Bronchial wash and bronchoalveolar lavage
DNA DAMAGE, GENOTOXICITY
Leukocyte differential counts were analysed in both BW and BAL representing proximal and distal airways, respectively, with no increase in neutrophil or lymphocyte numbers after wood smoke compared to filtered air exposure. However, a moderate but significant increase in eosinophils (Cell counts in BW and BAL after exposure to wood smokeCell counts are given as cells × 10Images from cells from BAL and BW post air and post wood smoke exposure. Images were taken from cytocentrifuge preparations for cell differential counts and stained with May-Grünwald Giemsa. Upper left image: cells from BW post air exposure, upper right: cells from BW post wood smoke exposure, lower left: cells from BAL post air exposure and lower right: cells from BAL post wood smoke exposure. The red arrows indicate cells with nuclear condensation and fragmentation, typical for apoptosis induction. The green arrows indicate phagocytosing macrophages with engulfed neutrophilsWood smoke exposure caused a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in BAL (LDH measured in Phagocytosing cells in BAL displayed a decreased capacity to phagocytose bacteria after wood smoke exposure (Phagocytosing cells in BAL. To evaluate genotoxicity in BAL and BW cells, DNA damage was assessed using the Comet assay. DNA damage was expressed as Olive tail moment (OTM). There were no significant differences detected between the two exposures (data in supplement, Additional files 