Conclusion
INFLAMMATION, RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTION, OTHER VIRAL INFECTION, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
In summary, our findings demonstrate that the two examined doses of nebulized GA/18β exhibit at least two mechanisms of action against mild-moderate COVID-19. First, it attenuates the inflammatory cascade, likely by reducing IL-17A which in turn modulates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Second, it demonstrates potential antiviral activity by promptly inducing IFN-γ. Importantly, the nebulized GA/18β formulation showed a favorable safety profile, affirming its suitability for treating COVID-19 and other viral infections characterized by inflammatory response. As far as we know, this is the first clinical trial investigating immune system modulation (interleukins and antibodies) in response to GA/18β treatment in COVID-19 patients. This study demonstrates the impact of nebulized GA/18β on key interleukins promoting inflammation. Further investigations in larger cohorts are needed to fully elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms of GA/18β treatment in COVID-19. Given the broad spectrum of biological activities GA and 18β exhibit against respiratory viral infections, these future inquiries hold potential for specific treatments advancement.