Study participants
neurological or psychiatric disorders, syncope, stroke, upright hypotension, cord injury, hearing impairment or visual disorder, infection, hypokalemia
CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE, TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK, STROKE, ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE, INFECTION, HYPERCHLOREMIA, HYPERNATREMIA, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, DRUG ALLERGY
The Ethics Committee of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University approved this study in June 2022 (No.2022-035-1). The study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200058681) and was conducted from June 2022 to March 2023. After written informed consent was obtained, patients planned to receive unilateral shoulder arthroscopy were included in this research. Inclusion criteria: ASA class I-III, ≥ 60 years old and general anesthesia. Exclusion criteria: History of central nervous system disease (transient ischemic attack, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, syncope, spinal cord injury, upright hypotension), electrolyte disturbance (Hypernatremia, hypokalemia and hyperchloremia), MMSE score < 24, history of neurological or psychiatric disorders, present application of sedatives or antidepressants, infection or chronic inflammation, recent application of anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, Coxibs and more), non-consent to experimental procedures, speech impairment, illiteracy, hearing impairment or visual disorder, alcohol or drug addiction, and anesthetic drug allergy. Patients were randomly allocated to either hypertonic saline group (3% HS) or normal saline group (0.9% NS) in a 1:1 ratio via a computerized randomization table. Patients and anesthesiologists were unaware of the assignment of the two groups.