Conclusions
knee joint proprioception
VT sticking-hand training could improve the maximum muscle strength of knee flexors but could not attenuate the age-related deterioration of lower limb muscle contraction speed or improve knee joint proprioception among middle-aged and older individuals. Clinicians, physiotherapists, and sports coaches should include VT drills in muscle strengthening or fall prevention exercise programs meant for community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults, thereby reducing the injurious fall-related healthcare cost. Community and elderly centers could also provide VT training classes for community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults to improve the health and well-being of the aging society.