Bridge Officer's Test
The Starfleet bridge officer examination was a series of tests for Starfleet officers who wished to be able to take command, besides the command officers such as captain, first officer, second officer, and third officer. The test had various stages, regarding diplomacy, command functions, engineering, tactical; but the final exam required the officer to make an uncomfortable choice that sent one person under their direct command to certain death. No one who failed the test could serve as a command officer on the bridge of a starship except in emergency situations. It should be noted that those persons who elected to take the exam had already served several years as an officer and would, most likely, have achieved the rank of lieutenant commander. 

Beverly Crusher, who wanted to contribute more than just in sickbay, was promoted to commander after she took her bridge officer's test in 2362. ()

In 2370, after attending her Starfleet Academy reunion, Deanna Troi felt she was one of the few classmates who had not risen to command level status. This, combined with her experience of being forced into command under pressure two years earlier when the  hit a quantum filament, led her to talk to Commander Crusher, who on occasion took the night watch of the bridge to stay informed of operations. ()

This led Troi to try the test, which Commander Riker administered. The final portion of the test, which also included a question and answer section, was to make decisions in a holodeck simulation. In it, the officer was required to order another officer to sacrifice themselves to save the ship. She failed the final exam several times before Riker informed her that he was canceling the tests, convinced she would not pass – as much as he cared for her, his first duty was to the Enterprise. 

Troi was furious, but soon his line about being loyal "to the ship" got her thinking, and she ran the test again, this time saving the ship, but only after ordering Geordi La Forge to make a repair in an area where he would be exposed to fatal doses of radiation. When Riker, having realized she would not simply "let this go", entered the holodeck and congratulated her on passing the exam, she realized that its whole purpose was to ascertain whether or not she would be able to send a subordinate, especially a personal friend, to certain death. Having hesitated to make the decision, Troi admitted that she might not be cut out for command, but Riker responded that, having tried every other solution she could think of, then making this painful choice as a last resort, she had done exactly what she had to, and had earned the promotion to commander. ()

See also
 

de:Prüfung als Brückenoffizier
Starfleet
Education