A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Biography Where was A.C. born? in a humble house in the Tollygunge suburb of Calcutta in a Bengali Suvarna Banik Who were his parents? Bengali Suvarna Banik family, Did his family follow a religion? He received a European-led education in the Scottish Church College, which was well reputed among Bengalis; What did he study at Scottish Church College? He graduated in 1920 with majors in English, philosophy and economics. He rejected his diploma Did he have any siblings? I don't know. Did he get married? 22 years of age he married Radharani Devi, who was then 11 years old, in a marriage arranged by their parents.
Did the marriage produce any children?
Did A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's marriage produce any children?
Born on 1 September 1896, the day after Janmastami ,one of the most important Vaishnava holidays, in a humble house in the Tollygunge suburb of Calcutta in a Bengali Suvarna Banik family, he was named Abhay Charan, "one who is fearless, having taken shelter at Lord Krishna's feet." Since he was born on the day of Nandotsava ("the celebration of Nanda," Krishna's father, a traditional festival in honour of Krishna's birth) he was also called Nandulal. His parents, Sriman Gour Mohan De and Srimati Rajani De, were devout Vaishnavas (devotees of Vishnu). In accordance with Bengali tradition, his mother had gone to the home of her parents for the delivery, and only a few days later Abhay returned with parents to his home at 6 Sitakanta Banerjee Lane Kolkata 700005  He received a European-led education in the Scottish Church College, which was well reputed among Bengalis; many Vaishnava families sent their sons there. The professors, most of whom were Europeans, were known as sober, moral men, and it is believed that the students received a good education. The college was located in north Calcutta, near the De's family home on Harrison Road. During his years in the college, Abhay Charan De (abhy' crnn de) was a member of the English Society as well as that of the Sanskrit Society, and it has been suggested that his education provided him a foundation for his future leadership. He graduated in 1920 with majors in English, philosophy and economics. He rejected his diploma in response to Gandhi's independence movement.  At 22 years of age he married Radharani Devi, who was then 11 years old, in a marriage arranged by their parents. At 14, she gave birth to Abhay's first son. CANNOTANSWER
At 14, she gave birth to Abhay's first son.
Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami (; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977)  was an Indian Gaudiya Vaishnava guru who founded ISKCON, commonly known as the "Hare Krishna movement". Members of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Swami as a representative and messenger of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

Born in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in a Suvarna Banik family, he was educated at the Scottish Church College. While working at a small pharmaceutical business, he met and became a follower of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati. In 1959, after his retirement, he left his family to become a sannyasi and started writing commentaries on Vaishnava scriptures. As a travelling Vaishnava monk, he became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnavite theology to India and specifically to the Western world through his leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966. He was criticized by anti-cult groups, but was appreciated by several American religious scholars.

He has been described as a charismatic leader who was successful in acquiring followers in many countries including the United States, Europe and India. After his death in 1977, ISKCON, the society he founded based on a form of Hindu Krishnaism using the Bhagavata Purana as a central scripture, continued to grow. In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion of his books since 1965.

Biography

Early life
Prabhupada was born Abhay Charan on 1 September 1896 in Calcutta. He was also called Nandulāl. His parents, Gour Mohan De and Rajani De, were devout Vaishnavas and resided at 6 Sitakanta Banerjee Lane, Calcutta.

Abhay Charan studied at the Scottish Church College. He is said to have refused his degree in response to Gandhi's calls to challenge British rule. At the age of 22, he was married in 1919 to Radharani Devi, who was then 11 years old, in a marriage arranged by their parents. At 14, Radharani Devi gave birth to their first son.

Religious journey

In 1922, he met his spiritual master, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura, in Prayagraj. He was asked to spread the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in the English language. In 1933 he became a formally initiated disciple of Bhaktisiddhānta. In 1944, he started the publication called Back to Godhead, for which he was writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor and distributor.

In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society gave him the title Bhaktivedanta, (). He is well known by the honorific .

