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Air , water , soil and visual pollution at the local or national level is increasingly seen as emanating from the production , consumption or disposal not only of industrial goods but also primary and service sector products . Chapter topics include Soil Erosion and Its Control , Soil Acidity , Soils and Chemical Pollution , and Organisms and the Ecology of the ... If undertaken , the strategy should necessarily be associated with appropriate environmental assessments , soil and other conservation measures and cost-recovery mechanisms . The course offers potential specialisation in area such as fire and water management , wildlife , soil and cultural conservation , plant and animal pests , forest botany and ecology , policy and legislation , silviculture and financial management . Guidelines for Investigation and Countermeasures for Soil and Groundwater Pollution were established in November 1994 , to ensure smooth implementation of surveys and countermeasures based on the EQS and Evaluation Standards Relevant to Soil and Groundwater .