Rogers Morton Early life and career When was Rogers born? I don't know.
Which school did he attended?
Which school did Rogers Morton attended?
Morton was born in Louisville, the son of David Clark Morton, a physician, and his wife, Mary Harris Ballard Morton, an heiress to a flour milling business. He was related to George Rogers Clark, a military officer who served during the American Revolutionary War. Morton was one of three children; his brother Thruston B. Morton also had a career in politics, serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee and representing Kentucky in both the United States House of Representatives and then the United States Senate.  Morton received his early education from the Woodberry Forest School near Orange, Virginia, and in 1937 graduated from Yale University, where he was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Phi chapter). Like his father, Morton worked to become a physician and entered the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. However, he dropped out after only one year. In 1939, Morton married the former Anne Jones. They had two children, David Clark and Anne Morton.  In 1938, Morton was commissioned in the United States Navy but only served for a short time due to problems with his back. Afterwards, he entered his family's flour business, Ballard & Ballard. In 1941, at the outset of World War II, Morton enlisted in the Armored Field Artillery of the United States Army as a private and served in the European Theater. He received a commission during the war and left the army as a captain in 1945.  After the war, Morton returned to the family business, where he served as president from 1947 to 1951. In 1952, the business was merged into the Pillsbury Flour Company, where Morton went on to serve as a director and a member of the executive committee for several more years. CANNOTANSWER
the Woodberry Forest School
Rogers Clark Ballard Morton (September 19, 1914 – April 19, 1979) was an American politician who served as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Commerce during the administrations of Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford, Jr., respectively.  He also served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland.

Though he was born in Louisville, Kentucky, Morton moved to a farm on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the early 1950s.  In 1962, he was elected to the House of Representatives, in which capacity he established an environmental record. Morton would joke that his two middle initials stood for "Chesapeake Bay". In 1968, Morton played a major role in Richard Nixon's campaign for president, and was chosen by Nixon in 1969 to serve as chairman of the Republican National Committee.

In the elections of 1970, Morton was considered a strong candidate to challenge Joseph Tydings for his U.S. Senate seat from Maryland, but he chose instead to remain as chairman of the RNC.  In 1971, President Nixon tapped Morton to serve as Secretary of the Interior, during which time he oversaw the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System and the 1973 oil crisis.  Morton was the only person from the East Coast to serve as head of the Interior Department in the 20th century.

Following Nixon's resignation due to the Watergate Scandal, Morton continued in his post in the Gerald Ford administration until 1975, when he was nominated to serve as Secretary of Commerce.  From April to August 1976, Morton served as Ford's campaign manager in his bid for election.  Morton retired from politics following Ford's election defeat.  Three years later, he died of cancer at his home in Easton on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.

Early life and career
Morton was born in Louisville, the son of David Clark Morton, a physician, and his wife, Mary Harris Ballard Morton, an heiress to a flour milling business.  He was related to George Rogers Clark, a military officer who served during the American Revolutionary War.  Morton was one of three children; his brother Thruston B. Morton also had a career in politics, serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee and representing Kentucky in both the United States House of Representatives and then the United States Senate.

Morton received his early education from the Woodberry Forest School near Orange, Virginia, and in 1937 graduated from Yale University, where he was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Phi chapter). Like his father, Morton worked to become a physician and entered the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.  However, he dropped out after only one year.  In 1939, Morton married the former Anne Jones. They had two children, David Clark and Anne Morton.

In 1938, Morton was commissioned in the United States Navy but only served for a short time due to problems with his back.  Afterwards, he entered his family's flour business, Ballard & Ballard. In 1941, at the outset of World War II, Morton enlisted in the Armored Field Artillery of the United States Army as a private and served in the European Theater.  He received a commission during the war and left the army as a captain in 1945.

After the war, Morton returned to the family business, where he served as president from 1947 to 1951.  In 1952, the business was merged into the Pillsbury Flour Company, where Morton went on to serve as a director and a member of the executive committee for several more years.

Congressional career
In 1947, Morton spent a great deal of time helping his brother Thruston in his ultimately successful campaign for election to the House of Representatives in Kentucky. After this initial exposure to politics, Morton moved to the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the early 1950s, where he set up a  cattle farm along the Wye River in Talbot County. In 1962, Morton decided to challenge Democratic incumbent Thomas Francis Johnson of .  Johnson, who was reeling from a political scandal, lost to Morton in the general election.  Morton was lauded for not making Johnson's legal troubles his primary campaign issue.

