Induction of endothelial adhesion molecules by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF ) can occur independently of protein kinase C and activation of a protein tyrosine kinase ( PTK ) has recently been implicated in the upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ( VCAM-1 ) by interleukin-4 ( IL-4 ) on endothelial cells .
induction of endothelial adhesion molecules by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( tnf ) can occur independently of protein kinase c and activation of a protein tyrosine kinase ( ptk ) has recently been implicated in the upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ( vcam-1 ) by interleukin-4 ( il-4 ) on endothelial cells .
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