Study Interventions
Both groups of patients were administered 0.1 μg/kg of intravenous sufentanil and 0.5 mg/kg of propofol to induce sedation. Subsequently, patients in the esketamine group were given 0.15 mg/kg of intravenous esketamine, whereas patients in the placebo group received an equivalent volume of saline. Throughout the procedures, sedation was adjusted by titrating propofol doses, typically 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg, to achieve the predetermined sedation level. At the start of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, the targeted sedation level was set at a Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale score of 1 (only responding to a trapezius squeeze stimulus).Desaturation was defined as Spo