Introduction
Robotic surgery is a positive, enduring innovation that surgeons are increasingly integrating into surgical practice for complex minimally invasive procedures [Various robotic surgery simulators currently are available, including the da Vinci Skills Simulator (dVSS; Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnydale, California, USA) with the SimNow learning program, the dV-Trainer (dVT; Mimic Technologies, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA), RobotiX Mentor (RM; 3D Systems, Littleton, Colorado, USA), SimSurgery Educational Platform Robot (SEP; SimSurgery, Oslo, Norway), and Robotic Surgical Simulator (RoSS; Simulated Surgical Systems LLC, San Jose, California, USA) [A previous study has shown that dVSS outperforms the other two most commonly used VR simulators (dVT and RM) for content validity [While simulation training sessions that provide hands-on practice for robotic surgery are effective, simulators are expensive and not readily accessible to many community surgeons and students [One prior report from Cruff [