Navigation
Navigation is the science of locating the position and plotting the course of ships, aircraft, and spacecraft; in the last case, the term is sometimes referred to as astrogation. Travel from one star system to another is called intersystem navigation.

By the mid-23rd century, the Medeusans had developed interstellar navigation to a fine art. During this time, Hikaru Sulu was considered a specialist in space navigation and weapons. ()

It was also at this time that the Federation maintained an automatic communications and astrogation station on the uninhabited planetoid of Gamma II. ()

Lieutenant Commander T. Grodnick was an Instructor of Astrogation at Starfleet Academy in 2285. ()

Navigating
In the era of pre-spacefaring Humanity, the navigator was responsible for navigating either sea vessels or aircraft. ()

Also during more ancient times on Earth, mariners navigated by the stars. Later, maps and globes were used, and with the advent of more advanced technologies such as the compass, sextant – and much later, RADAR and SONAR, Earth navigators gained access to more precise tools. (; ; )

Once beings began to travel the stars, the navigator, or "astrogation plotter", continued the role in space, while new technologies were developed to aid the role.

An early form of space navigation technology, referred to by Chakotay as "the old-fashioned way", were optical scanners. () LIDAR, which used lasers, was another form of air and extra-atmospheric detection and ranging – especially for navigation – technology. () 

By the 22nd century, auto-navigation systems were utilized aboard starships. (, et al.)

The astrogator plotted courses aboard  starships and Class F shuttlecraft during the mid-23rd century. ()

Subspace sensors later became a key external component in assisting starship navigation. () When the  was taken beyond the galactic barrier, they were unable to return because of the lack of reference points on which to plot a return course; this arose from the extreme sensory distortion, caused by the initial crossing of the barrier. () Photic sonar was also used during this period. ()

In 2367, navigation on  starships was managed by the navigational subsystem. In that year, when Data hijacked the , he issued a command override on this subsystem giving him complete control of the system from the bridge. ()

Alternative navigation
On occasion, when navigational sensors became inaccurate, inoperative or obsolete, alternative means could be used to assist in navigation. 

In 2268, the Federation considered the possibility of employing Medeusan navigators aboard starships as a means of solving many navigational problems. () Prior to this, the ship's computer banks were utilized to "solve our problems of navigation." () During a ruse performed by Captain James T. Kirk in 2268, where the  crossed into the Romulan Neutral Zone, Kirk explained to the Romulan Commander that the inadvertent excursion across the zone was due to an "instrument failure caused navigational error." When the Romulan Commander questioned how an instrument failure as radical as Kirk suggested
went unnoticed until you were well past the neutral zone, Kirk explained that "Accidents happen. Backup systems malfunction. We were due for overhaul two months ago." When again questioned by the Romulan Commander regarding the Enterprises ability to navigate with said malfunction, Kirk explained that "the error was corrected." () 

During the Cardassian Occupation of Bajor, Kira Nerys learned "a little trick" that was used to evade the Cardassian ships while hiding in the Badlands. In effort to compensate for the limited sensor range in the Badland, the Bajoran pilots used an active scan system to navigate, a system which worked by echo location. According to Kira, this was accomplished by sending out "a modulated tetryon pulse and if it reflects off the hull of a ship we can approximate its location." To prevent the pulses from giving away the ship's position, they would alter course and speed following every scan. ()

In 2374, Seven of Nine and Harry Kim merged Starfleet and Borg ingenuity to create this new technology that incorporated "returning to that tried-and-true method" of navigating by the stars. The technology worked by using the astrometric sensors to measure the radiative flux of up to three billion stars at one time. The ship's computer would then calculate the ship's position relative to the center of the galaxy. The new mapping technology was considered to be ten times more accurate than current technology, and was able to eliminate five years from the ship's journey to Earth through the Delta Quadrant. ()

The following year, when the  became trapped in chaotic space, it was suggested that the ship "drop a series of beacons" to assist in their navigation out of that region of space. ()

Terminology

Measurements 

 Azimuth
 Bearing
 Course
 Declination
 Heading

Occupations 
 Astrogation plotter
 Flight control officer
 Helmsman
 Navigator
 Pilot

Related links
 Circumnavigation
 Coordinates
 Galactic plane
 Navigational computer
 Navigational control
 Navigational control post
 Navigational control satellite
 Navigational deflector
 Navigational log
 Navigational scan
 Navigational sensor
 Navigation beacon
 Navigation beam
 Navigation console
 Navigation grid
 Star chart

External links
 
 
 
Academic disciplines
Cartography