2.1. Study Design
dysphagia, NSD
DYSPHAGIA
This study was a clustered, randomized, parallel, multicenter clinical trial that was approved by the Taipei Medical University (TMU)-Joint Institutional Review Board (ID: N202011065, 27 January 2021) and ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System (NCT04857463, 20 April 2021).Participants who met the criteria were divided into two groups: an NE (NE) group and an NSD group. The experimental period was 12 weeks. Participants in the NE group received NE offered by a dietitian, twice in the first 6 weeks and once in the last 6 weeks. For the NE, the Geriatric Nutrition Handbook from the Taiwan Health Promotion Administration was used, which includes daily dietary guidelines and how to eat when dysphagia and gastrointestinal discomfort occur. Except for regular nutritional education in the NE group, the NSD group was provided with two packs of NSD (Mei Balance, Meiji Holdings, Tokyo, Japan) per day as a snack between meals and before bed. The nutrient contents of the NSD are shown in 