4.2. Surgical Phase
allergy, tooth
ALLERGY
Before the start of the procedure, radiographs were taken at the planned tooth ex-traction sites. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were prescribed an antibiotic (amoxicillin 500 mg, Belupo, Koprivnica or clindamycin-MIP 600 mg, Chem.-pharm. Fabrik GmbH, Ingbert, Germany, in case of allergy to the penicillin group of antibiotics) one hour before the procedure; local anesthesia with 4% articaine and epinephrine 1:100,000 (Ubistesin forteThe trepan drill (Komet Dental, Gebr. Brasseler GmbH & Co. KG, Lemgo, Germany) used to take the bone biopsy sample had a smaller inner diameter (2.5 mm) than the final drill from the standardized set for shaping and bed preparation of the dental implant (Ankylos, Denstply Sirona Implants, Mannheim, Germany). From an ethical point of view, this avoids excessive removal of healthy bone. The bone biopsy samples were then left in a 4% formaldehyde solution (BioGnost Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia) and sent to the laboratory for histological and immunohistochemical analysis.