Discussion
Obesity, inflammation, hunger sensations, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, satiety, weight loss, HIT
OBESITY, OBESE, INFLAMMATION, DISORDERS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, TYPE 2 DIABETES, INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
The main findings of our study were that 12 weeks HIFT and spinach-derived thylakoid alone or combined improved the adipokine profiles and insulin resistance in obese men, which was greater in the TSG group, representing the synergistic effect of spinach-derived thylakoid ingestion with HIFT. Obesity is an inflammatory disease (Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins consisting of eight classes (Sema 1-8) that play a critical role in the development and maintenance of various organs and tissues, including cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems (Although exercise caused modest changes in the semaphorin 3C levels in our study, the reductions in circulation levels of semaphorin 3C we observed can be attributed to decreases in adipose tissue as a major source for secretion of this adipokines. The expression of semaphorin 3C correlates with weight change, and WAT expression decreased after weight loss through bariatric surgery, while semaphorin 3C can contribute to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (We report that 12 weeks HIFT reduced levels of leptin, resistin, vaspin, visfatin, RBP4, chemerin and increased levels of adiponectin (apelin, and omentin) levels. Leptin and resistin are inflammatory cytokines involved in the development of insulin resistance, whose levels increase with body fat mass (Exercise intensity modulates improvements in inflammation, as shown by our findings that HIFT improved the modulation of inflammation. Although there is little information on the effects of HIFT on adipokine profiles, but related to this is that high-intensity exercise training (HIT) caused more reductions in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction compared to low intensity exercise training (LIT) in obese adolescents (Another finding of our study is that spinach-derived thylakoid supplementation alone or in combination with HIFT modulates adipokine levels in obese men, and that consuming spinach-derived thylakoid amplified the anti-inflammatory effects of HIFT function. Thylakoids can lead to positive outcomes in overweight and obesity and their related disorders by inducing satiety and suppression of hunger sensations, lowering body fat and weight, enhancing glucose homeostasis, reducing serum lipids, attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, and reducing the absorption of dietary fat and carbohydrate (Thylakoids can decrease fat mass primarily by delaying fat digestion in the intestine, and is associated with increased release of the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), causing inhibition of gastric emptying and lowering the distension of the stomach, and stimulating the release of satiety molecules such as serotonin (Our study shows that HIFT and thylakoids improve lipid profiles and increases VODespite these findings, there is limited information on the mechanisms of spinach-derived thylakoid combined with exercise training in improving health outcomes.