Conditioned pain modulation during Phase 1: (reported last for ease of exposition)
pain
Phase 1 (note that VR was not used for any of the stimuli in Phase 1).For worst pain ratings, as predicted, participants rated the worst pain they felt during “foot only” during a single stimulus of their foot as “moderate pain”, Mean = 4.74 (SD = 1.27), and the pain they felt on their foot dropped to “mild pain” Mean = 2.96 (SD = 1.91) when they simultaneously received stimulation of their foot and wrist at the same time, Wilcoxon Z = 4.64, Similarly, they rated ”pain unpleasantness” during “foot only” during a single stimulus of their foot as “moderately unpleasant” Mean = 4.49 (SD = 1.30), and this rating dropped to “mildly unpleasant” Mean = 2.76 (SD = 1.79) when they simultaneously received stimulation of their foot and wrist at the same time, Wilcoxon Z = 5.16, Similarly, participants rated the amount of “time they spent thinking about their pain” during “foot only” during a single stimulus of their foot as approximately half of the time, Mean = 4.38 (SD = 1.50), and this rating dropped to “some of the time”, Mean = 2.70 (SD = 2.04) when they simultaneously received stimulation of their foot and wrist at the same time, Wilcoxon Z = 4.50, 