Data analysis
Was performed by descriptive and inductive statistical methods using IBM SPSS Statistics 27. The alpha level was set at 5%. For the purposes of inductive statistics, the data were examined for normal distribution using the Shapiro–Wilk test. To test for mean differences, the paired t-test was used under normally distributed conditions. If there was no normal distribution or the data were interval scaled, the Wilcoxon test was used. Repeated measures were tested with ANOVA. Confidence intervals (CI 95%) and effect sizes (d; r) were also provided according to the interpretation of Cohen (1988) [