[lemma=□] □
[lemma="ad-hockery"] □
[lemma="}"] □
In methodological terms , the concept of psychic income , besides being but a metaphor or analogy , reflects the tendency for rational choice theory to admittedly resort to ad-hockery ( Akerlof 2002 ; Conlisk 1996 ) or post-hoc theory development , when the initial optimization hypothesis is falsified ( Baxter 1993 ) . Often involves ad-hockery and verges on being a crock . In methodological terms , since such endeavors involve ad - or post - hoc theory development ( Conlisk 1996 ) , they run the risk of ad-hockery or / and tautology , as various ad-hoc hypotheses are advanced when the initial premise of optimization fails ( Baxter 1993 ) . Our approach to the security challenges of the future would be more likely to be marked by ad-hockery and inconsistency . Ordering at one kutchery that all the handshaken UBL employees be embraced back into the fold , or at another that the temporary lecturers on notice be given another year 's extension may be sound action , but the ad-hockery creates problems elsewhere . Compare ad-hockery ; see also AI-complete .