Study design and setting
MFDM, A. Rice-based diabetes-specific formula
The study was designed as a four-arm randomized double-blinded crossover clinical trial. This trial was prospectively registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (A. Rice-based diabetes-specific formula, powder (MFDM)B. Rice-based diabetes-specific formula, liquid (MFDM-liquid)C. Commercially available standard non-diabetes formula (SF)D. Commercially available diabetes-specific formula (DSF)This report focuses on the data from the MFDM, SF, and DSF interventions. Data from the MFDM-liquid intervention will be published in a future report.These interventions were chosen to allow for the comparison of the MFDM with either a commercially available diabetes-specific formula or a standard, non-diabetes-specific formula, with an assumption that the MFDM would elicit glycemic and hormonal responses similar to the commercially available DSF, but would elicit less glycemic responses and more favorable hormonal responses compared with commercially available SF. Each intervention was separated by a washout period of between 7 to 14 days, because the effects of study products on the primary outcome, postprandial glucose response, were unlikely to carry over beyond such a period (