Florence Lawrence Independent Moving Pictures Company What did she do with Independent Moving Pictures Company? Finding themselves "at liberty," Lawrence and Solter in 1909 were able to join the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP). Why were they "at liberty"? looking for experienced filmmakers and actors. Needing a star, he lured Lawrence away from Biograph by promising to give her a marquee. Did she take the offer? First, Laemmle organized a publicity stunt by starting a rumor that Lawrence had been killed by a street car in New York City. How did people react to this stunt? after gaining much media attention, he placed ads in the newspapers that announced, "We nail a lie", and included a photo of Lawrence.
What was the public reaction to this?
What was the public reaction to the revelation that Florence Lawrence's death was just a rumor and publicity stunt?
Finding themselves "at liberty," Lawrence and Solter in 1909 were able to join the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP). The company, founded by Carl Laemmle, the owner of a film exchange (who later absorbed IMP into Universal Pictures, which he also founded and also the president), was looking for experienced filmmakers and actors. Needing a star, he lured Lawrence away from Biograph by promising to give her a marquee. First, Laemmle organized a publicity stunt by starting a rumor that Lawrence had been killed by a street car in New York City. Then, after gaining much media attention, he placed ads in the newspapers that announced, "We nail a lie", and included a photo of Lawrence. The ad declared she is alive and well and making The Broken Oath, a new movie for his IMP Film Company to be directed by Solter.  Laemmle had Lawrence make a personal appearance in St. Louis, Missouri in March 1910 with her leading man to show her fans that she was very much alive, making her one of the first performers not already famous in another medium to be identified by name by her studio.  Laemmle generated attention by falsely claiming that Lawrence's St. Louis fans were so excited to learn that she had not died that they rushed her in a frenzy and tore her clothes off. Partially due to Laemmle's ingenuity, the "star system" was born and before long, Florence Lawrence became a household name. However, her fame also proved that the studio executives who had concerns over wage demands soon had their fears proved correct. Laemmle managed to lure William Ranous, one of Vitagraph's best directors, over to IMP. Ranous introduced Laemmle to Lawrence and Solter, and they began to work together. Lawrence and Solter worked for IMP for eleven months, making fifty films. After this, they went on vacation in Europe.  When they returned to the United States, they joined a film company headed by Siegmund Lubin, described as the "wisest and most democratic film producer in history". She once again teamed with Arthur Johnson, and the pair made 48 films together under Lubin's direction. At the time, the film industry was controlled by the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a trust formed by the major film companies. IMP was not a member of the MPPC, and hence operated outside its distribution system. Theaters found showing IMP films lost the right to screen MPPC films. IMP, therefore, had powerful enemies in the film industry. It managed to survive largely due to Lawrence's popularity. CANNOTANSWER
falsely claiming that Lawrence's St. Louis fans were so excited to learn that she had not died that they rushed her in a frenzy and tore her clothes off.
Florence Lawrence (born Florence Annie Bridgwood; January 2, 1886 – December 28, 1938) was a Canadian-American stage performer and film actress. She is often referred to as the "first movie star", and was thought to be the first film actor to be named publicly until evidence published in 2019 indicated that the first named film star was French actor Max Linder. At the height of her fame in the 1910s, she was known as the "Biograph Girl" for work as one of the leading ladies in silent films from the Biograph Company. She appeared in almost 300 films for various motion picture companies throughout her career.

Early life
Born Florence Annie Bridgwood in Hamilton, Ontario, she was youngest of three children of George Bridgwood, an English-born carriage builder and Charlotte "Lotta" Bridgwood (née Dunn), a vaudeville actress. Charlotte Bridgwood had emigrated to Canada from Ireland after the Great Famine with her family as a child. She was known professionally as Lotta Lawrence and was the leading lady and director of the Lawrence Dramatic Company. At the age of three, Lawrence made her debut onstage with her mother in a song and dance routine. When she was old enough to memorize lines of dialogue, she performed with her mother and other members of the Lawrence Dramatic Company in dramatic plays. After performing tear-jerking dramas like Dora Thorne and East Lynne began to depress Lawrence, her mother dropped them from the company's repertoire. While Lawrence performed on stage at the behest of her mother, she recalled that she enjoyed the work but did not like the traveling that all vaudeville performers were required to do. By the age of six, Lawrence had earned the nickname "Baby Flo, the Child Wonder".

On February 18, 1898, George Bridgwood died from accidental coal gas poisoning at his home in Hamilton (Lawrence's parents had been separated since she was four years old). Lotta Lawrence moved the family from Hamilton to Buffalo, New York to live with her mother Ann Dunn. She chose to stop bringing her children along for stage performances and for the first time, Florence was enrolled in school. After graduating, Lawrence rejoined her mother's dramatic company. However, her mother disbanded the Lawrence Dramatic Company shortly thereafter; the two moved to New York City around 1906.

Early career: film and stage

Lawrence was one of several Canadian pioneers in the film industry who were attracted by the rapid growth of the fledgling motion picture business. In 1906, she appeared in her first motion picture. The next year, she appeared in 38 movies for the Vitagraph film company. During the spring and summer of 1906, Lawrence auditioned for a number of Broadway productions, but she did not have success. However, on December 27, 1906, she was hired by the Edison Manufacturing Company to play Daniel Boone's daughter in Daniel Boone; or, Pioneer Days in America. She got the part because she knew how to ride a horse. Both she and her mother received parts and were paid five dollars per day for two weeks of outdoor filming in freezing weather.

In 1907, she went to work for the Vitagraph Company in Brooklyn, New York, acting as Moya, an Irish peasant girl in a one-reel version of Dion Boucicault's The Shaughraun. She returned briefly to stage acting, playing the leading role in a road show production of Melville B. Raymond's Seminary Girls. Her mother played her last role in this production. After touring with the roadshow for a year, Lawrence resolved that she would "never again lead that gypsy life". In 1908, she returned to Vitagraph where she played the lead role in The Dispatch Beare. Largely as a result of her equestrian skills, she received parts in 11 films in the next five months.

Biograph Studios
Also at Vitagraph was a young actor, Harry Solter, who was looking for "a young, beautiful equestrian girl" to star in a film to be produced by the Biograph Studios under the direction of D. W. Griffith. Griffith, the most prominent producer-director at Biograph Studios, had noticed the beautiful blonde-haired woman in one of Vitagraph's films. Because the film's actors received no mention, Griffith had to make discreet inquiries to learn she was Florence Lawrence and to arrange a meeting. Griffith had intended to give the part to Florence Turner, Biograph's leading lady, but Lawrence managed to convince Solter and Griffith that she was the best suited for the starring role in The Girl and the Outlaw. With the Vitagraph Company, she had been earning $20 per week, working also as a costume seamstress over and above acting. Griffith offered her a job, acting only, for $25 per week.

After her success in this role, she appeared as a society belle in Betrayed by a Handprint and as an Indian in The Red Girl. In total, she had parts in most of the 60 films directed by Griffith in 1908. Toward the end of 1908, Lawrence married Harry Solter. Lawrence gained much popularity, but because her name never was publicized, fans began writing to the studio asking to know her identity. Even after she had gained wide recognition, particularly after starring in the highly successful Resurrection, Biograph Studios refused to publicly announce her name and fans simply called her the "Biograph Girl". During cinema's formative years, silent screen actors were not named because studio owners feared that fame might lead to demands for higher wages and because many actors were embarrassed to be performing pantomime in motion pictures. She continued to work for Biograph in 1909. Her demand to be paid by the week rather than daily was met, and she received double the normal rate.

