Study protocol
sinus bradycardia, choking, oxygen desaturation, postoperative nausea and vomiting, alertness, thoracodynia, hypotension, Respiratory depression
INFILTRATION, PNEUMOTHORAX, ADVERSE EVENTS, SINUS BRADYCARDIA, CHOKING, LUNG INFECTION, PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE, HEAT, HYPERTENSION, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
This study was grouped by a random number table, and 44 patients were randomized into Group S (n = 22) or Group E (n = 22). All patients were instructed to avoid eating for 8 h and to avoid drinking for 4 h before surgery, and none of them took any preoperative medication. The surgery was performed by 2 experienced radiologists, and the sedation protocol and grouping were not known to the patients, operators or data collectors.The patients were asked to lie down in a supine position on the examination bed after entering the CT room and were monitored continuously with ECG, pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) and BIS values. Oxygen therapy was administered at a rate of 2 L/min though a nasal catheter.All patients were anesthetized by the same experienced anesthetist who was unaware of the groups in the study. Both groups were sedated in the same way, with a loading dose of Dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg) micropumped within 10 min from the start of the surgery and a maintenance dose of 0.6 μg/kg·h during the surgery. After infiltration with 2% lignocaine prior to puncture, Group S received Sufentanil(a bolus of 0.1 μg/kg, iv), and Group E received Esketamine(a bolus of 0.2 mg/kg, iv). These drugs were injected three minutes prior to ablation. We aimed to maintain a mild to moderate level of sedation based on ASA criteria equivalent to the Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (MOAAS) scale of 2 to 4 (Table 
Modified observer’s assessment of alertness and sedation scale (MOAAS)
Physical movement pain scaleThe MOAAS, blood pressure, heart rate, SpOSedation-related adverse events included oxygen desaturation, hypotension, hypertension, sinus bradycardia and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Respiratory depression was defined as SpOSurgery-related adverse events included pneumothorax, choking and coughing, pulmonary hemorrhage, thoracodynia, absorption of heat and lung infection.The total ablation time, duration of procedures, recovery time, length of hospital stay, and satisfaction scores of the radiologists and patients were also recorded (4 for very satisfied, 3 for fairly satisfied, 2 for fair, 1 for unsatisfied).