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As one measure of success , the time frame for interconnections has dropped significantly even as DG applications are on the rise . But as we describe in section 5.3 , it is the need to accommodate multiple heterogeneous multicast receivers - - with their diversity of bandwidth capacity and delivery delays - - that presents the unique challenge for multicast applications to satisfy these requirements . Trickle provides a bandwidth shaping service without the need to modify applications . The last chapter presentsselected applications of the theory covered . Next we describe the types of new functionality that multicast applications can enable and their requirements . In this section we provide a survey of the various services that have unique requirements for multicast applications . Multicast applications require an address management service that provides address allocation or assignment queries . Most many-to-one and many-to-many multicast applications are intolerant of delays because they are bidirectional , interactive and request / response dependent . Past applications include steam boiler / distribution plant ; large gas compression systems ; chemical reaction / catalyst-recycle processes , novel oil / gas / water separation processes , and slugging flow .