Results
By clicking the VR icon in the YouTube application, DR image recorded in 360° on the smartphone was divided into left and right. The participants could experience VR after playing the video by attaching the smartphone to the pHMD. Figure 
Dental radiography learning tool based on virtual reality. (
360° video according to the sequential dental radiography process. (The mean age of all participants was 22.2 years; 95.5% (n = 42) were women and 4.5% (n = 2) were men. The mean age of the control group was 22.1 years, and 95.7% (n = 22) were women and 4.3% (n = 1) were men. The mean age of the experimental group was 22.3 years, and 95.2% (n = 20) were women and 4.8% (n = 1) were men. Both groups were second-year dental hygiene students with no prior experience taking a dental radiology class.Comparing pretest self-efficacy between groups using Mann–Whitney U test revealed median scores of 2.56 and 2.67 in the experimental (n = 21) and control (n = 23) groups, respectively. However, this difference was not statistically significant (U = 219.00, z = − 0.530, p = 0.596), suggesting no discernible distinction between the experimental and control groups in terms of self-efficacy before intervention. The posttest learning satisfaction scores were significantly higher (U = 38.50, z = − 4.786, p < 0.001) in the experimental group (median = 4.00, n = 21) compared with the control group (median = 2.60, n = 23; Table 
Comparison of posttest results for learning satisfaction and self-efficacy by Mann–Whitney U test between groups*C: Control group, E: Experimental group, M: Mean, n: Number of participant, SD: Standard deviation