Discussion
Self-learning tools aimed at facilitating independent learning among students are essential in the field of dental education [Furthermore, among advanced VR technologies, the use of mixed-reality technology using Microsoft’s HoloLens provides an augmented and virtual experience in dental education and is highly effective [In the evaluation of the learning satisfaction and self-efficacy in the experimental group, the use of VR learning media using pHMD revealed a statistically significant difference. The experimental group using 360° VR with pHMD showed significantly higher learning satisfaction and self-efficacy than the control group (see Table The experimental group using 360° VR with pHMD exhibited greater satisfaction with the learning tool than the control group that used existing 2D videos (Table A 360° VR with pHMD can be produced easily and rapidly from the instructor’s perspective in DR education. However, it has is a limitation. That is, the learner does not directly operate in an intraoral dental X-ray unit. Oral radiographic images that contain errors cannot precisely validate the patient’s condition, thus affecting accurate diagnosis [Statistically significant differences in learning satisfaction and self-efficacy were observed between students using 360° videos with pHMD and those using traditional 2D videos in a nonface-to-face environment. However, it is important to note that these differences do not necessarily imply an educational effect. These findings suggest that 360° VR with pHMDs may be considered a suitable alternative for nonface-to-face DR education in the absence of learning media other than 2D videos.