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As W increases , the less it matters that 1 is subtracted from it , so the higher the relative personal utility of political action . At each poll interval , minpoll ( usually 64 s ) is subtracted from the counter . ( 3 ) Unlike exemptions , which reduce taxable income , credits are subtracted from taxes that otherwise would be owed . For example , if a 10 second dark is multiplied by 10 before being subtracted from a 100 second object frame , the results will be erroneous for at least two reasons . The contribution from starlight ( measured at 3.6 microns ) has been subtracted from the 5.8 - and 8-micron images to enhance the visibility of the dust features . The expected sampling error is subtracted from the estimates , so that the value at distance zero is an estimate of Fst , similar to Weir and Cockerham 's 11 , though based on a transformed scale . All benefits and costs over an alternative 's life cycle are discounted to the present , and the costs are subtracted from the benefits to yield a NPV . To generate a check digit , the 9 real digits are added together , and only the digit in the ones place of the sum is considered ( which is the same as saying the sum of the digits taken modulo 10 ) ; this new digit is subtracted from 10 , and the ones digit of the result is the check digit . Change in Burden Hours - In order to estimate the change in burden hours , the total number of hours required by eligible plans to complete the Form 5500 and all schedules was subtracted from the total number of hours required to complete the Short Form 5500 . The fit is subtracted from all other exposures . The good news is that these losses are subtracted from the fund 's capital gains before the money is distributed to shareholders . For background control , we spotted 3X SSC , and the average relative pixel intensity for these spots was subtracted from those for all positive test spots . Business-like collections are subtracted from total spending to calculate outlays for the year .