Placebo group
pain
Each patient received a placebo capsule at the same scheduled times. The placebo capsule was prepared by the hospital pharmacy to ensure that active duloxetine and placebo capsules were identical.The patient’s follow-up was conducted by an anaesthesia resident blinded to the study. The attending anaesthesiologist, surgeon and data-collecting person were unaware of the patient assignment.All patients were instructed on how to evaluate their pain using VAS (Visual Analog Scale) [