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Some notable true de facto leaders have been Deng Xiaoping of the People 's Republic of China and General Manuel Noriega of Panama . Contains lists of heads of state and heads of government , or in certain cases , de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions ) of all countries and territories , going back to about 1700 in most cases . During the session , the de facto leader called the shots leaving the de jure leader to fume and protest . DIG de facto leader Stewart Martin voiced financial and procedural concerns , but his emotional howl at a coordinator , for which he later apologized , revealed personal animosity , although that nattering , evasive , disingenuous coordinator can be well worth howling at . This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government ( and , in certain cases , de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions ) of all countries and territories , going back to about 1700 in most cases . Some become de facto leaders simply by their ability and willingness to invest the most time , thereby creating the problem of representativeness that had deeply concerned both Dahl and Walzer . Rulers of the World , contains lists of heads of state and heads of government ( and , in certain cases , de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions ) of all countries and territories , going back to about 1700 in most cases .