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Ayiku said that his interest in nephrology was spawned from a comparison of conditions in the United States and Ghana for patients with kidney disease . Osborne et al [ OSBORNE et al , 1993 ] compared the pharmacokinetics of morphine and its glucuronide metabolites in three groups of patients with kidney failure ( nondialyzed , receiving dialysis , and transplantation ) with a group of normal healthy volunteers . Even though the average dosage is 100 – 400 mg per day , with an oral tablet taken every 4 to 6 hours , persons with kidney or liver problems may require a lower dosage . " Despite this , " Gardiner notes , " we found that 26 percent of patients with liver disease and 19 percent with kidney disease were using nonvitamin dietary supplements and a prescription medication at the time of the survey . Life Options Rehabilitation Program - is a national program to help people live long and live well with kidney disease , through research and research-based education . Bioengineers from MUSC and Clemson University believe their research has the potential to save the lives of thousands of patients desperately waiting for a kidney while , at the same time , cutting costs associated with kidney disease .