2.1. Eligibility criteria
skin disease, shoulder pain, shoulder disease
SKIN DISEASE, SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA, SHOULDER DISEASE
This study was conducted at the Seoul National University Hospital. We included adult patients aged 20 to 79 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification I to III who underwent elective laparoscopic gynecological surgery under general anesthesia.The exclusion criteria were patients who had conversion to open surgery from laparoscopic surgery, changes in intraabdominal pressure due to surgical difficulties, a previous shoulder disease or history of shoulder surgery, difficulty wearing an AB due to skin disease or wounds in the abdomen, and development of postoperative subcutaneous emphysema. Moreover, we excluded cases, in which we could not evaluate the occurrence of shoulder pain because of early discharge or patient refusal to participate in the survey.