Vulcan
The Vulcans, or Vulcanians, were a warp-capable humanoid species from the planet . They were widely renowned for their strict adherence to logic and reason as well as their remarkable stoicism.

In 2161, their homeworld became a founding member of the United Federation of Planets. (; ; ; ) Vulcans were known by the Borg as Species 3259. ()

History and politics
Main article: Vulcan history
In 2154, T'Pol stated that Vulcans had evolved on Vulcan. () Roughly a century later, however, Spock theorized that the Vulcans might be descendants of the Arretans. () According to Narek, the myth of Ganmadan dated back to before the Romulan and Vulcan ancestors first arrived on Vulcan. () In 2369, evidence was discovered that several species including the Romulans, and therefore also the Vulcans, could be traced back to DNA that had been seeded on many planets by ancient humanoids 4.5 billion years ago. () 

The Vulcans were once an extremely violent and emotional people (even by Earth standards) who waged almost constant warfare on one another. (; ; ; ) Paranoia and homicidal rage were common. () They believed in a variety of gods, such as war, peace, and death. () As their level of technology increased, the Vulcans eventually reached a point where their violent nature threatened the extinction of their own species. ()

In an effort to avoid this fate, a Vulcan named Surak developed a new philosophy, thereby igniting the Time of Awakening. Surak maintained that the root cause of all the problems on Vulcan lay in the uncontrolled outpouring of the people's emotions. His followers swore to live their lives by an ethical system devised by Surak and based purely on logical principles. Emotions were to be controlled and repressed. ()

Although this new philosophy spread rapidly across Vulcan, a minority, many of whom were known as "those who march beneath the raptor's wings", rejected Surak's ideals. A destructive war began, including the use of atomic bombs, and among the victims was Surak himself. ()

Eventually, however, those who opposed logic left Vulcan and founded colonies elsewhere () – most notably on the planet Romulus, where they founded what eventually became the Romulan Star Empire. (; ) At some point in history, the Romulans and the Vulcans engaged in a hundred-year-long war against one another. The war was instigated by the actions of a member of the Q Continuum. ()

Another group that rejected Surak's philosophy was known as the "V'tosh ka'tur", or "Vulcans without logic". The V'tosh ka'tur believed in controlling emotions by allowing themselves to actively experience them rather than suppressing them. Some of these also left Vulcan, and took up a ic existence. () Many turned to crime, however, and subsequently sent for rehabilitation at facilities such as the Ankeshtan K'til Retreat. () A prime example of a V'tosh ka'tur was Sybok, who underwent failed rehabilitation at Ankeshtan K'Til for involvement in piracy before ultimately trying to use emotion rather than logic to find answers to the creation of the universe. (; )

The Vulcans conducted a series of survey missions to the Sol system, as early as 1957. () Vulcans were, in fact, one of the first species to develop warp drive, though a century passed between the first warp flight and the breaking of the warp 2 barrier. () T'Pol told Archer that Vulcans "don't share" Humans' "enthusiasm for space exploration," but a Syrrannite on Vulcan later advised Archer that this may not have been true. ()

The official First Contact between Vulcans and Humans came on April 5, 2063, when a Vulcan survey ship, the , detected the warp flight of Zefram Cochrane's Phoenix. The Vulcans met with Cochrane at his launch site on the day following the flight. ()

Subsequently, the Vulcans offered their technological guidance to Humans, but were criticized on Earth for holding back their development. () A century after First Contact, the High Command had become worried about Humans, who, like Vulcans, had had devastating wars, but after which had rebuilt and started traveling to the stars much faster. There were those on the High Command who wondered what Humans would achieve in the century to come, and did not like the answer. () 

By the mid-22nd century, Vulcan culture had strayed from the path that Surak had originally laid out for them, to the point that Surak's katra did not recognize it as the culture he had helped to create. They had ceased being explorers and the High Command, once devoted to that goal, had instead become involved in a conflict with the neighboring Andorians. ()

The Vulcan High Command used an ancient monastery at P'Jem as a secret listening post to spy on the Andorians until June of 2151, when the listening post was discovered by the Andorians and a landing party from . Later, the Humans helped negotiate a peace between the Vulcans and Andorians over a disputed class D planetoid known to the Vulcans as Paan Mokar.  ()

