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A critical aspect of crustal deformation is that , as we are able to refine our spatial sampling , we find that deformation is spatially inhomogeneous , with most of the deformation concentrated across relatively narrow zones . Spores produced on infected tissue are typically water-splashed or windblown to healthy geranium leaves , where they start new infections . For more information about fireblight , see the Yard & Garden Brief “ Fireblight , ” at http://www.extension.umn.edu/projects/ yardandgarden / ygbriefs / p223fireblight.html . They are especially fond of rose flowers , especially white or light-colored blossoms . Unlike many other plant pathogens that have narrow host ranges , foliar nematodes , particularly Aphelenchoides fragariae , have broad host ranges and are capable of infecting hundreds of species of plants . Narrow fastenings such as wire or cord may cut into the thin bark . If a young branch is well placed , but has a narrow branch angle , the use of a device called a " spreader " may help . This leaf spot can be distinguished from others by the fringed margin and consistently black color .