Outcome measurements
gingivae, bleeding, inflammation, palate, tooth, trauma
PLAQUE, INFLAMMATION, BLEEDING, PLAQUE
Plaque and gingival scores assessed at baseline, before fixed appliance placement (T0), 1 month (T1), 6 months (T2), and 1 year (T3) along with an oral soft and hard tissue safety assessment. Data were collected by two trained and calibrated investigators (M.S. & O.A.) in the use of plaque and gingival indices.Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BoP) were recorded, at six sites per tooth, three on the buccal (mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, and disto-buccal), and three on the lingual tooth surfaces (mesio-lingual, mid-lingual, and disto-lingual) of the permanent dentition. Plaque scores were assessed using the Turesky modification of the Quigley–Hein plaque index (The Löe and Silness gingival index.Interpretation: severe (scores between 2.1 and 3.0), moderate (scores between 1.1 and 2.0), mild (score between 0.1 and 1.0), no inflammation (score of <0.1).The Turesky modification of the Quigley–Hein plaque index. The soft tissues (tongue, hard and soft palate, gingivae, muco-buccal folds, buccal mucosa, and floor of mouth) and hard tissues (orthodontic appliance attachments and the cervical portions of the teeth) were all assessed for trauma and or damage.