Manipulation of metabolic state
Participants were tested in a within‐subjects counterbalanced, randomized crossover design for the effects of hunger on risk‐taking tasks (Figure Decisions by experience. (a) Participants were tested in a counterbalanced, randomized crossover design. Participants were tested on two separate days approximately 1 week apart. One session took place after 14 h fasting, the other session after consuming a full meal. (b) Each reward distribution associated with a stimulus was approximately normal. The mean of the distribution was either 35 or 65 with a standard deviation of either 5 or 20. The dark gray distributions indicate the more risky option. (c) Task structure of decisions made from experience. The task consisted of three different trial types: high/low reward context trials (half of the trials), mixed‐context trials (two thirds of the trials), and forced sampling trials (one sixth of the trials). After a response, a reward sampled from the associated reward distribution was presented.