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Chapter 2 describes the current state of the environment in Africa , outlining its physical attributes in terms of : the atmosphere ; land ; biodiversity ; forests ; freshwater , marine and coastal areas ; and the urban environment . However , Africa 's soils are not generally suited to cultivation , rainfall is variable in much of Africa and irrigation has been developed in only a few countries . Falsely charged with bearing arms , he was executed at Bologna on August 8 , 1849 . In 1862 Garibaldi attempted to use a volunteer army , supposedly raised for an attack on the Balkan Habsburg territories , to seize the remaining papal states . To preserve relations with the French , whose troops defended the remaining papal territories , the Italian government ordered the interception of Garibaldi 's force , which was engaged and defeated at Aspromonte on August 29 .