Experimental trials
EVENT
Each trial involved a controlled nutritional period that commenced in the morning before the 11-min BWE or CON protocol and concluded 24 h after each protocol. Participants were instructed to only consume the food that was provided to them during this period. In the event a participant consumed an additional snack during the first trial, they were asked to replicate this during the second trial for consistency. The macronutrient breakdown of each meal was ~ 50% carbohydrates, ~ 30% fats, and ~ 20% protein. Daily total caloric need of each participant was calculated using the Harris–Benedict equation with the activity factor set to 1.4Glycemic parameters were assessed by CGM during the 24 h period immediately following the 11-min BWE or CON condition. Participants were asked to eat the second meal (lunch) at least 2 h after consuming the 75 g glucose drink and the third meal (dinner) at least 2 h after lunch. This was scheduled to allow a distinct 2 h postprandial window to assess glycemic responses to the 75 g glucose drink and each controlled meal. Participants were instructed to refrain from structured exercise for the 24 h period while glycemic responses were measured. Activity data, including total energy expenditure (kcal), mean metabolic equivalents (METs), mean sedentary time (percent), and total steps, was also collected over this time period using a wrist-worn activity monitor (ActiGraph). The ActiLife 6 Data Analysis Software (v6.13.4, ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL, USA) compelled the recorded activity data into csv files such that these specific activity outcomes could be calculated within Excel. HR was measured to characterize the intensity of the 11-min BWE protocol vs the CON protocol. Polar HR chest straps were worn during each protocol, and they were paired via Bluetooth to the ActiGraph wrist-worn devices to record HR data. The HR data for each 11-min protocol was extrapolated from the ActiLife 6 Data Analysis Software into csv files where the mean HR and peak HR were calculated within Excel. After the completion of both experimental trials, participants returned to the laboratory to have the CGM device removed and to return the related study materials within the study kit.