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Health care providers are trained and encouraged to make sure pregnant women who smoke are aware of resources available to help them quit ; provide support to help women stay smoke-free after pregnancy ; and provide support to help tobacco users in the pregnant women ’ s families quit . " Women may also experience depression or increased anxiety , obsessive-compulsive disorder , and panic disorders , during or after pregnancy . Why do women in some hunter-gatherer populations wait an average of four years between pregnancies ? Birth control is important to protect against pregnancy because the first ovulation is very unpredictable . The simulations focus on the influence of the vernix caseosa , a fatty layer surrounding the fetus , and on the inter-individual variability between pregnancies . Programs such as preconception care , increased screening and counseling for medical and social problems in young women , and efforts to help women deal with substance abuse issues during and before pregnancy are designed in part to help lower the number of pregnancy-associated deaths . " Although pregnancy according to medical science begins at implantation , religious and social conservatives generally regard it as beginning at conception . Programs will develop services which create an environment which builds upon and responds to the unique strengths and needs of each child and family , including : high quality early education ( both in and out of the home ) , home visits ( especially for families with newborns and other infants ) , parent education ( including parent-child activities ) , comprehensive health services ( including services for women prior to , during and after pregnancy ) , nutrition , and ongoing support to parents through case management and peer support groups . It would be wonderful if every woman of child-bearing age ate enough fruit and vegetables that supplementation before pregnancy was unnecessary , but that is baying for the moon . For couples using condoms or other barrier methods for dual protection - - against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections - - emergency contraceptive pills can be offered as a backup against pregnancy when the barrier method fails or is not used . " Comments : " I joined the program because I wanted to prove to myself that there was life after pregnancy , but I did n't have as much time to train as I did with earlier marathons . Although GBS infection usually does not cause problems in healthy women before pregnancy , it can cause serious illness for the mother and baby during pregnancy and after delivery . Pregnancy plans should be discussed with your doctor before pregnancy occurs . The best way to get enough folic acid is to take a multivitamin with 400 micrograms of folic acid daily before pregnancy and during early pregnancy , as part of a healthy diet . After pregnancy , the risk rises , depending on the number of smokers in the household and the number of cigarettes smoked by each person .