Temporal lobe
The temporal lobes were lateral parts of the brain. 

In 2256, medical scans showed that the white matter tracts in Paul Stamets' medial temporal lobe had been restructured as a result of his navigating the spore drive. ()

On Omicron Theta, Doctor Noonian Soong experimented with scanning the synaptic patterns of the colonists' temporal lobes and programmed them into Data's neural nets. ()

When Doctor Julian Bashir ran a full neurosynaptic comparison of the brains of Jadzia Dax and Miles O'Brien in 2369, he found the same pattern, the aphasia virus, in their temporal lobes. ()

In 2370, Beverly Crusher scanned Jean-Luc Picard's temporal lobe twice within a short space of time and detected a 13% increase in the acetylcholine of his hippocampus. This showed Picard had accumulated over two days' worth of memories in minutes. ()

In 2371, Bareil Antos' left temporal lobe showed signs of massive synaptic failure after unwisely discussing the Bajoran-Cardassian Treaty with Winn Adami. ()

External link 

Brain anatomy