Archive-name: net-privacy/part2
Last-modified: 1993/3/3
Version: 2.1


IDENTITY, PRIVACY, and ANONYMITY on the INTERNET
================================================

(c) 1993 L. Detweiler.  Not for commercial use except by permission
from author, otherwise may be freely copied.  Not to be altered. 
Please credit if quoted.

SUMMARY
=======

Email and account privacy, anonymity, file encryption,  academic 
computer policies, relevant legislation and references, EFF, and 
other privacy and rights issues associated with use of the Internet
and global networks in general.

(Search for <#.#> for exact section. Search for '_' (underline) for
next section.)

PART 2
====== (this file)

Resources
---------

<4.1> What UNIX programs are related to privacy?
<4.2> How can I learn about or use cryptography?
<4.3> What is the cypherpunks mailing list?
<4.4> What are some privacy-related newsgroups?  FAQs?
<4.5> What is internet Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)?
<4.6> What are other Request For Comments (RFCs) related to privacy?
<4.7> How can I run an anonymous remailer?
<4.8> What are references on privacy in email?
<4.9> What are some email, Usenet, and internet use policies?
<4.10> What is the MIT ``CROSSLINK'' anonymous message TV program?

Miscellaneous
-------------

<5.1> What is ``digital cash''?
<5.2> What is a ``hacker'' or ``cracker''?
<5.3> What is a ``cypherpunk''?
<5.4> What is `steganography' and anonymous pools?
<5.5> What is `security through obscurity'?
<5.6> What are `identity daemons'?
<5.7> What standards are needed to guard electronic privacy?

Issues
------

<6.1> What is the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)?
<6.2> Who are Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR)?
<6.3> What was `Operation Sun Devil' and the Steve Jackson Game case?
<6.4> What is Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)?
<6.5> What is the National Research and Education Network (NREN)?
<6.6> What is the FBI's proposed Digital Telephony Act?
<6.7> What other U.S. legislation is related to privacy on networks?
<6.8> What are references on rights in cyberspace?
<6.9> What is the Computers and Academic Freedom (CAF) archive?

Footnotes
---------

<7.1> What is the background behind the Internet?
<7.2> How is Internet `anarchy' like the English language?
<7.3> Most Wanted list
<7.4> Change history


* * *


RESOURCES
=========


_____
<4.1> What UNIX programs are related to privacy?

  For more information, type `man [cmd]' or `apropos [keyword]' at the
  UNIX shell prompt.

    passwd - change password
    finger - obtain information about a remote user
    chfn   - change information about yourself obtainable by remote
             users (sometimes `passwd -f')
    chmod  - change the rights associated with a file or directory
    umask  - (shell) change the default (on creation) file access
             rights
    ls     - list the rights associated with files and directories
    xhost  - allow or disable access control of particular users to an
             Xwindow server
    last   - list the latest user logins on the system and their
             originations
    who    - list other users, login/idle times, originations
    w      - list other users and what they are running
    xhost  - access control list for X Window client use
    xauth  - control X Window server authentication
    
    .signature  - file in the home directory appended to USENET posts
    .forward    - file used to forward email to other accounts
    .Xauthority - file used for X Window server authentication keys
    $SIGNATURE  - variable used for name in email and USENET postings

  The 'tcpdump' packet-tracing program is loosely based on SMI's
  "etherfind" although none of the etherfind code remains.  It was
  originally written by Van Jacobson, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
  as part of an ongoing research project to investigate and improve
  tcp and internet gateway performance.  A current version is
  available via anonymous ftp from host ftp.ee.lbl.gov (currently at
  address 128.3.254.68) file tcpdump.tar.Z (a compressed Unix tar
  file). This program is subject to  the 'standard' Berkeley network
  software copyright.

_____
<4.2> How can I learn about or use cryptography?

  A general introduction to mostly theoretical cryptographic issues,
  especially those frequently discussed in sci.crypt, is available
  in FAQ form:

  >  Compiled by:
  >        cme@ellisun.sw.stratus.com (Carl Ellison)
  >        Gwyn@BRL.MIL (Doug Gwyn)
  >        smb@ulysses.att.com (Steven Bellovin)

  NIST (U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology)
  publishes an introductory paper on cryptography, special
  publication 800-2 ``Public-Key Cryptograhy'' by James Nechvatal
  (April 1991).  Available via anonymous FTP from
  csrc.ncsl.nist.gov (129.6.54.11), file pub/nistpubs/800-2.txt. 
  Also via available anonymous FTP from wimsey.bc.ca as crypt.txt.Z
  in the crypto directory.  Covers technical mathematical aspects
  of encryption such as number theory.

  More general information can be found in a FAQ by Paul Fahn of RSA
  Labortories via anonymous FTP from rsa.com in /pub/faq.ps.Z.  See
  the `readme' file for information on the `tex' version.  Also
  available as hardcopy for $20 from   RSA Laboratories, 100 Marine
  Parkway, Redwood City, CA  94065.  Send questions to
  faq-editor@rsa.com.

  Phil Zimmerman's PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) public-domain package
  for public key encryption is available at numerous sites, and is
  in widespread use over the internet for general UNIX-based file
  encryption (including email).  Consult the archie FTP database. 
  Also see the newsgroup alt.security.pgp.  Mailing list requests
  to info-pgp-request@lucpul.it.luc.edu.

  From the RIPEM FAQ by Marc VanHeyningen
  <mvanheyn@whale.cs.indiana.edu> on news.answers:

  > RIPEM is a program which performs Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
  > using the cryptographic techniques of RSA and DES.  It allows
  > your electronic mail to have the properties of authentication
  > (i.e. who sent it can be confirmed) and privacy (i.e. nobody can
  > read it except the intended recipient.)
  > 
  > RIPEM was written primarily by Mark Riordan
  > <mrr@scss3.cl.msu.edu>. Most of the code is in the public domain,
  > except for the RSA routines, which are a library called RSAREF
  > licensed from RSA Data Security Inc.
  > 
  > RIPEM is available via anonymous FTP to citizens and permanent
  > residents in the U.S. from rsa.com; cd to rsaref/ and read the
  > README file for info.
  > 
  > RIPEM, as well as some other crypt stuff, has its `home site' on
  > rpub.cl.msu.edu, which is open to non-anonymous FTP for users in
  > the U.S. and Canada who are citizens or permanent residents.  To
  > find out how to obtain access, ftp there, cd to pub/crypt/, and
  > read the file GETTING_ACCESS.

  Note: cryptography is generally not well integrated into email yet
  and some system proficiency is required by users to utilize it.

_____
<4.3> What is the cypherpunks mailing list?

  Eric Hughes <hughes@toad.com> runs the `cypherpunk' mailing list
  dedicated to ``discussion about technological defenses for privacy
  in the digital domain.''  Send email to
  cypherpunks-request@toad.com to be added or subtracted from the
  list. From the charter:

  > The most important means to the defense of privacy is encryption.
  > To encrypt is to indicate the desire for privacy.  But to encrypt
  > with weak cryptography is to indicate not too much desire for
  > privacy. Cypherpunks hope that all people desiring privacy will
  > learn how best to defend it.

