Abbie Hoffman Controversy at Woodstock What happened at woodstock? At Woodstock in 1969, Hoffman reportedly interrupted The Who's performance to attempt to speak against the jailing of John Sinclair of the White Panther Party. was he successful in the interrupting? He grabbed a microphone and yelled, "I think this is a pile of shit while John Sinclair rots in prison ..." what happened after that? Pete Townshend was adjusting his amplifier between songs and turned to look at Hoffman over his left shoulder. Townshend shouted "Fuck off! Fuck off my fucking stage!" and What happened next? and reportedly ran at Hoffman with his guitar and hit Hoffman in the back, although Townshend later denied attacking Hoffman.
was anyone arrested at this point?
Was anyone arrested after the confrontation between Hoffman and Townshend at Woodstock?
At Woodstock in 1969, Hoffman reportedly interrupted The Who's performance to attempt to speak against the jailing of John Sinclair of the White Panther Party. He grabbed a microphone and yelled, "I think this is a pile of shit while John Sinclair rots in prison ..." Pete Townshend was adjusting his amplifier between songs and turned to look at Hoffman over his left shoulder. Townshend shouted "Fuck off! Fuck off my fucking stage!" and reportedly ran at Hoffman with his guitar and hit Hoffman in the back, although Townshend later denied attacking Hoffman. Townshend later said that while he actually agreed with Hoffman on Sinclair's imprisonment, he would have knocked him offstage regardless of the content of his message, given that Hoffman had violated the "sanctity of the stage," i.e., the right of the band to perform uninterrupted by distractions not relevant to the show. The incident took place during a camera change, and was not captured on film. The audio of this incident, however, can be heard on The Who's box set, Thirty Years of Maximum R&B (Disc 2, Track 20, "Abbie Hoffman Incident").  In 1971's Steal This Book in the section "Free Communication," Hoffman encourages his readership to take to the stage at rock concerts to use the pre-assembled audience and PA system to get their message out. However he mentions that "interrupting the concert is frowned upon since it is only spitting in the faces of people you are trying to reach."  In Woodstock Nation, Hoffman mentions the incident, and says he was on a bad LSD trip at the time. Joe Shea, then a reporter for the Times Herald-Record, newspaper that covered the event on-site, said he saw the incident. He recalled that Hoffman was actually hit in the back of the head by Townshend's guitar and toppled directly into the pit in front of the stage. He does not recall any "shove" from Townshend, and discounts both men's accounts. CANNOTANSWER
CANNOTANSWER
Abbot Howard ″Abbie″ Hoffman (November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989) was an American political and social activist who co-founded the Youth International Party ("Yippies") and was a member of the Chicago Seven. He was also a leading proponent of the Flower Power movement.

As a member of the Chicago Seven, Hoffman was charged with and tried for conspiring to use interstate commerce with intent to incite a riot and crossing state lines with the intent to incite a riot under the anti-riot provisions of Title X of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Five of the Chicago Seven defendants, including Hoffman, were convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot; all of the convictions were vacated after an appeal and the U.S. Department of Justice declined to pursue another trial. Hoffman, along with all of the defendants and their attorneys were also convicted and sentenced for contempt of court by the judge; these convictions were also vacated after an appeal.

Hoffman continued his activism into the 1970s, and remains an icon of the anti-war movement and the counterculture era. He died of a phenobarbital overdose in 1989 at age 52.

Early life and education 
Abbot Howard Hoffman was born November 30, 1936, in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Florence ( Schanberg) and John Hoffman. Hoffman was raised in a middle-class Jewish household and had two younger siblings. As a child in the 1940s and 1950s, he was a member of what has been described as "the transitional generation between the beatniks and hippies." He described his childhood as "idyllic" and the 1940s as "a great time to grow up in."

