Surgical procedures
In both study groups, the impacted canines were surgically exposed using the closed flap approaches. Under the direction of one of the co-authors (OH), the same surgeon from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Damascus University, Faculty of Dentistry, carried out all surgical procedures.
Under local anaesthesia (lidocaine HCL 2% - epinephrine 1:80000), a full-thickness palatal flap was raised (
