1. Introduction
pain
CHRONIC PAIN
Interindividual variability in analgesic response is at least partly due to well-characterized polymorphisms that are associated with opioid dosing and adverse outcomes. The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) has put forward recommendations for the Treatment of moderate to severe nociceptive chronic pain requires a multidisciplinary approach, in which opioid analgesics continue to be standards of care. Given the chronic pain and mental health overlap, growing concerns about the opioid epidemic, and lack of data that support the use of opioids for long-term pain management, new treatment approaches are needed [Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the science of the relation between a person’s genetic attributes and drug response, which has been proposed as a tool to enhance opioid selection and optimization, with recent studies demonstrating successful implementation and outcomes [The The μ-opioid receptor is the main molecular target for analgesia. The The enzyme Catechol-O-Methyltransferase, encoded by the Although there is the potential for improved pain management through PGx, as well as several practice-based examples of PGx-guided opioid optimization, these practices have yet to become mainstream [