1. Introduction
obesity, cardiometabolic diseases, CMD, Diabetes, TG, diabetes
OBESITY, DIABETES, BLOOD, DIABETES
Previously, it has been indicated that oat polar lipids included in a liquid meal may have the potential to beneficially modulate various cardiometabolic variables. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oat polar lipids in a solid food matrix on acute and second meal glucose tolerance, blood lipids, and concentrations of gut-derived hormones. The oat polar lipids were consumed at breakfast and effects on the biomarkers were investigated in the postprandial period and following a standardized lunch. Twenty young, healthy subjects consumed in total four different breakfast meals in a crossover study design. The breakfasts consisted of 1. White wheat bread (WWB) with an added 7.5 g of oat polar lipids (PLL); 2. WWB with an added 15 g of oat polar lipids (PLH); 3. WWB with and added 16.6 g of rapeseed oil (RSO) as a representative of commonly consumed oils; and 4. WWB consumed alone, included as a reference. All products with added lipids contained equivalent amounts of fat (16.6 g) and available carbohydrates (50 g). Rapeseed oil was added to the oat polar lipid meals to equal 16.6 g of total fat. The standardized lunch was composed of WWB and meatballs and was served 3.5 h after the breakfast. Test variables (blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY, and GIP) were measured at fasting and repeatedly during the 5.5 h after ingestion of the breakfast. After breakfast, PLH substantially lowered postprandial glucose and insulin responses (iAUC 0–120 min) compared with RSO and WWB (The global prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) is increasing, and prevention strategies are urgently needed. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported in 2022 that around 536 million people aged between 20–79 years were living with diabetes, and by 2045, the prevalence is predicted to rise to 780 million [In this regard, the choice of diet is probably the most important lifestyle-related factor that can be used for the successful prevention of CMD. The botanical structure and composition of food, such as the contents of specific bioactive components, may influence the rate of digestion and absorption and may also influence post-absorption metabolism. Thus, it has been shown that the consumption of whole grains rich in several health promoting bioactive components is associated with a reduced risk of CMD and reduced body mass index (BMI) [Studies investigating the effects of oat polar lipids on metabolic variables are scarce. However, recently it was shown that a liquid breakfast meal containing extracted oat polar lipids (12 g) significantly improved important CMD risk markers acutely after ingestion and, additionally, after a standardized meal consumed 3.5 h after breakfast [It is known that the food matrix (solid or liquid) may influence the rate of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and thus may also importantly affect the associated metabolic responses [The purpose of this study was to explore the metabolic effects of different doses (7.5 g and 15.0 g) of oat polar lipids incorporated in a solid breakfast meal. To achieve this objective, a randomized crossover meal study was conducted on a cohort of healthy young adults. Blood glucose, insulin, GLP-1, PYY, glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), ghrelin and TG were measured in the postprandial period following the test breakfast and, additionally, after a subsequent standardized lunch. The effects of oat polar lipids were compared to equicaloric quantities of rapeseed oil. A breakfast meal without added lipids was included as a reference meal.