Randomization
A stratified permuted block randomization schedule was used to assign women to either the intervention or control arms of the pre- and postnatal interventions. Randomization blocks were generated per health center in blocks of 8 (i.e., 4 controls and 4 interventions arms for each of the pre- and postnatal intervention) using Stata 15.1 (Statacorp, Texas, USA) by a research analyst not involved in the study. The allocation was coded with the letters A (control) or B (intervention) for the prenatal intervention arms, and X (control) and Y (intervention) for the postnatal intervention arms. The allocation letter codes were concealed in sequentially numbered separate sealed opaque envelops by the study employees who had no direct contact with the study participants. At enrolment during the first antenatal visit, study midwives assigned the women to the study groups by drawing the next sealed envelope with the letter code.