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Since on the average there are many code vectors in the vicinity of the transmitted vector $ \ bfx $ , one can show that the probability of confusing $ \ bfx $ and one of these vectors cannot be too small . The White House is urging college presidents to play a bigger role in persuading the public of the value of diversity and the need for affirmative action on college campuses . We describe an important class of problems that arise in the economic design of " survivable " networks .