4. Discussion
fatigue, upper respiratory tract infections, muscle contraction, respiratory diseases, IgA, skeletal muscle fatigue, Continuous muscle contraction
RESPIRATORY DISEASE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
We confirmed the correlation between fatigue (ammonia and lactic acid), liver function (ALT and AST), and immunity (IgA, IgG, and IgM) variables by analyzing changes between treatments (SMS or placebo control), time, and time × treatment interaction to determine whether SMS intake can protect and/or improve the negative effects of high-intensity exercise. We found a significant interaction effect among ammonia, ALT, and IgA, and a positive correlation between In a meta-analysis examining the effect of ginseng on fatigue, consumption of 1,000 mg or more per day resulted in a decrease in fatigue, although the number of included studies was small [Continuous muscle contraction due to high-intensity training causes skeletal muscle fatigue. Therefore, lactic acid transport and recovery are critical because the accumulation of high concentrations of lactic acid inhibits the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and interferes with muscle contraction [There is a positive correlation between the increase in blood lactate and ammonia during exercise [
ALT showed a significant time × treatment interaction in the SMS group. The significant decrease in AST compared to that before exercise is attributed to the removal of free radicals and a reduction in oxidative stress by the Ginseng is a natural ingredient often used in oriental medicine to improve fatigue and stamina. Various effects of ginsenoside, the main component of ginseng, have been reported on the central nervous system, neuroendocrine function, immune function, and cardiovascular system, depending on the dosage and method [Regular exercise can strengthen the immune system. However, strenuous physical activity can cause stress and weaken the immune system, which increases the risk of respiratory diseases in athletes who engage in high-intensity endurance exercise [A decrease in the concentration of IgA after exercise in endurance sports athletes may be an indication for an increase in the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections [SMS intake decreased ammonia levels during high-intensity exercise, decreased liver function variables (AST and ALT), and altered Ig levels. These results suggest that SMS intake during high-intensity exercise may have a positive effect on fatigue, liver function, and immunity.The results of this study should be interpreted in the context of the following limitations. First, the participants' daily lifestyle could not be controlled. Second, the number of participants was relatively small and the study period was short. Because this study was limited to male tennis players, it may be difficult to generalize the results to other populations. Therefore, future research will be based on various subjects of other sports, ages, and gender.