INTRODUCTION
angina, ASCVD, myocardial ischemia, T2DM, RA, type 2 diabetes mellitus
ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ASCVD, STABLE ANGINA, MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).The term “refractory angina” (RA) refers to the chronicity of symptoms (≥3 months in duration) and failure of symptom control with a combination of optimal medical therapy and revascularization methods.Traditional treatments for angina and myocardial ischemia are based on increasing coronary blood flow, increasing blood oxygen‐carrying capacity, and decreasing oxygen consumption; however, more recent treatments compromise agents that alter the metabolism of myocytes (Trimetazidine and Perhexiline), inhibition channels (Ranolazine), and use invasive (percutaneous myocardial laser revascularization) and noninvasive (enhanced external counterpulsation [EECP]) techniques.The effectiveness of antianginal drugs in patients who have both stable angina and T2DM is not well studied.Large randomized controlled trials on SGLT2 inhibitors in T2DM have shown remarkable benefits on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in individuals with established ASCVDs.Due to the possible antianginal effect of SGLT2 inhibitors, we conducted a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the potential impact of empagliflozin on angina burden and exercise capacity in patients with both RA and T2DM, regardless of its glucose‐lowering effects.