Vulcans also became less tolerant of political and philosophical challenges towards the High Command's operations, notably engaging in purges of the Syrrannite group, who claimed that Vulcan society was no longer following the teachings of Surak. These tensions came to a head in a crisis called the Vulcan Reformation, which resulted in the overthrow of the High Command (and its leader, V'Las, who was secretly allied with the Romulans), as well as a restructuring of the Vulcan government including the dissolution of the High Command. T'Pau became a minister in this government. A less aggressive policy towards Earth was also adopted. ()

By the 21st and 22nd centuries, the Vulcans had also made contact with the Cardassians, Trill, Tholians, Klingons (as early as 2016), and scores of other races. (; )

As of the 23rd century, Vulcan had never been conquered in its collective memory. That memory went so far back that Vulcans could not conceive of a conqueror. ()

By the 24th century, Vulcan remained one of the principal Federation members, and was deeply involved at all levels of that society. Vulcans were present in the Federation colonies found within the Demilitarized Zone established between the United Federation of Planets and the Cardassian Union by the terms of the Federation-Cardassian Treaty of 2370; they were among the colonists' representatives during discussions with the Cardassians concerning terrorist attacks by the anti-Cardassian Maquis movement established in the Zone. At least one Vulcan, Sakonna, acted as a gun runner and interrogator for the Maquis and made use of her people's ability to mind meld in the latter role. ()

The Vulcans' tradition of exploration continued; in the 24th century, a Vulcan ship was the first to make formal contact with a Gamma Quadrant civilization, upon encountering the Wadi. () The Vulcans were at the forefront of exploration in the Gamma Quadrant, encountering the Rakhari and finding the remains of the Hur'q civilization. () In the 24th century, the Vulcan ministry of security was known as the V'Shar. ()

By 2369, the Vulcans had a saying known to the Federation: "We're here to serve." ()

Despite the enmity between the Federation and the Romulan Star Empire, some Vulcans attempted to forge a more cordial relationship with their cousins, ultimately hoping to reunify the two cultures. Many of these efforts met with little success. ()

Mirror universe
History turned out much differently for the Vulcans of the mirror universe. When the Vulcans made first contact with Earth of this universe in 2063,  shot the first Vulcan to publicly set foot on Terran soil, believing his vessel to be the vanguard of an intended invasion. The Terrans stormed the  and studied Vulcan technology. Eventually, the Vulcans were conquered by the Terran Empire. (; )

By the 2150s, Vulcans were considered slaves to Terrans and not treated as equals. Vulcans later participated in  a rebellion against the Empire in the 2250s. By 2267, the half-Vulcan  had become first officer of a starship and eventually rose to the top of the Terran Empire itself. After the Empire was conquered by the Klingon-Cardassian Alliance, Vulcans served as slaves to the Klingon-Cardassian Alliance. Using fans, several of them cooled  aboard . (; ; )

Some Vulcans, such as , joined the Terran Rebellion. ()

Alternate reality
In the alternate reality, the planet  was destroyed by a Romulan named Nero in 2258. Over six billion Vulcans were killed, with an estimated ten thousand survivors. After witnessing the atrocity,  noted in his log that the Vulcan species had become endangered. () Spock's prime reality counterpart founded a colony for the survivors, which, by the following year, had been settled and named New Vulcan. ()

Physiology

Species which shared some physiological and behavioral traits with Vulcans were categorized as Proto-Vulcan humanoids. One example of this were the Mintakans. () In addition, Rigelian physiology was very similar to that of Vulcans. ()

Vulcans were generally similar to Humans in appearance, distinguished mainly by their pointed ears and upswept eyebrows. Their skin color was most commonly pale with a bronze or greenish tint, though some had brown skin. Vulcan physiognomy could resemble Humans of European, Asian, or African descent. (; ; )

Most Vulcans had straight, glossy black hair, though brown and/or curly hair was also possible. Vulcans had body hair similar to Humans, and some males could be very hirsute. Vulcan males were capable of growing facial hair, but most chose to shave it. (; ; ; ; )

