Limitations
The limitations that warrant attention are few. First, we acknowledged the variations in experiential learning approach between the 2 simulation modalities as confounding variables. However, the performance outcome measurements used in this study were closely aligned with the learning objectives. Second, despite evaluating participants’ performance using simulation-based assessment and a validated tool, this was limited by an immediate posttest performance in the simulation setting. Third, similar to the performance test, we did not measure the long-term retention of knowledge and level of self-efficacy. Thus, future studies could evaluate learning outcomes over a longer period and measure the impact in the clinical setting. Finally, the effectiveness of AI-powered VRS was not optimized by allowing participants to have more than one exposure as the intent was to enable deliberate practice opportunities.