She achieved great popularity in the "Jones" series, film's first comedy series, in which she played Mrs. Jones in around a dozen films, with John R. Cumpson as Mr. Jones. More popular still were the dramatic love stories in which she co-starred with Arthur Johnson: The two played husband and wife in The Ingrate, and the adulterous lovers in Resurrection. Lawrence and Solter began to look elsewhere for work, writing to the Essanay Company to offer their services as leading lady and director. Rather than accepting this offer, however, Essanay reported the offer to Biograph's head office, and they promptly were fired.

Independent Moving Pictures Company

Finding themselves 'at liberty', Lawrence and Solter in 1909 were able to join the Independent Moving Pictures Company of America (IMP). The company, founded by Carl Laemmle, the owner of a film exchange (who later absorbed IMP into Universal Pictures, of which he was founder and president), was looking for experienced filmmakers and actors. Needing a star, he lured Lawrence away from Biograph by promising to give her a marquee. First, Laemmle organized a publicity stunt by starting a rumor that Lawrence had been killed by a street car in New York City. Then, after gaining much media attention, he placed ads in the newspapers that announced "We nail a lie" and included a photo of Lawrence. The ad declared she is alive and well and making The Broken Oath, a new movie for his IMP Film Company to be directed by Solter.

Laemmle had Lawrence make a personal appearance in St. Louis, Missouri in March 1910 with her leading man to show her fans that she was very much alive, making her one of the early performers not already famous in another medium to be identified by name by her studio.

The fans in St. Louis were so thrilled to see Lawrence alive that they grabbed at her and popped the buttons off her coat. Laemmle used this to generate further attention by falsely claiming that Lawrence's St. Louis fans rushed her in a frenzy and tore her clothes off. Partially due to Laemmle's ingenuity, the "star system" was born, and before long, Florence Lawrence became a household name. However, her fame also proved that the studio executives who had concerns over wage demands soon had their fears proved correct. Laemmle managed to lure William V. Ranous, one of Vitagraph's better directors, over to IMP. Ranous introduced Laemmle to Lawrence and Solter, and they began to work together. Lawrence and Solter worked for IMP for 11 months, making 50 films. After this, they went on vacation in Europe.

When they returned to the United States, they joined a film company headed by Siegmund Lubin, described as the "wisest and most democratic film producer in history". She once again teamed with Arthur Johnson, and the pair made 48 films together under Lubin's direction. At the time, the film industry was controlled by the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a trust formed by the major film companies. IMP was not a member of the MPPC, and hence operated outside its distribution system. Theaters found showing IMP films lost the right to screen MPPC films. IMP, therefore, had powerful enemies in the film industry. It managed to survive largely due to Lawrence's popularity.

Lubin Studios
By late 1910, Lawrence left IMP to work for Lubin Studios, advising her fellow Canadian, the 18-year-old Mary Pickford, to take her place as IMP's star.

Victor Film Company

In 1912, Lawrence and Solter made a deal with Carl Laemmle, forming their own company. Laemmle gave them complete artistic freedom in the company, named Victor Film Company, and paid Lawrence $500 per week as the leading lady, and Solter $200 per week as director. They established a film studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey and made a number of films starring Lawrence and Owen Moore, then sold to the Universal Pictures in 1913. With this new prosperity, Florence was able to realize a 'lifelong dream,' buying a  estate in River Vale, New Jersey. In August 1912, she had a fight with her husband, in which he "made cruel remarks about his mother-in-law". He left and went to Europe. However, he wrote "sad" letters to her every day, telling her of his plans to commit suicide. His letters "softened her feelings", and they were re-united in November 1912. Lawrence announced her intention to retire.

She was persuaded to return to work in 1914 for her company (Victor Film Company), which had been acquired by Universal Studios. During the filming of Pawns of Destiny in 1915, a staged fire got out of control. Lawrence was burned, her hair was singed, and she suffered a serious fall which fractured her spine. She went into shock for months. She returned to work, but collapsed after the film was completed. To add to her problems, Universal refused to pay her medical expenses, leaving Lawrence feeling betrayed. In mid-1916, she returned to work for Universal and completed Elusive Isabel. However, the strain of working took its toll on her, and she suffered a serious relapse. She was completely paralyzed for four months. In 1921, she traveled to Hollywood to attempt a comeback, but had little success. She received a leading role in a minor melodrama (The Unfoldment), and then two supporting roles. All her film work after 1924 was in uncredited bit parts.

Personal life
Lawrence was married three times and had no children. Her first marriage was to actor, screenwriter and director Harry Solter in 1908. They remained married until Solter's death in 1920. She then married automobile salesman Charles Byrne Woodring in 1921. They separated in 1929; Lawrence was granted an interlocutory divorce in February 1931, which was finalized the following year. During the 1920s, Lawrence and Woodring opened a cosmetics store in Los Angeles called Hollywood Cosmetics. The store sold theatrical makeup and also sold a line of cosmetics that Lawrence developed. They continued their partnership after their separation in 1929, but the store was forced to close in 1931.

In 1933, Lawrence wed for the third and final time, to Henry Bolton, who turned out to be an abusive alcoholic and beat her severely. The union lasted five months.

Besides her film career, Lawrence is credited with designing the first "auto signaling arm", a predecessor of the modern turn signal, along with the first mechanical brake signal. She did not patent these inventions, however, and as a result she received no credit for, nor profit from, either one.

Later years 
By the late 1920s, Lawrence's popularity had declined and she suffered several personal losses. She was devastated when her mother, to whom she was close, died suddenly in August 1929. Four months later, she separated from her second husband, Charles Woodring. While Lawrence earned a small fortune during her film career, she made many poor business decisions. She lost much of her fortune after the stock market crash in October 1929 and ensuing Great Depression. The cosmetics store that she and her second husband opened in Los Angeles also lost business because of the Depression, and the couple was forced to close its doors in 1931.

By the early 1930s, Lawrence's acting career consisted solely of extra and bit parts which were often uncredited. In 1936, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio head Louis B. Mayer began giving extra and bit parts to former silent film actors for $75 per week. Lawrence, along with other "old timers" from the silent era whose careers had all but ended when sound films replaced silent films, signed with M-G-M. Lawrence remained with the studio until her death.

In mid-1937, Lawrence was diagnosed with what her doctor described as "a bone disease which produces anemia and depression." The disease was likely myelofibrosis, a rare bone marrow disease, or agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, both of which were incurable at the time. Due to her poor health and chronic pain, Lawrence became depressed but attempted to keep working. Around this time she moved into a home on Westbourne Drive in West Hollywood, with a studio worker named Robert "Bob" Brinlow and his sister.

