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The history of a man who seems always to be running after his destiny , without ever attaining it , is always worthy of pity . The fact is today that there are vast numbers of graduate degrees being awarded each year , more than ever before in history . Only an ideological stance desperate to find justification for permitting abortion could argue the contrary . What about predestination , free will , and final justification ? Thus , the major figures in Italian history are its many saints , such as Benedict , Francis of Assisi , Thomas Aquinas , Catherine of Siena , Philip Neri and dozens of others . As with any moral problem , the first and most important step is to determine what methodology should be used in reaching a judgment . It was then that Ignatius came on the scene . In fact , the pentateuch is one of the most organized books in history , and clear intentions can be seen in the selection and arrangement of the stories . This encyclical upholds the traditional teaching that the primary and decisive element for moral judgment is the object of the human act . The following five chapters then treat specific questions concerning the doctrine : Is justification a one-time event or an ongoing process ? Pope Leo XIII ranks as one of the great popes of history . Chapter nine concludes with a brief , but penetrating , critique of classical and contemporary Protestant doctrines of justification .