Treatment methods for the control group
STERILE
Before routine skin disinfection, the water spray was applied twice at about 10 cm away from the puncture point, with an interval of 1–2 min and 3 spouts each time, and skin disinfection was performed within 1–2 min after spraying. Afterward, the standard puncture was performed according to the conventional unified and standardized operation procures: strictly disinfect; wear sterile gloves; fix the injection port with the thumb, index finger, and middle finger of the left hand; merge the two wings of the butterfly wing needle with the thumb and index finger of the right hand and hold it steady; then, insert the needle vertically, slowly, and gently; when there was a feeling of empty space, slowly insert the needle downward for about 0.5 cm, withdraw the needle, accompanied by blood returning, which confirmed that the needle reached the reservoir; immediately flush the TIVAP with 20 mL physiological saline in a pulsed manner, clamp the extension tube, separate the syringe, connect the needle-free airtight connector, and then connect the infusion device for infusion.