Intervention and delivery
Intervention participants received an LPG stove with at least two burners (see Quinn et al., 2021 for details on stove models) together with a continuous supply of free LPG fuel from two exchangeable cylinders (Upon LPG stove delivery, all intervention participants received the following behavioral support package: 1) a pledge by which they agreed to cook exclusively with the LPG stove during the trial, 2) training on how to safely operate the LPG equipment, and 3) behavioral messaging and materials to motivate exclusive LPG use and discourage biomass stove use. The messaging on exclusive LPG use was reinforced for any participants who showed evidence of traditional stove use during the trial. During reinforcement visits, participants were asked about their reasons for using the traditional stove and fieldworkers offered suggestions for alternatives.