Participants
neutropenia, lymphopenia, infection, respiratory distress, hypersensitivity, renal dysfunction
NEUTROPENIA, LYMPHOPENIA, INFECTION, THROMBOEMBOLISM, HYPERSENSITIVITY
Eligible participants were adults (≥ 18 years), with SARS-CoV2 infection confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) no more than 9 days old, admitted to hospital with severe/critical COVID-19, defined as one of the following: (1) SpO2 < 90% on room air, (2) SpO2 90–94% with a downwards trend and/or signs of respiratory distress, (3) need of oxygen by non-invasive ventilation (NIV)/continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), high-flow oxygen or non-rebreather mask, or iv) need of mechanical ventilation or ECMO.Key exclusion criteria were suspected serious infection besides COVID-19, recent or recurrent thromboembolism, neutropenia, severe lymphopenia, severe renal dysfunction, pregnancy, breastfeeding, known hypersensitivity to constituents of study drugs, and immunosuppressive drugs including JAK inhibitors, except up to 4 days treatment with corticosteroids for COVID-19.During the trial, amendments of eligibility criteria included a stricter cut-off for excluding patients with renal dysfunction (from eGFR < 15 to eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m