Study design
This is a prospective, randomized, controlled, parallel group trial conducted at a single high-volume orthopedic surgery center with an equal allocation rate. Eligible participants were all patients undergoing primary elective TKA under the care of one highly experienced senior knee surgeon within 8 months. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before any study procedures were conducted. A total of 89 consecutive patients were screened for potential eligibility to participate in this study (Fig. CONSORT flow diagram showing patient enrollment, randomization, and analysis CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials