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Research is also pursued in other areas , including archaeology and settlement , medieval papacy and empire , historiography ; literary and cultural topics ; and the history of women , the history of science , early modern universities , colonial Africa , and modern India . To spit out methane at the same rate over the planet 's 4.5-billion-year lifetime would require a global , 50-centimetre-thick layer of the mineral , spread a few kilometres below the planet 's crust . To become aware , awake to what 's happening , we ca n't help but not see the needless suffering of others ~ and see our own liberation as bound together with the liberation of those around us . If nature were truly simple underneath , then many of the equations describing molecular interactions in my quantum chemistry textbook would cease to contain partial derivatives , triple integrals , and various mathematical operators . A 1998 survey by the OPP indicates that a number of conferences , sentencing circles , justice committees and mediation programmes have been initiated since 1993 within OPP detachments , municipal and First Nations police services , apart from other community justice projects .