Conclusion
micropapillary bladder cancer
We established the visible nomograms to predict individual CSS and OS of micropapillary bladder cancer patients using demographic information, clinicopathological factors and treatment-related factors. The internal validation and external validation of the model proved its significant performance. The nomograms can be valuable in assisting patient counseling and guiding treatment decision making in areas such as prognostic evaluation, individualized therapy, and clinical trial design.