Conclusions
depression, cognitive impairments, cognitive deficits
To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine biological and nonbiological measures to verify a distinct, clinically actionable cognitive biotype of depression. If the prevalence of cognitive deficits in our sample is generalized to the US population, then approximately 5.7 million individuals with depression have cognitive impairments (27% of 21 million). Incorporating neural circuit measures enables a deeper understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that underpin these cognitive impairments and has implications for precision treatment approaches in future studies and in practice. Biomarker trials targeting the cognitive biotype with more selective treatment strategies are urgently needed.