_____
<4.4> What are some privacy-related newsgroups?  FAQs?
  
  Newsgroups
  ==========

  alt.comp.acad-freedom.news
  alt.comp.acad-freedom.talk 
  --------------------------
    Moderated and unmoderated issues related to academic freedom and
    privacy at universities. Documented examples of violated
    privacy in e.g. email.  Documented examples of `censorship' as
    in e.g. limiting USENET groups local availability.

  alt.cyberpunks
  --------------
    Virtual reality, (science) fiction by William Gibson and Bruce 
    Sterling, cyberpunk in the mainstream.
 
  alt.hackers
  -----------
    USENET Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) posting mechanisms, 
    Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), `obligatory hack' reports.

  alt.privacy
  -----------
    General privacy issues involving taxpaying, licensing, social
    security numbers, etc.
  
  alt.security 
  comp.security.misc
  ------------------
    Computer related security issues.  FAQ in news.answers below.
  
  alt.security.pgp
  alt.security.ripem
  ----------------
    Dedicated to discussing public domain cryptographic software
    packages: PGP, or ``Pretty Good Privacy'' Software developed by
    Phil Zimmerman for public key encryption, and RIPEM by Mark
    Riordan for public key and DES encryption.
  
  comp.society.privacy
  --------------------
    Privacy issues associated with computer technologies.  Examples:
    caller identification, social security numbers, credit
    applications, mailing lists, etc.  Moderated.
    
  comp.eff.news
  comp.eff.talk
  -------------
    Moderated and unmoderated groups associated with the Electronic
    Frontier Foundation started by Mitch Kapor for protecting civil
    and constitutional rights in the electronic realm.
  
  news.admin
  news.admin.policy
  -----------------
    Concerns of news administrators.  NNTP standards and mechanisms.
    
  news.lists
  ----------
    USENET traffic distributions.  Most frequent posters, most
    voluminous groups, most active sites, etc.
  
  sci.crypt
  ---------
    Considers scientific and social issues of cryptography. 
    Examples: legitimate use of PGP, public-key patents, DES,
    cryptographic security, cypher breaking, etc.
  

  FAQs
  ====

  FAQs or ``Frequently-Asked Questions'' are available in the
  newsgroups *.answers or via anonymous FTP to pit-manager.mit.edu
  [18.172.1.27] (also rtfm.mit.edu)  from the directory
  /pub/usenet/news.answers/[x] where [x] is the archive name. This
  FAQ is archived in the file `net-privacy'.   Others are:

  network-info/part1  
  ------------------
    Sources of information about the Internet and how to connect to
    it, through the NSF or commercial vendors.
  
  alt-security-faq
  ----------------
    Computer related security issues arising in alt.security and
    comp.security.misc, mostly UNIX related.
  
  ssn-privacy 
  -----------
    Privacy issues associated with the use of the U.S. Social
    Security number (SSN).
  
  pdial
  -----
    Public dialup internet accounts list.
  
  college-email/part1
  -------------------
    How to find email addresses for undergraduate and graduate
    students, faculty and staff at various colleges and
    universities.
  
  ripem/faq
  ---------
    Information on RIPEM, a program for public key mail encryption
    officially sanctioned by Public Key Partners Inc., the company
    that owns patents on public key cryptography.
  
  unix-faq/faq/part1
  ------------------
    Frequently-asked questions about UNIX, including information on
    `finger' and terminal spying.

  distributions/*
  ---------------
     Known geographic, university, and network distributions.

_____
<4.5> What is internet Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)?

  Internet drafts on Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) describe a standard
  under revision for six years delineating the official protocols for
  email encryption.  The standard has only recently stabilized and
  implementations are being developed.

  - RFC-1421: ``Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: 
    Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Procedures.'' J.
    Linn <104-8456@mcimail.com>

  - RFC-1422: ``Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part
    II: Certificate-Based Key Management'' S. Kent <Kent@BBN.com>

  - RFC-1424: ``Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: 
    Part IV: Key Certification and Related Services'' B. Kaliski
    <burt@rsa.com>

  - RFC-1423: ``Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part
    III: Algorithms, Modes, and Identifiers'' D. Balenson
    <belenson@tis.com>

  Send email to pem-info@tis.com for more information.  See ``RFCs 
  related to privacy'' for information on how to obtain RFCs.
  
_____
<4.6> What are other Requests For Comments (RFCs) related to privacy?

  RFC-822:  SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
  RFC-977:  NNTP, Network News Transfer Protocol
  RFC-1036: Standard for interchange of network news messages
  RFC-1208: Glossary of Networking Terms
  RFC-1207: Answers to ``experienced Internet user'' questions
  RFC-1206: Answers to ``new Internet user'' questions
  RFC-1355: Privacy issues in Network Information center databases

  
  RFC-1177 is ``FYI: Answers to commonly asked ``new internet user'' 
  questions, and includes: basic terminology on the Internet (TCP/IP,
  SMTP, FTP), internet  organizations such as IAB (Internet
  Activities Board) and IETF  (Internet Enbgineering Task Force), and
  a glossary of terms.  Also from ftp.eff.org:
  /pub/internet-info/internet.q.

  > RFCs can be obtained via FTP from NIC.DDN.MIL, with the pathname
  > RFC:RFCnnnn.TXT or RFC:RFCnnnn.PS (where `nnnn' refers to the
  > number of the RFC).  Login with FTP, username `anonymous' and
  > password `guest'.  The NIC also provides an automatic mail
  > service for those sites which cannot use FTP.  Address the
  > request to SERVICE@NIC.DDN.MIL and in the subject field of the
  > message indicate the RFC number, as in `Subject: RFC nnnn' (or
  > `Subject: RFC nnnn.PS' for PostScript RFCs).
  >
  > RFCs can also be obtained via FTP from NIS.NSF.NET.  Using FTP,
  > login with username `anonymous' and password `guest'; then
  > connect to the RFC directory (`cd RFC').  The file name is of the
  > form RFCnnnn.TXT-1 (where `nnnn' refers to the number of the
  > RFC).  The NIS also provides an automatic mail service for those
  > sites which cannot use FTP.  Address the request to
  > NIS-INFO@NIS.NSF.NET and leave the subject field of the message
  > blank.  The first line of the text of the message must be `SEND
  > RFCnnnn.TXT-1', where nnnn is replaced by the RFC number.
  
_____
<4.7> How can I run an anonymous remailer?

  Cypherpunk remailer source is at soda.berkeley.edu in the
  /pub/cypherpunks directory.  It's written in PERL, and is
  relatively easy to install (no administrative rights are required).
  Karl Barrus  <elee9sf@menudo.uh.edu> has more information and
  modifications. Also, most remailer operators mentioned above are
  amenable to discussing features, problems, and helping new sites
  become operational. Address all points in the section
  ``responsibities of anonymous use'' in this document prior to
  advertising your service.  You should be committed to the long-term
  stability of the site and avoid running one surreptitiously.