From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval Radha-Damodar mandir in the holy town of Vrindavan, where he began his commentary and translation work of the Sanskrit work Bhagavata Purana. His guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura, had always encouraged him to print books. referring to the need for the literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.

Renunciation
Prabhupada also lived at Gaudiya Matha at Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, where he wrote and edited the  magazine. There he also donated the statue of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu which stands on the altar beside those of Radha Krishna (named Śrī Śrī Rādhā Vinodavihārījī). In September 1959, he was initiated as a sannyasi by his friend Bhakti Prajnana Keshava and was given the title of Swami. He published the first book of Bhagavata Purana.

Mission to the West

Prabhupada was the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of national quotas by the 1965 Immigration Act of the United States. In July 1966, he founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in New York City. He defended the name, arguing that Krishna included all other forms and concepts of God. In 1967, a centre was started in San Francisco. He travelled throughout America with his disciples, popularising the movement through street chanting (sankirtana), book distribution and public speeches. George Harrison of The Beatles produced a recording with some of the devotees in London and helped establish the Radha Krisna Temple there.

Over the following years, his role as preacher and leader of Krishna consciousness movement took him around the world several times setting up temples and communities in other continents. By the time of his death in Vrindavan in 1977, ISKCON had become an internationally known expression of Vaishnavism.

Through his mission, he followed and preached the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and introduced bhakti yoga to an international audience. Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism this was viewed as the fulfilment of a long time mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.

Death
Bhaktivedanta Swami died on 14 November 1977 at the age of 81, in Vrindavan, India. His body was buried in Krishna Balaram Mandir in Vrindavan.

In India
Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he founded the League of Devotees in Jhansi in 1953. On his return to India in 1971, he oversaw the construction of temples in Mumbai, Mayapur and Vrindavan. To promote the vedic education within the modern Indian education structure, he started a chain of ISKCON schools. The Government of India has issued commemorative stamp and a Rs 125 commemorative coin in his honour.

Monuments

A number of samadhis or shrines to Bhaktivedanta Swami were constructed by the members of ISKCON, with those in Mayapur and Vrindavan in India  being notable. Prabhupada's Palace of Gold, built by the New Vrindavan community in 1979, was intended to be a residence for Bhaktivedanta Swami, but grew into a tourist attraction.

Books and publishing
Bhaktivedanta Swami's books are considered to be among his most significant contributions. During the final twelve years of his life, Bhaktivedanta Swami translated over sixty volumes of classic Hindu scriptures (e.g. Bhagavad Gita, Chaitanya Charitamrita and Srimad Bhagavatam) into the English language.  His Bhagavad-gītā As It Is was published by Macmillan Publishers in 1968 with an unabridged edition in 1972.  It is now available in over sixty languages around the world with some of his other books available in over eighty different languages. In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada since 1965.

The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust was established in 1972 to publish his works.

Bhaktivedanta Swami said:

Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he would point out that "today I may be a Hindu, but tomorrow I may become a Christian or Muslim. In this way faiths can be changed, but dharma is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him". While the ISKCON theology of personal god is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of bhakti and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with karatalas (hand-cymbals) and mridangas (drums)".

His approach to modern knowledge is similar to that of sectarian Orthodox Judaism, where the skills and technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious". Bhaktivedanta Swami himself taught a dualism of body and soul and that of the genders. Similar to many traditional religions he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites. Among some liberal male followers there is a positive recognition of his example in applying the spirit of the law according to time, place, person and circumstance, rather than literal tracing of the tradition.

Works

Bengali writings
 

 
 A collection of his early Bengali essays, which were originally printed in a monthly magazine that he edited called . Starting in 1976, Bhakti Charu Swami reprinted these essays into Bengali booklets called  (Knowledge of the Supreme) [from 1948 & 1949 issues],  (The Science of Devotion),  (Topics of Spiritual Science),  (The Deluded Thinkers), and Buddhi-yoga (The Highest Use of Intelligence), which he later combined into Vairāgya-vidyā. In 1992, an English translation was published called Renunciation Through Wisdom.