Vulcan teeth included anterior tricuspids, which could be protected from decay for decades by sealing them with a trifluorinate compound. ()

In contrast to their external similarities, Vulcan internal anatomy differed radically from that of Humans. For instance, their heart was where a Human's liver would normally be, (; ) and beat several hundred times per minute. () Vulcans also had no appendix. () They did, however, have mitochondria. ()

Vulcan blood was copper-based and was copper- or rust-colored when deoxygenated in the veins and green when oxygenated, in the arteries, or when bleeding. Bruises and dermal abrasions took on a greenish color. (; ; ; )

Vulcan body chemistry used little, if any, sodium chloride compared to that of Humans. ()

Vulcans possessed a highly efficient respiratory system to extract the oxygen they needed from Vulcan's thin atmosphere. They were most comfortable in high temperatures. A Vulcan of advanced age could become more sensitive to lower temperatures. (; )

The Vulcan digestive tract was highly adaptable. Although alien foods, notably Human food, would occasionally disagree with a Vulcan, given time, their body could adapt to the alien food. ()

Vulcan hearing was very sensitive. (; ) Vulcan females possessed a heightened sense of smell. ()

Having evolved on a planet which was mostly desert, Vulcans developed ways of surviving in desert conditions. For example, they could survive for several days without water and had inner eyelids which protected their eyes. (; )

Vulcans had a superior metabolism to Humans. Caffeine and sapotoxins had little effect on them. () They were also capable of surviving for long durations without food or sleep. Under stress, Vulcans could do without sleep for weeks. () Tuvok once claimed that, as a Vulcan, he was capable of going without sleep for two weeks, although, shortly after making this claim, he fell asleep in the command chair after having gone a little over ten days without sleep. ()

Vulcans were, on average, three times physically stronger than Humans, and had considerably faster reflexes. ()

Vulcans were very sensitive to nitrous oxide gas, which rapidly rendered them unconscious. ()

Vulcans typically had a lifespan of two hundred years or more. (; )

Brain

Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the Vulcan physiology was the brain. The Vulcan brain was described as "a puzzle, wrapped inside an enigma, housed inside a cranium." ()

A Vulcan's brain was in direct control of most of the bodily functions, acting as a control unit for many organs. Despite this, a Vulcan body from which the brain had been removed was capable of functioning and even walking around (albeit in a zombie-like state) with a portable life support system. ()

Unlike most humanoid species, traumatic memories were not only psychologically disturbing to Vulcans, but had physical consequences as well. The Vulcan brain, in reordering neural pathways, could literally lobotomize itself. ()

Vulcans learned to gain conscious control of many of these functions, allowing them to regulate their bodies to a high degree by simple will-power. When injured, a Vulcan could go into a trance-like state, using this ability to concentrate all of his or her energy on repairing the injury. () However, Vulcans did have certain levels of pain they were unable to suppress, forcing them to endure the experience. () 

This trance could be self-induced and gave the physical appearance of near-death. It was similar, in principle, to Vulcan neuro-pressure techniques which could be used to relax the mind and body. (; ; )

The substance trellium-D acted as a neurotoxin to Vulcans, destroying the neural pathways which controlled their emotions. Treatment had to be provided quickly after exposure; otherwise, the damage was irreversible. ()

The most famous aspect of the Vulcan brain were the inherent telepathic abilities, such as the mind meld. Vulcans were natural touch-telepaths. Though considerable training was required to utilize this ability to the fullest (like performing the fal-tor-pan), simpler contacts did not require any concentration, training, or even conscious knowledge of the act. ()

Vulcans called focal points in the bioelectric field of the brain qui'lari. ()

Stronger minds were capable of non-contact telepathic projection and scanning, usually over short distances, (; ) but sometimes even over interstellar distances. (; ;  )

Another psionic ability of the Vulcan race was the telepathic suggestion or compulsion, consciously performed by Spock, () Sybok, () Tuvok, () and T'Pol, () and unconsciously performed by Sarek. ()

Although Vulcans did not, typically, allow themselves to experience uncontrolled strong emotions, they could sense them in others. ()