_____
<4.8> What are references on privacy in email?


  Brown, Bob. ``EMA Urges Users to Adopt Policy on E-mail Privacy.''  
  Network World (Oct 29, 1990), 7.44: 2.
  
  Bairstow, Jeffrey. ``Who Reads your Electronic Mail?'' Electronic
  Business  (June 11, 1990) 16 (11): 92.

  ``Electronic Envelopes - the uncertainty of keeping e-mail private''
  Scientific American, February 1993.

  ftp.eff.org
  ===========

  /pub/eff/papers/email_privacy
  ---
    Article on the rights of email privacy. by Ruel T. Hernandez.

  /pub/academic/law/privacy.email
  ---
    ``Computer Electronic Mail and Privacy'', an edited version of a
    law school seminar paper by Ruel T. Hernadez.

  /pub/eff/papers/email-privacy-biblio-2
  ---
    Compilation of bibliography on E-Mail and its privacy issues (part
    2 of the work).  Compiled by Stacy B. Veeder (12/91).

  /pub/eff/papers/email-privacy-research
  ---
    The author at Digital Research tried to formalize their employee
    privacy policy on E-Mail.  The casesightings are divided into two
    groups: US Constitutional law, and California law.

  /pub/eff/papers/company-email
  ---
    Formulating a Company Policy on Access to and Disclosure of
    Electronic Mail on Company Computer Systems by David R. Johnson
    and John Podesta for the Electronic Mail Assocation

  /pub/cud/alcor
  ---
    Information on Alcor Co., an e-mail privacy suit.

  /pub/academic/law/privacy.email
  ---
    Email privacy search at Berkeley.

_____
<4.9> What are some email, Usenet, and internet use policies?

  The Computer Policy and Critiques Archive is a collection of the
  computer policies of many schools and networks, run by the
  Computers and Academic Freedom group on the Electronic Frontier
  Foundation FTP site. The collection also includes critiques of some
  of the policies.

  > If you have gopher, the archive is browsable with the command:
  > gopher -p academic/policies gopher.eff.org
  > 
  > The archive is also accessible via anonymous ftp and email. Ftp
  > to ftp.eff.org (192.88.144.4). It is in directory
  > `pub/academic/policies'. For email access, send email to
  > archive-server@eff.org. Include the line:
  > 
  > send acad-freedom/policies <filenames>
  > 
  > where <filenames> is a list of the files that you want. File
  > README is a detailed description of the items in the directory.
  > 
  > For more information, to make contributions, or to report typos
  > contact J.S. Greenfield (greeny@eff.org). Directory `widener'
  > contains additional policies (but not critiques).


  ftp.eff.org
  ===========
  
  /pub/cud/networks
  ---
    Acceptable Use Policies for various networks, including CompuServe
    (file `compuserve'), NSFNET (file `nsfnet') with information on
    research and commercial uses. See /pub/cud/networks/index.

  /pub/cud/networks/email
  ---
    Policies from various sysadmins about how they handle the issue of
    email privacy,  control, and abuse, compiled by T. Hooper 
    <hooper_ta@cc.curtin.edu.au>.
  
  /pub/cud/schools/
  ---
    Computer use policies of a number of schools. See schools/Index
    for a full list and description.

  
  Commentary
  ==========

  /pub/academic/faq/policy.best
  ---
    Opinions on the best academic computer policies.


  /pub/academic/faq/email.policies
  ---
    Do any universities treat email and computer files as private?

  /pub/academic/faq/netnews.writing
  ---
    Policies on what users write on Usenet.

  /pub/academic/faq/netnews.reading
  ---
    Policies on what users read on Usenet: should my university remove
    (or restrict) Netnews newsgroups because some people find them
    offensive?

  /pub/academic/faq/policy
  ---
    What guidance is there for creating or evaluating a university's
    academic computer policy?

______
<4.10> What is the MIT ``CROSSLINK'' anonymous message TV program?

  > CROSSLINK is an anonymous message system run on MIT Student
  > Cable TV-36. It provides an anonymous medium through which MIT
  > students can say those things they might otherwise find
  > difficult, inconvenient or impossible to say in person.  It's
  > also a way to send fun or totally random messages to your
  > friends over the air.  It is similar to the anonymous message
  > pages found in many college newspapers, except that it's
  > electronic in nature and it's free.

  Messages can be posted to the service via email.  For more
  information send email to crosslink@athena.mit.edu.


MISCELLANEOUS
=============

_____
<5.1> What is ``digital cash''?

  With digital encryption and authentication technologies, the
  possibility of a widespread digital cash system may someday be
  realized.  A system utilizing codes sent between users and banks
  (similar to today's checking system except entirely digital) may
  be one approach.  The issues of cryptography, privacy, and
  anonymity are closely associated with transfer of cash in an
  economy.  See the article in Scientific American by David Chaum
  (~Dec.1992).

  An experimental digital bank is run by Karl Barrus
  <elee9sf@Menudo.UH.EDU> based on suggestions by Hal Finney on the
  cypherpunks mailing list.  To use the server send mail to
  elee7h5@rosebud.ee.uh.edu message with the following text:

    ::
    command: help
    
    user@host

  where `user@host' is your email address.
 
  
_____
<5.2> What is a ``hacker'' or ``cracker''?

  These terms arouse strong feelings by many on their meaning,
  especially on the internet.  In the general news media in the past
  a person who uses computers and networks to malicious ends (such as
  breaking into systems) has been referred to as a hacker, but most
  internet users prefer the term ``cracker'' for this.  Instead, a
  ``hacker'' is perceived as a benign but intensely ambitious,
  curious, and driven computer user who explores obscure areas of a
  system, for example---something of a proud electronic pioneer and
  patriot.  This is the sense intended in this document.  See also
  the ``Hacker's Dictionary'' and the FAQ `alt-security-faq'.
 
 
_____
<5.3> What is a ``cypherpunk''?

  From the charter of the cypherpunk mailing list:

  > Cypherpunks assume privacy is a good thing and wish there were
  > more of it.  Cypherpunks acknowledge that those who want privacy
  > must create it for themselves and not expect governments,
  > corporations, or other large, faceless organizations to grant
  > them privacy out of beneficence.  Cypherpunks know that people
  > have been creating their own privacy for centuries with whispers,
  > envelopes, closed doors, and couriers.  Cypherpunks do not seek
  > to prevent other people from speaking about their experiences or
  > their opinions.

  See information on the cypherpunk mailing list below.

  See also the CryptoAnarchist Manifesto and the Cryptography Glossary
  in soda.berkeley.edu:/pub/cypherpunks.

