3.3. Effects of Exercise and Vitamin D on Plasma Lipidome
INSULIN RESISTANCE
A total of 1774 lipid features were identified and quantified, among which 1315 were annotated, including TGs (Among the lipid features, levels of 21 were increased by both VD and EX + VD interventions, while those of 7 were decreased (Mean ± standard deviation (SD) of blood parameters from baseline (0-week) for each group.Δ, change from the endpoint to baseline; EX + VD, exercise training and vitamin D supplementation group; VD, vitamin D supplementation group; EX, exercise training group; Con, control group; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; AUC, area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test. The increments in the AUC of glucose and insulin during the complete 120-min period of the OGTT were calculated using the trapezoid rule to assess glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. t1, time 1 (0-week); t2, time 2 (12-week). We further clustered those lipid features into co-expression modules to identify those with similar physiological and molecular characteristics, and 90 out of 105 lipids were successfully clustered into 2 modules (Most interestingly, we observed the regulatory effects of EX + VD intervention on certain plasma lipids, which could last until the 12-week follow-up (