Secondary endpoints
Oswestry Disability, NDI, pain, Neck Disability, VAS-pain
Secondary endpoints included self-reported subjective evaluations for patient pain and function: Visual Analog Scale for pain (VAS-pain), Neck Disability Index (NDI) for patients with cervical pathologies, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for patients with lumbar conditions. Our VAS-pain scale ranged from 0 to 10 with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating severe pain with activity. The NDI and ODI tests used ranged from 0 to a maximum raw score of 50 with scores in this study reported as percentages (high scores indicate greater disability). Clinically significant improvements were considered a decrease of 2.6 points (cervical) or 2 points (lumbar) for VAS-pain, − 17.3% points for NDI, and -10% points for ODI as established in the literature [