Judo
Judo was a sport and a martial art that originated from Japan on Earth. It involved throws, pins, and submissions.

Captain James T. Kirk demonstrated his knowledge of judo in hand-to-hand combat against numerous foes. In an attempt to befriend young Charles Evans, Kirk taught him basic judo techniques. ()

Kirk often used a judo cut (or chop) to disable would be assailants, such as an Ekosian SS lieutenant on Ekos. ()

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Earth
Martial arts