_____
<5.4> What is `steganography' and anonymous pools?

  Closely associated with encryption is `steganography' or the
  techniques for not only pursuing private (encrypted) communication
  but concealing the very  existence of the communication itself. 
  Many new possibilities in this area are introduced with the
  proliferation of computer technology.  For example, it is possible
  to encode messages in the least-significant bits of images,
  typically the most 'noisy'. In addition, when such an item is
  posted in a public place (such as a newsgroup), virtually
  untraceable  communication can take place between sender and
  receiver.  For  steganographic communications in the electronic
  realm one another possibility is setting up a mailing list where
  individual messages get broadcast to the entire list and individual
  users decode particular messages with their unique key.   An
  anonymous pool has been set up by Miron Cuperman
  (miron@extropia.wimsey.com) for experiments.  Send email to
  <pool0-request@extropia.wimsey.com>  with one of the following
  commands in the subject line:

    subscribe
    unsubscribe
    help

_____
<5.5> What is `security through obscurity'?

  `Security through obscurity' refers to the attempt to gain
  protection from system weaknesses by hiding sensitive information
  or programs relating to them.  For example, a company may not make
  public information on its software's encryption techniques to evade
  `attacks' based on knowledge of it. Another example would be
  concealing data on the existence of security holes or bugs in
  operating systems.  Or, some reliance may be made on the fact that
  some standard or mechanism with potential problems is serious
  because they are ``not widely known'' or ``not widely used.'' This
  argument is occasionally applied to mechanisms for email and Usenet
  posting `forgery'. `Security through obscurity' is regarded as a
  very feeble  technique at best and inappropriate and ineffective at
  worst (also called the ``head-in-the-sand approach''). See the FAQ
  for alt.security.  
  
  Some remarks of John Perry Barlow, cofounder of the Electronic
  Frontier Foundation, directed to NSA agents at the First
  International Symposium on National Security & National
  Competitiveness held in McLean, Virginia  Dec. 1, 1992:

  > Digitized information is very hard to stamp classified or keep
  > contained. ... This stuff is incredibly leaky and volatile.  It's
  > almost a life form in its ability to self-propagate.  If
  > something hits the Net and it's something which people on there
  > find interesting it will spread like a virus of the mind.  I
  > believe you must simply accept the idea that we are moving into
  > an environment where any information which is at all interesting
  > to people is going to get out.  And there will be very little
  > that you can do about it.  This is not a bad thing in my view,
  > but you may differ...

_____
<5.6> What are `identity daemons'?
  
  RFC-931 describes a protocol standard that allows UNIX programs to
  query a remote user's login name after connection to a local
  communication socket (a connection of this type is established
  during FTP and TELNET sessions, for example).  The standard is not
  widely supported, perhaps 10% of internet sites currently implement
  it but the number is increasing.  The mechanism is detrimental to
  anonymity.  Regular users cannot disable it but system
  adminstrators can circumvent it.  This standard may represent a
  trend toward greater authentication mechanisms.

_____
<5.7> What new standards are needed to guard electronic privacy?


  Remailing/Posting
  -----------------
  
  - Stable, secure, protected, officially sanctioned and permitted,
    publicly and privately operated anonymous servers and hubs.
  - Official standards for encryption and anonymity in mail and USENET
    postings.
  - Truly anonymous protocols with source and destination information
    obscured or absent and hidden routing mechanisms (chaining,
    encrypted addresses, etc.)
  - Standards for anonymous email addressing, embedding files, and
    remailer site chaining.
  
  General
  -------
  
  - Recognition of anonymity, cryptography, and related privacy
    shields as legitimate, useful, desirable, and crucial by the
    general public and their governments.
  - Widespread use and implementation of these technologies 
    by systems designers into
    hardware, software, and standards, implemented `securely,'
    `seamlessly,' and `transparently'.
  - General shift of use, dependence, and reliance to means other than
    wiretapping and electronic surveillance by law enforcement
    agencies.
  - Publicity, retraction, and dissolution of laws and government
    agencies opposed to privacy, replaced by structures dedicated to
    strengthening and protecting it.


ISSUES
======

_____
<6.1> What is the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)?

  From ftp.eff.org:/pub/EFF/mission_statement:

  > A new world is arising in the vast web of digital, electronic
  > media which connect us.  Computer-based communication media like
  > electronic mail and computer conferencing are becoming the basis
  > of new forms of community.  These communities without a single,
  > fixed geographical location comprise the first settlements on an
  > electronic frontier.
  > 
  > While well-established legal principles and cultural norms give
  > structure and coherence to uses of conventional media like
  > newspapers, books, and telephones, the new digital media do not
  > so easily fit into existing frameworks.  Conflicts come about as
  > the law struggles to define its application in a context where
  > fundamental notions of speech, property, and place take
  > profoundly new forms. People sense both the promise and the
  > threat inherent in new computer and communications technologies,
  > even as they struggle to master or simply cope with them in the
  > workplace and the home.
  > 
  > The Electronic Frontier Foundation has been established to help
  > civilize the electronic frontier; to make it truly useful and
  > beneficial not just to a technical elite, but to everyone; and to
  > do this in a way which is in keeping with our society's highest
  > traditions of the free and open flow of information and
  > communication.
  
  EFF was started by the multimillionaire Mitchell Kapor, founder of
  Lotus software, and John Barlow, lyricist for the Grateful Dead
  rock band.  A highly publicized endeavor of the organization
  involved the legal defense of  Steve Jackson Games after an FBI
  raid and an accompanying civil suit  (see section on ``Steve
  Jackson Games'').  The foundation publishes EFF News (EFFector
  Online) electronically, send requests to effnews-request@eff.org.
  
  In a letter to Mitchell Kapor from the Chairman of the Subcommittee
  with primary jurisdiction over telecommunications policy dated
  November 5, 1991,  Representative  Edward J. Markey complemented
  Mitchell Kapor on his ``insights on the development of a national
  public information infrastructure'' which ``were appreciated greatly
  by myself and the Members of the Subcommittee'' (complete text in 
  ftp.eff.com:/pub/pub-infra/1991-12):

  > ...we need to pursue policies that encourage the Bell companies to
  > work with other sectors of the communications industry to create
  > a consumer-oriented, public information network. Please let me or
  > my staff know what policies you and others in the computer
  > industry believe would best serve the public interest in creating
  > a reasonably priced, widely available network in which
  > competition is open and innovation rewarded.  I also want to
  > learn what lessons from the computer industry over the past ten
  > to fifteen years should apply to the current debate on
  > structuring the information and communications networks of the
  > future....I ask your help in gaining input from the computer
  > industry so that the Subcommittee can shape policies that will
  > bring this spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship to the
  > information services industry.  

  ftp.eff.org
  ===========
  
  /pub/eff/about-eff
  ---
    A file of basic information about EFF including goals, mission,
    achievements, and current projects. Contains a membership form.

  /pub/eff/mission-statement
  ---
    EFF mission statement.

  /pub/eff/historical/founding-announcement
  ---
    EFF founding press release.

  /pub/eff/historical/eff-history
  ---
    John Perry Barlow's ``Not Terribly Brief History of the EFF'' (July
    10, 1990).  How EFF was conceived and founded, major legal cases,
    and the organizational directions.

  /pub/eff/historical/legal-case-summary
  ---
    EFF legal case summary.