Morton was re-elected to Congress four more times, and served from 1963 until 1971.  In Congress, Morton worked to enact legislation that would preserve the Chesapeake Bay, including laws reducing pollution into the Bay, working for the creation of a national park on Assateague Island, and providing funds to the Army Corps of Engineers to model how the Bay functions as an estuary.  Concerning civil rights, Morton voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but cast no vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

During the 1968 Republican National Convention, Morton served as the floor manager for eventual presidential nominee Richard Nixon.  Morton also delivered the speech nominating Spiro Agnew, then-Governor of Maryland, as the vice presidential candidate.

Due to his role in Nixon's election campaign and his environmental advocacy, Morton expected to be appointed as Secretary of the Interior in 1969.  However, he was passed over for the position in favor of a westerner.  He had also been considered for Nixon's vice presidential running mate, but lost out to Agnew.  In January 1969, to recognize his efforts, Nixon appointed Morton as chairman of the Republican National Committee. As chairman, Morton was granted ex officio Cabinet rank by Nixon, an unprecedented practice that ultimately continued through the administration of Gerald Ford.

1970 United States Senate election
In 1969, leading up to the 1970 elections, Morton was considered one of the strongest potential candidates to challenge incumbent Democratic senator Joseph Tydings.  Morton had sought the Republican nomination for Maryland's other U.S. Senate seat in the 1968 elections, but bowed out in favor of Congressman Charles Mathias to prevent a primary battle.

Speculation that Morton would seek election to Tydings' seat increased after an editorial in the Baltimore Sun encouraged him to challenge Tydings.  Sources within the administration of Vice President Spiro Agnew, who was formerly governor of Maryland, were also commenting that Morton would make a strong candidate and would likely run.  When Morton stated he would be making an important announcement with President Nixon in December 1969, it seemed all but certain at the time that it would be to declare his candidacy.

However, Republicans around the country were concerned that Morton, who had just been appointed chairman of the RNC in January 1969, would resign during the election season to better handle the battle with Tydings. President Nixon shared their concerns, and encouraged Morton to remain as chairman.  On December 16, 1969, with Nixon by his side, Morton announced that his priorities were with the national committee, and that he would not seek Tydings' seat.  Morton also threw his full support for the nomination behind J. Glenn Beall Jr., a freshman member of the House from Cumberland, Mathias's successor in the House, and son of former senator James Glenn Beall.

Morton's decision not to challenge Tydings initially worried Maryland Republicans, who saw Morton as one of their best candidates.  National Republican strategists had also begun to write off Tydings' seat as unwinnable for the 1970 election because of Tydings's wealth and popularity in the dense urban areas of Montgomery County and Baltimore.  However, despite initial misgivings by state republicans, Beall defeated Tydings on November 3, 1970, by a margin of more than 30,000 votes.

Secretary of the Interior

Morton continued to serve in the House and as chairman of the RNC until 1971, when he was nominated to be Secretary of the Interior by President Nixon.  He was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Interior, though some concerns regarding Morton's record of environmental protection were raised by Phillip Berry, then-President of the Sierra Club.  Morton's predecessor, Walter Joseph Hickel, had been chosen over Morton to fill the job in 1969, but was fired by Nixon in late 1970 for criticizing White House policy.  Morton was the only person from the east coast to serve as Interior Secretary in the 20th century.

Upon assuming the office of Secretary of the Interior, Morton promised he would seek to "purify the environment".  However, as his tenure progressed, he was gradually isolated from the proceedings of the White House and lost several major divisions to other departments.  During the 1973 oil crisis, for example, the oil and natural gas divisions of the department were transferred to the Office of Emergency Preparedness.  Furthermore, though Morton was the one who announced the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, speculation was put forward that he did not play a major role in determining its route.

As he was leaving his post in 1975, further criticism was directed at Morton for his overseeing the partial dismantling of the Interior Department.  He was also criticized for lacking the vigor necessary to serve as head of a cabinet department, and for failing to see through the proposed creation of a new, stronger cabinet department that would have replaced the Interior.

Secretary of Commerce and the Ford Administration
Following the resignation of President Nixon in the Watergate scandal, Morton continued in his position as Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Gerald Ford. In March 1975, while still serving as the head of the Interior Department, Morton was nominated by Ford to serve as the next Secretary of Commerce.  Ford cited Morton's extensive business experience as the primary factor for selecting him and expressed the hope that Morton would be able to "encourage American business to expand energy development and conservation efforts".