During his school days, he became known as a troublemaker who started fights, played pranks, vandalized school property, and referred to teachers by their first names. In his second year, Hoffman was expelled from Classical High School, a now-closed public high school in Worcester. As an atheist, Hoffman wrote a paper declaring that, "God could not possibly exist, for if he did, there wouldn't be any suffering in the world." The irate teacher ripped up the paper and called him "a Communist punk." Hoffman jumped on the teacher and started fighting him until he was restrained and removed from the school. On June 3, 1954, 17-year-old Hoffman was arrested for the first time, for driving without a license. After his expulsion, he attended Worcester Academy, graduating in 1955. Hoffman engaged in many behaviors typical of rebellious teenagers in the 1950s, such as riding motorcycles, wearing leather jackets, and sporting a ducktail haircut.

Upon graduating, he enrolled at nearby Brandeis University, where he studied under professors such as noted psychologist Abraham Maslow, often considered the father of humanistic psychology. He was also a student of Marxist theorist Herbert Marcuse, who Hoffman said had a profound effect on his political outlook. Hoffman would later cite Marcuse's influence during his activism and his theories on revolution. He was on the Brandeis tennis team, which was coached by journalist Bud Collins. Hoffman graduated with a B.A. in psychology in 1959. That fall, he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed coursework toward a master's degree in psychology. Soon after, he married his girlfriend Sheila Karklin in May 1960.

Countercultural activism

Early activity

Before his days as a leading member of the Yippie movement, Hoffman was involved with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and organized Liberty House, which sold items to support the civil rights movement in the southern United States. During the Vietnam War, Hoffman was an anti-war activist, using deliberately comical and theatrical tactics.

In late 1966, Hoffman met with a radical community-action group called the Diggers and studied their ideology. He later returned to New York and published a book with this knowledge. Doing so was considered a violation by the Diggers. Diggers co-founder Peter Coyote explained:

One of Hoffman's well-known stunts was on August 24, 1967, when he led members of the movement to the gallery of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The protesters threw fistfuls of real and fake dollar bills down to the traders below, some of whom booed, while others began to scramble frantically to grab the money as fast as they could. Accounts of the amount of money that Hoffman and the group tossed was said to be as little as $30 to $300. Hoffman claimed to be pointing out that, metaphorically, that's what NYSE traders "were already doing." "We didn't call the press," wrote Hoffman, "At that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event." Yet the press was quick to react and by evening the event was reported around the world. After that incident, the stock exchange spent $20,000 (approximately ) to enclose the gallery with bulletproof glass.

In October 1967, David Dellinger of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam asked Jerry Rubin to help mobilize and direct a march on the Pentagon. The protesters gathered at the Lincoln Memorial as Dellinger and Dr. Benjamin Spock gave speeches to the mass of people. From there, the group marched towards the Pentagon. As the protesters neared the Pentagon, they were met by soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division who formed a human barricade blocking the Pentagon steps. Not to be dissuaded, Hoffman vowed to levitate the Pentagon claiming he would attempt to use psychic energy to levitate the Pentagon until it would turn orange and begin to vibrate, at which time the war in Vietnam would end. Allen Ginsberg led Tibetan chants to assist Hoffman.

Chicago Seven conspiracy trial 

Hoffman was a member of a group of defendants that became known as the Chicago Seven (originally known as the Chicago Eight), which included fellow Yippie Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Lee Weiner, Tom Hayden, and Bobby Seale (before his trial was severed from the others), who were charged by the United States federal government with conspiracy, crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot, and other charges related to anti-Vietnam War and countercultural protests in Chicago, Illinois during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

Presided over by Judge Julius Hoffman (no relation to Hoffman, about which he joked throughout the trial), Abbie Hoffman's courtroom antics frequently grabbed the headlines; one day, defendants Hoffman and Rubin appeared in court dressed in judicial robes, while on another day, Hoffman was sworn in as a witness with his hand giving the finger. Judge Hoffman became the favorite courtroom target of the Chicago Seven defendants, who frequently would insult the judge to his face. Abbie Hoffman told Judge Hoffman "you are a shande fur de goyim [disgrace in front of the gentiles]. You would have served Hitler better." He later added that "your idea of justice is the only obscenity in the room." Both Davis and Rubin told the judge, "This court is bullshit." When Hoffman was asked in what state he resided, he replied the "state of mind of my brothers and sisters."

