Results
bradycardia, hypertension, tachycardia, hypotension
HEART, HYPERTENSION
Seventy-seven patients were screened for eligibility, 3 patients were excluded for not fulfilling the inclusion criteria and 74 patients were equally randomized in to one of the study groups. Two patients in the ketofol 1:3 group did not receive the assigned intervention. Thirty-seven patients in the ketofol 1:1group and 35 patients in the ketofol 1:3 group were included and were available for the final analysis. (Fig. 
CONSORT’s flow chartPatients’ demographic data and baseline hemodynamic data were comparable between the two groups. (Table 
Demographic data and baseline hemodynamic characteristics. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (quartiles), and frequency (%)ASA-PSIIIIII27 (73%)9 (24%)1 (3%)25 (71%)10 (29%)0 (0%)ComorbiditiesDiabetes MeletusHypertension7 (19%)5 (14%)8 (23%)5 (14%)0.6810.925Propofol dose (mg/kg)median (quartiles)mean ± standard deviation1.0 (0.5, 1.0)0.8 ± 0.31.0 (0.8, 1.5)1.1 ± 0.4Ketamine dose (mg/kg)median (quartiles)mean ± standard deviation1.0 (0.5, 1.0)0.8 ± 0.30.3 (0.3, 0.5)0.4 ± 0.1ASA-PS: American Society of Anesthesiologists-Physical StatusThe total volume of ketofol was comparable between the two groups. All the included patients had excellent intubation condition and the intubation time was comparable between the two groups. (Table The total norepinephrine requirement was less in the ketofol-1:1 group than in the ketofol-1:3 group, 
Intraoperative hemodynamic outcomes. Data presented as median (quartiles), and frequency (%)Overall intubation conditionExcellentGoodPoor37 (100%)0 (0%)0 (0%)35 (100%)0 (0%)0 (0%)The incidence of hypertension and tachycardia were comparable between the two groups and none of the included patients had severe hypotension nor bradycardia. (Table The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were comparable between the two groups. (Figures 
Mean arterial pressure. Markers are means and error bars are their standard deviations. † Denotes significance in relation to baseline value in the Ketofol-1:1 group, ‡ denotes significance in relation to baseline value in the Ketofol-1:3 group
Heart rate. Markers are means and error bars are their standard deviations. † Denotes significance in relation to baseline value in the Ketofol-1:1 group, ‡ denotes significance in relation to baseline value in the Ketofol-1:3 groupThe mean arterial pressure decreased in relation to the baseline value starting 12-minute postintubation in ketofol-1:1 group and 6-minute postintubation in ketofol-1:3 group. (Fig. The heart rate increased in both groups following the intubation. The heart rate became comparable to the baseline reading 8-minute and 6-minute postintubation in ketofol-1:1 and ketofol-1:3 group, respectively. (Fig. 