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Today we have no difficulty accepting that matter is mostly space with sub-atomic particles orbiting in an electro-magnetic field . Large , expensive machines are built to harness the unimaginable forces necessary to open the sub-atomic world to scrutiny . Scientists explain how sub-atomic particles interact in terms of the ‘ Standard Model ’ of particle physics . But the theory has come under criticism on concerns that growth in chip density ultimately would be limited by sub-atomic properties - - a obstacle that Intel waves away , citing its history of innovation . We can compare this with `` shallow '' definitions of chemical compounds such as salt , sugar , or water , in terms of their appearance and observed behaviours in various test situations , and their definitions in the context of a theory of the architecture of matter which is mostly concerned with postulated sub-atomic entities and and a web of relationships between them which cannot easily be observed , so that theories about them are not easily confirmed or refuted .