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In opposition to that a nucleotide which orginally was needed for a gene that limited synthesis of a protein can be damaged by a mutation , rendered useless to the gene and the synthesis of the protein will not be controlled , i.e. giganticism in humans . Because there is a discrete set of amino acids and a finite number of positions in a given protein , the odds of attaining a folded , functional protein can be calculated quite closely , but only if the tolerance of proteins to amino acid substitution is known . They then tested whether these proteins can interact in all possible paired combinations . Depending on the character of these wastes and , above all , on their cellulose content , fodder mixtures containing from 14 to 25 per cent raw protein can be obtained by means of solid-phase fermentation . White , a colleague here , must teach his beginning biology students that changing a single amino acid in a protein can dramatically alter its shape , and hence its biologicial activity . Heat shock proteins can be purified from a tumor specimen removed by surgery or biopsy . For example , under steady-state conditions , the spatial array of regulatory proteins can be modeled using and an Ising model borrowed from statistical mechanics ( see Rice et al ., 2003 ) . In older patients , a diet that is rich in carbohydrates and proteins can be substituted for a diet containing long-chain triglycerides . The Rep proteins can often act in trans on a specific ori , but in some cases they may only function in cis .