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The bacterium can enter a host through broken skin , the eyes , throat or lungs . Scientists at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas have identified a receptor , QseC , that E. coli uses to receive signals from the intestine and subsequently transmit the bacteria into the intestine to cause infection and symptoms such as diarrhea . The second mechanism relies on molecules ( siderophores and hemophores ) synthesized and released by bacteria into the extracellular medium ; these molecules scavenge iron or heme from various sources . The major mechanisms by which Gram-negative bacteria acquire heme from host heme-carrier proteins involve either direct binding to specific outer membrane receptors or release of bacterial hemophores that take up heme from host heme carriers and shuttle it back to specific receptors . Infection with this bacterium can cause tularemia , a plague-like disease primarily found in rodents that can be transferred to humans . In any case , supermarkets and restaurants that use or sell ground beef that might have been contaminated with E. coli bacteria were removing it on Thursday and were seeking to reassure customers about the safety of their products . The diphtheria bacterium can enter the body through the nose and mouth . Although many of the bacteria in the esophagus were highly related to the bacteria found in the mouth , certain bacteria were not known residents of the mouth , says Dr. Pei . The Medical College of Wisconsin has received a five-year , $ 378,750 grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to find the factors that make the bacterium Francisella tularensis highly infectious . Bacteria were believed to move through the esophagus , the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach , as food-borne passengers on route to the stomach . This indicates that , not only did the processor use bacteria to make the product , they went to great lengths to assure that the bacteria were still alive when they went to the consumer . The study , published in the most recent issue of the Journal of Environmental Health , found that nearly 100 percent of bacteria were inactivated after two minutes in the microwave on high power . Most patients recall an inciting event that resulted in the inoculation of bacteria into the hand . The mechanisms by which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance and how certain bacteria infect humans and cause disease are clearly very important issues . The major mechanism by which bacteria acquire free or haemoglobin-bound haem involves direct binding of haem to specific outer membrane receptors .