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In many cases , efforts to promote a larger political role for women run headlong into cultural barriers - - religious fundamentalism , caste systems , traditional legal codes that deny women land , credit , autonomy . When we know that women perform two-thirds of the world 's work but receive only 10 percent of the world 's income , how can we avert our eyes from the gender barriers and economic conditions that deny them autonomy ? A recent study of the history of development co-operation in Peru argues that a new development order is rapidly emerging , that presents new challenges to those non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) that operate as development go-betweens , whether based in the global South or North . The dilemmas or " trade-offs " raised by different groups in their efforts to deal with the multiple needs of the respective communities seem to work themselves out to some extent through the process of organizing around specific initiatives and responding to specific needs , as well as to opportunities that present themselves . Culture has to do with the norms that operate in a school like norms of collaboration and experimentation , continuous improvement . Professor Prucnal 's idea was to build " all-optical networks " in which all the electronic sorting and routing equipment would be replaced by devices that deal only in light , with no conversion to electrical signals . Tests that find milk samples that lack appropriate composition or that violate purity standards are confirmed by other methods . The Proventia integrated security appliance line was expanded with the Proventia M30 , a new security product designed for mid-market businesses that lack dedicated security resources and budget , but want protection from online attacks and productivity losses caused by spam and unwanted Web content . The Quaternary , characterized by multiple climatic changes in the form of glacial-interglacial transitions , offers a fertile testing ground for ascertaining whether cyclical climatic changes that operate at the 100-thousand year time scale appreciably influence evolutionary patterns in mammals . Much of modern archaeological method and theory has been developed in contexts that lack the necessary controls for precise checking of accuracy and predictive value . These myriad applications place different demands on the interconnection networks that present new challenges to interconnection networks research .