Exclusion Criteria
RECRUITMENT
Patients were excluded if they were unable to understand English, were physically or emotionally unwell at the time of recruitment, had been admitted to a residential or inpatient SUD treatment program within the past 12 months (because we believed this might affect their response to screening questions), were currently in the custody of the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services or the Department of Children and Families, were living with a foster family, or were pregnant or parenting. Patients at primary care sites who were currently enrolled in an SUD treatment program at the time of recruitment were also excluded. Based on these criteria, 236 of the 1047 patients (22.5%) were ineligible; the remaining 811 patients provided assent and were enrolled in this study. However, 13 screening results were later linked to 5 single individuals and thus eliminated from the overall sample. Of the 798 randomized participants, 12 (1.5%) did not complete the study, leaving a total of 786 who completed all study assessments (