BFR training
The experimental group engaged in BFR training using KAATSU C3 equipment (KAATSUMASTER, Sato Sports Plaza Inc., Japan) on both thighs. Throughout the training sessions, the participants in the BFR group wore pneumatic cuffs positioned on the upper-thighs just below the gluteal fold. The constant mode setting was utilized during the training, via medium-sized air bands measuring 16 to 20 inches (40–51 cm) and large-sized air bands ranging from 19 to 26 inches (49–66 cm), depending on individual requirements. The pressure exerted by the KAATSU cuffs gradually increased by 10 mm Hg per session, starting at 180 mm Hg in each period and progressing to 230 mm Hg, which was then maintained in the following session. Throughout the remaining training sessions, the pressure remained constant at 230 mm Hg. The KAATSU C3 device automatically adjusted the pressure and could be attached to the athlete's body as a portable device during exercise.