Vulcans were capable of performing a synaptic pattern displacement, or the transfer of one individual's consciousness into another. ()

The psycho-suppression system responsible for the Vulcan suppression of emotions was located in the mesiofrontal cortex. ()

Approximately every seven years, adult Vulcans had to endure pon farr, the Vulcan mating period. It was marked by intense emotions and primal urges (known as plak tow, or "blood fever") that could kill the Vulcan if not satisfied. Physiological symptoms included elevated dopamine levels and fever. For such an orderly society of quiet sobriety, the madness which accompanied the outbreak of pon farr was an unavoidable evil. (; ; )

Medical conditions
There were several diseases from which the Vulcan species suffered, including:
Pa'nar Syndrome
Tuvan Syndrome
Bendii Syndrome
Choriocytosis

Hybridization
Vulcans and Humans could not reproduce without medical intervention according to 2150s medical knowledge. ()

In 2155, Terra Prime extremists created a binary clone from T'Pol and . The child, whom they called Elizabeth, had many genetic flaws due to the method of her creation and she died. ()

In 2230, Spock was born on Vulcan to Sarek and Amanda Grayson. He was the first Vulcan/Human hybrid known to survive to adulthood. (; ; )

The Vulcan heritage in Vulcan-Human hybrids was dominant, with copper-based blood, pointed ears, and the full range of Vulcan abilities.

Society and culture

Vulcans were generally non-violent, but logic dictated that combat was sometimes necessary. Vulcans could and did use weapons and practiced martial arts called tal-shaya and Suus Mahna. (; ; )

Vulcans considered death to be the completion of a journey. Therefore, they did not fear it happening; however, the loss of one's katra was to be avoided if possible, since the katra lived on beyond the physical death. () They also practiced euthanasia for the infirm and elderly, and saw nothing wrong with practicing ritual suicide when they reached a certain infirmity with age. () As they knew death was an inevitability, they believed that fear of death was ultimately illogical. ()

The government on Vulcan was a representative democracy. Individual political advancement was based on meritocratic principles. ()

Although Vulcans were highly integrated into the Federation, in the 23rd century, some Vulcans viewed service in Starfleet to be less prestigious than attending the Vulcan Science Academy, () though in the twilight years of that century, this apparently became much less of an issue. () Furthermore, among all the Federation members whose people served in Starfleet, Vulcans were the only ones to be accommodated with starships crewed entirely by their own species, such as the  and the . (; )

Vulcans played a game known as kal-toh. ()

Vulcans had a traditional funeral dirge. ()

Vulcans occasionally gave gifts. However, Vulcan custom did not include receiving a gift back from a recipient. ()

Naming
Vulcans possessed family names, although they were pronounceable by Humans only after many years of practice. ()

Many Vulcan females had names beginning with "T'" and particularly "T'P" (T'Pol, T'Pring, T'Pau, T'Mir, T'Pel, T'Pan), but not all (Valeris, Sakonna, Saavik, Selar); many males had names beginning with "S" (Spock, Sarek, Sybok, Surak, Stonn, Soval); again, though, there was variation (Tuvok, Lojal, Vorik, Taurik, Koss).

Education 
Naturally, the development of a Vulcan's lifelong devotion towards logic was encouraged at a very early age. Vulcan parents utilized careful and gentle methods to train their infants in primary logic. () Vulcan children learned, by example, how to detach themselves from their emotions as well, and it often aided in difficult childhood situations. (; ; ) Despite logic being paramount in education, Vulcan children were allowed much freedom as well, and enjoyed a number of passions their controlled states allowed them to coordinate. 

As parents, Vulcans never restricted their children from real life. Doing so only hindered their ability to develop their own identity. A Vulcan parent's attachment to their children could not be described as an emotion. They were part of the parent's identity and the parent was incomplete without them. ()

Children at Vulcan nursery schools danced. () 

When they were older, they learned in skill domes. The Vulcan Learning Center employed these. (, )

A Vulcan program suitable for young children which taught basic problem solving skills was available at Deep Space 9's school in 2370. ()

The Vulcan Science Academy and Vulcan Medical Institute were two notable post-secondary institutions.

