2.5. Measurements
substance-related behavior
Sociodemographic data included age, gender, income, parent’s migration history (yes/no), income, highest previous education, educational area, and educational progress. Primary outcomes were substance-related behavior in the last 30 days using binary answers (yes/no) as well as quantitative instruments. The assessment of alcohol use patterns was based on Audit-C assessing frequency and quantity of both drinking and binge drinking [For the present analysis, we created dichotomous health-promoting change variables (yes/no = 1/0) for all outcomes. For alcohol, gambling, and cannabis, a health-promoting change was defined as a positive 30-day prevalence at baseline vs. a zero 30-day prevalence at follow-up. For the use of cigarettes and e-products, change was defined as a reduction of at least 50% in the monthly number of cigarettes or e-product units from baseline to follow-up [