_____
<6.2> Who are Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR)?

  The Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility have been
  working to protect and promote electronic civil liberties issues
  since ~1982.  The group has three offices (Palo Alto, Cambridge,
  Washington, DC) and 20 chapters. It is involved in  litigation
  against the FBI, The NSA, NIST, the Secret Service and other other
  U.S. government agencies  to declassify and provide documentation
  on issues such as Operation Sundevil, the FBI wiretap proposal,
  NSA's interference in crypography, the breakup of the 2600 raid in
  Arlington, Va in Nov 1992. Members speak frequently in front on
  Congress, state legislators and public utility commissions to
  testify on privacy, information policy, computer security, and
  caller identification.

  CPSR has created an extensive Internet Privacy library available
  via FTP, Gopher, WAIS, and email at cpsr.org, currently comprising
  the largest collection of privacy documents on the internet.  For
  more information, anonymous FTP  cpsr.org:/cpsr/.


  (Thanks to Dave Banisar <banisar@washofc.cpsr.org> for contributions
  here.)

_____
<6.3> What was `Operation Sundevil' and the Steve Jackson Game case?

  In the early 1990's a fear spread among U.S. law enforcement agencies
  on the illicit activities of `hackers' and `phreakers' involved in
  such activities as credit card fraud and long-distance call thievery.
  
  (see ftp.eff.org:/pub/SJG/General_Information/EFFector1.04):

  > `Operation Sundevil,' the Phoenix-inspired crackdown of May
  > 8,1990, concentrated on telephone code-fraud and credit-card
  > abuse, and followed this seizure plan with some success. 
  > [Bulletin Board Systems] went down all over America, terrifying
  > the underground and swiftly depriving them of at least some of
  > their criminal instruments.  It also saddled analysts with some
  > 24,000 floppy disks, and confronted harried Justice Department
  > prosecutors with the daunting challenge of a gigantic nationwide
  > hacker show-trial involving highly technical issues in dozens of
  > jurisdictions.

  Massive `show-trials' never materialized, although isolated
  instances of prosecution were pursued.  The movement reached a
  crescendo in Texas with the highly publicized case of illegal
  search and seizure involving the Steve Jackson Games company of
  Austin Texas on March 1, 1990.  From the column GURPS' LABOUR LOST
  by Bruce Sterling <bruces@well.sf.ca.us> in Fantasy and Science
  Fiction Magazine:

  > In an early morning raid with an unlawful and unconstitutional
  > warrant, agents of the Secret Service conducted a search of the
  > SJG office.  When they left they took a manuscript being prepared
  > for publication, private electronic mail, and several computers,
  > including the hardware and software of the SJG Computer Bulletin
  > Board System.  Yet Jackson and his business were not only
  > innocent of any crime, but never suspects in the first place. 
  > The raid had been staged on the unfounded suspicion that
  > somewhere in Jackson's office there `might be' a document
  > compromising the security of the 911 telephone system.

  FBI agents involved in the seizure were named in a civil suit filed
  on behalf of Steve Jackson Games by The Electronic Frontier
  Foundation.  See information on EFF below.  From an article by Joe
  Abernathy in the Houston Chronicle ~Feb 1, 1993:
  
  > AUSTIN -- An electronic civil rights case against the Secret
  > Service closed Thursday with a clear statement by federal
  > District Judge Sam Sparks that the Service failed to conduct a
  > proper investigation in a notorious computer crime crackdown,
  > and went too far in retaining  custody of seized equipment. 
  > 
  > Secret Service Special Agent Timothy Foley of Chicago, who was in
  > charge of three Austin computer search-and-seizures on March 1,
  > 1990, that led to the lawsuit, stoically endured Spark's rebuke
  > over the Service's poor investigation and abusive computer
  > seizure policies.  While the Service has seized dozens of
  > computers since the crackdown began in 1990, this is the first
  > case to challenge the practice. 
  > 
  > Sparks grew visibly angry when it was established that the Austin
  > science fiction magazine and game book publisher was never
  > suspected of a crime, and that agents did not do even marginal
  > research to establish a criminal connection between the firm and
  > the suspected illegal activities of an employee, or to determine
  > that the company was a publisher. Indeed, agents testified that
  > they were not even trained in the Privacy Protection Act at the
  > special Secret Service school on computer crime. 
  > 
  > "How long would it have taken you, Mr. Foley, to find out what
  > Steve Jackson Games did, what it was?" asked Sparks. "An hour? 
  > 
  > "Was there any reason why, on March 2, you could not return to
  > Steve Jackson Games a copy, in floppy disk form, of everything
  > taken? 
  > 
  > "Did you read the article in Business Week magazine where it had
  > a picture of Steve Jackson -- a law-abiding, tax-paying citizen
  > -- saying he was a computer crime suspect? 
  > 
  > "Did it ever occur to you, Mr. Foley, that seizing this material
  > could harm Steve Jackson economically?" 
  > 
  > Foley replied, "No, sir," but the judge offered his own answer. 
  > 
  > "You actually did, you just had no idea anybody would actually go
  > out and hire a lawyer and sue you." 
  > 
  > More than $200,000 has been spent by the Electronic Frontier 
  > Foundation in bringing the case to trial. The EFF was founded by 
  > Mitchell Kapor amid a civil liberties movement sparked in large
  > part by the Secret Service computer crime crackdown. 


  ftp.eff.org
  ===========
  
  /pub/cud/papers/sundevil
  ---
    A collection of information on Operation SunDevil by the Epic
    nonprofit publishing project. Everything you wanted to know but
    could never find.

  /pub/cud/papers/sj-resp
  ---
    Steve Jackson's response to the charges against him.

_____
<6.4> What is Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)?

  ISDN is a high-speed data communications standard that utilizes
  existing copper telephone lines, and is a possible inexpensive and
  intermediate alternative to laying fiber optic cable for phone
  networks.  The speeds involved may be sufficient for audio and
  video transmission applications.  G. V. der Leun in the file
  ftp.eff.org: /pub/pub-infra/1991-11:

  > Telecommunications in the United States is at a crossroads.  With
  > the Regional Bell Operating Companies now free to provide
  > content, the shape of the information networking is about to be
  > irrevocably altered.  But will that network be the open,
  > accessible, affordable network that the American public needs? 
  > You can help decide this question.
  > 
  > The Electronic Frontier Foundation recently presented a plan to
  > Congress calling for the immediate deployment of a national
  > network based on existing ISDN technology, accessible to anyone
  > with a telephone connection, and priced like local voice service.
  >  We believe deployment of such a platform will spur the
  > development of innovative new information services, and maximize
  > freedom, competitiveness, and civil liberties throughout the
  > nation.
  > 
  > The EFF is testifying before Congress and the FCC; making
  > presentations to public utility commisions from Massachusetts to
  > California; and meeting with representatives from telephone
  > companies, publishers, consumer advocates, and other stakeholders
  > in the telecommunications policy debate.
  > 
  > The EFF believes that participants on the Internet, as pioneers on
  > the electronic frontier, need to have their voices heard at this
  > critical moment.

  To automatically receive a description of the platform and details,
  send mail to archive-server@eff.org, with the following line:

    send documents open-platform-overview

  or send mail to eff@eff.org.  See also the Introduction to the EFF
  Open Platform Proposal in ftp.eff.org:/pub/pub-infra/1991-02.