Death
At 1 p.m. on December 28, 1938, Lawrence phoned the offices of M-G-M where she was to report to work that afternoon, claiming that she was ill. Sometime later in the afternoon, Lawrence ingested ant poison and cough syrup at her home in West Hollywood. Accounts differ as to how Lawrence was discovered; some media reports stated her neighbor Marian Menzer heard her screams, while others say that Lawrence called Menzer stating that she poisoned herself. Menzer called an ambulance, and Lawrence was rushed to Beverly Hills Emergency Hospital. Doctors were unable to save Lawrence, who died at 2:45 p.m. Lawrence left a suicide note in her home addressed to her housemate Bob Brinlow stating:

Dear Bob, 
Call Dr. Wilson. I am tired. Hope this works. Good bye, my darling. They can't cure me, so let it go at that. 
Lovingly, Florence – P.S. You've all been swell guys. Everything is yours.

Lawrence's death was ruled a "probable suicide" owing to her "ill health". The Motion Picture & Television Fund paid for Lawrence's funeral, held on December 30, and for her unmarked grave in the Hollywood Cemetery (now Hollywood Forever Cemetery) in Hollywood. Her grave remained unmarked until 1991, when an anonymous British actor paid for a memorial marker for her. It reads: "The Biograph Girl/The First Movie Star". The date of birth on Lawrence's headstone is given as 1890. This inaccuracy was also stated on her death certificate filled out by the coroner. Lawrence's biographer, Kelly R. Brown, owed this mistake to "Lawrence's own brand of fiction" as she routinely subtracted years off her age. The mistake was repeated by the Pierce Brothers Mortuary, where Lawrence's funeral was held, although most obituaries printed her correct year of birth: 1886.

Cultural references
In William J. Mann's novel The Biograph Girl (2000), Mann blends the facts of Lawrence's life with fiction. Instead of fading into oblivion and committing suicide, Lawrence, with the help of a doctor, fools the public into thinking she committed suicide. A journalist discovers Lawrence at the nursing home where she has lived secretly, and he decides to write a biography of her.

