Muscle activity of the cervical erector spinae, upper trapezius, and lumbar erector spinae
HT
MVE
From the surgeons’ own loupes to LT loupes and HT loupes, the 50th percentile of the muscle activity of the right CES decreased significantly in all three tasks [%MVE, median (IQR)]: PT [own, 9.5 (8.2–11.5); LT, 8.2 (6.8–10.1); HT 6.5 (5.1–7.6); own vs. LT, Muscle activity (50th percentile; %MVE) of the right CES of the 19 participants during three simulated surgical tasks compared among the surgeons’ own surgical loupes, the low-tilt loupes, and the high-tilt loupes. For each box, the middle line represents the median value; the upper and lower edges of the box denote the upper and lower quartiles; the upper edge and lower edge of the whiskers denote the nonoutlier maximum and minimum; and outliers are marked with +. Significant differences are indicated with 