Other celebrities were called as "cultural witnesses" including Allen Ginsberg, Phil Ochs, Arlo Guthrie, Norman Mailer and others. Hoffman closed the trial with a speech in which he quoted Abraham Lincoln, making the claim that the president himself, were he alive today, would also have been arrested in Chicago's Lincoln Park.

On February 18, 1970, Hoffman and four of the other defendants (Rubin, Dellinger, Davis, and Hayden) were found guilty of intent to incite a riot while crossing state lines. All seven defendants were found not guilty of conspiracy. At sentencing, Hoffman suggested the judge try LSD and offered to set him up with "a dealer he knew in Florida." (The judge was known to be headed to Florida for a post-trial vacation.) Each of the five was sentenced to five years in prison and given a $5,000 fine ().

However, all convictions were subsequently overturned by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals.

Continuing protests 
At Woodstock in 1969, Hoffman interrupted The Who's performance to attempt to speak against the jailing of John Sinclair of the White Panther Party. He grabbed a microphone and yelled, "I think this is a pile of shit while John Sinclair rots in prison ..." Pete Townshend was adjusting his amplifier between songs and turned to look at Hoffman over his left shoulder. Townshend shouted "Fuck off! Fuck off my fucking stage!" and reportedly ran at Hoffman with his guitar and hit Hoffman in the back, although Townshend later denied attacking Hoffman. Townshend later said that while he actually agreed with Hoffman on Sinclair's imprisonment, he would have knocked him offstage regardless of the content of his message, given that Hoffman had violated the "sanctity of the stage," i.e., the right of the band to perform uninterrupted by distractions not relevant to the show. The incident took place during a camera change, and was not captured on film. The audio of this incident, however, can be heard on The Who's box set Thirty Years of Maximum R&B (Disc 2, Track 20, "Abbie Hoffman Incident").

In 1971's Steal This Book in the section "Free Communication," Hoffman encourages his readership to take to the stage at rock concerts to use the pre-assembled audience and PA system to get their message out. However, he mentions that "interrupting the concert is frowned upon since it is only spitting in the faces of people you are trying to reach."

In Woodstock Nation, Hoffman mentions the incident and says he was on a bad LSD trip at the time. Joe Shea, then a reporter for the Times Herald-Record, a local newspaper that covered the event on-site, said he saw the incident. He recalled that Hoffman was actually hit in the back of the head by Townshend's guitar and toppled directly into the pit in front of the stage. He does not recall any "shove" from Townshend, and discounts both men's accounts.

In 1971, Hoffman published Steal This Book, which advised readers on how to live for free. Many readers followed his advice and stole the book, leading many bookstores to refuse to carry it. He was also the author of several other books, including Vote!, co-written with Rubin and Ed Sanders.

Later life

Arrest and flight
He was arrested on August 28, 1973, for intent to sell and distribute cocaine. He always maintained that undercover police agents entrapped him into a drug deal and planted suitcases of cocaine in his office. In the spring of 1974, he skipped bail, underwent cosmetic surgery to alter his appearance, and hid from authorities for several years.

Some believed that Hoffman made himself a target. In 1998, Peter Coyote stated:

Hoffman lived under the name Barry Freed in Fineview, New York, near Thousand Island Park, a private resort on the St. Lawrence River. He helped coordinate an environmental campaign to preserve the St. Lawrence River. He also was the travel columnist for Crawdaddy! magazine. On September 4, 1980, he surrendered to authorities, and he appeared the same day on a pre-taped edition of ABC's 20/20 in an interview with Barbara Walters. He received a one-year sentence but was released after four months.

Return to activism 

In November 1986, Hoffman was arrested along with 14 others, including Amy Carter, the daughter of former President Jimmy Carter, for trespassing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The charges stemmed from a protest against the Central Intelligence Agency's recruitment on the UMass campus. Since the university's policy limited campus recruitment to law-abiding organizations, the defense argued that the CIA engaged in illegal activities. The federal district court judge permitted expert witnesses, including former Attorney General Ramsey Clark and a former CIA agent who testified that the CIA carried on an illegal Contra war against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua in violation of the Boland Amendment.