Translations with commentary

Summary studies

Discography

Other works

References

Further reading

External links

  – Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
 
 
 
 
  – Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1896–1977)
 
 

 

1896 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Bengali Hindu saints
Bengali philosophers
Devotees of Krishna
Dvaitin philosophers
Founders of new religious movements
Gaudiya religious leaders
Hindu pacifists
Hindu philosophers and theologians
Hindu revivalist writers
Indian Hare Krishnas
Indian Hindu monks
Indian Hindu missionaries
Indian theologians
20th-century Indian philosophers
Indian male writers
Indian Hindu spiritual teachers
Indian Vaishnavites
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Indian Vedic scholars
International Society for Krishna Consciousness religious figures
Presidents of religious organizations
Bhajan singers
Carnatic singers
Kirtan performers
Writers about activism and social change
Khol players
20th-century Indian singers
20th-century memoirists
Indian autobiographers
Scholars from Kolkata
Scottish Church College alumni
Simple living advocates
Translators of the Bhagavad Gita
Vaishnava saints
Neo-Vedanta
Indian animal rights activists
Anti–World War II activists
Gandhians
Missionary linguists
Bengali–English translators
Rozala of Italy (also known as Rozala of Lombardy, Rozala of Ivrea  or Susanna of Ivrea;  –1003) was countess consort of Flanders by marriage to Arnulf II of Flanders, and queen of the Franks by marriage to Robert II of France. She was regent of Flanders in 987-988 during the minority of her son Baldwin IV of Flanders.

Biography

Rozala (Susanna), born sometime between 950 and 960, was the daughter of King Berengar of Ivrea, King of Italy (c. 900 – 966). Her mother was Willa of Tuscany, the daughter of Boso, Margrave of Tuscany and his wife Willa. 

In 976, she married Arnulf II, Count of Flanders (d. 987). On her husband's death in 987, she became as regent for her young son. She lost the regency the following year, when she married again. Flanders were under threat from France, and to avoid this threat, she arranged a marriage with the son of the king of France. Upon marriage, her regency was turned over to her mother-in-law, her son's paternal grandmother Matilda of Saxony, countess of Flanders.

On , she married secondly the much younger Robert the Pious (972–1031), the Rex Filius of France; the marriage had been arranged by his father Hugh Capet. According to disputed account, she brought her husband Montreuil and Ponthieu as a dowry, others assert that she was bequeathed her right to that territory. Upon her marriage, she took the name of Susannah, and was the queen consort of the co-ruling king Robert, under senior King Hugh. 

From 991/992, the couple lived basically separated, because they did not have a good relationship, and because Rozala had become too old  (c. 38) to have more children. When her father-in-law died in 996, Robert repudiated her completely, desiring to marry Bertha of Burgundy in her place. That marriage was not lawful because of too close kinship so Robert married a third time 1003 with Constance of Arles who bore him seven children.

Rozala retired back to Flanders, where she died and was buried. Robert retained control of her "dowry", or the rights to the mentioned territory.

Marriages
Rozala was firstly (976–987) married to Arnulf II, Count of Flanders. They had the following children: 
 Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders (980–1035)
 Mathilda (d. 995).

The second marriage (988–996) with Robert II of France did not produce any children.

Notes

References

10th-century births
1003 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Anscarids
House of Flanders
House of Capet
Frankish queens consort
Repudiated queens
Countesses of Flanders
10th-century women rulers
10th-century French people
10th-century French women 
11th-century French people
11th-century French women A Familienbuch (, "Family-book") was a family register, a genealogical summary that was issued in Germany by the local civil registry upon marriage and contained data on birth, marriage and death of the couple as well as the birth data of any children stemming for this marriage.

It was introduced from January 1, 1938, same kind like books for birth and death. However, the Familienstammbuch dates to much earlier. At least to 1920 in Breslau, Germany, for example.

From January 1, 1958, it was modified: Marriage entry was done by the local civil registry, but the "book" itself which was a paper then was moved to the local civil registry when the family did a removal.

Since January 1, 2009, Familienbücher have no longer been issued.

Family registers
Marriage
Identity documents of Germany