Filmography

Short subject

 The Automobile Thieves (1906)
 Daniel Boone (1907) as Boones' daughter
 The Boy, the Bust and the Bath (1907)
 Athletic American Girls (1907)
 Bargain Fiend; or, Shopping à la Mode (1907)
 The Shaughraun (1907) as Moya
 The Mill Girl (1907)
 The Despatch Bearer; or, Through the Enemy's Lines (1907)
 The Dispatch Bearer (1907)
 Cupid's Realm; or, A Game of Hearts (1908)
 Macbeth (1908) as Banquet Guest
 Romeo and Juliet (1908) as Juliet
 Lady Jane's Flight (1908) as Lady Jane
 The Viking's Daughter: The Story of the Ancient Norsemen (1908) as Theckla, the Viking's Daughter
 Love Laughs at Locksmiths; an 18th Century Romance (1908)
 The Bandit's Waterloo (1908)
 Salome (1908) as Salome
 Betrayed by a Handprint (1908) as Myrtle Vane
 The Girl and the Outlaw (1908) as Woman
 Behind the Scenes (1908) as Mrs. Bailey
 The Red Girl (1908) as The Red Girl
 The Heart of O'Yama (1908) as O'Yama
 Where the Breakers Roar (1908) as At the Beach
 A Smoked Husband (1908) as Mrs. Bibbs
 Richard III (1908)
 The Stolen Jewels (1908) as Mrs. Jenkins
 The Devil (1908) as A Model
 The Zulu's Heart (1908) as The Boer's Wife
 Father Gets in the Game (1908) as First Couple
 Ingomar, the Barbarian (1908) as Parthenia
 The Vaquero's Vow (1908) as Wedding Party / In Bar
 The Planter's Wife (1908) as Tomboy Nellie
 Romance of a Jewess (1908) as Ruth Simonson
 The Call of the Wild (1908) as Gladys Penrose
 Concealing a Burglar (1908) as Mrs. Brown
 Antony and Cleopatra (1908) as Cleopatra
 After Many Years (1908) as Mrs. John Davis
 The Pirate's Gold (1908)
 The Taming of the Shrew (1908) as Katharina
 The Song of the Shirt (1908) as Working Woman – 1st Sister
 A Woman's Way (1908)
 The Ingrate (1908) as The Trapper's Wife
 An Awful Moment (1908)
 The Clubman and the Tramp (1908) as Bridget / Dinner Guest
 Julius Caesar (1908) as Calpurnia
 Money Mad (1908) as Bank Customer / Landlady
 The Valet's Wife (1908) as Nurse
 The Feud and the Turkey (1908) as Nellie Caufield's Sister
 The Reckoning (1908) as The Wife
 The Test of Friendship (1908) as Jennie Colman
 The Dancer and the King: A Romantic Story of Spain (1908)
 The Christmas Burglars (1908) as Mrs. Martin
 Mr. Jones at the Ball (1908) as Mrs. Jones
 The Helping Hand (1908) as At Brothel / Wedding Guest
 A Calamitous Elopement (1908)
 One Touch of Nature (1909) as Mrs. John Murray
 Mrs. Jones Entertains (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 The Honor of Thieves (1909) as Rachel Einstein
 The Sacrifice (1909) as Mrs. Hardluck
 Those Boys! (1909) as The Maid
 The Criminal Hypnotist (1909) as The Maid
 The Fascinating Mrs. Francis (1909) as Visitor
 Mr. Jones Has a Card Party (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 Those Awful Hats (1909) as Theatre Audience (uncredited)
 The Cord of Life (1909) as Woman in Tenement
 The Girls and Daddy (1909) as Dr. Payson's First Daughter
 The Brahma Diamond (1909) as The Guard's Sweetheart
 A Wreath in Time (1909) as Mrs. John Goodhusband
 Tragic Love (1909) as The Maid / In Factory
 The Curtain Pole (1909) as Mrs. Edwards
 His Ward's Love (1909) as The Reverend's Ward
 The Joneses Have Amateur Theatricals (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 The Politician's Love Story (1909)
 The Golden Louis (1909)
 Trying to Get Arrested (1909) as Nanny
 At the Altar (1909) as Girl at Wedding
 Saul and David (1909)
 The Prussian Spy (1909) as The Maid
 His Wife's Mother (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 A Fool's Revenge (1909)
 The Wooden Leg (1909) as Claire
 The Roue's Heart (1909) as Noblewoman
 The Salvation Army Lass (1909) as Mary Wilson
 The Lure of the Gown (1909) as Veronica
 I Did It (1909)
 The Deception (1909) as Mabel Colton
 And a Little Child Shall Lead Them (1909)
 The Medicine Bottle (1909) as Mrs. Ross
 Jones and His New Neighbors (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 A Drunkard's Reformation (1909) as Woman In the Play
 Trying to Get Arrested (1909) as The Nanny
 The Road to the Heart (1909) as Miguel's daughter
 Schneider's Anti-Noise Crusade (1909) as Mrs. Schneider
 The Winning Coat (1909) as Lady-in-Waiting
 A Sound Sleeper (1909) as Second Woman
 Confidence (1909) as Nellie Burton
 Lady Helen's Escapade (1909) as Lady Helen
 A Troublesome Satchel (1909) as In Crowd
 The Drive for Life (1909) as Mignon
 Lucky Jim (1909) as Wedding Guest
 Tis an Ill Wind that Blows No Good (1909) as Mary Flinn
 The Eavesdropper (1909)
 The Note in the Shoe (1909) as Ella Berling
 One Busy Hour (1909) as Customer
 The French Duel (1909) as Nurse
 Jones and the Lady Book Agent (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 A Baby's Shoe (1909) as The Poor Mother
 The Jilt (1909) as Mary Allison – Frank's Sister
 Resurrection (1909) as Katucha
 The Judgment of Solomon (1909)
 Two Memories (1909) as Party Guest
 Eloping with Auntie (1909) as Margie
 What Drink Did (1909) as Mrs. Alfred Lucas
 Eradicating Aunty (1909) as Flora – Aunty's Ward
 The Lonely Villa (1909)
 Her First Biscuits (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 The Peachbasket Hat (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 The Way of Man (1909) as Mabel Jarrett
 The Necklace (1909)
 The Country Doctor (1909) as Mrs. Harcourt
 The Cardinal's Conspiracy (1909) as Princess Angela
 Tender Hearts (1909) as Minor Role
 Sweet and Twenty (1909) as Alice's Sister
 Jealousy and the Man (1909) as Mrs. Jim Brooks
 The Slave (1909) as Nerada
 The Mended Lute (1909) as Rising Moon
 Mr. Jones' Burglar (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 Mrs. Jones' Lover (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 The Hessian Renegades (1909)
 Lines of White on a Sullen Sea (1909)
 Love's Stratagem (1909) as The Girl
 Nursing a Viper (1909)
 The Forest Ranger's Daughter (1909) as The Forest Ranger's Daughter
 Her Generous Way (1909)
 Lest We Forget (1909)
 The Awakening of Bess (1909) as Bess
 Mrs. Jones Entertains (1909) as Mrs. Jones
 The Awakening (1909)
 The Winning Punch (1910)
 The Right of Love (1910)
 The Tide of Fortune (1910)
 Never Again (1910) as Mrs. Henpecker, Temperance Crusader
 The Coquette's Suitors (1910)
 Justice in the Far North (1910)
 The Blind Man's Tact (1910)
 Jane and the Stranger (1910) as Jane
 The Governor's Pardon (1910)
 The New Minister (1910)
 Mother Love (1910) as The Mother
 The Broken Oath (1910)
 The Time-Lock Safe (1910) as The Mother
 His Sick Friend (1910) as The Wife
 The Stage Note (1910)
 Transfusion (1910)
 The Miser's Daughter (1910) as The Miser's Daughter
 His Second Wife (1910)
 The Rosary (1910)
 The Maelstrom (1910)
 The New Shawl (1910) as Marie
 Two Men (1910) as The Orphan
 The Doctor's Perfidy (1910)
 The Eternal Triangle (1910) as The Wife
 The Nichols on Vacation (1910) as Mrs. Nichols
 A Reno Romance (1910) as Grace
 A Discontented Woman (1910)
 A Self-Made Hero (1910) as The Girl
 A Game for Two (1910) as Mrs. Henderson
 The Call of the Circus (1910)
 Old Heads and Young Hearts (1910)
 Bear Ye One Another's Burden (1910) as Mrs. George Rand
 The Irony of Fate (1910)
 Once Upon a Time (1910)
 Among the Roses (1910) as The Rose Girl
 The Senator's Double (1910)
 The Taming of Jane (1910) as Jane
 The Widow (1910) as The Widow
 The Right Girl (1910)
 Debt (1910)
 Pressed Roses (1910)
 All the World's a Stage (1910)
 The Count of Montebello (1910) as The Heiress
 The Call (1910)
 The Forest Ranger's Daughter (1910)
 The Mistake (1910)
 His Bogus Uncle (1911) as The Object of Their Affection
 Age Versus Youth (1911) as Nora Blake
 A Show Girl's Stratagem (1911) as Ethel Lane
 The Test (1911) as Miss Gillman
 Nan's Diplomacy (1911) as Nan
 Vanity and Its Cure (1911) as Effie Hart
 His Friend, the Burglar (1911) as Mrs. Tom Dayton – The Wife
 The Actress and the Singer (1911) as The Actress
 Her Artistic Temperament (1911) as Flo
 Her Child's Honor (1911) as The Mother
 The Wife's Awakening (1911) as The Wife
 Opportunity and the Man (1911) as Flora Hamilton
 The Two Fathers (1911) as Gladys
 The Hoyden (1911) as Gladys Weston
 The Sheriff and the Man (1911)
 A Fascinating Bachelor (1911) as The Nurse
 That Awful Brother (1911) as Florence
 Her Humble Ministry (1911) as The Reformed Woman
 A Good Turn (1911)
 The State Line (1911) as The Sheriff's Daughter
 A Game of Deception (1911) as The Actress
 The Professor's Ward (1911) as Edith – The Professor's Ward
 Duke De Ribbon Counter (1911) as Lillian De Mille
 Higgenses Versus Judsons (1911) as Freda Judson
 The Little Rebel (1911) as Rosalind Trevaine
 Always a Way (1911) as Ruth Craven
 The Snare of Society (1911) as Mary Williams
 During Cherry Time (1911) as Violet – the Country Girl
 The Gypsy (1911) as Zara – the Gypsy
 Her Two Sons (1911) as The Younger Brother's Wife
 Through Jealous Eyes (1911) as Flo – the Doctor's Office Nurse
 A Rebellious Blossom (1911) as Flo = the Rebellious Daughter
 The Secret (1911) as Diana Stanhope
 Romance of Pond Cove (1911) as Florence Earle
 The Story of Rosie's Rose (1911) as Rosie Carter
 The Life Saver (1911) as Jessie Storm – the Local Girl
 The Matchmaker (1911) as Evelyn Bruce – the Young Governess
 The Slavey's Affinity (1911) as Peggy – a Boarding House Drudge
 The Maniac (1911) as Dora Elsmore
 A Rural Conqueror (1911) as Marjorie Thorne
 One on Reno (1911) as Mrs. Appleby
 Aunt Jane's Legacy (1911) as Bessie Elkins – the Niece
 His Chorus Girl Wife (1911) as Sybil Sanford – a Chorus Girl
 A Blind Deception (1911) as Ellen Austin – the Nurse
 A Head for Business (1911) as Phyllis Moore
 A Girlish Impulse (1911) as Gladys Stevens
 Art Versus Music (1911) as Ethel Vernon
 The American Girl (1911)
 Flo's Discipline (1911)
 A Village Romance (1912) as Flo – the Country Girl
 The Players (1912) as Flo Lakewood
 Not Like Other Girls (1912) as Flo
 Taking a Chance (1912) as Mrs. Flo Mills
 The Mill Buyers (1912) as Flo
 The Chance Shot (1912) as Flo
 Her Cousin Fred (1912) as Flo Ballard
 The Winning Punch (1912) as Nellie Wilson
 After All (1912) as Margie
 All for Love (1912) as Flo
 Flo's Discipline (1912) as Florence Dow
 The Advent of Jane (1912) as Dr. Jane Bixby
 Tangled Relations (1912) as Florence the Governess
 Betty's Nightmare (1912) as Betty
 The Cross-Roads (1912) as Annabel Spaulding
 The Angel of the Studio (1912) as Roxie
 The Redemption of Riverton (1912) as June Martin
 Sisters (1912) as Annie / Mary (twin sisters)
 The Lady Leone (1912) as Lady Leone Mervyn
 A Surgeon's Heroism (1912)
 The Closed Door (1913) as Florence Ashleigh
 The Girl o'the Woods (1913) as Mab Hawkins
 The Spender (1913) as Flo
 His Wife's Child (1913) as Flo
 Unto the Third Generation (1913) as Esther Stern
 The Influence of Sympathy (1913) as The Wife
 A Girl and Her Money (1913) as Florence Kingsley
 Suffragette's Parade in Washington (1913)
 The Counterfeiter (1913)
 The Coryphee (1914) as Florence
 The Romance of a Photograph (1914) as Flo
 The False Bride (1914) as Florence Gould & Amy St. Clair (Dual Role)
 The Law's Decree (1914) as Flo
 The Stepmother (1914) as Flo
 The Honeymooners (1914) as Florence Blair
 Diplomatic Flo (1914) as Flo
 The Little Mail Carrier (1914) as Flo – the Little Mail Carrier
 The Pawns of Destiny (1914) as Flo
 The Bribe (1914)
 A Disenchantment (1914) as Flo – the Maid
 The Doctor's Testimony (1914) as Florence Lund
 A Singular Cynic (1914) as Flo Welton
 Her Ragged Knight (1914) as Flo – Bob's Ward
 The Mad Man's Ward (1914)
 The Honor of the Humble (1914) as Flo Soule – The Gamekeeper's Daughter
 Counterfeiters (1914) as Flo
 A Mysterious Mystery (1914) as Miss Lawrence
 The Woman Who Won (1914) as Florence Lloyd
 The Great Universal Mystery (1914) as 	Herself
 Face on the Screen (1917)
 The Love Craze (1918)

