Introduction
depression, OSF, Stress Reduction, anxiety
Stress, anxiety, and psychological distress hinder flourishing, while contributing to suffering. Worldwide, anxiety and depression cost an estimated $1 trillion annually in reduced productivityRespiration rate (RR) has potential as a biomarker of well-being, as a fundamental biological process that can be both automatic/non-conscious or conscious and modifiableRR is responsive to interventions that directly control the breath, and those that indirectly impact the breath (e.g., mindful attention to the breath). Brief behavioral interventions that manipulate breathing can produce transient improvements in mood and emotional reactivityThis body of research indicates that slower RR may be a biomarker of well-being This study examined relationships between baseline RR, meditation training, and well-being. We used extant data from a 3-arm randomized, active- controlled trial (RCT) of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) that included a cross-sectional investigation of long-term meditators. We pre-registered the following hypotheses on the Open Science Framework (OSF; 