Evaluation
The metrics used to show the differences between the actual 6-month postoperative BCVA and the estimated BCVA were mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the RThe prediction error was calculated by subtracting the estimated BCVA from the actual BCVA. The accuracy is defined as the percentage of BCVA prediction errors within ± 0.20 logMAR [Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), a method for creating "visual explanations", increases the transparency of judgments made by a broad class of DNN-based models. A coarse localization map highlighting the key areas in the image for concept prediction is produced by the Grad-CAM image by using the gradients of any target concept and flowing into the final convolutional layer [