Anesthesia protocol
stroke
STROKE, EDWARDS
After the patients entered the operating room, standard monitoring was started, including pulse oximetry, noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and bispectral index (BIS). Cerebral oxygenation was also monitored by cerebral oximetry (INVOS 5100 C; Somanetics Co., Troy, MI, USA). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (1.5–2 mg/kg) and remifentanil using a target-controlled infusion (3 ng/ml). After the loss of consciousness, rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) was administered, and endotracheal intubation was performed. Mechanical ventilation was started using the mode of volume-controlled ventilation. Ventilation parameters were initially set to a tidal volume of 8 ml/kg ideal body weight, a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiOAfter anesthesia induction, a radial artery was catheterized and connected to the FloTrac/EV1000 system (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) for continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure. Then, a central venous catheter was inserted into the right internal jugular vein, and central venous pressure (CVP) was monitored. Hemodynamic variables, including cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), and stroke volume variation (SVV), were measured every 20 s.