  
  References
  ==========

  ``Digital Data On Demand.'' MacWorld, 2/82 (page 224).
  ---
    56Kbps vs. ISDN services and products. See comments by J. Powers
    in ftp.eff.org:pub/pub-infra/1992-02.

  ``Telephone Service That Rings of the Future.'' By Joshua Quittner. 
  Newsday, Tue, Jan 7 1992.
  ---
    Implications of ISDN for the masses, written in popular science
    style.   John Perry Barlow (cofounder EFF). Regional telephone
    companies (Ohio Bell).  ISDN as ``Technological Rorschach Test.''
     Anecdotes about McDonald's,  Barbara Bush teleconferencing. See
    complete text in ftp.eff.org:/pub/pub-infra/1992-01.
    
  ftp.eff.org:/pub/pub-infra/
  ---
    Files 1991-11 through 1992-05 containing email from the EFF public
    infrastructure group organized by month.  Opinions and facts on
    the pros and cons of ISDN, Integrated Services Digital Network. 
    Uses of ISDN (phone video, audio, etc.)  Japanese model.
    Alternatives to ISDN (HDSL, ADSL, fiber optics). Technical 
    specifications of ISDN, implementation details, cost issues,
    political obstacles, (RBOC, Regional Bell Operating Companies or
    `Baby Bells', e.g. NET, New England Telephone).  Influencing
    development of future networks (e.g. ISDN and NREN, National
    Research and Education  Network), encouraging competition (cable
    TV systems). Press releases and news articles.  Letter from Rep.
    E. J. Markey to M. Kapor.

_____
<6.5> What is the National Research and Education Network (NREN)?

  The Nation Research and Education Network was introduced in
  legislation cosponsored by Sen. A. Gore to promote high-speed data
  network infrastructure augmenting the internet with up to 50 times
  faster transmission rates.  The bill passed the House on November
  20, 1991, the Senate on November 22, 1991, and was signed by the
  President on December 9, 1991.

  ftp.eff.org
  ===========
  
  /pub/EFF/legislation/nren-bill-text
  ---
    The complete text of the House-Senate compromise version of S.
    272, the High-Performance Computing Act.

  /pub/internet-info/gore.bill
  ---
    102nd congress 1st Session. Text of high performance computing
    bill cosponsored by Sen. A. Gore.


  /pub/EFF/legislation/gore-infrastructure-bill
  ---
    The text of S.2937, the Information Infrastructure and Technology
    Act of 1992 introduced by Senator Gore to expand Federal efforts
    to develop technologies for applications of high-performance
    computing and high-speed networking, and to provide for a
    coordinated Federal program to accelerate development and
    deployment of an advanced information infrastructure.

  U.S. SAID TO PLAY FAVORITES IN PROMOTING NATIONWIDE COMPUTER NETWORK
  By John Markoff, N.Y. Times (~18 Dec 91).
  ---
    President Bush's legislation for natiowide computer data
    `superhighway.'  IBM-MCI venture as monopoly destructive to fair
    competition and  innovation?  National Science Foundation NSFnet.
    complete text in  /pub/pub-infra/1991-12.

  Commentary
  ==========

  /pub/academic/statements/nren.privacy.cpsr
  ---
    ``Proposed Privacy Guidelines for the NREN'' -- Statement of Marc
    Rotenberg, Washington Director Computer Professionals for Social
    Responsibility (CPSR).

  /pub/internet-info/cisler.nren
  ---
    The National Research and Education Network: Two meetings Steve
    Cisler, Senior Scientist Apple Computer Library December 17, 1990
    Summary of meetings exploring educational issues of NREN by
    diverse members of academia and industry.

  /pub/internet-info/privatized.nren
  ---
    Feb. 14 1991 essay by M. Kapor advocating advantages of a private
    National Public  Network, and specific recommendations for open
    NREN policies encouraging  competition.


  /pub/eff/papers/netproposition
  ---
    An FYI about the proposed NREN setup.

_____
<6.6> What is the FBI's proposed Digital Telephony Act?

  ``Providers of electronic communication services and private branch
  exchange operators shall provide within the United States
  capability and capacity for the government to intercept wire and
  electronic communications when authorized by law...''
  
  From `BBS Legislative Watch: FBIs Wiretapping Proposal Thwarted' by
  S. Steele in Boardwatch Magazine, Feb. 1993, p. 19-22:
 
  > In a move that worried privacy experts, software manufacturers and
  > telephone companies, the FBI proposed legislation to amend the
  > Communications Act of 1934 to make it easier for the Bureau to
  > perform electronic wiretapping. The proposed legislation,
  > entitled 'Digital Telephony,' would have required communications
  > service providers and hardware manufacturers to make their
  > systems 'tappable' by providing 'back doors' through which law
  > enforcement officers could intercept communications. Furthermore,
  > this capability would have been provided undetectably, while the
  > communications was in progress, exclusive of any communications
  > between other parties, regardless of the mobility of the target
  > of the FBI's investigation, and without degradation of service.
  >  
  > ...under the proposal, the Department of Justice (DOJ) can keep
  > communications products off the market if it determines that
  > these products do not meet the DOJ's own ... guidelines. This
  > [could] result in increased costs and reduced competitiveness for
  > service providers and equipment manufacturers, since they will be
  > unlikely to add any features that may result in a DOJ rejection
  > of their entire product. ...the FBI proposal suggests that the
  > cost of this wiretapping 'service' to the Bureau would have to be
  > borne by the service provider itself...
  > 
  > The Electronic Frontier Foundation organized a broad coalition of
  > public interest and industry groups, from Computer Professionals
  > for Social Responsibilty (CPSR) and the ACLU to AT&T and Sun
  > Microsystems, to oppose the legislation. A white paper produced
  > by the EFF and ratified by the coalition, entitled, `An Analysis
  > of the FBI Digital Telephony Proposal,' was widely distributed
  > throughout the Congress.  ... The Justice Department lobbied hard
  > in the final days to get Congress to take up the bill before
  > Congress adjourned, but the bill never ... found a Congressional
  > sponsor (and was therefore never officially introduced). The FBI
  > [may] reintroduce "Digital Telephony" when the 103rd Congress
  > convenes in January.

  ftp.eff.org
  ===========
  
  /pub/eff/legislation/fbi-wiretap-bill
  /pub/EFF/legislation/new-fbi-wiretap-bill
  ---
    A bill to ensure the continuing access of law enforcement to the
    content of wire and electronic communications when authorized by
    law and for other purposes. Version 2 of the bill after FBI
    changes in response to public response.

  /pub/cud/law/hr3515
  ---
    House of Rep bill 3515, Telecommunications Law.

  Commentary
  ==========
  
  /pub/eff/papers/eff-fbi-analysis
  ---
    The EFF-sponsored analysis of the FBI's Digital Telephony proposal.

  /pub/eff/papers/ecpa.layman
  ---
    The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986: A Layman's View.

