Baseline Characteristics of Participants
Delayed word recall from the CERAD, cognitive impairment, lower extremity functioning, MCI, dementia, depressive, Immediate word recall from the CERAD, Dementia, Depression, Alzheimer Disease Assessment Cognitive 13-item
Abbreviations: ADAS-Cog-13, Alzheimer Disease Assessment Cognitive 13-item; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating scale; GDS-30, Geriatric Depression Scale; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Evaluation; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.Control includes balance-toning exercise, sham cognitive training, and placebo vitamin D.Data are available for 79 participants.MMSE ranges from 0 to 30; score of ≤24 indicate cognitive impairment.MoCA ranges from 0 to 30; score of ≤26 indicate cognitive impairment.ADAS-Cog-13 ranges from 0 to 85; higher scores indicate severe cognitive impairment.CDR global scale ranges from 0 to 3; score of 0 suggest no cognitive impairment, 0.5 suggest mild cognitive impairment, 1 suggest mild dementia, 2 suggest moderate dementia, and 3 suggest severe dementia.CDR Sum of box scale ranges from 0 to 18; score of 0 indicate normal cognition, 0.5 to 4 indicate mild cognitive impairment, 4.5 to 9.0 indicate mild dementia, 9.5 to 15.5 indicate moderate dementia, and 16.0 to 18.0 indicate severe dementia.GDS-30 ranges from 0 to 30. The scores measure depressive symptom, and higher scores indicate severe depressive symptom.Subdomain of ADAS-Cog-13 and Plus.Word recognition ranges from 0 to 12, indicating the number of incorrect recognition of words. Higher scores suggest greater cognitive impairment.Orientation ranges from 0 to 8. The participants guessed date, place, and time. The scores are the number of incorrect responses, and higher scores suggest greater cognitive impairment.Immediate word recall from the CERAD test ranges from 0 to 10. The participants recalled as many words as possible from a list of 10 words. The scores represent the mean number of words not recalled from 3 trials. Higher scores suggest greater cognitive impairment.Delayed word recall from the CERAD test ranges from 0 to 10. The participants recalled as many as possible from the list of 10 words used in immediate word recall after 5 minutes. The scores represent the mean number of words not recalled from 3 trials. Higher scores suggest greater cognitive impairment.Trail Making Test A ranges from 0 to 180. This measures the response time the participants took to draw the line as quickly as possible to connect consecutive numbers 0 to 25. Higher scores suggest greater cognitive impairment.Trail making B ranges from 0 to 300. This measures the response time the participants took to draw the line as quickly as possible to connect numbers 0 to 13 and letters A to L in sequential order alternating between numbers and letters. Higher scores suggest greater cognitive impairment.Digit span forward ranges from 0 to 16. The participants repeated the presented numbers in the exact order. The scores represent the number of trials participants correctly repeated the numbers. Higher scores suggest less cognitive impairment.Digit span backward ranges from 0 to 14. The participants repeated the numbers presented in the reverse order. The scores represent the number of trials participants correctly repeated the numbers. Higher scores suggest less cognitive impairment.Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scores range 0 to 23, higher scores indicating better functionality.Physical activity is measured with physical activity scale for elderly. The scores range 0 to 400, higher scores indicating higher physical activity.SPPB measures lower extremity functioning and ranges from 0 to 12. Higher score indicates better physical functionality.Gait speed is calculated as the total distance divide by time. Higher speed indicates better physical functionality.Thirty-four participants were randomized to arm 1 (exercise, cognitive training, and vitamin D), 35 to arm 2 (exercise, cognitive training, and placebo vitamin D), 37 to arm 3 (exercise, sham cognitive training, and vitamin D), 35 to arm 4 (exercise, sham cognitive training, and placebo vitamin D), and 34 to arm 5 (balance and toning exercise, sham cognitive training, and placebo vitamin D) (