Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
TCM (5+3 integration) students in their second year at the CDUTCM were included. The exclusion criteria were as follows: participants who (1) had received VSP or SP training; (2) had taken courses related to IMTCM, such as PTC-IMTCM and reception and clinical thinking skills; and (3) failed to adhere to the study schedule or withdrew from the study.