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Numerous problems have been added on the application of thermodynamics to biological systems , mostly calculations of standard state free energies , enthalpies , and equilibrium constants for biochemical reactions . The underlying causes of losses of biological diversity in the region include international trade , particularly in timber ( which results in forest habitat losses ) ; population growth ( leading to accelerated rates of land use change ) ; poverty ( in conjunction with demand leading to unsustainable consumptive use of " common access resources " ) ; the introduction of non-native species ( leading to destruction of predator / prey equilibrium ) ; and improper use of agrochemicals ( leading to loss of aquatic species ) . When the head is in a natural upright posture ( upper left ) , the saccular and utricular otoconial masses are displaced from their viscoelastic equilibria and deflect their hair cells in proportion to the components ( dotted lines ) of gif parallel to their respective planes . For example , solutions near an equilibrium point move slowly ( the vectors in the vector field are small ) , so the Euler 's approximation in the phase plane is made up of small steps . First , the system may undergo a Hopf bifurcation , in which case we document the emergence of highly irregular equilibrium price paths . Archimedes 's equilibrium law for the balance : if equal weights are hung at equal distances along the arms of a balance , then it will remain in equilibrium since there is no reason for it to rotate one way or the other about the balance point . Subjects to be covered include solutions , phase equilibria , surface phenomena , free energy-composition diagrams , temperature-pressure diagrams , Eh-pH diagrams , and statistical estimation of thermodynamic functions . The subject provides an introduction to stoichiometry ; gases ; energy ( enthalpy and thermochemistry ) ; chemical equilibrium ; acid-base chemistry ; aspects of main group chemistry : structure and bonding in elements and compounds of groups 14-18 ; solutions and pH equilibria ; intermolecular forces and extended solid state structures ; structure and bonding of alkanes , alkenes and alkynes ; benzene and its derivatives ; functional groups ; and spectroscopy and determination of structure . Vanselow selectivity coefficients were calculated for cation exchange equilibria with a cation resin and for equilibria reported in the literature with a Yolo loam soil . The usual result is that multiple equilibria arise depending also on the parameters .