch? Many troops and leaders were defeated or deserted. Why did he fight the Dutch? Dutch colonial rule was becoming unpopular among local farmers because of tax rises, crop failures Did he try anything else before fighting? Ambushes were set up, and food supplies were denied to the Dutch troops. How many were in his army? I don't know. Is there any interesting information? Diponogoro was widely believed to be the Ratu Adil, the just ruler predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya.
What is the Pralembrang Jayabaya?
What is the Pralembrang Jayabaya?
Dutch colonial rule was becoming unpopular among local farmers because of tax rises, crop failures and among Javanese nobles because the Dutch colonial authorities deprived them of their right to lease land. Diponogoro was widely believed to be the Ratu Adil, the just ruler predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya. Mount Merapi's eruption in 1822 and a cholera epidemic in 1824 furthered the view that a cataclysm is inbound, eliciting widespread support for Diponegoro. In the days leading up to the war's outbreak, no action was taken by local Dutch officials although rumors of his upcoming insurrection had been floating about. Prophesies and stories, ranging from visions from the tomb of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa to his contact with Nyai Roro Kidul, spread across the populace. The beginning of the war saw large losses on the side of the Dutch, due to their lack of coherent strategy and commitment in fighting Diponegoro's guerrilla warfare. Ambushes were set up, and food supplies were denied to the Dutch troops. The Dutch finally committed themselves to controlling the spreading rebellion by increasing the number of troops and sending General De Kock to stop the insurgency. De Kock developed a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile forces. Heavily fortified and well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks to limit the movement of Diponegoro's troops while mobile forces tried to find and fight the rebels. From 1829, Diponegoro definitively lost the initiative and he was put in a defensive position; first in Ungaran, then in the palace of the Resident in Semarang, before finally retreating to Batavia. Many troops and leaders were defeated or deserted. CANNOTANSWER
CANNOTANSWER
Prince Diponegoro (; born Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, ; later Bendara Raden Mas Antawirya ; 11 November 1785 – 8 January 1855), also known as Dipanegara, was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial rule. The eldest son of the Yogyakartan Sultan Hamengkubuwono III, he played an important role in the Java War between 1825 and 1830. After his defeat and capture, he was exiled to Makassar, where he died, 69 years old.

His five-year struggle against the Dutch control of Java has become celebrated by Indonesians throughout the years, acting as a source of inspiration for the fighters in the Indonesian National Revolution and nationalism in modern-day Indonesia among others. He is a national hero in Indonesia.

Early life 

Diponegoro was born on 11 November 1785 in Yogyakarta, and was the eldest son of Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta. During his youth at the Yogyakartan court, major occurrences such as the dissolution of the VOC, the British invasion of Java, and subsequent return to Dutch rule took place. During the invasion, the Sultan Hamengkubuwono II, pushed aside in his power on 1810 in favor of Diponegoro's father, used the general disruption to regain control. In 1812 however he was once more removed from the throne and exiled off-Java by the British forces. In this process, Diponegoro acted as an adviser to his father and had apparently provided aid to the British forces to the point where Raffles offered him the Sultan title which he declined, perhaps due to the fact that his father was still reigning.

When the sultan died in 1814, Diponegoro was passed over for the succession to the throne in favor of his younger half brother, Hamengkubuwono IV (r. 1814–1821), who was supported by the Dutch despite the late Sultan's urging for Diponegoro to be the next Sultan. Being a devout Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by the relaxing of religious observance at his half brother's court in contrast with his own life of seclusion, as well as by the court's pro-Dutch policy.

In 1821, famine and plague spread in Java. Hamengkubuwono IV died in 1822 under mysterious circumstances, leaving only an infant son as heir. When the year-old boy was appointed as Sultan Hamengkubuwono V, there was a dispute over his guardianship. Diponegoro was again passed over, though he believed he had been promised the right to succeed his half brother - even though such a succession was illegal under Islamic rules. This series of natural disasters and political upheavals finally erupted into full-scale rebellion.

Fighting against the Dutch 

Dutch colonial rule was becoming unpopular among local farmers because of tax rises, crop failures and among Javanese nobles because the Dutch colonial authorities deprived them of their right to lease land. Diponogoro was widely believed to be the Ratu Adil, the just ruler predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya. Mount Merapi's eruption in 1822 and a cholera epidemic in 1824 furthered the view that a cataclysm was imminent, eliciting widespread support for Diponegoro.

