Limitations.
vascular stiffness, arterial stiffness, CKD, SNS overactivity
ARTERIAL STIFFNESS
The majority of participants were Black males, and this may limit the generalizability of study results to females and other races. Antihypertensive medications such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are known to impact sympathetic activity (In conclusion, we evaluated the sympathetic- and vascular-modulatory effects of exercise training in CKD, and we demonstrated a protective effect of exercise training on the progression of SNS overactivity and increased aortic wave reflection associated with vascular stiffness. We also observed greater beneficial effects in participants with higher SNS activity and aortic wave reflection at baseline and in those with higher adherence rates; these findings have implications for identifying patients with CKD most likely to benefit from exercise intervention, and they have implications for the need to ensure high adherence rates for maximizing clinical benefits. Given the accelerated aging phenotype in CKD, including worsening SNS overactivation and arterial stiffness in older patients, early initiation and continuous maintenance of an exercise training program may have greater clinical beneficial effects in CKD.