  /pub/eff/papers/nightline-wire
  ---
    Transcript of ABC's Nightline of May 22, 1992, on the FBI,
    Privacy, and Proposed Wire-Tapping Legislation. Featured are Marc
    Rotenberg of the CPSR and William Sessions, Director of the FBI.

  /pub/eff/papers/edwards_letter
  ---
    A letter from the Director of the Secret Service to US Rep. Don
    Edwards, D-California, in response to questions raised by
    Edwards' Subcommittee. This copy came from Computer Professionals
    for Social Responsibility in Washington, D.C.

  /pub/eff/papers/fbi.systems
  ---
    A description of how information is stored on the FBI's computer
    systems.


_____
<6.7> What other U.S. legislation is related to privacy?

  ftp.eff.org
  ===========
  
  /pub/cud/law/<state>  
  ---
    State computer crime laws:
                                  AL, AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA,
                                  HI, IA, ID, IL, IN, MD, MN, NC, NJ,
                                  NM, NY, OR, TX, VT, VA, WA, WI, WV.

  /pub/cud/law/<country>
  ---
    Current computer crime laws for: The United States (federal
    code), Canada, Ghana, and Great Britain.

  /pub/cud/law/bill.s.618
  ---
    Senate bill 618, addressing registration of encryption keys with
    the government.

  /pub/cud/law/improve
  ---
    Improvement of Information Access bill.

  /pub/cud/law/monitoring
  ---
    Senate bill 516; concerning abuses of electronic monitoring in the
    workplace.

  /pub/cud/law/us.e-privacy
  ---
    Title 18, relating to computer crime & email privacy.

  /pub/academic/law/privacy.electronic.bill
  ---
    The text of Simon's electronic privacy bill, S. 516. ``To prevent
    potential abuses of electronic monitoring in the workplace.''

_____
<6.8> What are references on rights in cyberspace?

  ftp.eff.org
  ===========

  /pub/cud/papers/const.in.cyberspace
  ---
    Laurence Tribe's keynote address at the first Conference on
    Computers, Freedom, & Privacy. `The Constitution in Cyberspace'

  /pub/cud/papers/denning
  ---
    Paper presented to 13th Nat'l Comp Security Conf ``Concerning
    Hackers Who Break into Computer Systems'' by Dorothy E Denning.

  /pub/cud/papers/privacy
  ---
    ``Computer Privacy vs First and Fourth Amendment Rights'' by
    Michael S. Borella

  /pub/cud/papers/rights-of-expr
  ---
    Rights of Expression in Cyberspace by R. E. Baird

  /pub/academic/eff.rights
  ---
    Bill of Rights' meaning in the Electronic Frontier.

_____
<6.9> What is the Computers and Academic Freedom (CAF) archive?

  The CAF Archive is an electronic library of information about
  computers and academic freedom. run by the Computers and Academic
  Freedom group on the Electronic Frontier Foundation FTP site.
  
  > If you have gopher, the archive is browsable with the command:
  >   gopher -p academic gopher.eff.org
  > 
  > It is available via anonymous ftp to ftp.eff.org (192.88.144.4) in
  > directory `pub/academic'. It is also available via email. For
  > information on email access send email to archive-server@eff.org.
  > In the body of your note include the lines `help' and `index'.
  > 
  > For more information, to make contributions, or to report typos
  > contact J.S. Greenfield (greeny@eff.org).

  ftp.eff.org
  ===========
  
  /pub/academic/statements/caf-statement
  ---
    Codifies the application of academic freedom to academic
    computers, reflecting seven months of on-line discussion about
    computers and academic freedom.  Covers free expression, due
    process, privacy, and user participation.

  /pub/academic/books
  ---
    Directory of book references related to Computers and Academic
    Freedom or mentioned in the CAF discussion. The file books/README
    is a bibliography.

  /pub/academic/faq/archive
  ---
    List of files available on the Computers and Academic Freedom
    archive.

  /pub/academic/news
  ---
    Directory of all issues of the Computers and Academic Freedom
    News. A full list of abstracts is available in file `abstracts'.
    The special best-of-the-month issues are named with their month,
    for example, `June'.


FOOTNOTES
=========


_____
<7.1> What is the background behind the Internet?
 
  The article ``Internet'' in Fantasy and Science Fiction by Bruce
  Sterling <bruces@well.sf.ca.us> contains general and nontechnical
  introductory notes on origins of the Internet, including the role
  of the RAND corporation, the goal of network resilience in face of
  nuclear attack, MIT, UCLA, ARPANET, TCP/IP, NSF, NREN, etc.:

  > ARPANET itself formally expired in 1989, a happy victim of its 
  > own overwhelming success.  Its users scarcely noticed, for
  > ARPANET's  functions not only continued but steadily improved. 
  > The use of  TCP/IP standards for computer networking is now
  > global.  In 1971, a  mere twenty-one years ago, there were only
  > four nodes in the  ARPANET  network.  Today there are tens of
  > thousands of  nodes in  the Internet,  scattered over forty-two
  > countries, with more coming  on-line every day.   Three million,
  > possibly four million people use  this gigantic
  > mother-of-all-computer-networks.   
  > 
  > The Internet is especially popular among scientists, and is 
  > probably the most important scientific instrument of the late 
  > twentieth century.   The  powerful, sophisticated access that it 
  > provides to specialized data and personal communication  has sped
  > up the pace of scientific research enormously.  
  > 
  > The Internet's pace of growth in the early 1990s is  spectacular, 
  > almost ferocious.  It is spreading faster than cellular phones,
  > faster  than fax machines.  Last year the Internet was growing at
  > a rate of  twenty percent a *month.*  The number of `host'
  > machines with direct  connection to TCP/IP has been doubling
  > every year since  1988.   The Internet is moving out of  its
  > original base in military and  research institutions,  into
  > elementary and high schools, as well as into  public libraries
  > and the commercial sector.

  References
  ==========

  Bowers, K., T. LaQuey, J. Reynolds, K. Roubicek, M. Stahl, and A.
  Yuan, ``Where to Start - A Bibliography of General Internetworking
  Information'' (RFC-1175), CNRI, U Texas, ISI, BBN, SRI, Mitre,
  August 1990.

  The Whole Internet Catalog & User's Guide by Ed Krol.  (1992)
  O'Reilly  and Associates, Inc.
  ---
    A clear, non-jargonized introduction to the  intimidating business
    of network literacy written in humorous style.

  Krol, E., ``The Hitchhikers Guide to the Internet'' (RFC-1118),
  University of Illinois Urbana, September 1989.

  ``The User's Directory to Computer Networks'', by Tracy LaQuey.

  The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide. 
  by John Quarterman.  Digital Press: Bedford, MA. (1990)  
  ---
    Massive and highly technical compendium detailing the
    mind-boggling scope and  complexity of global internetworks.

  ``!%@:: A Directory of Electronic Mail Addressing and Networks'' by
  Donnalyn Frey and Rick Adams.
      
