Study population
tumor, hematological disease, kidney disease, hypoproteinemia, Cushing’s syndrome, liver disease, infection, diabetes, hypoglycemic, acromegaly, type 2 diabetes, trauma
TYPE 2 DIABETES, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, TUMOR, HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASE, KIDNEY DISEASE, INFLAMMATION, HYPOPROTEINEMIA, LIVER DISEASE, ACROMEGALY, HYPERTHYROIDISM, INFECTION, HYPOTHYROIDISM, TYPE 2 DIABETES, DIABETES
The multi-center, observational study enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes in endocrinology departments of eight hospitals in China from March 2018 to Jan 2020. The inclusion criteria included the following: 1) Type 2 diabetes aged ≥18 years referred to the endocrinology department; 2) being untreated, or receiving stable antidiabetic treatment including diet, exercise, or hypoglycemic agents for at least 3 months before the study; 3) having at least three FCG and three PCG measurements over a 3-month period before the study. The exclusion criteria included the following: 1) being pregnant or lactated; 2) using drugs that elevate blood glucose such as glucocorticoids, chemotherapy drugs within 3 months; 3) having conditions that may change blood glucose such as infection, myocardial infarction, tumor, inflammation, trauma, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome or acromegaly within 3 months; 4) having a history of severe liver disease or alanine transaminase/aspartate transaminase ≥3 times the normal upper limit; 5) having a history of serious kidney disease or serum creatinine >133 μmol/L; 6) having known hematological disease or hemoglobin <90 g/L; 7) being hypoproteinemia with serum albumin <35g/L; 8) blood transfusion or blood donation within 3 months. The Ethics Committee of the Peking University People’s Hospital approved the study protocol. All patients signed informed consent before the interview and data collection. In this study, data were collected from 1737 patients with type 2 diabetes. After excluding 24 patients diagnosed with diabetes for less than 3 months, 5 patients who were found to have hemoglobin variants, 11 patients with hemoglobin <90 g/L, 16 patients with serum creatinine >133 umol/L, 22 patients with serum albumin <35 g/L, 9 patients with alanine transaminase/aspartate transaminase ≥3 times the normal upper limit, and 8 patients with glycated albumin (GA) information missing, data from 1642 patients were used for data analysis. The patients were randomized into an exploratory group including 819 patients and a validation group including 823 patients.