Trial design and participants
bradycardia, lumbar spinal stenosis, arrhythmia, herniation, lumbar radiculopathy, lateral recess stenosis, Myelopathy, allergy, Low back pain, pain, cauda equine syndrome, cancer, rheumatologic disorders, neuromuscular and endocrine diseases
LUMBAR SPINAL STENOSIS, ARRHYTHMIA, COAGULATION DISORDERS, MYELOPATHY, LUMBAR RADICULOPATHY, DIABETES MELLITUS, ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE, ALLERGY, CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROME, STENOSIS, OSTEOPOROSIS
We carried out a single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with institutional ethics committee approval in which patients with lumbar radiculopathy due to disk herniation or lumbar spinal stenosis were assigned to receive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). Informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry under registration number ChiCTR2100042880. We enrolled patients between 30 and 75 years of age who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study (Table Inclusion and exclusion criteria1. Low back pain and/or leg pain, and MRI confirmed central canal stenosis, or lateral recess stenosis or intervertebral foramen stenosis of lumbar vertebra2. Segments of lumbar spinal fusion < 33. Duration of symptoms and conservative treatment > 3 months4. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classes I and II5. Patient-controlled analgesia device (PCA) can be used independently1. Previous lumbar spine surgery2. Myelopathy, cauda equine syndrome or other spinal conditions (cancer, rheumatologic disorders, neurologic disorders)3. Ischemic heart disease; bradycardia (heart rate < 50 beats/min) with or without cardiac conduction or arrhythmia; diabetes mellitus; severe osteoporosis; neuromuscular and endocrine diseases; coagulation disorders; adrenoreceptor agonist or antagonist therapy; allergy to the study drugs4. Recent or previous history of alcohol, opioid or narcotic drug dependence5. Chronic pain syndromes6. Pregnant or lactating women