South America
South America was a continent on Earth and, along with neighboring North America, was the ancestral home of the Native American Human tribes. The cities of Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires were located on the South American continent, as were the regions of Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Venezuela. The equator, a line of latitude which divided Earth into northern and southern hemispheres, ran through this continent.

In the mid-20th century, the assignment patches for Apollo 1, Apollo 7, Apollo 8, Apollo 10, and Apollo 11 included this continent in their designs. ()

In 2153, the Xindi attack on Earth struck this continent with a highly-destructive energy beam from space, killing millions of inhabitants in Venezuela. ()

At some point Harcourt Fenton Mudd began a raktajino business in Colombia, distributing the Klingon coffee throughout the Federation. It was a popular beverage on Deep Space 9. (The Art of Star Trek; )

During a Dixon Hill holoscenario, Data explained his odd appearance to the characters by claiming he was from South America. ()

In the Julian Bashir, Secret Agent holoprogram, Hippocrates Noah had a laser site in South America. The continent was one of the last to be flooded when Julian Bashir activated the lasers himself. ()

Background information 
The map used in the original  was published in the early 1960s. The landmass of northern South America was seen on a political map of the northern hemisphere. Decades later, the map used in the remastered "The Cage" was a Central Intelligence Agency map published either in April 2007 or September 2008.   The difference, which was not noticeable at the resolution of the image from the episode, was the addition of Kosovo, which gained its independence between the releases. The listed countries were those which could be seen in both maps.

External link
 

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fr:Amérique du Sud
it:Sud America
nl:Zuid Amerika
Earth geography