Chimú culture Expansion What city did the Chimu expand their territory in? conquering the head of the valley of Chimor and the neighboring valleys of Sana, Pacasmayo, Chicama, Viru, Chao and Santa." What sort of terrain did the Chimu live on? At its peak, the Chimu advanced to the limits of the desert coast to the valley
Was it difficult for them to find food?
Was it difficult for Chimu people to find food?
The mature Chimu culture developed in roughly the same territory where the Mochica had existed centuries before. The Chimu was also a coastal culture. It was developed in the Moche Valley north of present-day Lima, northeast of Huarmey, and finishing in central present-day Trujillo. Later, it expanded to Arequipa.  The Chimu appeared in the year 900: Chimor, also known as the Kingdom of Chimor, had its capital "at the great site now called Chanchan, between Trujillo and the sea, and we may assume that Taycanamo founded his kingdom there. His son, Guacri-caur, conquered the lower part of the valley and was succeeded by a son named Nancen-pinco who really laid the foundations of the Kingdom by conquering the head of the valley of Chimor and the neighboring valleys of Sana, Pacasmayo, Chicama, Viru, Chao and Santa."  The estimated founding date of the last Chimu kingdom is in the first half of the 14th century. Nacen-pinco was believed to have ruled around 1370 and was followed by seven rulers whose names are not yet known. Minchancaman followed these rulers, and was ruling around the time of the Inca conquest (between 1462 and 1470). This great expansion is believed to have occurred during the late period of Chimu civilization, called: Late Chimu, but the development of the Chimu territory spanned a number of phases and more than a single generation. Nacen-pinco, "may have pushed the imperial frontiers to Jequetepeque and to Santa, but conquest of the entire region was an agglutinative process initiated by earlier rulers." (17)  The Chimu expanded to include a vast area and many different ethnic groups. At its peak, the Chimu advanced to the limits of the desert coast to the valley of the Jequetepeque River in the north. Pampa Grande in the Lambayeque Valley was also ruled by the Chimu.  To the south, they expanded as far as Carabayallo. Their expansion southward was stopped by the military power of the great valley of Lima. Historians and archeologists contest how far south they managed to expand. CANNOTANSWER
CANNOTANSWER
Yvonne was a brown-white cow who in 2011 escaped from her farmer in Mühldorf, Germany, attracting media attention as she hid in the woods for many weeks. Farmers, police, and animal-rights activists were unable to find or capture her.

History
Yvonne, born in 2005, lived as a dairy cow for a mountain farmer in the Liesertal valley in the Austrian Alps. In March 2011 she was sold to a farmer in Aschau am Inn, Bavaria, who planned to fatten and slaughter her. On 24 May 2011 Yvonne escaped from her electric-fenced pasture and hid in woods near the villages of Zangberg and Stefanskirchen. After her escape, Yvonne was bought by animal-rights activist Michael Aufhauser, who intended to capture her and transport her to his animal sanctuary, Gut Aiderbichl, a former farm in Deggendorf, Bavaria.

Multiple techniques were used to find her and draw her out of hiding. Searchers used infrared cameras, a helicopter, and used other cows as lures, which consequentially also escaped and are being lured with additional cattle.

As all attempts to capture Yvonne failed, the cow received increasing attention from the mass media in Germany and Austria and later all over the world. Bild tabloid offered a reward of ten thousand euros for her recovery.

Yvonne could be located but not captured because animal-rights activists and police feared that any approach could drive her out of the area and onto streets. Yvonne's first owner reports that Yvonne has a very nervous character.

The campaign to save Yvonne from the hunter's bullet was successful when the order to shoot on sight was rescinded permanently on 28 August 2011. It was decided to ask all helpers to leave the area, with a single hunter remaining to try to tranquilize Yvonne if possible. She would then be moved to the animal sanctuary owned by Michael Aufhauser. Concern grew, however, that with the approach of winter she might find it difficult to find proper food and shelter. Calls were made for food, water, and shelter to be provided in the forest for Yvonne. 

On 1 September 2011 Yvonne was captured in Unteralmsham, near Stefanskirchen, and taken to the Gut Aiderbichl animal sanctuary. At the age of 14 Yvonne was euthanized in September 2019 at the same animal sanctuary.

Media
U.S. producer Max Howard and Munich-based Papa Löwe Filmproduktion partnered with Torsten Poeck and UK-based writer/producer Kirsty Peart on development of the partly-animated family feature film, "Cow on the Run."

