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Emend , a substance P / neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist , is thought to work by blocking substance P , a neurotransmitter , in the brain . " Example : The findings of Yankner and Kowall implicated beta-amyloid in causing Alzheimer's-like damage in rats and a substance P in preventing the damage . The laboratory was the first to show release of the tachykinin , substance P ( SP ) , by a sulfidopeptide leukotriene ( leukotriene D4 , LTD4 ) in intestinal smooth muscle . This consists of flushing , tachycardia , diarrhea , and asthma secondary to release of serotonin , substance P , or other vasoactive mediators that do not pass through hepatic deactivation before entering the systemic circulation . Specificity of the immunostaining was tested by preabsorbing the antiserum with FMRFamide , with peptides having similar carboxyl termini to FMRFamide ( Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe , Phe-Met-Arg-Tyr - amide ) , with several amidated peptides ( alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone , substance P , oxytocin ) , and with proctolin , a peptide found widely distributed in the lobster nervous system . Immunohistochemistry revealed a calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in some 40 % of the gingival neurons and a substance P - like immunoreactivity in 30 % . Capsaicin cream ( Zostrix ; Genderm , Lincolnshire , IL ) , a substance P depletor , ( 49 ) may reduce both acute and chronic zoster pain . Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that amphetamine caused an increase of mRNA levels of preprodynorphin ( PPD ) , substance P ( SP ) , preproenkephalin ( PPE ) in various areas of the brain .