Primary cognitive outcome
SECONDARY
The mixed Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) on the primary cognitive outcome, namely the visual–spatial working-memory, yielded a significant interaction of delta-time and group (FDuncan post-hoc analyses on visual–spatial working memory revealed that, in the Training-first group, delta 1 (M = 0.64, sem = 0.19) was significantly larger than delta 2 (M =  − 0.18, sem = 0.15; For the Training-first group, the comparison between T4 (6-month follow-up after the training) and T1 (pre-training), aimed at assessing CCT long-term effects, showed a significant long-term effect of the training on visual–spatial working memory (tTo compare the treatment effects on the primary cognitive outcome between the three diagnostic groups (npABI, BT, CBM), we run a between-subject ANOVA on the measure of treatment effects across training groups (i.e., delta 1 for the Training-first participants and delta 2 for the Waiting first participants). The analysis showed that the improvement effect did not differ among groups (FFigure Delta change values (delta 1 and delta 2) for Training-first and Waiting-first groups in a1) the primary cognitive outcome and b) the secondary cognitive outcomes. Error bars represent ± 1 SEM. Note. Delta 1 represents the difference in performance between T1 and T2; delta 2 represents the difference in performance between T2 and T3. The right-top panel a2) reports means and SEM of the primary cognitive outcome expressed in z-scores (with values approaching 0 indicating performance closer to the normative level) across time-points and per group. For the Training-first group, the largest increase in the value was observed between T1 and T2, whereas for the Waiting-first group it was observed between T2 and T3, i.e., in both cases, after the completion of the training.