[word=pneumoniae] [lemma="," | word=")"] [tag=RB | □]
[word=pneumoniae] [lemma="," | word=")"] [tag=RB | !□]
[word=pneumoniae] [lemma="," | word=")"] [tag=RB | □ | □]
Topics include : genetic transformation in S. pneumoniae , biologically active S. pneumoniae peptides , the pneumococcal cell wall , the capsular polysaccharides , virulence factors and adhesion proteins , genetics regulation of virulence , genome-wide screening for essential S. pneumoniae genes , molecular epidemiology , penicillin resistance , and much more . Serology tests that demonstrate a 4-fold or greater increase or decrease in paired sera titers or a single titer greater than or equal to 1:32 Serum cold agglutination is a nonspecific test for M pneumoniae , but findings are positive in 50-70 % of patients after 7-10 days of infection . In descending order of frequency , the bacteria most often associated with this disorder are Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , and Streptococcus pyogenes . Patients with community-acquired pneumonia who are older than 60 years or have comorbidity still are susceptible to S pneumoniae , but broader coverage is required to include Haemophilus , Moraxella , and other gram-negative organisms . Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a recognised feature of infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae , and is observed during pneumococcal meningitis and pneumonia . The toxin snips a piece of DNA from a target protein , usually a protein residing in the lungs where m. pneumoniae , a respiratory disease agent , first infiltrates . It is most commonly associated with infection by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae , but viral , fungal and allergic forms exist . Notably , gatifloxacin is highly active against both penicillin-susceptible and - resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae , a common causative pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia ( CAP ) , acute sinusitis and acute bacterial exacerbations of bronchitis . Suspects include herpes and other viruses , the bacteria responsible for ulcers , and Chlamydia pneumoniae , a common cause of respiratory illness . Immune response to natural colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae , and to vaccination against pneumococcus . Aerobic bacteria are present in approximately 85 % of infections , predominated by Staphylococcus aureus , group A Streptococcus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Proteus mirabilis . Although animal data reveal no teratogenic effects , no adequate and well-controlled studies have examined effects in pregnant women ; penicillins are usually considered safe during pregnancy if clearly needed ; excreted in breast milk in small amounts ( may cause diarrhea , candidiasis , and rash in breastfeeding infants ) ; consider potential risk to infant vs potential benefit to mother ; oral susp contains phenylalanine 28 mg / 5 mLDrug NameCefuroxime ( Ceftin ) - - Second-generation cephalosporin maintains the gram-positive activity of first-generation cephalosporins and adds activity against Proteus mirabilis , H influenzae , E coli , K pneumoniae , and M catarrhalis . Levofloxacin is the first drug approved specifically for penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae , although studies are now finding resistance to this agent as well .