2.9. Statistical Analysis
Standard least squares models were used to test the fixed effects of treatment (grape and placebo), time (a.m. and p.m.), and time period (baseline, 1 h and 1–6 h period), and their interactions on urine biomarkers F2-isoprostane and grape metabolite concentrations. Biomarker values were not normally distributed; thus, they were log-transformed before analysis. Model 1 tested the main effects of treatment, time, and all three time periods (baseline, hour 1 and hours 1–6), while model 2 tested the main effects of treatment, time, and the two post-mealtime periods. When significant main effects were observed, post hoc tests were conducted using student’s 