Postoperative data
delirium, ESPB, postoperative nausea or vomiting, pain, NRS pain, PONV, NRS
Patients in the ESPB group had lower NRS scores at 12 h postoperatively than the control patients (2 (1, 3) vs. 3 (2–4), p < 0.01). Similar differences were observed in the pain scores at 0, 0.5, 4, 24, 36, and 48 h. In contrast, the two groups had similar NRS pain scores at 60 and 72 h postoperatively (Fig. 
NRS pain scores (median (IQR)) within 72 h after surgery. MannWhitney U Test. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. NRS, numeric rating scales
Postoperative recovery outcomesLength of hospitalization aftersurgery (d; mean (SD))Student’s t test or Mann―Whitney U test for continuous variables; Fisher’s exact or χ2 tests for categorical variables and proportionsn, number; PONV: postoperative nausea or vomiting; POD: postoperative delirium; SAS, Sedation-Agitation Scale; SD, standard deviation