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Training primarily consists of bending young , flexible branches that are growing vertically into more horizontal positions , toward an optimal 60 degree angle from the main stem . Follow the instructions found on the tag for water and fertility requirements , and provide a mulch around the base of the plants . Try to have a good balance between berry production and growth of vigorous new shoots . It should extend up the trunk to just below the first branch , and should not fit tightly around the tree . While no plants are immune , fleshy-leaved plants are more likely to suffer from oedema than those with thin-leaves . Clip the clothespin onto the leader and position the flexible shoot between the other ends of the clothespin . Planting more than one is recommended for pollination . When several plants are to be grown together , more satisfactory results will be obtained if an entire bed is prepared rather than digging holes for individual plants . Frozen apples release more juice than fresh ones , and you must compensate for the extra liquid . The spreader — as simple as a notched stick , but otherwise available in various forms at a well-stocked garden center — is wedged in between the branch and the trunk to create a wider angle . Although there is more than one way to prune a fruit tree , home gardeners in Minnesota commonly prune and train using a " central leader " system , where a single central trunk runs the entire height of the tree and supports the fruiting branches . Adults are greenish yellow with four black stripes down the wings . These sclerotia will be visible on the soil around an infected plant as well as on infected plant tissue . Spots on the leaf may occur along the veins as well as on the tissue between the veins and on the petioles . A short time later , rust-colored concentric rings may begin forming around the initial pustule ( illustration ) . They chew pinprick-sized holes and tunnel inside leaves as they continue down toward the rhizome . Loosen soil around the roots with a garden fork , and tip each rose into its trench . M.7a would seem to be a good compromise between the standard and truly dwarfing rootstocks .