Logic and emotions
Contrary to stereotype, Vulcans possess strong emotions. They use meditation as a way to suppress those emotions. For instance, emotions like remorse, relief, joy, and embarrassment were all displayed by Spock when he thought Captain Kirk was dead and then saw him alive. (). Indeed, Vulcan emotions were far more intense, violent, and passionate than those of many other species, including even Humans. () 

It was this passionate, explosive emotionality that Vulcans blamed for the vicious cycle of wars which nearly devastated their planet. As such, they focused their mental energies on mastering them. The essence of their logical society was in arriving at the truth through logical process. Emotions were illogical, thus making them impure, and deterrent to truth. Vulcans were born with the same emotions that afflicted their violent ancestors, but continual mental conditioning generally gave them the impassivity they sought. ()

Though not all could arrive at the ultimate pure logical state, the exacting process of mental control gave Vulcans enough to conform to the ideals of Vulcan society. The ultimate level of logical thought was achieved through the attainment of kolinahr, which was said to purge them of all remaining emotions. ()

Attitudes to deception
Vulcans were renowned for their honesty, and indeed it has been claimed that "Vulcans could not lie." However, they would do so for what they perceived as logical reasons, though they rarely referred to their dishonesty as "lying." (; ; ) For instance, an elder denied the existence of technology and spies at the monastery at P'Jem in order to protect an ongoing surveillance operation. (). Also, T'Pol's second foremother directly lied to another Vulcan, telling the commander of a rescue party that her crewmate had died in a crash, so that he could remain on Earth to "study" Humanity. ()

In 2259 of the alternate reality, Spock managed to deceive  into transporting armed torpedoes aboard the , as Khan believed they still carried members of his crew. Khan wasn't aware that Spock had anticipated his betrayal and removed Khan's crew from the torpedoes with the intent to detonate them and cripple the Vengeance. When Khan stated that he'd know if they weren't his, Spock assured him that "Vulcans do not lie" and that "the torpedoes were his". This demonstrated that Vulcans, while still technically telling the truth, didn't always necessarily tell the entire truth if it was to their advantage. ()

Tuvok at one point stated, when responding to Seven of Nine questioning him as to whether Vulcans were capable of lying "we are capable of telling lies. However, I have never found it prudent or necessary to do so." ()

Spirituality
See also: Vulcan mythology
The Vulcans held a number of spiritual beliefs. Their religious system was polytheistic. They also believed in the katra, the soul and consciousness of a person, which could be transferred psionically prior to death. (; ; ; ; )

Meditation was a central component of Vulcan life. The Vulcan Sh'vhal type ship of the late 24th century was known to feature a dedicated meditation chamber that the crew could use alone or in small groups. ()

What little is known about Vulcan religious beliefs indicates that, beginning prior to the "Time of the Awakening", they were polytheistic. Surak's teachings became the primary focus of Vulcan spirituality/mysticism, but, as late as the 23rd century, it was still not unheard of to find Vulcans honoring the traditional gods. There were, however, no demons in Vulcan literature. (; ; )

Romantic relationships
See also: Vulcan mating rituals

When Vulcan children came of age, having sometimes been betrothed to childhood companions by age seven, underwent the pon farr, the link compelled them to follow through with full marital rituals, which cemented their relationship. (; )

It was traditional for the female to propose marriage by presenting a necklace to the male. She may signal her intention to do so by wearing ritual mating colors on an auspicious date, such as the anniversary of a first courtship event. ()

If, for whatever reason, the female did not wish to go through with the marriage, then the ceremony of koon-ut-kal-if-fee ("marriage or challenge") was invoked. The male fought for the right to keep his mate against a challenger of her choosing. The female became the property of the male who won the contest, unless he chose to release her. The koon-ut-kal-if-fee was a fight to the death. ()

As of 2266, hearsay held that Vulcan men treated their women strangely. ()

According to Spock, it was "undignified for a woman to play servant to a man that is not hers" as his reason for throwing food (from Nurse Chapel) against the wall. () Yet, a century earlier, T'Pol brought Jonathan Archer food and blankets in sickbay, and in an alternate timeline, tended to him as a nursemaid ().

