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May on moral theology and moral theologians ; and Cardinal Pio Laghi on the impact of the encyclical on university and secondary education . The intention to bring about the death of the patient would be immoral . Total parenteral feeding , using a larger needle inserted into a central vein near the heart , can provide a more adequate nutritional balance , but poses significant risks to the patient , and may involve costs much greater than other methods of feeding . But without them , life expectancy is at best 12 to 18 months , ending in considerable pain and suffering for the patient and loved ones . But they still could not suppress a desire to do more for God by serving him in a special way . It might indeed be easier for loved ones to accept ending nutrition and hydration had the patient progressed to a PVS as opposed to his consciously refusing procedures that offer a promise of prolonging his life , even though under a considerable accompanying ordeal . Indeed , no truth is fully known until the arguments against it are known and freely acknowledged . With regard to the arguments of those in favor of removing ANH from people in a comatose condition , it is possible to evaluate their positions by the clear standards established by the ecclesiastical documents .