Cost-effectiveness
NRS pain, LMS, pain
From a societal perspective (our main analysis), the ICER for QALYs was €−83,547/QALY, based on an adjusted mean cost difference of €−426 and an adjusted mean effect difference of 0.006 (Cost-effectiveness analysis.CI, confidence interval; C, costs; CE-plane, cost-effectiveness plane; E, effects; ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; SA, sensitivity analysis.0–10 scale for NRS pain transformed so that higher score means better (less pain) instead of worse outcome, similar as for the other outcome measures, to facilitate interpretation.Cost-effectiveness plane (a) and cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (b), for outcome measure QALYs using a societal perspective.Also the human capital approach (SA2) and per-protocol analyses (SA4) showed very similar results as the main analysis, while the results from the complete case analysis (SA3) were slightly more in favor of the control arm, but again with much uncertainty. The stratified analyses for each of the 3 subgroups of the OCTOPuS algorithm separately (SA5) indicated that – compared to the 73% likelihood of stratified exercise therapy being cost-effective in the total group – this likelihood is much larger in the LMS (95%) and much lower in the OS (37%).