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The United States was not inclined to make deals with the Japanese regime responsible for Pearl Harbor , the Bataan death march , the forced labor camps , habitual mistreatment of prisoners of war , and a fifteen-year chain of atrocities stretching from Manchuria to the East Indies . For decades I've been interested in and worried about how well-intentioned " modernisations " might interrupt the chain of transmission of information and experience between generations and damage , potentially mortally , the very institutions modernisers were attempting to adapt to changing circumstances . Sometimes , I will challenge a student who is giving an excellent answer in order to have her elaborate her thinking process and explain her chain of reasoning to the class . These barriers may thwart communication horizontally , with like agencies at the same levels of government , or vertically , when proceeding up or down the chain of command . If higher education is to become more client-centered , a promising approach may be to directly empower clients or their representatives to make certain decisions outside the " chain of command .