Treatment groups
HL
The intervention phase of the study was eight weeks, followed by a 12-week no-treatment phase. Figure Treatment process for Healthy Lifetime and Usual Care groupsThe HL 8-week intervention focused on person-centered engagement, client empowerment, and cognitive-behavioral and narrative coaching approaches, with the overall communication approach based on motivational interviewing (MI) [The usual care group received instructions from the study coordinator when it was time to fill out their health surveys at baseline, at 8 and 20 weeks. “Usual care” is defined as the ongoing activities of medical surveillance (such as medical provider visits), case management if needed (such as with Medicare/Medicaid dual eligible care management program), emergent care if needed (such as hospitalization), or other routine health activities such as health club membership. No continued contact with the “usual care” group occurred.The HL intervention group and the “usual care” group received the 99-item Personal Health Survey (PHS; 