In three days of testimony, more than a dozen defense witnesses, including Daniel Ellsberg, and former Contra leader Edgar Chamorro, described the CIA's role in more than two decades of covert, illegal and often violent activities. In his closing argument, Hoffman, acting as his own attorney, placed his actions within the best tradition of American civil disobedience. He quoted from Thomas Paine, "the most outspoken and farsighted of the leaders of the American Revolution: 'Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself, in all cases, as the ages and generations which preceded it. Man has no property in man, neither has any generation a property in the generations which are to follow.'"

Hoffman concluded: "Thomas Paine was talking about this Spring day in this courtroom. A verdict of not guilty will say, 'When our country is right, keep it right; but when it is wrong, right those wrongs.'" On April 15, 1987, the jury found Hoffman and the other defendants not guilty.

After his acquittal, Hoffman acted in a cameo appearance in Oliver Stone's later-released anti-Vietnam War film, Born on the Fourth of July. He essentially played himself in the movie, waving a flag on the ramparts of an administration building during a campus protest that was being teargassed and crushed by state troopers.

In 1987 Hoffman summed up his views:

Later that same year, Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers wrote Steal This Urine Test (published October 5, 1987), which exposed the internal contradictions of the War on Drugs and suggested ways to circumvent its most intrusive measures. Although Hoffman's satiric humor was on display throughout the book, Publishers Weekly wrote that "the extensive, in-depth research and a barrage of facts and figures... make this the definitive guide to the current drug-testing environment."

Stone's Born on the Fourth of July was released on December 20, 1989, just eight months after Hoffman's suicide on April 12, 1989. At the time of his death, Hoffman was at the height of a renewed public visibility, one of the few 1960s radicals who still commanded the attention of the media. He regularly lectured about the CIA's covert activities, including assassinations disguised as suicides. His Playboy article (October 1988) outlining the connections that constitute the "October Surprise", brought that alleged conspiracy to the attention of a wide-ranging American readership for the first time.

Personal life 

In 1960, Hoffman married Sheila Karklin, and had two children, Andrew (born 1960) and Amy (1962–2007), who later went by the name Ilya; she took her own life. Hoffman and Karklin divorced in 1966. In 1967, he married Anita Kushner in Manhattan's Central Park. They had one son whom they named  Hoffman, deliberately using a lowercase "a". He and Kushner were effectively separated when Hoffman became a fugitive in 1973, although they were not formally divorced until 1980. While underground, Hoffman's companion was Johanna Lawrenson.

His personal life drew a great deal of scrutiny from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, whose file on him was 13,262 pages long.

Death 
Hoffman was found dead in his apartment in Solebury Township, Pennsylvania, on April 12, 1989, age 52. The cause of death was suicide by overdose from 150 phenobarbital tablets and liquor. Two hundred pages of handwritten notes were nearby, many detailing his moods. He had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1980. He had recently changed treatment medications and was reportedly depressed when his 83-year-old mother was diagnosed with cancer (she died in 1996 at age 90). Some who were close to him claimed that he was also unhappy about reaching middle age, combined with the fact that the liberal upheaval of the 1960s had produced a conservative backlash in the 1980s. In 1984, he had expressed dismay that the current generation of young people was not as interested in protesting and social activism as the youth had been during the 1960s.

His death was officially ruled a suicide. Hoffman's fellow Chicago Seven defendant David Dellinger disputed this; he said, "I don't believe for one moment the suicide thing" and said that Hoffman had "numerous plans for the future." However, the coroner stood by the ruling, saying, "There is no way to take that amount of phenobarbital without intent. It was intentional and self-inflicted."

His memorial service was held a week later in Worcester, Massachusetts, at Temple Emanuel, the synagogue that he attended as a child, with 1,000 friends and family members in attendance.

