Study design and participants
SECONDARY
This study is a secondary analysis of data and biological sample (dried blood spot, DBS) from a clinical trial known as Lungwena Child Nutrition Intervention 5 (LCNI-5). The trial was conducted at and around Lungwena Health Centre and Malindi Hospital catchment area, Mangochi District, Southern Malawi from 2008 to 2009. The LCNI-5 protocol and primary outcome results have been described elsewhere in detail [Contents of nutrients supplementsCSB, corn-soy blend supplement; milk-LNS, milk powder containing lipid-based nutrient supplement; soy-LNS, soy-flour-containing lipid-based nutrient supplementThe trial was performed according to Good Clinical Practice guidelines and ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee, Malawi, and the Ethical Committee of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland. Only participants whose guardians signed informed consent forms were enrolled in the study. This trial has been registered at 