Background
Central venous catheterization, critically ill
CRITICALLY ILL
Central venous catheterization (CVC), which can be lifesaving for critically ill patients, is frequently performed to aid the intravenous administration of fluid resuscitation, allow safe intravenous administration of medication, facilitate hemodialysis, and help in the monitoring of hemodynamic variables in the intensive care unit (ICU) [Two different two-dimensional (2D) US techniques employed for CVCs, including out-of-plane and in-plane approaches, are both single-plane display techniques [The x-plane technique, a real-time three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique, uses a matrix array probe (3–14 MHz) that takes advantage of the strengths and overcomes the limitations of previous approaches, allowing for simultaneous imaging of both transverse and longitudinal views without rotating the probe. Thus, the x-plane approach creates a comprehensive picture of both the needle trajectory and vein with its surrounding structures. To our knowledge, only one study has compared US-guided out-of-plane and biplane imaging for internal jugular catheterization (IJVC) with a low-frequency transducer [