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Petersilia and Deschenes ( 1994 ) found that their sample of Minnesota inmates believed that the chances of paying a $ 100 fine would be close to 80 percent , and the chances of paying victim restitution or paying a $ 500 fine would be close to 70 percent . Petersilia and Deschenes ( 1994 ) explain that punishment must be viewed as fair and proportional to the offense in order to achieve maximum deterrent value . " Ray ( 1995 ) and Spiro ( 1994 ) have argued that significance tests in pooled cross-sectional time-series studies ( of which BTSCS is one form ) are substantively meaningless because such designs artificially inflate the information available . In fact , as Petersilia and Deschenes ( 1994 ) found , criminal justice personnel often do not expect offenders to make full payment . The Junior Certificate programme is intended to encourage active learning , problem solving and critical thinking , but Coolahan ( 1994 ) argues that the exam system tends to inhibit this . Shefter ( 1994 ) argues that until the emergence of the single-party system after the 1896 elections , Progressives could play off one party against the other and try to implement reforms from within the two parties . However , consistent with Petersilia and Deschenes ( 1994 ) , who found that about 70 percent of their sample of offenders said that they would pay all of the restitution they owed , we found that 103 of our respondents ( 80 percent ) said they expected to pay all of the money they owed . Ferret is a graphical analysis tool developed by Steve Hankin ( 1994 ) at NOAA / PMEL ( email : ferret@pmel.noaa.gov , web : http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ferret/home.html ) .