Performance testing sessions
At each testing session, anthropometric measurements were taken (weight, BMI, and body fat %) using a medical grade scale (InBody H20N; Cerritos, California) and participants warmed-up for 10 min on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer at a speed and resistance of their choice. Participants then completed a self-paced 20 km cycling TT, followed by a 10-min recovery to return heart rate to baseline, and finally a HIEC test. Participants had ad libitum access to plain water during the first trial. Fluid intake was recorded and matched during the subsequent trial.