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Economists are constantly refining methods to evaluate the costs of air pollution – and hence the benefits of abatement measures – due to impacts such as mortality and morbidity among humans ; damage to ecosystems , agriculture and materials ; and visibility impairments . Many African countries have implemented air quality standards and pollution abatement regulations , but integrated planning and investment in infrastructure development remain priorities for urban areas . These include clean coal technologies and ‘ carbon capture ’ ( removing emissions directly from industrial or utility plant exhausts and storing them in secure reservoirs such as deep saline aquifers ) . The widely used ‘ damage function ’ approach , for instance , measures the impact of abatement measures on human health using epidemiological studies and information on real or projected changes in ambient air pollutant concentrations resulting from abatement measures and population exposure levels . For example , desertification and drought are directly linked to poverty , food and water shortages , conflict and mass migration . Water Drops , a collection of Sigourney 's prose and poetic work , is a temperance tract principally intended to help mothers influence their children against drink . This volume is a religious tract , combining story and sermon , of the type that was widely distributed in the antebellum period . Investment in urban infrastructure is essential to mitigate existing problems and to prevent exacerbation of the pressures exerted on urban areas by rapid population growth and migration . Globally , sea level rise and agricultural disruption will not be the only causes of human migration . The agriculture sector highlights perhaps more clearly than any other the extent and severity of potential impacts of climate change on food production , food security , lost livelihoods , environmental damage and environmental migration . Such areas include town and cities , coastal regions , and the vicinity of lakes and rivers .