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We observe that , whereas centralized applications are based on explicit decisions about how service descriptions exposed by independent providers map to each other — or correspond to some reference ontology — decentralized models require semantic decisions to be made independently throughout the network . Now , either choreography designers can safely assume that the services they are going to integrate in fact share the same set of ontological commitments , or they must find a way to capture the intended meaning of service descriptions and set up a complex web of conceptual mappings . The indirect indication of the Higgs mass guides particle physicists in their ongoing hunt for direct observation and confirmation of the particle 's existence . Then , we have analyzed four basic models for semantic interoperability that depend on the way mappings between service descriptions and ontologies are drawn and where the integration logic is evaluated . He chaired the steering group which published the good practice guide ' Strategic planning in higher education ' . This strategy can be seen as a pragmatic way to address semantic interoperability in many common situations , when it is reasonable to assume that the interpretations given the service descriptions by cooperating participants are consistent . For now , the two-way Audio Voice Translation Guide System , also known as TONGUES , developed for Lockheed Martin by Carnegie Mellon University 's language lab , appears to be the only device that converts speech back and forth between languages , said John Moody , a Lockheed engineer in charge of the project . Section 3 is the actual protocol description . Similarly , developers of distributed information systems that cooperate through services should have a good understanding of how service descriptions relate to one another .