Spillover treated
In the villages assigned to the three treatment arms—health message, low cash and high cash—we randomly assigned 25% of the individuals to a placebo video treatment. These ‘embedded placebo’ participants are identified by the following dummy variables: HealthPlacebo (takes a value of 1 for participants viewing the placebo video in a village assigned to the health treatment); LowCashPlacebo (takes a value of 1 for participants viewing the placebo video in a village assigned to the low cash treatment); HighCashPlacebo (takes a value of 1 for participants viewing the placebo video in a village assigned to the high cash treatment); and CashPlacebo (takes a value of 1 for participants viewing the placebo video in a village assigned to either the low or high cash treatment). These dummy variables for the ‘embedded’ placebo individuals will measure spillover effects.