1. Introduction
advanced-stage, Parkinson’s disease, ’s disease, PD
Current pharmacotherapy has limited efficacy and/or intolerable side effects in late-stage Parkinson’s disease (LsPD) patients whose daily life depends primarily on caregivers and palliative care. Clinical metrics inadequately gauge efficacy in LsPD patients. We explored if a DParkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized clinically by motor and non-motor symptoms. Despite research advances related to disease-modifying therapy, symptomatic treatment using the dopamine precursor levodopa remains the therapeutic cornerstone [As PD patients advance to LsPD, there is an increasing family and caregiver burden and higher healthcare costs compared to early- and advanced-stage patients [Dopamine receptors were first differentiated into two pharmacological classes, DPromisingly, there is compelling neurobiological and pharmacological evidence for the potential of DThe accessibility to the orally available D