3.3. Energy Intake, Expenditure, and Caffeine Consumption
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Across the entire sample, at baseline, participants reported consuming 2191 ± 870 kcal, 120 ± 62 g protein, 90 ± 48 g fat, and 227 ± 86 g carbohydrate per day as assessed via the ASA24. At the second visit, participants reported consuming 1997 ± 741 kcal, 128 ± 57 g protein, 81 ± 39 g fat, and 192 ± 84 g carbohydrate. Via the IPAQ, participants reported expending 4148 ± 2483 MET-minutes per week, translating to an estimated physical activity energy expenditure of approximately 808 ± 569 kcal per day, at baseline. At the second visit, participants reported expending 3898 ± 1877 MET-minutes per week, or an estimated 744 ± 408 kcal per day. There were no significant group × time interactions observed beyond the change in reported caffeine intake, including the estimated 300 mg additional caffeine consumed by PRO + FB (