Film
 The Reg Girl (1908)
 A Singular Sinner (1914)
 Elusive Isabel (1916) as Isabel Thorne
 The Unfoldment (1922) as Katherine Nevin
 The Satin Girl (1923) as Sylvia
 Lucretia Lombard (1923)
 Gambling Wives (1924) as Polly Barker
 The Johnstown Flood (1926) as Townswoman (uncredited)
 The Greater Glory (1926) as Woman (uncredited)
 Sweeping Against the Winds (1930)
 Homicide Squad (1931)
 Pleasure (1931) as Martha
 The Hard Hombre (1931) as The Sister (uncredited)
 So Big (1932) as Mina (uncredited)
 Sinners in the Sun (1932) (uncredited)
 Secrets (1933) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 The Silk Express (1933) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 The Old Fashioned Way (1934, unverified) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 Man on the Flying Trapeze (1935, unverified) (uncredited)
 The Crusades (1935) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 Yellow Dust (1936) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 One Rainy Afternoon (1936) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 Hollywood Boulevard (1936) as Minor Role (scenes deleted)
 Night Must Fall (1937) as Minor Role (uncredited) (final film role)

See also

 Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 
 Florence Lawrence at Women Film Pioneers Project

1886 births
1938 deaths
1938 suicides
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American inventors
20th-century Canadian actresses
Actresses from Hamilton, Ontario
American child actresses
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
American stage actresses
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Canadian child actresses
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian film actresses
Canadian inventors
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian silent film actresses
Canadian stage actresses
Vaudeville performers
Western (genre) film actresses
Women film pioneers
Suicides in California
Suicides by poison
Nobelium (102No) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized (and correctly identified) was 254No in 1966. There are 13 known radioisotopes, which are 249No to 260No and 262No, and 4 isomers, 250mNo, 251mNo, 253mNo, and 254mNo. The longest-lived isotope is 259No with a half-life of 58 minutes. The longest-lived isomer is 251mNo with a half-life of 1.7 seconds.

List of isotopes 

|-
| rowspan=2|249No
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 147
| rowspan=2|249.0878(3)#
| rowspan=2|43.8(3.7) ms
| α 
| 245Fm
| rowspan=2|5/2+#
|-
| SF?
| (various)
|-
| rowspan=3|250No
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 148
| rowspan=3|250.08756(22)#
| rowspan=3|5.7(8) μs
| SF (99.95%)
| (various)
| rowspan=3|0+
|-
| α(.05%)
| 246Fm
|-
| β+ (2.5×10−4%)
| 250Md
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 250mNo
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 
| 36(3) μs
| SF
| (various)
| 
|-
| rowspan=3|251No
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 149
| rowspan=3|251.08894(12)#
| rowspan=3|0.78(2) s
| α (89%)
| 247Fm
| rowspan=3|7/2+#
|-
| SF (10%)
| (various)
|-
| β+ (1%)
| 251Md
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 251mNo
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 110(180)# keV
| 1.7(10) s
|
|
| 9/2−#
|-
| rowspan=3|252No
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 150
| rowspan=3|252.088967(10)
| rowspan=3|2.27(14) s
| α (73.09%)
| 248Fm
| rowspan=3|0+
|-
| SF (26.9%)
| (various)
|-
| β+ (1%)
| 252Md

|-
| rowspan=3|253No
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 151
| rowspan=3|253.090564(7)
| rowspan=3|1.62(15) min
| α (80%)
| 249Fm
| rowspan=3|(9/2−)#
|-
| β+ (20%)
| 253Md
|-
| SF (10−3%)
| (various)
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 253mNo
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 129(19) keV
| 31 μs
|
|
| 5/2+#
|-
| rowspan=3|254No
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 152
| rowspan=3|254.090956(11)
| rowspan=3|51(10) s
| α (89.3%)
| 250Fm
| rowspan=3|0+
|-
| β+ (10%)
| 254Md
|-
| SF (.31%)
| (various)
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 254mNo
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 500(100)# keV
| rowspan=2|0.28(4) s
| IT (80%)
| 254No
| rowspan=2|0+
|-
| α (20%)
| 250Fm
|-
| rowspan=2|255No
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 153
| rowspan=2|255.093191(16)
| rowspan=2|3.1(2) min
| α (61.4%)
| 251Fm
| rowspan=2|(1/2+)
|-
| β+ (38.6%)
| 255Md
|-
| rowspan=3|256No
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 154
| rowspan=3|256.094283(8)
| rowspan=3|2.91(5) s
| α (99.44%)
| 252Fm
| rowspan=3|0+
|-
| SF (.55%)
| (various)
|-
| EC (.01%)
| 256Md
|-
| rowspan=2|257No
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 155
| rowspan=2|257.096888(7)
| rowspan=2|25(2) s
| α (99%)
| 253Fm
| rowspan=2|(7/2+)
|-
| β+ (1%)
| 257Md
|-
| rowspan=3|258No
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 156
| rowspan=3|258.09821(11)#
| rowspan=3|1.2(2) ms
| SF (99.99%)
| (various)
| rowspan=3|0+
|-
| α (.01%)
| 254Fm
|-
| β+β+ (rare)
| 258Fm
|-
| rowspan=3|259No
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 157
| rowspan=3|259.10103(11)#
| rowspan=3|58(5) min
| α (75%)
| 255Fm
| rowspan=3|(9/2+)#
|-
| EC (25%)
| 259Md
|-
| SF (<10%)
| (various)
|-
| 260No
| style="text-align:right" | 102
| style="text-align:right" | 158
| 260.10264(22)#
| 106(8) ms
| SF
| (various)
| 0+

|-
| 262No
| style="text-align:right" | 102
| style="text-align:right" | 160
| 262.10746(39)#
| ~5 ms
| SF
| (various)
| 0+

Nucleosynthesis

By cold fusion
208Pb(48Ca,xn)256−xNo (x=1,2,3,4)
This cold fusion reaction was first studied in 1979 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR). Further work in 1988 at the GSI measured EC and SF branchings in 254No. In 1989, the FLNR used the reaction to measure SF decay characteristics for the two isomers of 254No. The measurement of the 2n excitation function was reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian at the FLNR.

