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To do this , they use economic , financial , legal and institutional instruments to encourage or to discourage particular types of economic activities at macroeconomic or sectoral levels ( Mogaka and others 2001 ) . Interventions addressing human vulnerability to environmental change must be translated into integrated responses which reflect the inter-sectoral nature and processes of the causes and states of vulnerability . The driving forces control trends which are themselves influenced by social , economic and environmental conditions ( Gallopin and others , 1997 ) . Household Words was known for espousing the causes of the poor and working class , and regularly contained works on a variety of subjects for instruction and information , as well as topical social issues and material for entertainment . The size and shape of a city ; meteorological and climate conditions ( for instance , temperature , wind speed and the existence of thermal inversions ) ; number of inhabitants per square kilometre ( hence emission density ) ; and the seasonal distribution of the emissions are also important . The sad irony is that those of us who have little to contribute to the causes of climate change and sea level rise are the first in line to suffer the consequences . " The most effective of the American posters , like Joseph Pennell 's haunting image of the Statue of Liberty under German air attack , combine the visual power of the modern poster with a moral or ethical message .