Eugenics
Eugenics was a philosophy or practice of extremely selective breeding, which bred very specific traits into or out of a group of organisms. While widely-used in botany and horticulture, eugenics via genetic engineering in sentient lifeforms was illegal in the Federation, except in cases of medical necessity. (; ) 

In the 1st millennium BC, there was a mass eugenics program on the planet . Individuals were bred for contemplation, self-reliance, and longevity. The number of individuals generated by the program was pared down to thirty-eight. This group was later discovered by the  in 2268 on the planet Platonius. ()

In the mid-twentieth century, Human scientists on Earth used eugenics programs to attempt to improve the Human species. The recipients of these modifications, known as Augments, seized control in over forty nations. They fought amongst each other in what became known as the Eugenics Wars. (; )

Kodos used his own personal theory of eugenics when killing 4,000 people on Tarsus IV in 2246. ()

In 2266, Captain James T. Kirk accused Doctor  of practicing eugenics when Korby explained his wish to selectively replace Humans with superior capacity androids. ()

The Dominion used selective breeding on the Jem'Hadar and the Vorta. ()

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Academic disciplines
Biology
Philosophical movements