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" So far , " Hodge says , " we have seen no sign of harmful effects caused by gallium . The nano-particle systems have been explored in both semiconductors as well as in metals leading to dramatic optical effects controlled by geometry as well as material composition . Protective effects measured by reduction in incidence of neural tube defects have been found in several observational studies that reported periconceptional use of multivitamin supplements containing about 400 mcg folic acid . Trials in goats showed that the adverse effects caused by mimosine are markedly reduced in animals fed the hybrids come pared with the strains available today [ 47 ] . Chronic effects caused by exposure to 1,3 - Butadiene are controversial .