Outcome measurements
sepsis, death
SEPSIS, SEPTIC SHOCK
We defined three adverse outcomes, including sepsis or septic shock < 1 month (ICD-9-CM: 038, 790.7 or ICD-10: A40–A41, R65, R7881), ICU admission < 1 month, and all-cause mortality < 1 month following the time of presentation in the ED. The general “ICU admission” criteria in the study hospital were unstable vital signs and the need for intensive monitoring and treatment. “All-cause mortality” was defined as a record of death certification or discharge against medical advice in a patient in critical condition in the EMRs. We defined “ < 1 month” for outcomes according to previous studies of hyperglycemic crises and AI [