  The Internet Companion, by Tracy LaQuey with Jeanne C. Ryer (1992)  
  Addison Wesley. 
  ---
    ``Evangelical'' etiquette guide to the Internet featuring 
    anecdotal tales of life-changing Internet experiences.  Foreword
    by  Senator Al Gore.

  Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's Guide by Brendan P. 
  Kehoe (1992)  Prentice Hall. 
  ---
    Brief but useful Internet guide with  plenty of good advice on
    useful databases.


  See also ftp.eff.com:/pub/internet-info/.  (Thanks to Bruce Sterling
  <bruces@well.sf.ca.us> for contributions here.)


  General
  =======

  Cunningham, Scott and Alan L. Porter. ``Communication Networks: A
  dozen  ways they'll change our lives.'' The Futurist 26, 1
  (January-February,  1992): 19-22.

  Brian Kahin, ed., BUILDING INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE (New York: 
  McGraw-Hill, 1992) ISBN# 0-390-03083-X
  ---
    Essays on information infrastructure.  Policy and design issues,
    research and NREN, future visions, information markets.  See
    table  of contents in ftp.eff.org:/pub/pub-infra/1992-03.

  Shapard, Jeffrey. ``Observations on Cross-Cultural Electronic 
  Networking.'' Whole Earth Review (Winter) 1990: 32-35.

  Varley, Pamela. ``Electronic Democracy.'' Technology Review 
  (November/December, 1991): 43-51.

______
<7.2> How Internet `anarchy' like the English language?

  According to Bruce Sterling <bruces@well.sf.ca.us>:

  > The Internet's `anarchy' may seem strange or even unnatural,  but
  > it makes a certain deep and basic sense.  It's rather like the 
  > `anarchy' of the English language.  Nobody rents English, and
  > nobody  owns English.    As an English-speaking person, it's up
  > to you to learn  how to speak English properly  and make whatever
  > use you please  of it (though the government provides certain
  > subsidies to help you  learn to read and write a bit).  
  > Otherwise, everybody just sort of  pitches in, and somehow the
  > thing evolves on its own, and somehow  turns out workable.  And
  > interesting.   Fascinating, even.   Though a lot  of people earn
  > their living from using and exploiting  and teaching  English,
  > `English' as an institution is public property, a public good.  
  > Much the same goes for the Internet.   Would English  be improved
  > if  the `The English Language, Inc.'  had a board of directors
  > and a chief  executive officer, or a President and a Congress?  
  > There'd probably be  a lot fewer new words in English, and a lot
  > fewer new ideas.  


_____
<7.3> Most Wanted list

  Hopefully you have benefitted from this creation, compilation, and
  condensation of information from various sources regarding privacy,
  identity, and anonymity on the internet.  The author is committed
  to keeping this up-to-date and strengthening it, but this can only
  be effective with your feedback.  In particular, the following
  items are sought:
  
  - Short summaries of RFC documents and other references listed,
    esp. CPSR files.
  - More data on the specific uses and penetration of RFC-931.
  - Internet traffic statistics.  How much is email?  How much
    USENET?  What are the costs involved?
  - Famous or obscure examples of compromised privacy
    on the internet.
        - FTP site for the code (NOT the code) to turn the .plan file into a
                named pipe for sensing/reacting to remote `fingers'.
  - Knowledge on the `promiscuous' mode of receipt or transmission 
    on network  cards.
  - Details on the infamous experiment where a scientist resubmitted 
    previously accepted papers to a prominent journal with new and
    unknown authors that were subsequently rejected.
  - X Windows, EFF, CPSR FAQhood in news.answers.
  
  Commerical use of this document is negotiable and is a way for the
  author to recoup from a significant time investment. Email feedback
  to ld231782@longs.lance.colostate.edu.  Please note where you saw
  this (which newsgroup, etc.).

_____
<7.4> Change history

  3/3/93 v2.1 (current)
    
    CPSR pointer, new UNIX mode examples, digital telephony act,
    Steve Jackson incident, additions/ reorganization to
    anonymity section, part 3.  Note: v2.0 post to sci.crypt,
    alt.privacy, news.answers, alt.answers, sci.answers was cancelled
    by J. Kamens because of incorrect subject line.
    
  2/14/93 v2.0

    Major revisions.  New section for X Windows.  Some email privacy
    items reorganized to network security section.  New sections for
    email liability issues, anonymity history and responsibilities. 
    Split into three files.  Many new sources added, particularly
    from EFF and CAF in new `issues' part. `commentary' from 
    news.admin.policy.  21 day automated posting starts.

  2/3/93 v1.0

    More newsgroups & FAQs added.  More `Most Wanted'.  Posted to
    news.answers.  Future monthly posting to sci.crypt, alt.privacy.

  2/1/93 v0.3
  
    Formatted to 72 columns for quoting etc. `miscellaneous,'
    `resources' sections added with cypherpunk servers and use
    warnings.  More UNIX examples (`ls' and `chmod').  Posted to
    alt.privacy, comp.society.privacy.
  
  1/29/93 v0.2
    
    `Identity' and `Privacy' sections added.  `Anonymity' expanded.
    Remailer addresses removed due to lack of information and
    instability.  Posted to sci.crypt.
  
  1/25/93 v0.1
  
    Originally posted to the cypherpunks mailing list on 1/25/93 as a
    call to organize a list of anonymous servers.
  
  email ld231782@longs.lance.colostate.edu for earlier versions.


* * *

SEE ALSO
========

Part 1 (previous file)
------

<1.1> What is `identity' on the internet?
<1.2> Why is identity (un)important on the internet?
<1.3> How does my email address (not) identify me and my background?
<1.4> How can I find out more about somebody from their email address?
<1.5> Why is identification (un)stable on the internet? 
<1.6> What is the future of identification on the internet?

<2.1> What is `privacy' on the internet?
<2.2> Why is privacy (un)important on the internet?
<2.3> How (in)secure are internet networks?
<2.4> How (in)secure is my account?
<2.5> How (in)secure are my files and directories?
<2.6> How (in)secure is X Windows?
<2.7> How (in)secure is my email?
<2.8> How am I (not) liable for my email and postings?
<2.9> How do I provide more/less information to others on my identity?
<2.10> Who is my sysadmin?  What does s/he know about me?
<2.11> Why is privacy (un)stable on the internet?
<2.12> What is the future of privacy on the internet?

<3.1> What is `anonymity' on the internet?
<3.2> Why is `anonymity' (un)important on the internet?
<3.3> How can anonymity be protected on the internet?
<3.4> What is `anonymous mail'?
<3.5> What is `anonymous posting'?
<3.6> Why is anonymity (un)stable on the internet?
<3.7> What is the future of anonymity on the internet?

Part 3 (next file)
------

<8.1> What are some known anonymous remailing and posting sites?
<8.2> What are the responsibilities associated with anonymity?
<8.3> How do I `kill' anonymous postings?
<8.4> What is the history behind anonymous posting servers?
<8.5> What is the value of anonymity?
<8.6> Should anonymous posting to all groups be allowed?
<8.7> What should system operators do with anonymous postings?
<8.8> What is going on with anon.penet.fi maintained by J. Helsingius?


* * *