2.5. Data Collection
hypo-phosphoremia, NEC, ROP, prematurity, IVH) stage ≥ 2, periventricular leukomalacia, IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage, ’s stage ≥ 2,, BPD, sepsis, PVL
NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS, BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD), HYPONATREMIA, HYPERCALCEMIA, BLOOD, SEPSIS, COMPLICATIONS, RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
All patient data were stored in a logged database that was closed 90 days after enrollment of the last patient. The HG was defined as two consecutive blood glucose levels greater than 180 mg/dL at least 3 h apart. Blood glucose levels were monitored by a validated micro-method from capillary blood and analyzed by point of care device Accu-Chek Inform II glucometer (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) four to eight times per day from the first days of life and less frequently when the clinical conditions were stabilized [Investigators collecting reporting forms were blinded to the assigned group.Medical staff were blinded to the study aims but not to eligibility criteria. Researchers not involved in the clinical practice provided information to the parents and collected all data useful for statistical analysis. A third-party observer, not involved in the previous steps, was involved to collected data on the primary outcome. A blinded statistician performed data analysis. We prospectively recorded prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal data in a specific data form. Data on PN, EN and feeding tolerance were collected daily. Data on daily cumulative parenteral and enteral nutritional intake were reported in a specific data form. In order to study the occurrence of PN related complications, we collected data on glycemia, hypercalcemia, hypo-phosphoremia and hyponatremia. We also collected data on survival and morbidities of prematurity. Overall morbidity was defined as the presence of at least one of the major prematurity complications: necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) Bell’s stage ≥ 2, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) stage ≥ 2, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), culture proven sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) stage ≥ 3 and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Diagnosis of NEC, BPD, IVH, PVL, ROP and culture proven sepsis were performed according to standard criteria by physicians unaware of the study design and aims, as previously described [