4.3. Limitations
This study has several limitations. The study population consists of only male PLWH who consume alcohol from five ART centers, which limits the generalizability of the results to other non-drinking and diverse populations affected by HIV. The results are based on self-reported data, which can be prone to biases and social desirability effects. Additionally, while our analyses took into account major confounding factors, it is possible that residual confounding still exists. Therefore, our findings and quantitative estimates should be interpreted with caution.