Limitations
postoperative maladaptive behaviors, anxiety
There are some limitations in this study. First, our multimedia products including comic booklets, videos, and coloring books were created based on the environment of our hospital and are personalized for children who come to the hospital for treatment and surgery, and thus may not be suitable for use in other hospitals. For instance, decorations and culture of our hospital are different from those of other hospitals. However, at any rate, our experience and practice may serve as a useful reference. In addition, we excluded children younger than four years old because they may not be able to read and write, so more studies are required to explore how to relieve anxiety in children younger than four-year old. Finally, we did not follow up with the children when they were returned to the ward, so it is unclear whether these measures can also help reduce postoperative maladaptive behaviors over time.