Introduction
chronic disorder, Bipolar disorder, mania, bipolar disorder, hypomania, depression
CHRONIC DISORDER, RETINA, CORTEX
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic disorder with recurrent periods of depression and mania or hypomania. It has a lifetime prevalence of 2.4% for the bipolar disorder spectrum and affects over 1% of the global population [Thus, it is useful to focus not only on improvement in the emotional symptoms of BD in intervention studies, but also on the preservation and enhancement of cognitive function. Evidence during the past few decades has shown that noninvasive techniques of brain stimulation, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have positive effects on improving cognitive function. A paper published in The effects of rTMS on improving cognitive function in BD patients appear to be significantly affected by its localization and target of stimulation. Further investigation is, therefore, required to identify key treatments and potential stimulation targets other than the left DLPFC.As is well-known, the primary visual cortex (V1) plays a vital role in the transmission of visual information transmission and receives input from the retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus, processing the information by the extraction of basic features from the visual world [However, the neural anatomy of the V1 varies significantly between individuals, with three to fourfold variations in the surface area between individuals [