Baseline survey
MP
In each GP, one school was randomly selected from all public schools that had grades 1 to 5. All grades 1–5 teachers were in the sample. In MP and UP, 15 students were randomly selected from each of the grades 2, 3 and 4, totaling 45 per school. In Karnataka, 30 students were selected per school, 15 each from grades 4 and 5. School enrollment registers were used for random selection of students. In the case that a given grade had less than the required number of students, all students were selected.The surveys were conducted via in-person interviews by a team of trained research assistants with prior experience in administering rural household surveys in the region. Surveys were conducted in the local language, Hindi in MP and UP, and Kannada in Karnataka, and instruments pilot tested prior to use.