In January 1976, Ford announced Morton would be resigning as Commerce Secretary to instead serve as Counselor to the President with Cabinet rank. Morton's new position was to advise the president on domestic and economic policy. In addition, Morton was to serve as the special liaison to the political committee to elect President Ford. Morton's duties blurred the line between his public and political duties, and caused controversy concerning how Morton would divide his time between the White House and Ford's election campaign, and how much of his salary would be supplied by taxpayers versus the Ford election committee. In rebuttal, Morton stated "you can't separate government from politics", and that Presidential aides should be allowed to offer political advice.

In April 1976, Morton was named campaign manager for President Ford leading up to the 1976 presidential election. He replaced former U.S. Representative Howard Callaway of Georgia, who was forced to resign following allegations of improper use of authority while he was Secretary of the Army. Morton directed Ford's campaign until August 25, 1976, when he was reassigned as chairman of a steering committee and was replaced by James Baker of Houston, Texas.  Morton's demotion was at his own request; he said that he no longer wished to bear "the responsibility and accountability of the chairmanship". However, former Nixon aide Harry S. Dent, Sr., of South Carolina claimed that Ford had relieved Morton as campaign manager because of a remark that Morton had made about the need for the GOP to "write off the Cotton South" in formulating the general election strategy against Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter, the former governor of Georgia who unseated President Ford.

After the 1976 campaign, Morton retired from politics to his farm, "Presqu'isle", near Easton, Maryland, where he operated a boat construction business.

Morton had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1973, but he said that the disease was in its early phase and was still treatable.  In 1979, however, Morton died of the cancer at his home in Easton.  He is interred in Old Wye Cemetery in Wye Mills, Maryland.

References

External links
 Guide to the Angela Raisch Collection on Rogers C.B. Morton housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center

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1914 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American Episcopalians
United States Army personnel of World War II
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Ford administration cabinet members
Maryland Republicans
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
Military personnel from Louisville, Kentucky
Nixon administration cabinet members
People from Easton, Maryland
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Republican National Committee chairs
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
United States Army officers
United States Navy officers
United States Secretaries of Commerce
United States Secretaries of the Interior
Woodberry Forest School alumni
Yale University alumni
Most presidents of the United States received a college education, even most of the earliest. Of the first seven presidents, five were college graduates. College degrees have set the presidents apart from the general population, and presidents have held degrees even though it was quite rare and unnecessary for practicing most occupations, including law. Of the 45 individuals to have been the president, 25 of them graduated from a private undergraduate college, nine graduated from a public undergraduate college, and 12 held no degree.  Every president since 1953 has had a bachelor's degree, reflecting the increasing importance of higher education in the United States.

List by university attended

Did not graduate from college 

George Washington (Although the death of Washington's father ended his formal schooling, he received a surveyor's certificate from the College of William and Mary. Washington believed strongly in formal education, and his will left money and/or stocks to support three educational institutions.)
James Monroe (attended the College of William and Mary, but dropped out to fight in the Revolutionary War)
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison (attended Hampden Sydney College for three years but did not graduate and then attended University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine but never received a degree)
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore (founded the University at Buffalo)
Abraham Lincoln (had only about a year of formal schooling of any kind)
Andrew Johnson  (no formal schooling of any kind)
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley (attended Allegheny College, but did not graduate; also attended Albany Law School, but also did not graduate)
Harry S. Truman (went to business college and law school, but did not graduate)

Undergraduate 

A.JFK enrolled, but did not attend

Additional undergraduate information
Some presidents attended more than one institution. George Washington never attended college, though The College of William & Mary did issue him a surveyor's certificate. Two presidents have attended a foreign college at the undergraduate level: John Quincy Adams at Leiden University and Bill Clinton at the University of Oxford (John F. Kennedy intended to study at the London School of Economics, but failed to attend as he fell ill before classes began.)

Three presidents have attended the United States Service academies: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, while Jimmy Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. No presidents have graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy or the much newer U.S. Air Force Academy.  Eisenhower also graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College, Army Industrial College and Army War College. These were not degree granting institutions when Eisenhower attended, but were part of his professional education as a career soldier.