In the days leading up to the war's outbreak, no action was taken by local Dutch officials although rumors of his upcoming insurrection had been floating about. Prophesies and stories, ranging from visions from the tomb of Sultan Ageng TirtayasaSultan Ageng Tirtayasa is Banten's Sultan or supposed to be Sultan Agung, the first Mataram's Sultan (predecessor of Yogyakarta and Surakarta Sultanate). to his contact with Nyai Roro Kidul, spread across the populace.

The beginning of the war saw large losses on the side of the Dutch, due to their lack of coherent strategy and commitment in fighting Diponegoro's guerrilla warfare. Ambushes were set up, and food supplies were denied to the Dutch troops.
The Dutch finally committed themselves to controlling the spreading rebellion by increasing the number of troops and sending General De Kock to stop the insurgency. De Kock developed a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile forces. Heavily fortified and well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks to limit the movement of Diponegoro's troops while mobile forces tried to find and fight the rebels. From 1829, Diponegoro definitively lost the initiative and he was put in a defensive position; first in Ungaran, then in the palace of the Resident in Semarang, before finally retreating to Batavia. Many troops and leaders were defeated or deserted.

Capture and exile 

In 1830 Diponegoro's military was as good as beaten and negotiations were started. Diponegoro demanded to have a free state under a sultan and wanted to become the Muslim leader (caliph) for the whole of Java. In March 1830 he was invited to negotiate under a flag of truce. He accepted and met at the town of Magelang but was taken prisoner on 28 March despite the flag of truce. De Kock claims that he had warned several Javanese nobles to tell Diponegoro he had to lessen his previous demands or that he would be forced to take other measures.

Circumstances of Diponegoro's arrest were seen differently by himself and the Dutch. The former saw the arrest as a betrayal due to the flag of truce, while the latter declared that he had surrendered. Imagery of the event, by Javanese Raden Saleh and Dutch Nicolaas Pieneman, depicted Diponegoro differently - the former visualizing him as a defiant victim, the latter as a subjugated man. Immediately after his arrest, he was taken to Semarang and later to Batavia, where he was detained at the basement of what is today the Jakarta History Museum. On 1830, he was taken to Manado, Sulawesi by ship.

After several years in Manado, he was moved to Makassar in July 1833 where he was kept within Fort Rotterdam due to the Dutch believing that the prison was not strong enough to contain him. Despite his prisoner status, his wife Ratnaningsih and some of his followers accompanied him into exile and he received high-profile visitors including 16 year old Dutch Prince Henry in 1837. Diponegoro also composed manuscripts on Javanese history and wrote his autobiography, Babad Diponegoro, during his exile. His physical health deteriorated due to old age, and he died on 8 January 1855, where he died, 69 years old.

Before he died, Diponegoro mandated that he was to be buried in Kampung Melayu, a neighborhood then inhabited by the Chinese and the Dutch. This was followed, with the Dutch donating  of land for his graveyard which today has shrunk to just . ft.). Later, his wife and followers were also buried in the same complex. His tomb is today visited by pilgrims - often military officers and politicians.

Legacy 

Diponegoro's dynasty would survive to the present day, with their sultans holding secular powers as the governors of Special Region of Yogyakarta. In 1969, a large monument Sasana Wiratama was erected in Tegalrejo, in Yogyakarta city's perimeter, with sponsorship from the military where Diponegoro's palace was believed to have stood, although at that time there were little to show for such a building.
In 1973, under the presidency of Suharto, Diponegoro was made a National Hero of Indonesia.

Kodam IV/Diponegoro, Indonesian Army regional command for the Central Java Military Region, is named after him. The Indonesian Navy has two ships named after him. The first of these was KRI Diponegoro (306), a  commissioned in 1964 and retired in 1973. The second ship is , the lead ship of  purchased from the Netherlands. Diponegoro University in Semarang was also named after him, along with many major roads in Indonesian cities. Diponegoro is also depicted in Javanese stanzas, wayang and performing arts, including self-authored Babad Diponegoro.

The militancy of people's resistance in Java would rise again during the Indonesian Revolution, which saw the country gain independence from the Netherlands. Early Islamist political parties in Indonesia, such as the Masyumi, portrayed Diponegoro's jihad as a part of the Indonesian national struggle and by extension Islam as a prominent player in the formation of the country.

