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" These 4 to 5 scaffold branches should begin about 30 inches from the ground ( 40 inches if turf will be located beneath the branches and need to be mowed ) , should be spaced as equally around the trunk as possible and should be spaced vertically at least 6 inches from one another . When planting new materials , choose those which have resistance to powdery mildew , and space them far enough apart to allow good air circulation and adequate light . Massonnet et al. ( 1993 ) tested a number of satellite passes before finding two with optimum characteristics , then adjusted the orbital parameter estimates to minimize coseismic offset far from the fault . In the western U.S ., where the seismogenic zone extends to about 20 km , this translates into a desired mean station spacing of no more than 10 km and probably less across rapidly deforming basins and fault zones . Alternately , use one hand to hold the spur and the other hand to lift and twist the fruit . Denudation rates from individual river drainage basins can vary by orders of magnitude , but we are far from understanding the reason for this large variation . The front of the adult beetle is dark metallic green , and it 's about 3/8 of an inch long . Is it mainly related to variable rates of magma recharging into the base of the magma chamber , or does it reflect episodic trapping and release of volatiles exsolving from the magma ( e.g ., Dzurisin et al ., 1990 ) . Training primarily consists of bending young , flexible branches that are growing vertically into more horizontal positions , toward an optimal 60 degree angle from the main stem . Lost business was due to the reduced transportation infrastructure ( mainly bridge and freeway collapse ) and associated delays , closed buildings and factories , lost production , increased insurance rates , and the uncertainty and loss of confidence by the business community . Excess moisture builds up in the plant and causes swellings that appear initially as pale-green or water-soaked blisters or bumps , primarily on the undersides of leaves . Prevention through proper site selection , cultural management and good sanitation is by far the most important step in reducing the incidence and spread of disease . Of these , the last one is probably the most useful , primarily because it is unique . Of far greater importance is an accurate , high-resolution description of the existing surface character and topography . Continental denudation rates are controlled primarily by topographic relief or slope , precipitation , climate , vegetation , and rock type . Given that there are about 1,000 potentially active volcanoes in the world , it is not possible in the foreseeable future to monitor them all with ground-based methods .