Eligibility criteria
The study participants were male partners, whose spouses were in the beginning of second trimesters of pregnancy (14–16 weeks of gestation) and had history of childbirth in the last 5 years preceding the current pregnancy, lived with their spouses at the time of commencement of this study, who lived ≥ 2 h of walking distance from the nearest health facility, had limited or no access to transportation, and were willing to participate in the study.