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This factor influences the protocols which the PKI management operations use ; for example , application software is far more likely to know exactly which certificate extensions are required than are human users . For example , application / x-pdf is an alias for the MIME type application / pdf . As a result , application designers may be unable to decide what trust model to pick given certain application requirements . He said these tools have enabled millions of people to become content , application , and service creators . Balancing the tensions among security , application functionality and broader access requires a flexible solution that provides rich application security and granular policy-based access . Integrity in research and scholarship is an obligation of all who engage in the acquisition , application , and dissemination of knowledge .