Touching each other with both the middle- and the forefinger was a custom practiced by married couples and was part of the Vulcan marriage ceremony. (; ; ) It could also help to calm down male Vulcans during pon farr. ()

Food and drink
Although not always, most Vulcans were primarily vegetarians. They also did not touch food with their hands unless wearing special gloves. () The v'tosh ka'tur were a major exception, however. ()

Vulcans were fermenting wines, notably Vulcan port, during the 21st century. ()

Guests in a Vulcan household were expected to rise before sunrise to prepare the morning meal. () Plomeek broth was considered a traditional Vulcan breakfast. ()

Holidays
 Kal Rekk 
 Rumarie
 Tal-Shanar

See also
History
Mysticism
Philosophy
Language
Salute

Science and technology
Vulcan starships 
Vulcan starship classes

Individuals
 List of named Vulcans
List of unnamed Vulcans

Appendices

Appearances 
A list of all appearances of Vulcans (excluding the regular appearances of Spock, Tuvok, and T'Pol):

 
  (Season Two)
 
 
  (Excalbian recreation only) (Season Three)
 
  (Season One)
 
 TOS films:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season One)
 
 
 
 
  (Season Two)
 
 
 
  (footage from "The Dauphin")
  (Season Three)
 
 
 
 
  (Season Four)
  (Season Five)
 
 
 
 
  (Season Six)
  (Season Seven)
 
 
 
 TNG films:
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season One)
 
 
 
  (Season Two)
 
 
  (Season Three)
 
  (Season Four)
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season Five)
 
  (Season Six)
 
 
  (Season Seven)
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season One)
  (illusion only) (Season Two)
  (Season Three)
 
 
  (hologram only)
  (Season Four)
 
  (Season Five)
  (Species 8472 posing as Vulcan)
 
 
  (illusion only)
  (Season Seven)
  (hologram only)
  (hologram only)
 
 
 
  (Season One)
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season Two)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season Three)
 
 
  (Season Four)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season One)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season Two)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season Three)
 
  (Season Four)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season Two)
 
  (Season One)
 
 
 
 
 
  (Season Two)
 
 
 
  (Season One)
  
 
  (Season Two)
 
 
 
 
  (hologram) (Season One)
 
  (Season One)

Background information 
The Vulcans were the first alien species created for Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry. (, text commentary, ENT Season 1 DVD special feature)

The term "Vulcanian" has been described as an "Obsolete term meaning a native of the planet Vulcan. The term 'Vulcan' has come to mean both the planet and the native of same." (Star Trek Concordance, p. 248) The origin of the term from a production standpoint dates to , when NBC prepared a twelve-page booklet, entitled "Advance Information on 1966- Programming: Star Trek", which described the series' regular crewmembers. The description of Spock mentions that his father was a native of "Vulcanis," and his people were known as the "Vulcanians". (The Star Trek Compendium, p. 25) As a result of early "growing pains" in the writing staff, the term "Vulcanian" was used sporadically (and sometimes interchangeably) during the first season, where it was heard in , , , , and . The Bajorans suffered similar "growing pains" when they were briefly known as the "Bajora" during their early appearances. The name "Vulcan" itself, in reference to the people, was first heard in . See also: Vulcanian expedition and Vulcanian Scientific Legion of Honor.

In notes that Costume Designer Robert Fletcher wrote about the various aliens in the film , he included a description of the Vulcans. After pointing out the Vulcans were "from tv series", the brief continued as follows:

"Observed in the movie as Mr. Spock, others among crew, and the Masters on Vulcan planet scene. Unemotional, scientific people, their culture based on cold logic, reason and control. One of the Federation's most advanced races [....] Vulcans are mostly tall, slender, beautiful people, with strong sense of honor. Physically distinguished by upswept eyebrows and pointed ears. Their green blood is copper-based."