References

Individual cows
Missing or escaped animals
2011 in Germany
2005 animal births
Individual animals in Germany Agricultural Protectionism in Japan refers to the protection of farmers and the agricultural sector in Japan from international competition. The country has limited land to use for farming and until recent years, has been a protectionist country regarding agriculture. Farming in Japan has experienced economic inefficiency but has not dissuaded some Japanese from choosing to become either full or part-time farmers. In 2012 around 4% of the total work force in Japan was categorized as "agricultural workers", which was much higher than the United States (2.6%), England (1.5%) and Germany (2.8%). In order to support farming the Japanese government issued farmers massive grants. Due to increasing technology farming has increased in efficiency to where large rice fields can be harvested in about three days.

Japanese farms have  also received support from the country's consumers, who are more likely to purchase domestically produced goods regardless of price, compared with goods produced in other countries.

Politician influence 
Farmers have received much political support in Japan. According to researchers such as Yusaku Horiuchi and Jun Saito, there are several possible reasons for this. One was that until the 1994 electoral reform, farmers were able to provide more organized political support such as votes, as consumers are more diffused and unorganized, making it difficult to collectively act and lobby. After the reform this became more difficult to accomplish and after the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives' decentralization reform in 2015 it became more difficult for farmers.

Another reason was that two of the  biggest political parties of Japan made an effort to push for agricultural protectionism in Japan. The Liberal Democratic Party has been a pro-rural party since its establishment and the Democratic Party of Japan has also sought to get rural votes by advocating for income compensation for farmers. Two party competition & political mobilization around 2008 contributed to the government’s increased effort to raise citizens’ concerns for food self-sufficiency issue.

Food safety concerns 
Other than politician influence on food protectionism, observers of Japan have thought that Japanese consumers seem to be willing to support the high price because of issues related with food safety as well. Possible disease and poison  in import food made many Japanese worrisome and turned to domestic produced goods only. In 2001, China exported vegetables with pesticide residues to Japan. In 2004, bird flu was found in import from Thailand, Indonesia, etc. In 2008, dumplings imported from China were found to be poisoned. There were cases of unsafe food found in Japan as well. Mad-cow disease was found in Japanese beef in 2001. To best eliminate its negative effect, politicians quickly organized gathering to devour beef and invited mass media and ate beef in front of TV cameras to demonstrate its safety.

Government policies and other institutions 
The LDP & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery’s created a program called Food Action Nippon Program ("FAN"). The slogan for the program was "Everybody, let's increase the Food Self-Sufficiency Ratio!". It was aimed to educated consumers about Japan's low food self-sufficiency ratio and to encourage domestic consumption. In 2005, "Food Education" legislation was created to encourage using locally-grown food for public school lunches. Through this legislation, children were taught about local agriculture and food traditions and local farmers were benefited as well.

Shift from food protectionism 
Due to the aging of Japan and the decrease of couples having children, a large percent of the Japanese population is over the age of 65. Kazuhito Yamashita has claimed that this has resulted in an increase of government debt and makes agricultural protectionism no longer affordable. Japan, along with 10 other countries, negotiated the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and member countries signed the agreement in 2016. The negotiation was aimed to eliminate tariffs on all products, without exceptions, within ten years from the conclusion. Yamashita also claims that trade liberalization is beneficial, as it lowers the food price and helps the government get rid of excessive subsidization of farmers.

References 

Agriculture in Japan
Protectionism Krishna Yadav is an Indian entrepreneur. She is known for her successful pickle business venture, which she started after receiving training from Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Delhi. Over several years she sold pickles at the roadside and gradually turned her venture into four different entities with a turnover of 40 million INR. She was awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar in 2016.

Life
Yadav did not attend school and lacks any formal education. She grew up picking crops and when her husband's car business failed, they had to sell their house in Bulandshahr. She decided that they should move to Delhi and borrowed money so her husband could travel ahead and find work. After spending three months, her husband did not find a luck. In such a situation, Yadav decided to join her husband in Delhi and she moved with their three children. After settling at Delhi, they did some vegetable farming but found it difficult to sell. Then she heard about pickles and its prospect as a business but she knew that she would need training for undertaking a pickle business. She attended training at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Ujwa village, Delhi.

In 2002 Yadav started to produce pickles. Initially for not being a known brand, she could not arrange to sell them in grocery shops, so her husband sold them at the side of the road, while she used to produce them along with her children. By 2013, she was selling over 150 varieties of pickles and in 2016 she was reported to be selling 200 tonnes of food products. Her efforts have generated jobs in rural areas. She and her husband GS Yadav have opened a shop in Najafgarh. She reportedly have four different business ventures and her annual turnover was reported to be 40 million INR.

In 2016, Yadav was nominated to receive the Nari Shakti Puraskar on International Women's Day by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. The award was handed over by President Pranab Mukherjee at the Presidential palace in New Delhi. Another fourteen women and seven institutions were also honored for their achievements and contributions on the same day.

References 

Living people
Indian businesspeople
People from Delhi
Nari Shakti Puraskar winners
People from Bulandshahr
Year of birth missing (living people)