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We purchased the MGE Mapping and Geographic Information System ( GIS ) from the Intergraph Corporation , which we feel best suits our educational needs . Our paper will explain how object oriented mapping may be carried out in spreadsheets , using simple user-created maps and macros . These include : translating a spatial problem into GIS terms , displaying the solution to this problem conceptually by means of a flow-diagram and manipulating a large data-set containing data on different scales and with different coverages . The street was closed to all traffic the night before and all residents on the street were REQUIRED to remove their Bush / Cheney signs . Becoming president would automatically include taking care of all their properties with Secret Service Agents that includes 5 agents per 6 hour shift 4 times a day 365 days of the year for the rest of their lives so long as they own those properties . A few collaborators participated in some ESRI courses and started digitizing and storing maps . The capacity to integrate large quantities of information can greatly reduce the cost of major building and construction projects . Information System could provide the government and possibly other users with up-to-date spatial digital data apart from producing and updating maps and statistics . For the department , the exercise also ensured that the plight of disadvantaged students was brought to the attention of the GIS community and the result was that several of the partners are actively working to improve the situation on campus . The paper raises a number of issues as to the inflexibility of some GIS modeling capabilities and the rapidly evolving capability of spreadsheet mapping . The results are displayed visually on maps to help decision-makers better understand and solve problems . And finally their conclusions on the intermediate and final result , with emphasis on uncertainty , reliability and value of end map , are critiqued . Thirdly the final map , including a description in words on contents and interpretation , they produced is evaluated . Additional topics such as the problems that can be encountered in doing GIS analysis , GIS and remote sensing , GIS as an appropriate technology for the third world , critiques of GIS , the politics embedded in mapping , the role of GIS in reinforcing power structures , as well as , how a GIS can be used to overturn or subvert systems of authority and power were included along with discussions on what raster and vectors are etc. They do not require large technical crews to do standard measurements . Measurements over large distances allow accuracies on the order of one part in one million . " As your group prepares to board the plane , make sure to note the spouses and children who are saying good-bye to their loved ones . The advantage over current add-in mapping is that the macros can be written by students and other users with basic spreadsheet skills , the procedures are relatively fast , custom maps may be drawn or imported , and the macros can be adapted to a variety of applications such as real-time animation , or used in planning situations where time is of the essence . This also includes the Agents vehicles and repairs , gas , meals , days off , paid vacation , and medical plan visits etc per agent . Here we encounter such items as basic cartography ( e.g ., notions of scale , projections , elements of map design , etc. ) , basic spatial analysis ( including statistics ) , computing ( programming concepts , methods of data organization , etc. ) and the development of what I call " thinking spatially . Because each state is allocated a number of electoral votes based on its population , and a successful candidate must win enough states to accumulate a majority of the electoral votes , a presidential aspirant cannot prevail simply by accumulating a large number of votes in one particular region of the country or by receiving a plurality of the popular vote in a crowded field . The data for the base map was obtained from aerial photographs and GPS receivers were used for ground ` truthing ' .