Exclusion criteria
cancer, edema, upper limb disability, infection, thrombus, trauma
BREAST CANCER, CANCER, EDEMA, INFECTION, THROMBUS, DISEASES
The study exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients with cancer other than breast cancer; (2) a history of arm or neck trauma, infection, or surgery; (3) the presence of serious diseases such as cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, liver, and kidney; (4) had upper limb disability, or the affected limb had edema before surgery; (5) thrombus in the blood vessels of the affected limb; and (6) patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.