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However , the case histories surveyed by Lloyd portray medical practitioners in the ancient world as primarily relying on induction and analogical reasoning in their care of patients . She worked in the Qualitative Reasoning Group , headed by Professor Ken Forbus , where she conducted research on mental models , analogical reasoning , and computer-based learning environments , specifically those that scaffold students in building and testing system models . Lloyd himself did not have time to begin exploring the complex influence of context on the case-histories ; nevertheless , he did leave the audience with a question about how the historical context might relate to his primary thesis about the need for analogical reasoning among ancient medical practitioners . The lack of " absolute certainty " in the case histories has relegated the methods of ancient medical practitioners to a low standing within the history of science , but Lloyd reappraised their analogical reasoning on the basis of the fact that the " absence of conclusive evidence does not mean the absence of evidence . When we cannot consult case law to see how the courts are interpreting the law with regard to a particular arena or category of activity , we must rely upon parallel or analogical reasoning , drawing concepts and principles from decisions that have been rendered in related areas or domains .