Outcome measures
back pain, disability, pain
SECONDARY
Participants’ demographic data were collected using researcher-designed data forms in line with the recommendation of the National Institute of Health (NIH) task force on research standards for CLBP. Primary outcomes (pain intensity and disability level) and secondary outcomes (QoL, global perceived recovery, fear-avoidance beliefs, pain catastrophising, back pain consequences belief and pain medication use) were assessed at baseline, 8-week (immediately after intervention) and 20-week follow-ups by trained physiotherapists, blinded to group allocation. All outcomes except pain medication use were obtained using self-report questionnaires as described in detail in the protocol paper [