3. Results
GROUP B
A total of 106 patients were assessed for eligibility, and 102 gave informed consent and were randomly assigned to the study groups. In Group T, four patients were excluded because of conversion to on-pump CABG (n = 1), reintubation after extubation (n = 1), or the application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (n = 2) after surgery. In Group B, three patients were excluded due to conversion to on-pump CABG (n = 2) and the application of ECMO after surgery (n = 1). Statistical analyses were performed with data from 48 patients in Group B and 47 in Group T (There were no significant differences in the demographic characteristics, comorbidities, or medications between the two groups (The QoR-40K scores, preoperatively and at 24 and 48 h after extubation, are presented in The HR was significantly lower in Group T than Group B at the time of skin incision and sternotomy (