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The University of Bristol ’ s School of Biological Sciences offers a programme of high quality , intensive one to three day courses providing training and Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) for people working in the environment sector . As Graham mentioned we represent over 210 public universities , primarily research intensive ones and the great land-grant community - - of which your university is a national leader . The funding process is a labour intensive one for both levels of government , and longer term agreements may be both more cost-effective and efficient . To overcome the chronic economic problems faced by most of the countries in the MENA region especially those related to the labor market and the unemployment problem and to make use of the conventional wisdom of trade as a substitution for migration , several policies need to be adopted on the local , regional and international levels : Southern Mediterranean MENA countries need to implement a number of drastic changes in their policies upgrading programs must be introduced to achieve the necessary competitive retraining of labor sectoral changes are a must overvaluation of domestic currencies that resulted in misallocation of resources by favoring capital intensive projects rather than labor intensive ones should be redirectedstrengthening the entrepreneurial spirit in the educational system is needed to allow the shift towards a more diversified specialized labor force better coordination of migration policies and industrial planning is needed within the MENA region Southern countries should exert pressure to enact the movement of temporary labor to capitalize on their comparative advantage in trade in services issues even if on a temporary GATS styleFinally , on the international level , the mode 4 of services ’ provision that is being performed through temporary labor movements should be better addressed and pushed for by developing countries in general with special emphasis on populous developing countries . Nearly fifty years of the GATT and now , the WTO trading system , has involved trade liberalization in industrial products , of technological and high technology products , but not labour intensive ones .