2.5. Statistical Analyses
GDM
GDM
For each measure, descriptive statistics were examined to identify outliers: none were found. For baseline demographics and characteristics, continuous variables were expressed as means ± SDs and discrete variables as percentages. We employed a 2 × two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA (MIXED procedure; group: NE, NI; time: baseline and end) to examine the main effects of group, time, and whether overall changes in time differed between the two groups (interaction). Baseline values were included as covariates for each outcome variable. From our previous dietary intervention study in women at risk for GDM, we expected a mean ± SD difference in maternal blood glucose levels of 8.5 ± 3.6 mg/dL with a sample size of 12 in each group within eight weeks in the present study to achieve 80% power at an α level of 0.05 [