During the Royal Netherlands state visit to Indonesia in March 2020, King Willem-Alexander returned the kris of Prince Diponegoro to Indonesia, received by President Joko Widodo. His kris was long considered lost, but has now been found, after being identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The kris of Prince Diponegoro represents a historic importance, as a symbol of Indonesian heroic resilience and the nation's struggle for independence. The extraordinary gold-inlaid Javanese dagger previously was held as the Dutch state collection, and is now part of the collection of the Indonesian National Museum.

References

Further reading 
 Carey, P.B.R. Babad Dipanagara : an account of the outbreak of the Java War (1825-30) : the Surakarta court version of the Babad Dipanagara Kuala Lumpur: Printed for the Council of the M.B.R.A.S. by Art Printing Works, 1981. Monograph (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch); no.9.
 Sagimun M. D. Pangeran Dipanegara : pahlawan nasional Jakarta: Proyek Biografi Pahlawan Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1976. (Indonesian language)
 Yamin, M. Sedjarah peperangan Dipanegara : pahlawan kemerdekaan Indonesia Jakarta : Pembangunan, 1950. (Indonesian language)

External links

 A Dutch web page on Diponegoro
 The web site of the Prince Raden Saleh Foundation. See the page "Capture of Prince Diponegoro"
 Pictures of Prince Diponegoro & related

 
1785 births
1855 deaths
Indonesian Muslims
Javanese people
History of Java
National Heroes of Indonesia
Dutch East Indies
People from Yogyakarta
Indonesian rebels
Indonesian royalty
Jayabaya University is a private university in Jakarta, precisely on Jalan Pulomas Selatan Kav 23, East Jakarta. Founded on October 5, 1958 by Prof. Dr. Moeslim Taher when he was 24 years old. Currently the Rector of Jayabaya University is held by Prof. H. Amir Santoso, Ph.D.

History
At the beginning of its establishment, Jayabaya University began by managing two faculties, namely the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Economics with a total of eleven students. The first rector appointed was Prof. Mr. A A. Hakim who simultaneously served as Dean of the Faculty of Law.

Then in 1961/1962 the rector of Jayabaya University was handed over to Prof. Dr. H. Moeslim Taher, SH. as the second rector served from 1962 to 1988. He was replaced by Prof. Dr. H. Tb. Achjani Atmakusuma as acting rector in 1988, officially served as Chancellor from 1989 to 1996.

Then he was replaced by Ir. Syamsu Anwar, MS from 1996 to 2000. Then from 2000 he was replaced by Prof. Dr. H.R. Taufik Sri Soemantri Martosoewignyo, SH and in September 2008 was led by Prof. H. Amir Santoso, Phd.

Faculties
Jayabaya University has 8 faculties, namely:
 Faculty of Economics
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Social Science and Political Science
 Faculty of Information and Computer Management
 Faculty of Psychology
 Faculty of Communication
 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
 Faculty of Industrial  Technology

Jayabaya Foundation
To explore and develop funding sources for the development of Jayabaya University, the Jayabaya Foundation was formed, which was confirmed by Liem Toeng Kie Notarial Deed in Jakarta Number 17 on October 6, 1960, and amended by Notary Deed Muhamad Said Tadjoedin in Jakarta, Number 221 dated August 17, 1983, and copied by Notary Haji Abdul Kadir Usman on March 21, 1997. It was noted that the founders were Moeslim Taher and Yuyun Moeslim Taher.

Address of campus building
Jayabaya University has 2 buildings, namely:
 Campus A is located at Jalan Pulomas Selatan Kav 23 East Jakarta. Administrative Center (Rectorat), Faculty of Law, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Information and Computer Management, Faculty of Psychology, Faculty of Communication Sciences.
 Campus C is located on Jalan Raya Bogor Km. 28 Cimanggis East Jakarta. Faculty of Industrial Technology with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Chemical Engineering. The Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning fosters 2 (two) departments, namely the Department of Civil Engineering and the Department of Architecture.

Notable alumni
 Eggi Sudjana, Indonesian activist
 Ikke Nurjanah, Indonesian dangdut singer
 Iti Octavia Jayabaya, Regent of Lebak Regency
 Malam Sambat Kaban, former Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia
 Moeslim Taher, founder of Jayabaya University
 Sylviana Murni, former Deputy Governor of Jakarta candidate

References

Bibliography

External links
 Official website

Universities in Jakarta
East Jakarta Sri Mapanji Jayabaya, Varmesvara, or Jayabhaya (Javanese spelled: Ratu Joyoboyo) was Javanese King of the Kediri in East Java from 1135 to 1179 CE.
 
