Maximum handgrip strength test
fatigue
Each participant’s maximum grip strength for both hands was measured using a Takei digital grip strength meter (T.K.K.5401; Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan). Before the actual test, participants were instructed to apply minimal force to the grip to ensure a comfortable and standardized gripping distance. To initiate the formal experiment, researchers randomly assigned either the dominant or non-dominant hand to start. Participants were then instructed to exert maximum force while squeezing the gripper with one hand and to alternate hands every 60 s to prevent fatigue. This alternating method was repeated three times, and the highest grip strength values for both hands were recorded as the data (