THP-1 macrophage differentiation
For certain assays requiring high cellular concentrations beyond what was feasible to isolate from human volunteers, THP-1 monocytes (ATCC, TIB-202) were cultured in RPMI 1640, 10% FBS, and 1xPSG and differentiated into M0 macrophage using 100-nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (Sigma, P8139) for 2 d followed by incubation with clean RPMI, 10% FBS, and 1xPSG for 1 d.