Introduction
intraoperative blood loss, knee arthroplasty, TKA
INTRAOPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS
The management of intraoperative blood loss in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has always been a focus of attention for orthopedic surgeons. The use of tourniquets can significantly reduce the intraoperative blood loss and operative time during TKA [Norepinephrine (NE) has potent α-adrenergic receptor activation activity, which can stimulate α-1 adrenergic receptors on peripheral vascular smooth muscles [