Intraoperative management
nausea and vomiting, hypotension
If the level of anesthesia was below T10, the patient was placed in a 20–30° head-down position. If it was still below T10 after 15 min, general anesthesia was performed, and the patient was excluded from the trial. If the anesthesia level was higher than T6, the patient was placed in a 20–30° head-up position while under close observation for the slowing of breathing or hypotension. If there was a drop in blood pressure (mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 60 mmHg or 70% of the basal value), the patient was treated with rapid fluid resuscitation and was administered with 10 mg ephedrine or 50 μg phenylephrine, depending on the heart rate. If the patient developed nausea and vomiting, 0.3 mg ramosetron was administered intravenously.