Patin et al. at the LBNL reported in 2002 the synthesis of 255–251No in the 1-4n exit channels and measured further decay data for these isotopes.

The reaction has recently been used at the Jyvaskylan Yliopisto Fysiikan Laitos (JYFL) using the RITU set-up to study K-isomerism in 254No. The scientists were able to measure two K-isomers with half-lives of 275 ms and 198 s, respectively. They were assigned to 8− and 16+ K-isomeric levels.

The reaction was used in 2004–5 at the FLNR to study the spectroscopy of 255–253No. The team were able to confirm an isomeric level in 253No with a half-life of 43.5 s.

208Pb(44Ca,xn)252−xNo (x=2)
This reaction was studied in 2003 at the FLNR in a study of the spectroscopy of 250No.

207Pb(48Ca,xn)255−xNo (x=2)
The measurement of the 2n excitation function for this reaction was reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian and co-workers at the FLNR. The reaction was used in 2004–5 to study the spectroscopy of 253No.

206Pb(48Ca,xn)254−xNo (x=1,2,3,4)
The measurement of the 1-4n excitation functions for this reaction were reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian and co-workers at the FLNR.
The 2n channel was further studied by the GSI to provide a spectroscopic determination of K-isomerism in 252No. A K-isomer with spin and parity 8− was detected with a half-life of 110 ms.

204Pb(48Ca,xn)252−xNo (x=2,3)
The measurement of the 2n excitation function for this reaction was reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian at the FLNR. They reported a new isotope 250No with a half-life of 36 μs. The reaction was used in 2003 to study the spectroscopy of 250No.They were able to observe two spontaneous fission activities with half-lives of 5.6 μs and 54 μs and assigned to 250No and 249No, respectively.
The latter activity was later assigned to a K-isomer in 250No. The reaction was reported in 2006 by Peterson et al. at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in a study of SF in 250No. They detected two activities with half-lives of 3.7  μs and 43  μs and both assigned to 250No, the latter associated with a K-isomer. In 2020, a team at FLNR repeated this reaction and found a new 9.1-MeV alpha particle activity correlated to 245Fm and 241Cf, which they assigned to the new isotope 249No.

By hot fusion
232Th(26Mg,xn)258−xNo (x=4,5,6)
The cross sections for the 4-6n exit channels have been measured for this reaction at the FLNR.

238U(22Ne,xn)260−xNo (x=4,5,6)
This reaction was first studied in 1964 at the FLNR. The team were able to detect decays from 252Fm and 250Fm. The 252Fm activity was associated with an ~8 s half-life and assigned to 256102 from the 4n channel, with a yield of 45 nb.  
They were also able to detect a 10 s spontaneous fission activity also tentatively assigned to 256102.
Further work in 1966 on the reaction examined the detection of 250Fm decay using chemical separation and a parent activity with a half-life of ~50 s was reported and correctly assigned to 254102. They also detected a 10 s spontaneous fission activity tentatively assigned to 256102.
The reaction was used in 1969 to study some initial chemistry of nobelium at the FLNR. They determined eka-ytterbium properties, consistent with nobelium as the heavier homologue. In 1970, they were able to study the SF properties of 256No.
In 2002, Patin et al. reported the synthesis of 256No from the 4n channel but were unable to detect 257No.

The cross section values for the 4-6n channels have also been studied at the FLNR.

238U(20Ne,xn)258−xNo
This reaction was studied in 1964 at the FLNR. No spontaneous fission activities were observed.

236U(22Ne,xn)258−xNo (x=4,5,6)
The cross sections for the 4-6n exit channels have been measured for this reaction at the FLNR.

235U(22Ne,xn)257−xNo (x=5)
This reaction was studied in 1970 at the FLNR. It was used to study the SF decay properties of 252No.

233U(22Ne,xn)255−xNo
The synthesis of neutron deficient nobelium isotopes was studied in 1975 at the FLNR. In their experiments they observed a 250 s SF activity, which they tentatively assigned to 250No in the 5n exit channel. Later results have not been able to confirm this activity and it is currently unidentified.

242Pu(18O,xn)260−xNo (x=4?)
This reaction was studied in 1966 at the FLNR. The team identified an 8.2 s SF activity tentatively assigned to 256102.

241Pu(16O,xn)257−xNo
This reaction was first studied in 1958 at the FLNR. The team measured ~8.8 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 30 s and assigned to 253,252,251102. A repeat in 1960 produced 8.9 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 2–40 s and assigned to 253102 from the 4n channel. Confidence in these results was later diminished.

239Pu(18O,xn)257−xNo (x=5)
This reaction was studied in 1970 at the FLNR in an effort to study the SF decay properties of 252No.

239Pu(16O,xn)255−xNo
This reaction was first studied in 1958 at the FLNR. The team were able to measure ~8.8 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 30 s and assigned to253,252,251102. A repeat in 1960 was unsuccessful and it was concluded the first results were probably associated with background effects.

243Am(15N,xn)258−xNo (x=4)
This reaction was studied in 1966 at the FLNR. The team were able to detect 250Fm using chemical techniques and determined an associated half-life significantly higher than the reported 3 s by Berkeley for the supposed parent 254No. Further work later the same year measured 8.1 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 30–40 s.

243Am(14N,xn)257−xNo
This reaction was studied in 1966 at the FLNR. They were unable to detect the 8.1 MeV alpha particles detected when using a N-15 beam.

241Am(15N,xn)256−xNo (x=4)
The decay properties of 252No were examined in 1977 at Oak Ridge. The team calculated a half-life of 2.3 s and measured a 27% SF branching.

248Cm(18O,αxn)262−xNo (x=3)
The synthesis of the new isotope 259No was reported in 1973 from the LBNL using this reaction.

248Cm(13C,xn)261−xNo (x=3?,4,5)
This reaction was first studied in 1967 at the LBNL. The new isotopes 258No,257No and 256No were detected in the 3-5n channels. The reaction was repeated in 1970 to provide further decay data for 257No.

248Cm(12C,xn)260−xNo (4,5?)
This reaction was studied in 1967 at the LBNL in their seminal study of nobelium isotopes. The reaction was used in 1990 at the LBNL to study the SF of256No.

246Cm(13C,xn)259−xNo (4?,5?)
This reaction was studied in 1967 at the LBNL in their seminal study of nobelium isotopes.

