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A knowledge of more than one foreign language may be required in light of a student 's proposed research . Additional languages may be required as necessary for research in each individual candidate 's program.Candidates are not normally admitted to any Ph.D. program in Jewish studies , including modern and American Jewish studies , until they demonstrate reading knowledge of modern Hebrew . Alternatively students may select a language other than Latin for their core course and , in addition , a further medieval language may be taken as one of the optional courses . It is not necessary that violence be committed against the person of the officer ( conduct and language may be sufficient ) . Materials in German , French , Spanish , Russian , Italian and selected other European languages may be purchased for some aspects of comparative government , international politics and organization and political theory . No first year courses in English language or foreign languages may be used as satisfaction of the requirements of either a primary or a secondary subject . Materials in other languages may be purchased to fill special needs . In some areas of specialization two or more languages may be required in order to ensure competence in continuing research and learning . If this is the way postmodernity is understood , then it poses a challenge to all the assumptions made in modernity - the notion of history as teleological , the notion that there is a way of basing knowledge on foundational principles , the idea that language may be transparent to the world . For , although the language may be different , the key component to successful negotiation remains the same - - communication . Additional languages may be required as necessary for research in each individual candidate 's program , as determined by their field .