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" Mashaw came to think that the game theoretic aspects of public choice were its most useful part , particularly when applied to situations where people are already in an antagonistic relationship - - such as in litigation . This has been generalized to the notion of virtual crystals by Okado , Schilling and Shimozono , the representation theoretic aspect of their objects are far from clear and should be interesting to develop . In the first part of this paper we present the basis for and recent progress of a quantitative science of memes [ memetics ] that combines a decriptive calculus for memes , principles of population dynamics , information theoretic measures with physics based least action principles . Amongst the principles involved are conservation , complementarity , duality , exchange relations , parity , symmetry and symmetry breaking , uncertainty , indeterminacy and the obvious mathematical or metamathematical properties of distinction , of knottedness , of singularity in contrast to continuity , of various types of demonstration , some being proof theoretic and others not so . Bhattacharya and Das have examined this question from an information theoretic standpoint [ 1 ] . This theory exhibits some remarkable similarities to certain " gauge theoretic " invariants of knots defined using Heegaard Floer homology . In several digressions , however , we will also explore the ramifications of information theoretic ideas to divers fields including : Kolmogorov complexity , competitively optimal data compression , the horse race and investment strategies , and hypotheis testing . In the first edition of his book The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex Charles Darwin gives the first ( implicitly ) game theoretic argument in evolutionary biology . The fact that this bound is only slightly larger than the true threshold indicates the high precision of our information theoretic techniques . The approach of Shalom-Steger is representation theoretic , and Furman 's is more direct . An information theoretic measure is used to decide which input attributes to consider together in complex columns . In addition , this survey compares and contrasts the underlying concepts of IA methodologies and game theoretic approach for three main groups of applications . They consider the use of game theoretic techniques to capture the interplay between a pool of wireless data providers and a pool of customers who may tend to switch ( churn ) providers in search of affordable services .