2.3. Anthropometry and Body Composition
fat-free mass, FM
Participants were instructed upon entering the laboratory to urinate (void) completely within 30 min of the test. Each participant’s body mass was measured using a digital scale (lumbar, Hong Kong, China) to the nearest 0.1 kg, and height was measured with a stadiometer (Race industrialization, Shanghai, China) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Bioelectrical impedance equipment (Inbody 720, Seoul, Republic of Korea) was used to conduct the BMI, waist–hip ratio (WHR), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) measurements. Before the test, the participants were told to abstain from physical activity for 48 h and fast for 12 h (overnight with at least 8 h of sleep).