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Furthermore , rapid population growth rates are leading to political and social conflicts among different ethnic , religious and social groups . In 2005 , the region saw rapid economic growth and urbanization , fuelled by rising oil prices and capital inflows . Equally surprising is the fact that lightning causes more deaths in an average year in the United States than do floods , forest fires or tornadoes . They may operate with different magnitudes and directions than those of the initial stage , and they may emerge or disappear as circumstances dictate . Deforestation and loss of vegetation cover increase the risk of soil erosion , which in turn impacts on aquatic and coastal ecosystems through sedimentation and smothering of habitats . The spread of education for women , poverty-reduction programmes and widespread use of birth-control methods leads to a significant slowing in population growth rates in the Policy Reform scenario , and there is a radical reduction in growth rates in the Great Transitions scenario . Domestic , industrial and agricultural effluents are problems in most sub-regions , especially around large urban or industrial coastal centres , and in Western and Central Africa where commercial plantations are common in the coastal zone . The effect was so realistic for the time that many readers took it for a genuine autobiography rather than fiction . In a national-level study , the US Environment Protection Agency ( US EPA ) , for example , projected the benefits of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2010 to be around US $ 690 billion . and other Norwegian cities including the capital Oslo on and around 5 June . Alien invasive organisms are a widespread problem throughout the region , particularly in closed ecosystems including Lake Victoria and the Western Indian Ocean Islands.Formal protection of Africa 's biodiversity at both national and international levels has been strengthened over the past 30 years , but the paradigm of conservation is now shifting away from protection and preservation and focussing more on sustainable use and sharing of benefits . However , activities such as deforestation , inappropriate coastal development , and poor land management throughout Africa contribute to worsening of possible impacts of climate change such as drought , desertification , flooding , and sea level rise . A certain level of BOD is always detected in water bodies , usually around two mg / l of oxygen , while higher levels of BOD could imply that the water is contaminated with bacteria and thus poses a risk to human health . For example , macroeconomic policies are used throughout Eastern and Southern Africa to manipulate exchange rates , money supply and interest rates in order to achieve economic growth , to stimulate employment and investment , and to generate foreign exchange . Farms create conditions for the spread of disease and parasites and , through the escape of farmed fish , introduce invasive species . " Despite her success , Sedgwick had a fear of public attention and published anonymously throughout her career . There are more than 1 200 dams in Africa . Through competition for food or habitat , these exotic species threaten native species or alter entire ecosystems . Key factors in the success of the programme include a uniform technical design for easy replication ; quality control and monitoring of production ; installation and after-sales services tied with incentives for private companies ; and financial support for end-users , through a subsidy of US $ 70 – 150 per household biogas plant plus easy access to financing through micro-credit schemes ( Pandey 2004 ) . In the Policy Reform scenario , the gap is much smaller , because several African countries see rapid growth in GDP . Reducing air pollution in urban centres by regulating the industrial and transport sectors , as well as reducing domestic air pollution through improved access to electricity and ventilation would also make significant inroads in reducing the disease burden in Africa . They are , therefore , more vulnerable to environmental change than people in other regions of the world . Throughout history , urbanization has been associated with economic and social progress , the promotion of literacy and education , the improvement of the general state of health , greater access to social services , and cultural , political and religious participation . Shown here on a " sub-island " are several engravings pertaining to the events taking place around Rome during that time .