246Cm(12C,xn)258−xNo (4,5)
This reaction was studied in 1958 by scientists at the LBNL using a 5% 246Cm curium target. They were able to measure 7.43 MeV decays from250Fm, associated with a 3 s 254No parent activity, resulting from the 4n channel. The 3 s activity was later reassigned to 252No, resulting from reaction with the predominant 244Cm component in the target. It could however not be proved that it was not due to the contaminant250mFm, unknown at the time.
Later work in 1959 produced 8.3 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 3 s and a 30% SF branch. This was initially assigned to 254No and later reassigned to 252No, resulting from reaction with the 244Cm component in the target.
The reaction was restudied in 1967 and activities assigned to 254No and 253No were detected.

244Cm(13C,xn)257−xNo (x=4)
This reaction was first studied in 1957 at the Nobel Institute in Stockholm. The scientists detected 8.5 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 10 minutes. The activity was assigned to 251No or 253No. The results were later dismissed as background.
The reaction was repeated by scientists at the LBNL in 1958 but they were unable to confirm the 8.5 MeV alpha particles. 
The reaction was further studied in 1967 at the LBNL and an activity assigned to 253No was measured.

244Cm(12C,xn)256−xNo (x=4,5)
This reaction was studied in 1958 by scientists at the LBNL using a 95% 244Cm curium target. They were able to measure 7.43 MeV decays from250Fm, associated with a 3 s 254No parent activity, resulting from the reaction (246Cm,4n). The 3 s activity was later reassigned to252No, resulting from reaction (244Cm,4n). It could however not be proved that it was not due to the contaminant 250mFm, unknown at the time.
Later work in 1959 produced 8.3 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 3 s and a 30% SF branch. This was initially assigned to 254No and later reassigned to 252No, resulting from reaction with the 244Cm component in the target.
The reaction was restudied in 1967 at the LBNL and a new activity assigned to 251No was measured.

252Cf(12C,αxn)260−xNo (x=3?)
This reaction was studied at the LBNL in 1961 as part of their search for element 104. They detected 8.2 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 15 s. This activity was assigned to a Z=102 isotope. Later work suggests an assignment to 257No, resulting most likely from the α3n channel with the 252Cf component of the californium target.

252Cf(11B,pxn)262−xNo (x=5?)
This reaction was studied at the LBNL in 1961 as part of their search for element 103. They detected 8.2 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 15 s. This activity was assigned to a Z=102 isotope. Later work suggests an assignment to 257No, resulting most likely from the p5n channel with the 252Cf component of the californium target.

249Cf(12C,αxn)257−xNo (x=2)
This reaction was first studied in 1970 at the LBNL in a study of 255No. It was studied in 1971 at the Oak Ridge Laboratory. They were able to measure coincident Z=100 K X-rays from 255No, confirming the discovery of the element.

As decay products
Isotopes of nobelium have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below:

Isotopes
Twelve radioisotopes of nobelium have been characterized, with the most stable being 259No with a half-life of 58 minutes. Longer half-lives are expected for the as-yet-unknown 261No and 263No. An isomeric level has been found in 253No and K-isomers have been found in 250No, 252No and 254No to date.

Chronology of isotope discovery

Nuclear isomerism
254No
The study of K-isomerism was recently studied by physicists at the University of Jyväskylä physics laboratory (JYFL). They were able to confirm a previously reported K-isomer and detected a second K-isomer. They assigned spins and parities of 8− and 16+ to the two K-isomers.

253No
In 1971, Bemis et al. was able to determine an isomeric level decaying with a half-life of 31 s from the decay of 257Rf. This was confirmed in 2003 at the GSI by also studying the decay of 257Rf. Further support in the same year from the FLNR appeared with a slightly higher half-life of 43.5 s, decaying by M2 gamma emission to the ground state.

252No
In a recent study by the GSI into K-isomerism in even-even isotopes, a K-isomer with a half-life of 110 ms was detected for 252No. A spin and parity of 8− was assigned to the isomer.

250No
In 2003, scientists at the FLNR reported that they had been able to synthesise 249No, which decayed by SF with a half-life of 54 μs. Further work in 2006 by scientists at the ANL showed that the activity was actually due to a K-isomer in 250No. The ground state isomer was also detected with a very short half-life of 3.7 μs.

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing nobelium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Hot fusion
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing nobelium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Retracted isotopes
In 2003, scientists at the FLNR claimed to have discovered 249No, which would have been the lightest known isotope of nobelium. However, subsequent work showed that the 54 s activity was actually due to 250No and the isotope 249No was retracted. The discovery of this isotope was later reported in 2020; its decay properties differed from the 2003 claims.

References 

 Isotope masses from:

 Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:

 Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.

 
Nobelium
Nobelium Lawrencium (103Lr) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 258Lr in 1961. There are fourteen known radioisotopes from 251Lr to 266Lr, and 1 isomer (253mLr). The longest-lived isotope is 266Lr with a half-life of 11 hours.

List of isotopes 

|-
| 251Lr
| style="text-align:right" | 103
| style="text-align:right" | 148
| 251.09418(32)#
| 27(+118-13) ms
| SF
| (various)
|
|-
| rowspan=3|252Lr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 149
| rowspan=3|252.09526(26)#
| rowspan=3|390(90) ms[0.36(+11−7) s]
| α (90%)
| 248Md
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β+ (10%)
| 252No
|-
| SF (1%)
| (various)
|-
| rowspan=3|253Lr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 150
| rowspan=3|253.09509(22)#
| rowspan=3|580(70) ms[0.57(+7−6) s]
| α (90%)
| 249Md
| rowspan=3|(7/2−)
|-
| SF (9%)
| (various)
|-
| β+ (1%)
| 253No
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 253mLr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 30(100)# keV
| 1.5(3) s[1.5(+3−2) s]
|
|
| (1/2−)
|-
| rowspan=3|254Lr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 151
| rowspan=3|254.09648(32)#
| rowspan=3|13(3) s
| α (78%)
| 250Md
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β+ (22%)
| 254No
|-
| SF (.1%)
| (various)
|-
| rowspan=3|255Lr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 152
| rowspan=3|255.096562(19)
| rowspan=3|22(4) s
| α (69%)
| 251Md
| rowspan=3|7/2−#
|-
| β+ (30%)
| 255No
|-
| SF (1%)
| (various)
|-
| rowspan=3|256Lr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 153
| rowspan=3|256.09849(9)
| rowspan=3|27(3) s
| α (80%)
| 252Md
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β+ (20%)
| 256No
|-
| SF (.01%)
| (various)
|-
| rowspan=3|257Lr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 154
| rowspan=3|257.09942(5)#
| rowspan=3|646(25) ms
| α (99.99%)
| 253Md
| rowspan=3|9/2+#
|-
| β+ (.01%)
| 257No
|-
| SF (.001%)
| (various)
|-
| rowspan=2|258Lr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 155
| rowspan=2|258.10176(11)#
| rowspan=2|4.1(3) s
| α (95%)
| 254Md
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (5%)
| 258No
|-
| rowspan=3|259Lr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 156
| rowspan=3|259.10290(8)#
| rowspan=3|6.2(3) s
| α (77%)
| 255Md
| rowspan=3|9/2+#
|-
| SF (23%)
| (various)
|-
| β+ (.5%)
| 259No
|-
| rowspan=3|260Lr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 157
| rowspan=3|260.10551(13)#
| rowspan=3|2.7 min
| α (75%)
| 256Md
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β+ (15%)
| 260No
|-
| SF (10%)
| (various)
|-
| rowspan=2|261Lr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 158
| rowspan=2|261.10688(22)#
| rowspan=2|44 min
| SF
| (various)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (rare)
| 257Md
|-
| rowspan=2|262Lr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 159
| rowspan=2|262.10961(22)#
| rowspan=2|216 min
| β+
| 262No
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (rare)
| 258Md

|-
| 264Lr
| style="text-align:right" | 103
| style="text-align:right" | 161
| 264.11420(47)#
| 3 h
| SF
| (various)
| 

|-
| 266Lr
| style="text-align:right" | 103
| style="text-align:right" | 163
| 266.11983(56)#
| 11 h
| SF
| (various)
|
|-

Nucleosynthesis

Cold fusion
205Tl(50Ti,xn)255−xLr (x=2?)
This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. Evidence was provided for the formation of 253Lr in the 2n exit channel.

