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Using the physical theory of reversible computation , it was possible to give an appropriate ( universal , anti-symmetric , and transitive ) measure of the thermodynamic work required to transform one object in another object by the most efficient process . Mrs. Barney supervised the measuring of the women and she was assisted by Mrs. Betty Phillips . The residuals are a measure of the error between the predicted value of Y and the actual value . Dennis tests a water sample for electrical conductivity , a measure of the mineral content , while Jennifer uses a flame ionization detector to test for organic vapor . Associated with this activity , the Center would also provide users web access to tools for computing summary measures of the biological condition of sampled sites . Validation is important because if the questions are not valid measures of the constructs we are studying , even answers verified as accurate will not provide us with the quality data needed for our findings , conclusions , and recommendations . The sum-modified-Laplacian ( SML ) operator is developed to compute local measures of the quality of image focus . Measures of the usefulness of video were obtained from a series of questions . The GDP is a measure of the economy that bears little relationship to the health needs of Medicare beneficiaries . Measures of the confidence of a statistic or observation ( e.g ., standard deviation , standard error , or confidence limits ) help readers weigh the reliability or significance of a result .