2.5. Neurodevelopmental Assessments
At each yearly follow-up visit, children were evaluated by examiners who were blinded to the treatment group using the Brigance Screen II, a validated neurodevelopmental assessment tool (Curriculum Associates, LLC, North Billerica, MA, USA). Children whose first language was Spanish were examined by a bilingual English and Spanish-speaking tester whose first language was also Spanish.The Brigance Screen measures three domains of development—language, motor, and academic. The language domain measures both receptive and expressive language; the motor domain measures both fine and gross motor skills; and the academic domain measures literacy and mathematics. The results of the Brigance Screen were reported as a pass/fail score, an overall Brigance Quotient based on performance on the screen as a whole, and as individual scores for each of the domains measured (language, motor, and academic scores). The Brigance raw score was reported on the following scale: 9–97 for 3-year-olds, 4–100 for 4-year-olds, and 13–96 for 5-year-olds. The raw score was then input into a score calculator to give the overall Brigance Quotient.