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The countries of the Horn of Africa and the Sahel are most prone to drought ; those of Western and Central Africa experience flooding periodically . However , in this scenario , the world becomes increasingly more integrated , both economically and culturally . The sad irony is that those of us who have little to contribute to the causes of climate change and sea level rise are the first in line to suffer the consequences . Both forests and woodlands play vital roles in supporting national economies and local communities through harvesting of resources , provision of habitats and services derived from the ecosystem . International actions in the field of environment and development should also address the interests and needs of all countries . The challenge today is therefore to increase energy efficiency , and meet the rising demand by urgently promoting forms of energy that reduce or eliminate harmful emissions , without compromising energy needs – particularly those of the poor . These factors strain governments and local authorities ? Regional lobbying is needed to support the efforts of African governments in persuading developed countries to open up their markets , and to eliminate subsidies on agriculture , textiles and other export products competing with those of the region . To put it starkly , if we all try to free ride , we will all end up in free fall , with accelerating climate change the result of our collective failure to respond in time to this shared threat . There are now over 117 000 protected areas worldwide , taking into account both those classified under any of the six IUCN management categories I to VI ( see below ) , and those not classified . La Cecilia 's two-volume account of Garibaldi 's Sicilian expedition and the integration of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies into the newly unified kingdom of Italy is one of the earliest histories of these events . These and other conditions led to a decline in per capita income and a rise in the cost of living , making it increasingly difficult for both urban and rural dwellers to make ends meet . Despite these high figures , the negative impacts of these air pollutants have received little attention in many parts of the world for a variety of reasons , including insufficient information on the status of the damaging pollutants and their impacts , the costs to the economy of corrective action , and the fact that the affected populations are primarily the poor . These reforms aimed at restoring balances in the economy and at creating a basis for sustainable growth by liberalizing key markets from excessive state control . " All he requested in return were books to a value to be determined by Alexander Fraser Tytler , as well as a few copies of the published works for gifts . There are both direct and indirect economic implications of human vulnerability to environmental change which involve costs . They may operate with different magnitudes and directions than those of the initial stage , and they may emerge or disappear as circumstances dictate . Concerns for energy security , rising energy demand and costs , human health and the environment – particularly climate change – have all created a new impetus for change in the energy sector . However , both Mazzini and Garibaldi acknowledged the meeting , and the author of this book , an Englishwoman married to an Italian revolutionary , was a friend of both men . About 40 per cent of Tanzania 's land area is covered by forests and woodlands.Macroeconomic reforms introduced over the past two decades have impacted on these forest and woodland resources .