Measurement
HED, non-alcoholic, ®
The self-administered questionnaire used in the briefing included questions regarding basic attributes such as age, sex, race, marital status, the highest level of education, employment status, household income, smoking history, and subjective view of health [As genetic information related to alcohol metabolism, the gene activities of alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (The drinking diary was designed in a calendar format, in which the amount of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages consumed were to be entered under each date. The drinking diary was provided to the study participants in printed form or in a Microsoft® Excel® file according to their choice, and they were asked to submit it to the study secretariat once every 4 weeks, either in an e-mail attachment or by LINE® (whereby photos of the filled-out diary were attached). For alcoholic beverages, participants were asked to specify the type, alcohol content, and the amount of consumption in order to calculate alcohol consumption, and the number of episodes of heavy episodic drinking (HED) was also counted. HED was defined as the consumption of at least 60 g of pure alcohol on at least one occasion in the past 30 days [