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The previous speaker talked about tracking the species and taking the 95 percentile and stuff like that . In either case the first step in counting the replacements is to create an accurate alignment . Counting the Replacements In light of the critical role of the observed replacement frequencies in computing similarity scores the manner in which the replacements are counted takes on crucial importance . She has served under three department chairs and one interim chair , and in each instance she was crucial in making the transitions smooth and efficient . The following year , Congress passed the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , which included a section imposing new controls on facilities that ship or receive dangerous pathogens and toxins . Until a time when a fish ladder could be built , Secretary Oliver committed to keeping the bags deflated until the shad could make the migration past the dam .