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Tacey recognises that boys must change into men , but in the absence of a culturally accepted , spiritually-inspired vision of manhood , such a transition is not possible ( 1997 , 127 ) . The court of higher degree renders the decision of the previous court null and void and orders the court to conduct new proceedings if the hearing or trial was held in the absence of a person whose participation is compulsory according to law . - Any copyright , the first term of which is subsisting on January 1 , 1978 , shall endure for twenty-eight years from the date it was originally secured : Provided , That in the case of any posthumous work or of any periodical , cyclopedic , or other composite work upon which the copyright was originally secured by the proprietor thereof , or of any work copyrighted by a corporate body ( otherwise than as assignee or licensee of the individual author ) or by an employer for whom such work is made for hire , the proprietor of such copyright shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for the further term of forty-seven years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the Copyright Office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright : And provided further , That in the case of any other copyrighted work , including a contribution by an individual author to a periodical or to a cyclopedic or other composite work , the author of such work , if still living , or the widow , widower , or children of the author , if the author be not living , or if such author , widow , widower , or children be not living , then the author 's executors , or in the absence of a will , his or her next of kin shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for a further term of forty-seven years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the Copyright Office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright : And provided further , That in default of the registration of such application for renewal and extension , the copyright in any work shall terminate at the expiration of twenty-eight years from the date copyright was originally secured . It is well established that , in the absence of a stipulated issue , an arbitrator 's formulation of the issue is accorded substantial deference .