Participants eligibility
PFO, Patent foramen ovale, epilepsy
WEST, RECRUITMENT, RECRUITMENT, EPILEPSY
In this trial, we shall recruit all patients with refractory epilepsy accompanied by PFO of second-grade or higher levels of RLS from the epilepsy diagnosis and treatment center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Recruitment of participants began on December 1, 2022, and shall end on November 1, 2025. All participants will complete a series of clinical examination for epilepsy and PFO during the recruitment period, which lasts for approximately 6 weeks. Participants assigned into the intervention group will undergo the PFO closure one week after completing the recruitment period. The participants will be followed-up for 48 weeks after operation. Postoperative follow-up will end in November 30, 2026. A detailed trial schedule of the registration, interventions, and assessment is presented in Table 
Schedule of enrollment, intervention, and assessment according to the Standard Protocol Items: Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONORT) statementNote: * Times in weeks; PFO, Patent foramen ovale