5. Conclusions
comorbid psychiatric disorders, pain
Our results support the efficacy and safety of the clinical implementation of genotype-guided CNCP opioid use for pain and comorbid psychiatric disorders management, lowering the risk of iatrogenically induced side effects and opioid dose requirements compared to usual care. Caution and special consideration are needed before administering anxiolytics, particularly benzodiazepines, antidepressants, or neuromodulators, to patients with chronic opioid use due to the high-risk use behavior in general adult populations.