Works

Books 
 Fuck the System (pamphlet, 1967) printed under the pseudonym George Metesky
 Revolution For the Hell of It (1968, Dial Press) published under the pseudonym "Free"
 Revolution for the Hell of It: The Book That Earned Abbie Hoffman a 5 Year Prison Term at the Chicago Conspiracy Trial (2005 reprint, )
 Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album (1969, Random House)
 Steal This Book (1971, Pirate Editions)
 Steal This Book (1996 reprint, )
 Authorized online location
 Vote! A Record, A Dialogue, A Manifesto – Miami Beach, 1972 And Beyond (1972, Warner Books) by Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and Ed Sanders
 To America With Love: Letters From the Underground (1976, Stonehill Publishing) by Hoffman and Anita Hoffman
 To America With Love: Letters From the Underground (2000 second edition, )
 Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture (1980, Perigee, )
 The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman (2000 second edition, )
 Square Dancing in the Ice Age: Underground Writings (1982, Putnam, )
 Steal This Urine Test: Fighting Drug Hysteria in America (1987, Penguin, ) by Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers
 The Best of Abbie Hoffman (1990, Four Walls Eight Windows, )
 Preserving Disorder: The Faking of the President 1988 (1999, Viking, ) by Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers

Record 
 Abbie Hoffman and The Joint Chiefs of Staff. Wake Up, America! Big Toe Records (1971)

Media

Interviews 
 Ken Jordan interview from January 1989, published in Reality Sandwich, May 2007

Appearances in documentary films 
Hoffman is featured in interviews and archival news footage in the following documentaries:
 Last Summer Won't Happen (1968), film by Peter Gessner & Tom Hurwitz; "a sympathetic but not uncritical document of the East Village in New York during that year (1968), capturing the movement's internal conflicts and contradictions".
Hoffman's speech during the 1968 Democratic National Convention is featured in the 1970 Canadian fiction/documentary hybrid film, Prologue. 
 Breathing Together: Revolution of the Electric Family (1971)
 Lord of the Universe (1974), satirical documentary, winner of the DuPont-Columbia Award in broadcast journalism, 
 It Was 20 Years Ago Today (1987) Documentary about the year in which the Beatles' Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was released.
 Growing Up in America (1988), documentary on radical politics in the 1960s, First Run Features
 My Dinner with Abbie (1990).
 My Name Is Abbie (1998), Hoffman's first interview after seven years in hiding, Mystic Fire Video, 
 Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune (2010), biographical documentary on the life and times of the singer-songwriter, First Run Features

Appearances in feature films 
 Born on the Fourth of July (1989); Hoffman appears as an organizer of the Syracuse University student strike which was triggered by the Kent State shooting. He died before the film was released, and a dedication to him is included in the credits.

Appearances on television 
 Vanguard Press's 10th Anniversary Media Bash, February 17, 1988 Moderated by Peter Freyne. With Abbie Hoffman, Dave Dellinger, and Bernie Sanders.
 The Coca Crystal Show: If I Can't Dance, You Can Keep Your Revolution, MANHATTAN CABLE TELEVISION, Public Access Cable TV, New York City.

Appearances on radio 
 Abbie Hoffman on WMCA radio, 1971
 Abbie Hoffman on WBAI radio
 August 27, 1968 telephone recording of speeches during the Chicago DNC protests broadcast by Bob Fass
 Abbie Hoffman – 1988 – Howard Stern Show

In popular culture
 Michael Lembeck portrayed Hoffman in the 1987 HBO television film Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8.
 Hoffman was portrayed by Richard D'Alessandro in the 1994 film Forrest Gump, speaking against "the war in Viet-fucking-nam" at a protest rally at the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool facing the Washington Monument.
 Hoffman's life was dramatized in the 2000 film Steal This Movie!, in which he was portrayed by Vincent D'Onofrio.
 Hank Azaria's voice is heard as the animated Hoffman in the film Chicago 10 (2007).
 Thomas Ian Nicholas portrays Hoffman in the 2010 film titled The Chicago 8.
 Bern Cohen played the lead role in the 2011 Off Broadway play Abbie.
 Hoffman is portrayed by Sacha Baron Cohen in The Trial of the Chicago 7 (2020). Cohen was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in the 93rd Academy Awards.
Hoffman is mentioned in the song "Stuck in the 90's" on the album Bargainville by Canadian vocal group Moxy Früvous.