King Jayabaya is credited with reunification of the Kediri kingdom following a split due to the death of his predecessor Airlangga. King Jayabaya was known for his just and prosperous rule, and reputed to have been an incarnation of the Hindu deity Vishnu. King Jayabaya epitomized the archetypal Ratu Adil: the just king reborn in the dark age of suffering "Jaman Edan" (Madness Era) to restore the Jaman Raharja: social justice, order, and harmony in the world, as Javanese believed in a cyclical history of alternating prosperity epochs of (Jaman Raharja) followed an era of suffering (Jaman edan), to cycle back to an era of prosperity (Jaman Raharja).

Jabaya termed his kingdom Widarba, meaning a thousand cities in Pamenang, modern Kediri Regency. Intertwined between fact and myth are records that his father Gendrayana, claimed to be a  descendant of Pandavas as being son of Yudayana: the son of Parikshit: the son of Abhimanyu: the son of Arjuna from the family Pandavas.
From Jayaba's queen consort Dewi Sara wife were born all daughters Dewi Jayaamijaya, Pramesti Dewi, Dewi Pramuni and Dewi Sasanti. Queen Dewi Jayaamijaya was married to King consort Astradarma Pramesti Yawastina king and birthed King of Anglingdarma: Malawapati.

Jayabaya abdicated in old age and sought a life of meditation as a Hindu recluse, informing a moksha he was the incarnation of vishnu, in the village of Menang, in Pagu sub-district of Kediri Regency, until the modern era still considered a sacred pilgrimage site, according to Kejawen belief system. Sukarno and Suharto both meditated at length in Menang to attain an air of kingly legitimacy, supernatural abilities, Jayabaya's blessings and/or powers.

Prophecies

Ratu Jayabaya is most famous for his oracles or prophesies attributed to him, namely the Serat Jayabaya Musarar, Serat Pranitiwakya, and some debatable others. The mangala (prologue) of the famous Kakawin Bhāratayuddha names King Joyoboyo as the patron of the two poets, Mpu Sedah and Mpu Panuluh who were the authors of the work. Joyoboyo is also attributed as author of the Prelambang Joyoboyo, a prophetic book that played an important role in the Japanese occupation. 

According to a selectively abridged set of stanzas within a Joyoboyo prophesy (all are extremely long epic poems): 
The Javanese would be ruled by whites for 3 centuries and by yellow dwarfs for the life span of a maize plant prior to the return of the Ratu Adil: whose name must contain at least one syllable of the Javanese Noto Negoro.

When Japan occupied the Netherlands East Indies, in the first weeks of 1942, many Indonesians danced in the streets, welcoming the Japanese army as the fulfillment of the prophecy ascribed to Joyoboyo, who foretold the day when white men would one day establish their rule on Java and oppress the people for many years – but they would be driven out by the arrival of yellow men from the north. These yellow dwarves, Joyoboyo had predicted, would remain for one crop cycle (3 1/2 months, which translated as 3 1/2 years of Japanese occupation), and after that Java would be freed from foreign domination. To most of the Javanese, Japan was a liberator: the prophecy had been fulfilled.

The Japanese freed Indonesian nationalists from Dutch prisons and hired them as civil servants and administrators. In the waning days of 1944, however, it was clear that Japan could not win the war. The Japanese officially handed its authority over to Indonesia to be independent on 9 August 1945, and the commander of Japan's Southeast Asian forces appointed future President Sukarno as chairman of the preparatory committee for Indonesian independence. As one account of Indonesian history puts it, "With the minor exception that three crops had been harvested, Jayabaya's prophecy had been realized."

Many believe that the time for the arrival of a new Ratu Adil is near (as the prophecies put it, "when iron wagons could drive without horses and ships could sail through the sky"), and that he will come to rescue and reunite Indonesia after an acute crisis, ushering in the dawn of a new golden age.

References

Further reading
 J.A.B. Wiselius, "Djåjå Båjå: zijn leven en profeteën" Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land-, en Volkenkunde XIX, 1872. pp.172-217.
 Ramalan Jayabaya Musarar | Alang-Alang Kumitir
 Ibnu Khan al Latif: Serat Pranitiwakya
Kediri Kingdom
Indonesian Hindu monarchs
History of East Java
Indonesian Hindu religious leaders
Medieval Hindu religious leaders
12th-century Indonesian people

map-bms:Serat Jayabaya