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Denudation rates from individual river drainage basins can vary by orders of magnitude , but we are far from understanding the reason for this large variation . These processes are fairly dynamic and subject to change in response to a variety of environmental factors ( e.g ., temperature , moisture , nutrient availability ) and patterns of disturbance , both natural ( e.g ., fire , windthrow , insect-induced mortality ) and anthropogenic ( deforestation , land degradation ) ( e.g ., Solomon and Cramer , 1993 ) . LHH data provided the best flood detection in both wetland types , but CHH and LVV also provided limited detection capability . By this we mean that , within a given pixel , the position of radar scatterers has not changed to any significant degree , but the ensemble of scatterers ( i.e ., the entire ground surface within that pixel , as well as some adjacent ones ) has moved up , down , or sideways in some correlated fashion . Crustal Motion from Solid Earth Tides , Atmospheric Fluctuations , and Tidal Loading Both the solid Earth and the oceans respond to gravity perturbations caused by the tidal potential of the Sun and the Moon . Once the tree has rough and flaky mature bark , neither winter sun nor chewing animals can harm it , so tree guards will not be necessary . If you discover iris borer damage early in the season , you can crush the insect while it is inside the leaf or remove the infested leaf . At the other end of the fruitfulness spectrum , some varieties are " pollen sterile , " meaning they do not have the ability to pollinate another tree . Be careful when taking cuttings from plants grown outdoors , as they may be infected but not yet showing symptoms . Fungicides help protect plants from disease ; however , they are not very effective at " curing " a problem once it has started . The living and dead biomass in both above and below-ground storage pools constitutes a major terrestrial store of carbon . Although there is more than one way to prune a fruit tree , home gardeners in Minnesota commonly prune and train using a " central leader " system , where a single central trunk runs the entire height of the tree and supports the fruiting branches . Recall that this study area is a " best case " example for topographic data because it is a well-mapped area in the U.S. with relatively low relief . Neither the synoptic view nor controlled geometry of a space platform are attainable by airborne or ground techniques , while problems of air space restrictions disappear with a space platform . Avoid pulling or yanking the fruit ; such an action may well remove the small woody " spur " to which the stem of the fruit is attached , taking with it next year 's flower buds . It is also used to repair injured fruit trees or for topworking an established tree to one or more different cultivars . The extendibility of supervised maximum likelihood techniques to regional or global scales is impaired by the need for local training . Plants will tolerate partial shade , but as shade increases , plants produce fewer blossoms and fruit production declines . Trees grafted to dwarfing rootstocks require only 3 to 4 years to begin bearing fruit , while standard-sized trees may require eight years or more . Fungicides are of limited effectiveness against this disease , but basic copper sulfate or Mancozeb can be applied early in the season when shoots are about six inches tall to help protect the plant . The stems , leaves , and buds can be affected by both diseases .