Perioperative analgesia and management
shoulder abduction, paralysis
PARTIAL PARALYSIS, COLD
Data on age, sex, weight, height, BMI, surgical site, and ASA classification were collected. ﻿The anesthesia effects were defined as below: "success ", the surgery was performed under the block with or without additional sufentanil and propofol intravenously administered at a maximum usage of 10 ug or 2 mg/kg, respectively; "failure", reverted to trachea intubation or general anesthesia due to inadequate analgesia or other adverse invents. After the block procedure, a blinded anesthesiologist (S.m.Q.) performed sensory, and motor blockade evaluation, unaware of the allocation at 5 min, 15 min since the needle was withdrawn from the patient and the end of the surgery. The extent of sensory block and loss of cold sensation were assessed using an ice cube in areas supplied by six nerves according to a 3-point scale (0 = normal cold sensation, no block; 1 = partial block of cold sensation, partial block, and 2 = no cold sensation, complete anesthesia): ulnar (fifth finger), musculocutaneous (lateral forearm), radial (dorsal skin between the thumb and second finger), median (a palmar aspect of the second finger), medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (medial side of the forearm), and axillary (stump shoulder). The extent of the motor block was assessed by specific motor activity: ulnar (fourth and fifth finger flexion), musculocutaneous (elbow flexion), radial (finger extension), median (wrist flexion), and axillary (shoulder abduction) (0 = normal, 1 = partial paralysis, 2 = complete paralysis) [