Internal Validation
REGRESSION
On the basis of the scoring system used to evaluate the metrics in the study, among all 6 models, GBDT exhibited the best prediction performance with the highest score (63 points), followed by DNN (46 points) and RF (45 points) in the internal validation set (Heat map for the prediction performance of each model in the (A) internal validation set and (B) external validation set after evaluation using a scoring system. Cyan-colored boxes indicate a low value, whereas orange-colored boxes represent a relatively high value. The total score was calculated as the sum of the values from the 12 metrics, and a higher total score indicates better prediction performance. AUC: area under the curve; NPV: negative predictive value.Prediction performance of machine learning approaches for predicting medical disputes among medical workers in the internal validation group.Probability curve for (A) logistic regression, (B) decision tree, (C) random forest, (D) support vector machine, (E) gradient boosting decision tree, and (F) deep neural network in the internal validation set. The probability curve was drawn with predicted probability against density. Cyan color indicates participants without medical disputes, and orange color indicates participants with medical disputes.