[tag=NN] | [tag=RB] [word=experienced] □?
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[tag=NN] | [tag=RB] [word=experienced] (□ | □)?
For example , macroeconomic policies are used throughout Eastern and Southern Africa to manipulate exchange rates , money supply and interest rates in order to achieve economic growth , to stimulate employment and investment , and to generate foreign exchange . These countries have pursued policies to create a demand for these technologies , including access to the electric grid at attractive prices ; low-cost financing ; tax incentives and other subsidies ; standards ; education and stakeholder involvement ( Salwin 2004 ) . Dr. Campanella 's 1981 edition is the first publication of this important text in English . While urban areas offer considerable opportunities for employment , education and social services , and contribute substantially to national GDPs , they also have their own environmental problems . The workshop brought together experts who produced a call to action on the fight against desertification , which , in turn , led to the drafting of a charter on the world 's deserts . Across the globe , from Chile to China and Scotland to South Africa , farming of salmon , shrimp , mussels , oysters and clams is increasingly common . Responses urgently required include the eradication of rural poverty and improvement of the quality of living conditions , as well as creation of employment and educational opportunities in rural settlements , regional centres and secondary cities ( United Nations Conference on Human Settlements 1996 ) . These worsening economic conditions , and the economic stabilization and structural adjustment measures introduced in the 1990s to overcome them , resulted in considerable contraction of the economy , a decline in rural living standards , and a fall in income and employment ( Mogaka and others 2001 ) . In addition to macroeconomic policies , African states have introduced sectoral policies aimed at stimulating output , employment and income and , hence , poverty reduction . Although Dickens was one of the few major authors to publish regularly in serial format outside of magazine publication , his popularity , beginning with Pickwick Papers in 1836-37 , was immense in the United States as well as in Britain . " One of the many events was a workshop in Ghardaia - a 2,000 - year-old city in the Sahara desert .