Physical activity, inactivity, and sleep behaviour
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Physical activity, inactivity, and sleep behaviour were assessed using wrist-worn accelerometers (GENEActiv, ActivInsights Ltd., Kimbolton, UK). To ensure accurate and reliable measurements, participants were instructed to wear the accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist continuously for a minimum of six consecutive days. Only data from participants who wore the accelerometer for at least 16 h per day on a minimum of four days, including at least three weekdays and one weekend day, were considered valid and included in the analysis. The accelerometers were set to record data at a frequency of 60 Hz, and the raw data were downloaded using GENEActiv software version 3.3. Subsequently, the raw data files were processed and analysed using the open-source R-package GGIR, version 2.5–0, on the University of Malaga servers. The GGIR package automatically calibrated the data based on local gravity and calculated the Euclidean Norm Minus One (ENMO) for accelerations, helping to minimize sensor calibration errors (To classify participants’ activity levels, previously established thresholds for ENMO in the wrist of older adults were applied (Regarding sleep behaviour, inactivity periods with low variability in the z angle (less than 5 degrees over 5 min) were identified as sustained inactivity periods. An automated algorithm, based on the work by van Hees et al. (