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Kant sought to discover principles which were above all codes and legislative enactments and to furnish a criterion to estimate the validity of all legal rules . With respect to the validity of the California statute , however , unlike in the case of the Congressional enactment and the school district policy , no arguments , legal or otherwise , were advanced by the parties either below or here . ( 159 ) Indeed , it is not obvious from this reference in the legislative history whether Cablevision either actually provided telephone exchange service to both residential and business subscribers on the date of enactment or intended to do so in the future . However , the Court suggested that it would condemn , on grounds of denial of due process , any enactment or Executive Order which sanctioned a comparable department security clearance program , under which a defense contractor ’ s employee could have his security clearance revoked without a hearing at which he had the right to confront and cross – examine witnesses . After enactment but prior to July 1 , 1999 , the commissioner may commence the rulemaking process authorized by this act ; provided that final proposed rules shall not be filed with the legislative committee on administrative rules prior to July 1 , 1999 . We will consider the justifications for its enactment and arguments for and against its retention . Without the ephors ' approval , an enactment or general decree of the supreme magistrate is not valid . Concurrently with the virtual demise of the “ right – privilege ” distinction , there arose the “ entitlement ” doctrine , under which the Court erected a barrier of procedural — but not substantive — protections against erroneous governmental deprivation of something it might within its discretion have bestowed.189 Thus , the Court found protected interests created by positive state enactments or [ p.1726 ] practices ; that is , the source of a right was ascertained not from tradition or the common law or “ natural rights , ” but rather a property or liberty interest was discerned in the governmental statute or practice that gave rise to it . And the annual officers who have experience , and know what is wanted , must make arrangements and improvements year by year , until such enactments and provisions are sufficiently determined . Referring to the contention that natural laws consist of rules which emanate directly from God and form the source and sanction of all civil enactments and quoting French authors who deny the existence of such a priori rules , G. Baudry-Lacantinerie and M. Houques-Fouciade observe that this latter notion of natural law appears to us the only one admissible and it is to this which we would turn if it were absolutely necessary to make a place in juridical science for the idea of such a law . I suggest that this commission be made permanent by proper statutory enactment and furnished funds to work with . The Court went on to say that to allow estoppel based on a misstatement of a government employee would give government fiscal officers a most dangerous discretion : they could ignore the requirements of congressional enactments and implement programs according to whim . The protection of agriculture , commerce and manufactures against the legislative enactments or fiscal regulations of foreign nations , seems to be a legitimate object for the exercise of the powers of taxation vested in congress . The Order makes further consequential amendments to a number of enactments and subsidiary legislation that are necessary for the better implementation of the provisions of the Provision of Municipal Services ( Reorganization ) Ordinance ( PMS ( R ) O ) . The seventeen year delay between enactment and implementation has given those affected fair warning and an opportunity to change their personal saving behavior and work effort to compensate for the reduction in benefits that this change represents . In a similar vein , the 1990 amendments to the Medicare supplemental insurance ( Medigap ) plans enacted on a bipartisan basis by Congress required enactment or implementation through regulation of fairly extensive changes in applicable state legislative and regulatory standards .