See also 
 List of peace activists
 October Surprise conspiracy theory

References

Further reading 
 "A Troubled Rebel Chooses A Silent Death." People Weekly, vol. 31, no. 17, 1 May 1989, pp. 100–104, 108, 110.
 Jezer, Marty (1992). Abbie Hoffman: American Rebel. Rutgers University Press. .
 Raskin, Jonah (1996). For the Hell of It: The Life and Times of Abbie Hoffman. University of California Press. .
 Bruce Eric France, Jr. (2004). From Guerrilla Theater to Media Warfare Abbie Hoffman's Riotous Revolution in America: A Myth. Louisiana State University.
 Edited with an introduction by Jon Wiener. Conspiracy in the Streets: The Extraordinary Trial of the Chicago Seven. Afterword by Tom Hayden and drawings by Jules Feiffer. New York: The New Press, 2006. .

External links 

 Abbie Hoffman's Spirit Is Alive
 Scans of Abbie Hoffman's writing in The Realist during formation of the Yippie movement
 FBI file on Abbie Hoffman
 Biography and Photos at the Worcester Writers' Project 
 

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1989 deaths
Stephen Chidhumo and Edgar Masendeke, better known as Chidhumo and Masendeke, were a Zimbabwean criminal duo who launched the only successful prison break of Chikurubhi Maximum prison.

History
Chidhumo and Masendeke were hanged in 2002. They are reported to be some of the last death row prisoners to be executed in Zimbabwe after retirement of the then hangman. Chidhumo and Masendeke met at Mutimurefu Remand Prison in Masvingo in 1995 where each was serving a 16 year imprisonment sentence. Together, they planned and made an escape from prison in November 1995 along with Langton Moses Zano, Langton Charumbira, and Jameson Maverudze Musara. They overpowered and forced prison guards into the cells before walking away. The fugitives fled to Mozambique from where they launched a series of armed raids in Manicaland and Masvingo provinces for two years. They were involved in several encounters with the police but managed to evade arrest.
In 1997, after two years on the run committing horrific crimes, Chidhumo was caught and arrested in Mozambique, Masendeke escaped.  In August 1997, Chidhumo, however, managed to escape from Chikurubi Maximum Prison where he had been jailed and re-joined Masendeke in Mozambique. Masendeke was arrested after launch of “Operation Masendeke” by Zimbabwe Republic Police. A $60 000 reward was placed on Chidhumo’s head. His run was over after 29 days as detectives shot and arrested him in Beira.

The duo’s search captured headlines in Zimbabwe on national television, radio and newspapers with the police seeking assistance from anyone who would have known the whereabouts of Chidhumo and Masendeke.

Stephen Chidhumo
Chidhumo was born in Padare Village in Zaka and he started criminal activities from teenage. According to Zaka village Headman Danda, Chidhumo was a businessman’s son. However, the businessman denied paternity, and the youngster was raised by his maternal grandfather.

He attended Rusere Primary School, dropped out at Grade Six and then went to live with an aunt in Bulawayo. Chidhumo never married and has no known children.

His mother died during his imprisonment. Some villagers say he became a criminal by association while others believe it was in his blood.

Arrest in 1991 
In 1991, Chidhumo was convicted and sentenced to 4 years for car theft. He was released in October

1995 Jailbreak 
After his release from prison, Chidhumo went on a robbery spree. He was arrested in Bulawayo in May 1995 but he escaped from police custody in Masvingo. A month later, Chidhumo was re-arrested in Mutare and was sentenced to time at Mutimurefu Prison where he met Masendeke.