Graduate school
A total of 20 presidents attended some form of graduate school (including professional schools). Among them, eleven presidents received a graduate degree during their lifetimes; two more received graduate degrees posthumously.

Business school

Graduate School

Medical school

Law school 

Several presidents who were lawyers did not attend law school, but became lawyers after independent study under the tutelage of established attorneys. Some had attended college before beginning their legal studies, and several studied law without first having attended college.  Presidents who were lawyers but did not attend law school include: John Adams; Thomas Jefferson; James Madison; James Monroe; John Quincy Adams; Andrew Jackson; Martin Van Buren; John Tyler; James K. Polk; Millard Fillmore; James Buchanan; Abraham Lincoln; James A. Garfield; Grover Cleveland; Benjamin Harrison; and Calvin Coolidge.

Presidents who were admitted to the bar after a combination of law school and independent study include; Franklin Pierce; Chester A. Arthur; William McKinley; and Woodrow Wilson.

List by graduate degree earned

Ph.D. (doctorate)

M.B.A. (Master of Business Administration)

M.A. (Master of Arts)

Note: John Adams and John Quincy Adams, along with George W. Bush are the only presidents to date to attain Master’s degrees.

J.D. or LL.B. (law degree)

Note: Hayes, Taft, Nixon and Ford were awarded LL.B. degrees.  When U.S. law schools began to use the J.D. as the professional law degree in the 1960s, previous graduates had the choice of converting their LL.B. degrees to a J.D.  Duke University Law School made the change in 1968, and Yale Law School in 1971. Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt, both of whom attended Columbia Law School but withdrew before graduating, were awarded posthumous J.D. degrees in 2008.

List by president

Other academic associations

Faculty member

School rector or president

School trustee or governor

See also
 List of prime ministers of Australia by education
 List of prime ministers of Canada by academic degrees
 List of presidents of the Philippines by education
 List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education

References

College education
United States education-related lists The Constitution of the United States does not require that any federal judges have any particular educational or career background, but the work of the Court involves complex questions of law – ranging from constitutional law to administrative law to admiralty law – and consequentially, a legal education has become a de facto prerequisite to appointment on the United States Supreme Court. Every person who has been nominated to the Court has been an attorney.

Before the advent of modern law schools in the United States, justices, like most attorneys of the time, completed their legal studies by "reading law" (studying under and acting as an apprentice to more experienced attorneys) rather than attending a formal program. The first Justice to be appointed who had attended an actual law school was Levi Woodbury, appointed to the Court in 1846. Woodbury had attended Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, the most prestigious law school in the United States in that day, prior to his admission to the bar in 1812. However, Woodbury did not earn a law degree. Woodbury's successor on the Court, Benjamin Robbins Curtis, who received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1832, and was appointed to the Court in 1851, was the first Justice to bear such a credential.

Associate Justice James F. Byrnes, whose short tenure lasted from June 1941 to October 1942, was the last Justice without a law degree to be appointed; Stanley Forman Reed, who served on the Court from 1938 to 1957, was the last sitting Justice from such a background. In total, of the 114 justices appointed to the Court, 49 have had law degrees, an additional 18 attended some law school but did not receive a degree, and 47 received their legal education without any law school attendance.

Currently serving justices are listed in bold below.

Four or more justices
 Harvard Law School – 21 alumni; 17 graduates
Harry Blackmun
Louis Brandeis
William J. Brennan Jr.
Stephen Breyer
Henry Billings Brown – also studied law at Yale, did not receive law degree from either
Harold Hitz Burton
Benjamin Robbins Curtis
Felix Frankfurter
Melville Fuller – did not graduate; Chief Justice
Ruth Bader Ginsburg – graduated from Columbia Law School
Neil Gorsuch
Horace Gray
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
Elena Kagan
Anthony Kennedy
William Henry Moody – did not graduate
Lewis F. Powell Jr. – LLM graduate
John Roberts – Chief Justice
Edward Terry Sanford
Antonin Scalia
David Souter
 Yale Law School – 11 alumni, 9 graduates
Samuel Alito
Henry Billings Brown – also studied law at Harvard, did not receive law degree from either
David Davis
Abe Fortas
Brett Kavanaugh
Sherman Minton – LLM graduate, attended Indiana University
George Shiras Jr. – did not graduate
Sonia Sotomayor
Potter Stewart
Clarence Thomas
Byron White
 Columbia Law School – 7 alumni, 4 graduates
Benjamin N. Cardozo – completed two years, did not graduate
William O. Douglas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg – also attended Harvard Law School
Charles Evans Hughes – Chief Justice
Joseph McKenna – studied at the law school, did not graduate
Stanley Forman Reed – also attended University of Virginia School of Law, did not graduate from either
Harlan F. Stone – Chief Justice

