[□=□ | □ | □]
[tag=□ | □ | □]
[lemma=□ | □ | □]
Many American cases could be cited which carry the doctrine further . He ought to expound the unwritten or partly unwritten constitution of England , in the same manner in which Story and Kent have expounded the written law of the American constitution . They forbade the existence of a common coinage ; they allowed any one canton to protect the financial interest of its citizens against competition by the inhabitants of every other canton . As it is with the American lawyer compared with the American historian , so it is with the English lawyer as compared with the English historian . No single state of the American Commonwealth is a separate nation ; no state , it may be added , e.g . But the appeal to precedent is in the law courts merely a useful fiction by which judicial decision conceals its transformation into judicial legislation ; and a fiction is none the less a fiction because it has emerged from the Courts into the field of politics or of history . " This responsibility of onsists : wo ferent dsof es . In furtherance of this design I have not only emphasised the doctrines ( such , for example , as the sovereignty of Parliament ) which are the foundation of the existing constitution , but have also constantly illustrated English constitutionalism by comparisons between it and the constitutionalism on the one hand of the United States , and on the other of the French Republic . This is absolutely dear if we compare the position of an American historian with the position of an American jurist .