2.4. Outcome Measures
TG, pain
ADVERSE EVENTS, SECONDARY, BLOOD, PATHOLOGY, CREST
The primary outcome measure was a change in MetS markers (BP, TG, WC, FBG, and HDL) in the IG, compared to those in the CG. Secondary outcomes included: (1) a change in QoL in the IG, compared to the CG; and (2) feasibility of implementing the PA program determined by measures of participation and safety. Except for measures of participation and safety which were assessed each week, the primary and other secondary outcomes were assessed at baseline and 12-week follow-up.A demographic data questionnaire was used to collect personal information including age, sex, and marital, educational and employment status. For pathology measures, participants fasted for 8 h overnight, and a blood sample (5 mL) was collected by a biomedical scientist for the following measures: TG, HDL, and FBG. Waist circumstance was measured by one nurse, independent of the research team, measuring the mid-point between the lower costal margin and iliac crest. Blood pressure measurement was taken after the individual had rested for 10 min, in a seated position. Three consecutive readings with 5-min intervals were collected using a calibrated sphygmomanometer, and the average of the last two readings were used for analysis.Guided by the formula by Johnson et al. [Quality of life was assessed using the Short Form Health Survey—version 2 (SF-12V2). The 12-item tool was used to measure eight specific health domains: physical functioning, role limitation related to physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. The items on the scale were scored from 0 to 100, where 100 indicates high quality of life [Measures of participation were assessed using the exercise diary, by recording the proportion of exercise sessions that participants completed. The exercise diary was developed by the authors, and its face validity was verified by the research team which included an endocrinologist, nurse, and PT. The diary was used to document the type, length, intensity, and frequency of exercise performed by participants each week. During the weekly visit to the physiotherapy department at KBTH, the PT asked participants about the exercise they performed during the week. A participation rate of more than 70% of the scheduled sessions (36 in total) was considered as high participation. Reasons for missing a session were also documented. Measures of safety were determined by participants’ subjective reports of any adverse events from the exercise sessions.