2.5. Statistical Analysis
neck pain
Based on the previous research on neck proprioception in patients with neck pain [Data analyses were performed using SPSS (v. 26, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and Excel 2016 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test the normality assumption. Mixed Factorial ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of the interventions on outcome measures through time and between the groups. Within-subject factors were side (right and left) and time (before and after). The between-subject factor was group (GNE and SNE). F-tests were used to compare the variability of JRE between groups. Mauchly test was conducted using SPSS to assess the violation of sphericity and Cohen’s d was calculated to estimate effect size. Effect size was classified as small (d = 0.2), medium (d = 0.5), and large (d > 0.8). The level of significance was set at 0.05. 