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The plaintiff replied that he was tenant of the manor , and that his great-grandfather enfeoffed a stranger , who enfeoffed the plaintiff and his wife ; and that thus the plaintiff was tenant of the manor by purchase , and privy to the ancestor ; and also that the services had been rendered for a time whereof the memory was not . But the principles on which an assign could have the benefit of these covenants were derived from those which governed warranty , as any one may see by looking at the earlier decisions . But neither parliamentary government nor any form of constitution , either which has been invented or may be discovered , will ever of itself remove all or half the sufferings of human beings . Neither can it be defended on the same ground as the protection to the occupation of the land itself . Even among countries differing little in race , religion , and history , it was found all but impossible to reconcile the existence of state rights with the creation of a strong central and national power . Partisanship must , under such a system , have more weight than patriotism . The exercise itself is In these circumstances it is arguable that the Parliament Act has transformed the sovereignty of Parliament into the sovereignty of the King and the House of Commons . Privity of estate , as used in connection with covenants at common law , does not mean tenure or easement ; it means succession to a title . He governs with a loose rein , that he may govern at all ; and the whole of the force and vigour of his authority in the centre is derived from a prudent relaxation in all his borders . Never was there a country in which it seemed more difficult to produce national unity . These facts may rekindle among the youth of England as of France the sense that to be young is very heaven ; these facts may console old men whom political disillusion and disappointment which they deem undeserved may have tempted towards despair , and enable them to rejoice with calmness and gravity that they have lived long enough to see the day when the solemn call to the performance of a grave national duty has united every man and every class of our common country in the determination to defy the strength , the delusions , and the arrogance of a militarised nation , and at all costs to secure for the civilised world the triumph of freedom , of humanity , and of justice . During the Palmerstonian era , at any rate , a few of such men each possessed an authority inside and outside the House which is hardly claimed by any member now-a-days who neither has nor is expected to obtain a seat in any Cabinet . Any one will see that this is so who considers how patent would have been the folly of the attempt to establish a confederacy which should have left Italy a state of the Austrian Empire . These two quotations from authors of equal though of utterly different celebrity , recall with singular fidelity the spirit with which our grandfathers and our fathers looked upon the institutions of their country . My essential objection to the system of proportional representation consists in my grave doubt as to the truth of the third of the above three propositions , namely , that it is desirable that any opinion existing among any large body of electors should be represented in the House of Commons as nearly as possible in the same proportion in which it exists among such electors . How comes it , then , that one who has neither title nor possession is so far favored ? At the present day students of the constitution wish neither to criticise , nor to venerate , but to understand ; and a professor whose duty it is to lecture on constitutional law , must feel that he is called upon to perform the part neither of a critic nor of an apologist , nor of an eulogist , but simply of an expounder ; his duty is neither to attack nor to defend the constitution , but simply to explain its laws . The one is the advance towards democracy resulting from the establishment , 1867 to 1884 , of Household Suffrage ; the other is the increasing rigidity of the party system .