4. Discussion
decline in cognitive function, neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, neuronal plasticity, Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimer’s, cognitive degeneration, AD
OXIDATIVE STRESS, PATHOGENESIS, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
AD is a neurodegenerative disease that results in a decline in cognitive function, and as of now, there is no curative treatment [BDNF plays a pivotal role in regulating synaptic transmission, promoting neuronal plasticity, and preventing neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Serum BDNF is a biological indicator of cognitive function in the elderly [Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in central nervous system injuries and neurodegenerative diseases, including AD [Cortisol is a hormone believed to regulate chronic stress, and it is known that cortisol levels are higher in AD patients, which may be a risk factor for cognitive degeneration [Oxidative stress is closely related to AD, as it fosters the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein, a hallmark of AD pathogenesis [Research has indicated that supplementation with The relationship between gut microbiota and Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood. An imbalance in gut microbiota can lead to reduced levels of BDNF in the hippocampus and cortical midbrain, potentially inducing cognitive impairment through the gut–brain axis [The present study is not without limitations. First, the diagnosis of AD in our participants was based on DSM-V, or NINCDS-ADRDA Alzheimer’s Criteria, or the 2011 NI-AAA guidelines, without AD biomarker confirmation. According to the updated NI-AAA guideline in 2018 [