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All chapters emphasize future directions for research on aggression and reveal important domains that have received comparatively less attention in this literature . There are no more than fifteen students in a Preceptorial , and they are open to undergraduate students of any year or School . Below we provide examples of behavioral studies that not only have clear implications for conservation but make substantial contributions to the field of behavioral ecology . At first glance , studying behavior is easy , but as every budding ethologist quickly realizes , there are a host of complex practical , methodological and analytical problems to solve before designing and conducting the study . Despite intensive predator control at release sites , initial releases of the species failed quickly due to predation . NOTE : It is extremely important that class records reach Portland as soon as possible after the course is completed . It is very exciting to witness how technology is transforming our times and our lives , no longer on a scale of decades but of years and even months . While wood ducks are no longer an endangered species , this research holds important lessons for the management of other cavity nesting birds and birds subject to inter - or intraspecific brood parasitism ( e.g ., Eadie et al. All five species of Maculinea butterfly in Europe are threatened by changing land use practices that convert meadows and pastures to scrub or developments . Students may miss up to four ( 4 ) hours of classroom instruction as long as the time missed does not make the student fall below the 12 hour minimum requirement . The traditional approach to college education ( four consecutive years of study directly following high school and interrupted only by summer vacations ) is by no means best for every student . Moreover , in order to explain human behavior in a holistic way the text weaves evolutionary explanations into a framework that incorporates ontogeny and physiological mechanisms , as well as immediate causation . MUST apply to the program no later than the second semester of their sophomore year . The results from the first season are compelling : the avian community as a whole demonstrated a trend to avoid highly noisy areas , Brown-headed cowbird ( Molothrus ater ) parasitism only on control sites , and a higher nest success rate at higher noise levels due to a complete lack of predation and brood parasitism . Hunting of game birds that occur only in a very small area , that are suffering declines because of poor habitat , or that are concentrated during the hunting season ( at watering sources , for instance ) may have the potential to limit the population , and regulations must be carefully applied to such species . In this way , they embody the abstract ideal of the human family , with males and females remaining faithful to each other as long as the offspring need their care and protection . Gradually the course expanded not only in its length but scope as well . Opportunities for computer scientists and engineers have expanded greatly , both in specialized fields as well as in numerous interdisciplinary options in which computer science expertise is combined with advanced degrees in business , communication , engineering , law , medicine , and science . Frequently there are no right or wrong answers to these types of questions .