2.1. Study Design
HUS, stature
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY, SECONDARY, CREST
This study was a secondary observational analysis of the PREVIEW Study, a large 3-year, multinational, randomised intervention trial [Only participants from the Sydney, Helsinki, and Nottingham cohorts of PREVIEW could be included because they had data on added or free sugars either from the national food composition tables or through calculation. Data were collected between August 2013 and March 2018. Overweight and obesity were defined as a BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/mSelf-reported dietary intakes were assessed at 26, 52, 104, and 156 weeks. Dietary data at 26-weeks were used to estimate the diet at 8 weeks. Reported dietary intake was assessed using 4-day weighed dietary records which included four consecutive days including one weekend day. Participants were instructed how to use scales and conventional household measurements and to record in detail all foods and beverages consumed. Food records were reviewed by research dietitians during the clinical investigation days to assess the adequacy of the information. Research dietitians entered the individual food records by means of proprietary software in use in each centre (FoodWorks Professional, AivoDiet, Nutritics).The GI of each food was obtained by use of GI databases. For mixed meals and some recipes, the weighted mean GI of the meal components was calculated [Information on age, sex, stature and ethnicity was collected with self-administered questionnaires at week 0. On every clinical investigation day, body weight was measured when participants were in a fasting state, with an empty bladder and wearing light clothing or underwear. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by square height in meters. Fat mass was obtained using GE Lunar prodigy (eCORE 2005 software version 9.30.044) at Nottingham, Hologic Discovery (APEX software version 4) at Sydney and bioelectrical impedance (InBod 720 Body Composition Analyzer 2004; Biospace Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) at Helsinki. Waist circumference was measured when participants were at the end of breath expiration, at the midway point between the bottom of the rib cage and the top of the iliac crest. All staff were trained in the standard operating procedures at joint training sessions. All study participants provided written informed consent prior to commencing screening measurements. The study was approved at all intervention centres by the local human research ethics committees and was conducted in accordance with the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki (59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, Republic of Korea, October 2008). University of Sydney: HREC approval on 24 June 2013, then subsequent approval by Sydney Local Health District Human Ethics Research Committee (SLHD HREC) on 8 April 2015 (Protocol No is X14-0408), which overrode the HREC approval. University of Helsinki: Coordinating Ethical Committee of HUS (Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District); 18 June 2013. University of Nottingham: UK National Research Ethics Service (NRES); 13/EM/0259; 5 July 2013.The main outcomes of interest were fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations, and glycated hemoglobin A