Anesthesia management
INFILTRATION, DECUBITUS, FRANKLIN, COLD
Before the implementation of the fluid protocol, the mean of three consecutive measurements was used to calculate the baseline blood pressure, which was taken non-invasively every minute in the arm while the patient remained supine. After the completion of the fluid protocol, patients were subsequently put in a lateral decubitus posture, and spinal anesthesia was induced by inserting a 25-G Whitacre needle (BD Medical, Franklin Lakes, NJ) via an introducer at the L3 or L4 level following skin infiltration with 2–3 mL of 1% lidocaine. After the free flow of cerebrospinal fluid was confirmed, 15 mg of 0.5% isobaric ropivacaine (Naropin, AstraZeneca AB, Södertälje, Sweden) was administered intrathecally. This was done to suppress the sensation of cold and touch at the T6 level. Before skin incision, all patients had a left uterine displacement. Patients who required a rescue epidural dosage or conversion to general anesthesia due to insufficient sensory block or failed spinal anesthesia were not included in the study.