203Tl(50Ti,xn)253−xLr
This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR.

208Pb(48Ti,pxn)255−xLr (x=1?)
This reaction was reported in 1984 by Yuri Oganessian at the FLNR. The team was able to detect decays of 246Cf, a descendant of 254Lr.

208Pb(45Sc,xn)253−xLr
This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. Results are not readily available.

209Bi(48Ca,xn)257−xLr (x=2)
This reaction has been used to study the spectroscopic properties of 255Lr. The team at GANIL used the reaction in 2003 and the team at the FLNR used it between 2004–2006 to provide further information for the decay scheme of 255Lr. The work provided evidence for an isomeric level in 255Lr.

Hot fusion
243Am(18O,xn)261−xLr (x=5)
This reaction was first studied in 1965 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect activity with a characteristic decay of 45 seconds, which was assigned to256Lr or 257Lr. Later work suggests an assignment to 256Lr. Further studies in 1968 produced an 8.35–8.60 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 35 seconds. This activity was also initially assigned to 256Lr or 257Lr and later to solely 256Lr.

243Am(16O,xn)259−xLr (x=4)
This reaction was studied in 1970 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect an 8.38 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 20s. This was assigned to255Lr.

248Cm(15N,xn)263−xLr (x=3,4,5)
This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL in their large study of lawrencium isotopes. They were able to assign alpha activities to260Lr,259Lr and 258Lr from the 3-5n exit channels.

248Cm(18O,pxn)265−xLr (x=3,4)
This reaction was studied in 1988 at the LBNL in order to assess the possibility of producing 262Lr and 261Lr without using the exotic 254Es target. It was also used to attempt to measure an electron capture (EC) branch in 261mRf from the 5n exit channel.
After extraction of the Lr(III) component, they were able to measure the spontaneous fission of 261Lr with an improved half-life of 44 minutes. The production cross-section was 700 pb. On this basis, a 14% electron capture branch was calculated if this isotope was produced via the 5n channel rather than the p4n channel.
A lower bombarding energy (93 MeV c.f. 97 MeV) was then used to measure the production of 262Lr in the p3n channel. The isotope was successfully detected and a yield of 240 pb was measured. The yield was lower than expected compared to the p4n channel. However, the results were judged to indicate that the 261Lr was most likely produced by a p3n channel and an upper limit of 14% for the electron capture branch of 261mRf was therefore suggested.

246Cm(14N,xn)260−xLr (x=3?)
This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched 244Cm target (5% 246Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25 seconds. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to 257Lr from the 3n channel

244Cm(14N,xn)258−xLr
This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched 244Cm target (5% 246Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25s. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to 257Lr from the 3n channel with the 246Cm component. No activities assigned to reaction with the 244Cm component have been reported.

249Bk(18O,αxn)263−xLr (x=3)
This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL in their large study of lawrencium isotopes. They were able to detect an activity assigned to 260Lr. The reaction was further studied in 1988 to study the aqueous chemistry of lawrencium. A total of 23 alpha decays were measured for 260Lr, with a mean energy of 8.03 MeV and an improved half-life of 2.7 minutes. The calculated cross-section was 8.7 nb.

252Cf(11B,xn)263−xLr (x=5,7??)
This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% 252Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to 257Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to 258Lr, resulting from the 5n exit channel. The 8.4 MeV activity was also assigned to 257Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to 256Lr. This is most likely from the 33% 250Cf component in the target rather than from the 7n channel. The 8.2 MeV was subsequently associated with nobelium.

252Cf(10B,xn)262−xLr (x=4,6)
This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% 252Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to 257Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to 258Lr. The 8.4 MeV activity was also assigned to 257Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to 256Lr. The 8.2 MeV was subsequently associated with nobelium.

250Cf(14N,αxn)260−xLr (x=3)
This reaction was studied in 1971 at the LBNL. They were able to identify a 0.7s alpha activity with two alpha lines at 8.87 and 8.82 MeV. This was assigned to257Lr.

249Cf(11B,xn)260−xLr (x=4)
This reaction was first studied in 1970 at the LBNL in an attempt to study the aqueous chemistry of lawrencium. They were able to measure a Lr3+ activity. The reaction was repeated in 1976 at Oak Ridge and 26s 256Lr was confirmed by measurement of coincident X-rays.

249Cf(12C,pxn)260−xLr (x=2)
This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL. They were able to detect an activity assigned to 258Lr from the p2n channel.

249Cf(15N,αxn)260−xLr (x=2,3)
This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL. They were able to detect an activities assigned to 258Lr and 257Lr from the α2n and α3n and channels. The reaction was repeated in 1976 at Oak Ridge and the synthesis of 258Lr was confirmed.

254Es + 22Ne – transfer
This reaction was studied in 1987 at the LLNL. They were able to detect new spontaneous fission (SF) activities assigned to 261Lr and 262Lr, resulting from transfer from the 22Ne nuclei to the 254Es target. In addition, a 5 ms SF activity was detected in delayed coincidence with nobelium K-shell X-rays and was assigned to 262No, resulting from the electron capture of 262Lr.

Decay products
Isotopes of lawrencium have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below:

Isotopes

Fourteen isotopes of lawrencium plus one isomer have been synthesized with 266Lr being the longest-lived and the heaviest, with a half-life of 11 hours. 251Lr is the lightest isotope of lawrencium to be produced to date.

Lawrencium-253 isomers
A study of the decay properties of 257Db (see dubnium) in 2001 by Hessberger et al. at the GSI provided some data for the decay of 253Lr. Analysis of the data indicated the population of two isomeric levels in 253Lr from the decay of the corresponding isomers in 257Db. The ground state was assigned spin and parity of 7/2−, decaying by emission of an 8794 keV alpha particle with a half-life of 0.57 s. The isomeric level was assigned spin and parity of 1/2−, decaying by emission of an 8722 keV alpha particle with a half-life of 1.49 s.

Lawrencium-255 isomers
Recent work on the spectroscopy of 255Lr formed in the reaction 209Bi(48Ca,2n)255Lr has provided evidence for an isomeric level.

References 

 Isotope masses from:

 Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:

 Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.

 
Lawrencium
Lawrencium