Exclusion criteria
arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, Sepsis, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter
CHRONIC HEART FAILURE, SEPSIS, VALVULAR HEART DISEASE, CARDIOGENIC SHOCK, MALIGNANT TUMORS, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, ARRHYTHMIAS
Transferred patients diagnosed with Sepsis before admission and treated in another hospital for more than 48 h; history of atrial fibrillation, long-term use of β-blockers; history of chronic heart failure (NYHA ≥ grade III); history of moderate/severe valvular heart disease; rapid arrhythmias such as new-onset atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter; new-onset cardiogenic shock (LVEF ≤ 25%); poor echocardiography image quality; refusing to sign informed consent; age < 18 years old; pregnant and lactating women; or patients with severe malignant tumors.