Intervention
We randomly assigned participating units to either usual care or direct gloving. Randomization was stratified by unit type by the study statistician (S.L.). Immediately before the intervention period, we delivered identical education regarding hand hygiene and glove use to HCP in all participating units via face-to-face meetings, emails, and printed materials. We instructed HCP on usual care units to perform hand hygiene before donning nonsterile gloves, and we instructed HCP on direct-gloving units that hand hygiene was not necessary before donning nonsterile gloves.