2.3. Outcome indicators
postoperative joint stiffness, pain
SECONDARY, HAND SWELLING
The primary outcome was pain intensity, measured using the VAS score, measured at 0–6, 6–24, and 24–48 hours postoperatively. LOS, 1- and 3-month Constant-Murley shoulder scores (CMS), University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder scores, and incidence of postoperative joint stiffness and swelling in the 3 groups were collected as secondary outcomes.