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The Joint Centre for Bioethics at the University of Toronto published a report noting that the spending on nanotech in the U.S. totaled $ 604 million last year , up from $ 432 million in 1997 . In 2004 , Scott Mabury 's group from the University of Toronto published a paper demonstrating perfluorinated contaminants in Canadian wildlife , from fish to fowl to fur , with highest concentrations at the top of the food chain , in animals such as polar bears.1 Finding contamination in such a remote environment was a surprise .