Participants
RECRUITMENT
Participants were parents or carers of children aged 4 to 10 years. The inclusion criterion for Co-SPACE was parents aged ≥18 years residing in the United Kingdom with a child aged 4 to 16 years. For SPARKLE, only families with children aged 4 to 10 years and access to a compatible smartphone were included. Recruitment took place on the web via email newsletters; parent networks, support organizations, and charities; schools; children’s services departments; and media announcements. Parents of children aged 4 to 10 years who were already in Co-SPACE when SPARKLE started were invited to take part, whereas others could join Co-SPACE and SPARKLE after the trial started. Parents provided separate written informed consent for Co-SPACE and SPARKLE.