PARTICIPANTS, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND SETTINGS
mandibular anterior tooth, age).All, overbite, overjet, active periodontal disease, orthodontic
Ethical approval for the conduction of this study was obtained from the Institutional Research Board Committee (IRB) at King Abdullah University Hospital/ Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) in Irbid, Jordan. This clinical trial included 60 patients who were randomly selected from a pool of patients scheduled for debonding of orthodontic fixed appliances at the Dental Teaching Center/JUST, between 2015 and 2017, and who needed bonded retention for the mandibular anterior segment. Eligibility criteria included: (1) Caucasian patients with mild to moderate pretreatment crowding in the mandibular anterior region and Class I relationship, (2) the treatment plan did not involve extraction of mandibular anterior tooth, and (3) post treatment normal overjet and overbite. Exclusion criteria were: (1) missing mandibular anterior tooth, (2) history of previous orthodontic treatment, (3) spacing in the mandibular anterior region, (4) poor oral hygiene, (5) evidence of active periodontal disease. Participants of the study were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After explaining the study implications, an informed consent was signed by the patient or the parent (in case of patients under 18 years of age).All patients were treated using maxillary and mandibular pre-adjusted Edgewise fixed appliance (3M