Fletcher also imagined that, because their homeworld was rich in jade, the Vulcans made extensive use of that substance, such as with ruby jewellery and a red-colored giant statue is visible on the planet's surface, in the film. (The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture, p. 133)

The depiction of Vulcans developed with the introduction of Tuvok on , as he was the first black Vulcan main character. In developing the character of Tuvok, the series' creators tried to put a new spin on the long-established alien species. However, Executive Producer and series co-creator Jeri Taylor later stated, "Subsequently I have learned we were not the first. In the third feature there was a black Vulcan priestess, so it was clearly established there were different colors of people on Vulcan." (Taylor's statement is not entirely true, as the black Vulcan priestess was actually in the fifth Star Trek film, .) When he was cast as Tuvok, actor Tim Russ was an expert on Vulcans, and, in fact, his expertise of portraying a member of the species got him the part. (Cinefantastique, Vol. 27, No. 4/5, pp. 59 & 60) "People are always asking me how there could even be a black Vulcan," said Russ, shortly after the start of VOY Season 1. "If Vulcans are humanoids and other humanoids were the species they most often encountered, then logic would follow that because of genetic mutation and random selection, you're going to have different colors and different variations of the species at one time. So, Tuvok is a black Vulcan." ()

In a story idea that the  writers had that eventually became the two-parter  and , the Vulcans were to withdraw from the Federation. The cause of this schism was to be their concern that the Federation was becoming too concerned with the Changeling infiltration at the cost of civil liberties. Starfleet was to assume incorrectly that the Founders had infiltrated Vulcan society. ()

In developing the Vulcans for , Brannon Braga noted "one of our goals with this series was to make the Vulcans interesting again. I think they've been taken for granted... I think the Vulcans in this era are very complicated and paradoxical and make good antagonists." () Regarding the depiction of crazed Vulcan crewmembers of the starship Seleya in , Braga once remarked, "I loved the idea of Vulcan zombies." ()

In the unproduced animated series Star Trek: Final Frontier, set in the far future, the Vulcans left the Federation at some point in the 25th century to discuss reunification with the Romulans.

In an ultimately unused line of dialogue from the script of , Spock explained, "Cthia' is the stricture that binds our emotions... but few of us are that perfectly Vulcan." 

For , Vulcan ear prosthetics, in encapsulated silicone, were created by makeup artist David Snyder. A few changes were made to the Vulcan ears when compared to those from the previous film, , on which Snyder had also worked. David LeRoy Anderson, the Makeup Department Head for Into Darkness, explained, "Our modifications were strictly mechanical, based on Dave's desire to make the application a little easier. Dave did a clay press of the existing sculpt and remodeled the ears to help mass-produce the pieces, and that gave us great edges." The ears were applied by Snyder, using a cotton swab, and (at least in the case of Zachary Quinto as ) a tiny amount of acetone. (Cinefex, No. 134, p. 77)

Apocrypha
According to Star Fleet Medical Reference Manual (published in 1977 by "Star Fleet Productions, Inc."):

Males height = 2.0 meters (6'6")
Males weight = 70 kilograms (154.3 lbs)
Females height = 1.7 meters (5'6")
Females weight = 50 kilograms (110.2 lbs)
Body temperature = 32.78 °C (91 °F)
Heart rate = 242 bpm
Blood pressure = 80/40

Vulcan blood vessels are more dilated than those of Humans. The larger blood vessels are the reason Vulcan blood pressure is lower. The dilated blood vessels and fast heart rate also play a key role in regulating Vulcan body temperature. A standard 91 °F body temperature is maintained by the internal cooling mechanism of fast blood circulation. (Star Fleet Medical Reference Manual)

Vulcans do not have sweat glands, and cannot rely on evaporation as a means of cooling their bodies in the harsh heat of their planet's desert climate. Expelling heat through radiation is insufficient. Vulcans evolved an internal cooling mechanism. With an average body temperature of 91 °F, the high blood flow circulates cool blood throughout their body. (Star Fleet Medical Reference Manual) This systematic means of cooling gives credence to McCoy's comment "that green ice water you call blood." ()

While  implies that Vulcans were not warp-capable until at least 1947, in the novel  they already possessed such technology in 1908: a Vulcan survey ship was responsible for the mysterious , redirecting a large meteor about to hit Western Europe – where it would have killed millions and done irreparable damage to Human civilization – so that it instead impacted in an area so remote that no Human deaths were recorded.

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