In 1997, Chidhumo was arrested again in Mozambique. He was charged and found guilty on 24 counts of various crimes and was sentenced to 30 years by a Masvingo Magistrate after a Regional Magistrate, Selo Nare had sentenced him to 42 years for other offenses which he committed in Manicaland. He was sent to Chikurubi Maximum Prison to serve his sentence.

On 18 August 1997, Chidhumo escaped from Chikurubi along with three others – an ex-policeman Pedzisai Musariri, an ex-soldier Elias Chauke and Mariko Ngulube. Musariri was shot dead. Chauke was recaptured and Ngulube
died from serious wounds sustained during the escape. Chidhumo managed to escape unscathed and re-joined Masendeke. They killed a prison warden in the process.

A $60,000 reward was announced for the assistance in the arrest of Chidhumo, he was arrested after 29 days and was sentenced to death.

Death 
Chidhumo was executed at Chikurubi Maximum Prison in 2002.

Edmund Masendeke
Masendeke's home was in Kwekwe. His father, Timothy Masendeke, who was an entrepreneur with grocery shops in Gutu and Kwekwe is said to have been abusive often beating up his children. He was also said to have been a polygamist and had more than 20 children with several women. As a young boy, Masendeke is said to have been a bully.

Arrest in 1995
In 1995, Masendeke was arrested for murdering a woman in Masvingo and stealing her car.

While he was at Mutimurefu Remand Prison in Masvingo, Masendeke met Stephen Chidhumo in 1995. Together, they planned and made an escape from prison in November 1995.

At one point Masendeke accused his uncle of selling him out to the police and severely assaulted him and shot at his finger. Months later, Masendeke robbed him stole a television set, wall clock and solar panels. He then kidnapped and later released the uncle’s worker.

Re-arrest in 1997
Following a series of operations by the ZRP one of them particularly called "Operation Masendeke", he was arrested on his way to Chimoio near Susunhenga in Mozambique. Chidhumo was arrested two weeks later.
At age 23, Masendeke pleaded guilty to 38 charges ranging from rape to murder and was sentenced to death.

Death 
Masendeke was executed at Chikurubi Maximum Prison on 31 May 2002.

References 

2002 deaths
Zimbabwean murderers
Zimbabwean criminals
Criminal duos
People executed by Zimbabwe
Prisoners and detainees of Zimbabwe
Prisoners sentenced to death by Zimbabwe Thomas Pilchard (Pilcher) (born at Battle, Sussex, 1557; executed at Dorchester, 21 March 1587) was an English Roman Catholic priest. He is a Catholic martyr, beatified in 1987 as one of the Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales, with whom he is commemorated on 4 May.

Life
Born into a family of five, as the son of David Pylcher of Battle, and Joane Haye of Robertsbridge, he was educated at Battle Abbey , where Battle was still a hotbed of Catholic recusancy. He became a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1576, and took the degree of M.A., in 1579, resigning his fellowship the following year. He arrived at Reims 20 November 1581, and was ordained priest at Laon, March 1583.

He set out for the English mission on 4 May 1583, and worked in the area of Winchester. He was arrested soon after, and banished. Many of the missionaries were eager to return lest their absence be attributed to some compromise with the government. On 20 January 1586 Pilchard returned to England, and worked for almost a year. In London on business, he was recognised by someone who knew him from Oxford and was arrested early in March 1587, and imprisoned in Dorchester Gaol. Numerous conversions are attributed to him while in prison.

Executions for treason being rare in that part of the county, there was some difficulty finding anyone to carry out the sentence. At length a butcher was persuaded to undertake it for a considerable sum. The rope broke and Pilchard fell to his feet below the gallows. Compelled by the sheriff's men, the hired executioner then stabbed Pilchard, who turned to the sheriff and asked, "Is this then your justice, Mr. Sheriff?"

Thomas Pilchard is commemorated with the Dorset Martyrs memorial on Gallows Hill, Dorchester.

See also
 Douai Martyrs

References

Attribution

1557 births
1587 deaths
English beatified people
16th-century venerated Christians
Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales
People from Battle, East Sussex
16th-century English Roman Catholic priests