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For purposes of subsection ( a ) ( 1 ) , a conflict of interest transaction is authorized , approved , or ratified if it receives the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors on the board of directors ( or on the committee ) who have no direct or indirect interest in the transaction , but a transaction may not be authorized , approved , or ratified under this section by a single director . There is no direct reward or requirement for the two other major and most powerful stakeholders to change their methods and behaviour , in an industry that has developed a very strong culture of lump sum pay outs . Interviewer : If you receive no direct financial assistance , can you explain the factors compelling you to go through the complicated process of applying for World Cultural Heritage Site status ? ( Note : the libraries 1000 hour bookplate program is permissible , as there is no direct financial benefit to the student ) . Any transaction shall be exempt from section 16 ( c ) of the Act to the extent necessary to render lawful the execution by a broker of an order for an account in which the broker has no direct or indirect interest . at 1496 ( finding no direct financial benefit despite argument that lessees included many vendors selling counterfeit goods and that clientele sought " bargain basement prices " ) . Because this is done passively , that is there are no direct attempts to access either the client or the AP , there is no way to know when eavesdropping is occurring . First two structures may not interact because there is no direct or mediated connection between them . We have a parallel stream of assessment activities to deal with teaching quality , where there are no direct financial consequences . Bank are providing no direct financial assistance to Burma , since 2001 the Asian Development Bank has funded projects under the regional Greater Mekong Subregion cooperation program where some of the money is being channeled to Burma . This allowance does not cover any refinancing of the debt owed on the original purchase money mortgage unless the refinancing was done only to reduce the original purchase money mortgage ’ s interest rate and the owner realized no direct or indirect payment of the home ’ s equity value from the refinancing . If a majority of the directors who have no direct or indirect interest in the transaction vote to authorize , approve , or ratify the transaction , a quorum is present for the purpose of taking action under this section . There is a separate Linnaean catalogue , and although there is no direct subject access , the Soulsby numbers relate to particular broad subject areas .