1. Introduction
cough, vomiting
MEDIASTINAL LYMPHADENOPATHY
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive procedure for taking needle biopsies of lung and peripulmonary tissue utilizing real-time ultrasound guidance. It is now used more commonly in the diagnosis and staging of mediastinal lymphadenopathy due to its safety and higher diagnostic rate compared to bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy [The most effective, safe, and satisfying sedation regimen for EBUS-TBNA remains unknown at this time. Midazolam, propofol, opioids, and local anesthetic agents such as lidocaine are commonly used during EBUS-TBNA and are generally given in combination to achieve better sedative efficacy [Esketamine, as the pure s-enantiomer of ketamine, has been widely used in clinical analgesia and anesthesia [This study was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of esketamine combined with propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) during deep sedation for EBUS-TBNA. The dose and frequency of lidocaine sprayed by endoscopists during the procedure was chosen as a substitute parameter for sedative effectiveness. Secondary outcomes included other effectiveness parameters (cough score, propofol dose, and patient and endoscopist satisfaction), safety parameters (respiratory and hemodynamic effects), recovery time, and side effects (vomiting and psychotomimetic side effects).