Active comparator (ICR arm)
On two non-consecutive days per week, participants in the ICR (5:2 diet) group will be instructed to consume 500 kcal/day for women and 600 kcal/day for men. Recipes will be provided with suggestions for meals that do not exceed calorie restrictions. For the remaining 5 days of the week, they will receive instructions and recipes that follow the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, with an intake limit of 2000 kcal/day for women and 2500 kcal/day for men. The percentage of energy (E%) from the different macronutrients in the recipes will be 45–60 E% carbohydrates, 25 E% fat, and 10–20 E% protein.