References
INSULIN RESISTANCE
CONSORT flow diagram outlining inclusions, exclusions, and reasons for discontinuation.Nutritional composition of test products containing aronia extract or placebo. Values are for one daily dose (2 bars). For macronutrients, we also provide energy in percentage in square brackets, which are calculated by assigning 4 kcal/g of carbohydrate or protein and 9 kcal/g of fat and dividing that value by the energy content.Abbreviations: FAE: fermented aronia extract, AE: aronia extract.Baseline values for participants that have completed the trial. Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation, IQR: interquartile range, W: women, M: men.Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation, IQR: interquartile range, W: women, M: men.Overview of participants’ medications.Mean pre- and post-values as well as mean difference (Δ-mean) for anthropometric measurements and blood analyses. Normally distributed data are presented as the mean difference between pre- and post-values ± standard error (Δ-mean). Not normally distributed data are written in italics and presented as ratio (confidence levels), e.g., 1.02 indicates a 2% increase from pre to post, whereas 0.98 indicates a 2% decrease. Means for pre- and post-values are all presented on original scale ± standard error. Abbreviations: FAE: fermented aronia extract, AE: aronia extract, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, AUC: area under the curve, iAUC: incremental area under the curve, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, GLP-1: glucagon-like-peptide-1, GIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide.