4. Discussion
hunger or desire, fullness, hunger and desire, overweight or obesity
In the present study we compared VASs for appetite assessment in participants with overweight or obesity under free-living conditions with traditional appetite assessment conducted in research facilities with full monitoring, which has shown high reproducibility [We did not find any differences in self-reported whole-day mean appetite response between free-living and clinical settings. The only significant postprandial contrast between free-living and clinical settings was higher fullness in clinic-based interventions following the afternoon snack. This contrast was consistent in mean appetite response as well as tAUC and could be driving the observed difference in whole-day fullness response. Our data are essentially in line with data from a recent study where digital VASs in assessment of appetite showed overall concordance between “at home” conditions and traditional laboratory conditions [Although reporting was subjective, no objective measures of compliance can confirm the adherence to diets during free-living intervention days in our study. The lower perceived fullness in the free-living setting in the afternoon may be explained by incomplete consumption of intervention foods. Participants could also be influenced by environmental cues in the free-living setting that do not exist in a clinical setting, including aromas and visual predisposal that induce feelings of hunger and desire to eat [Overall, we found no differences for whole-day responses (primary outcome) between diets for either fullness, hunger or desire to eat. However, postprandial responses suggested increased fullness and lowered hunger following specific rye-based meals at certain time windows during the day. Interestingly, appetite response following the last meal of the intervention day showed more consistency with increased fullness and reduced hunger following rye-based meals. A 16% reduction in hunger (Several trials have investigated subjective appetite following whole-grain rye food intake as an acute meal response [The relevance of effect sizes seen in our study could be discussed in the context of prospective energy intake. Previous research investigated subjective appetite scores and subsequent energy intake, analyzing 23 randomized controlled trials [