Three justices
 University of Michigan Law School
George Sutherland
Frank Murphy
William Rufus Day
 Litchfield Law School (defunct)
Henry Baldwin
Ward Hunt
Levi Woodbury – first justice to have attended law school

Two justices
 Albany Law School
David Josiah Brewer
Robert H. Jackson –  completed one-year program, awarded certificate of completion
 Cincinnati Law School (University of Cincinnati College of Law)
Willis Van Devanter
William Howard Taft – Chief Justice (and former President)
 Cumberland School of Law
Howell Edmunds Jackson
Horace Harmon Lurton
 Indiana University Maurer School of Law
Sherman Minton
Wiley Blount Rutledge – studied part-time before leaving and completing degree at University of Colorado Law School
 Northwestern University School of Law
Arthur Goldberg
John Paul Stevens
 Stanford Law School
Sandra Day O'Connor
William Rehnquist – Chief Justice
 University of Virginia School of Law
James Clark McReynolds
Stanley Forman Reed – also attended Columbia Law School, did not graduate from either
 Washington and Lee University School of Law
Joseph Rucker Lamar
Lewis F. Powell Jr. – also received an LL.M. from Harvard Law School

One justice
 Centre College School of Law
 Fred M. Vinson – Chief Justice
 Howard University School of Law
 Thurgood Marshall
 Mitchell Hamline School of Law
 Warren E. Burger – Chief Justice
 New York Law School
 John Marshall Harlan II
 Notre Dame Law School
 Amy Coney Barrett
 Transylvania University School of Law
 John Marshall Harlan
 Tulane University Law School
 Edward White – Chief Justice
 University of Alabama School of Law
 Hugo Black
 University of California, Berkeley School of Law
 Earl Warren – Chief Justice
 University of Colorado Law School
 Wiley Blount Rutledge – originally studied at Indiana University prior to attending the University of Colorado
 University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law
 Charles Evans Whittaker
 University of Pennsylvania Law School
 Owen Roberts
 University of Texas School of Law
 Tom C. Clark

University or college trained

These justices were educated at the equivalent of what would today be an undergraduate level, but did not receive legal education at the graduate level, the model under which law schools in the U.S. are currently organized.

 Brigham Young University
 George Sutherland – also attended University of Michigan Law School
 Carleton College
 Pierce Butler
 Case Western Reserve University
 John Hessin Clarke
 College of William & Mary
 John Marshall – Chief Justice
 Philip P. Barbour
 Bushrod Washington
 John Blair Jr.
 Columbia University
 John Jay – Chief Justice
 Samuel Blatchford
 Dartmouth College
Salmon P. Chase – Chief Justice
 Dickinson College
Robert Cooper Grier
Roger B. Taney – Chief Justice
 Emory University
 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar
 Harvard University
 Joseph Story
 Middlebury College
 Samuel Nelson
 Princeton University 
 Oliver Ellsworth – Chief Justice
 William Paterson
 Mahlon Pitney
 Rutgers University
 Joseph P. Bradley
 Saint Joseph's University
 Joseph McKenna – also took law courses at Columbia Law School but was not enrolled in a degree program
 University of Georgia
 John Archibald Campbell
 University of Michigan
 William R. Day
 University of St Andrews
 James Wilson – also attended the University of Edinburgh and University of Glasgow but did not graduate
 Washington and Lee University
 Thomas Todd
 Wesleyan University
 David Josiah Brewer – 1851–1854, transferred to and graduated from Yale
 Williams College
 Stephen Johnson Field
 Yale University
 David Josiah Brewer – transferred from Wesleyan University
 William Strong

No university legal education
Some justices received no legal education in a university setting, but were instead either trained through apprenticeships or were self-taught, as was common with many lawyers prior to the mid-20th century.

 James F. Byrnes
 Samuel Chase
 John Hessin Clarke
 James Iredell
 Thomas Johnson

See also
 List of law schools in the United States

References

 
 source for seat information
 
 PDF (28 kB)
 source for term of active service

Law schools in the United States
United States law-related lists
Lists of United States Supreme Court justices