Mean Scores and Between-Group Differences in Primary and Secondary Outcomes at 3 Months and 6 Months
neck pain, pain-related disability, low back pain, pain
Abbreviations: EQ-5D, EuroQoL 5-dimension questionnaire; EQ-VAS, EuroQol visual analog scale; NA, not applicable; NRS, numerical rating scale.Marginal means are from a crude linear mixed model and SDs are from raw data among persons with information at the specific time points.The usual care group received usual care only. Usual care comprised a clinical examination and suitable treatment in accordance with current evidence-based guidelines. Treatment options included no further treatment, adjusted recommendations for primary care treatment, outpatient multimodal rehabilitation (individual and/or group sessions), or referral for surgical treatment.The app group received individually tailored app-delivered self-management support in addition to usual care.The e-Help group received nontailored web-based self-management support in addition to usual care.Adjusted for age (years), sex (male or female), educational level (<10 years, 10-12 years, or >12 years), and mean pain intensity in the past week at baseline (continuous; scale range, 0-10, with higher scores indicating higher intensity level of pain).Score range, 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating better musculoskeletal health.Mean baseline values were constrained to be equal in the 3 groups, thereby accounting for any random differences in the outcome variable at baseline.Score range, 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating more pain-related disability.Values include only participants reporting low back pain only or neck and low back pain (n = 248).Score range, 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating more pain-related disability.Values include only participants reporting neck pain only or neck and low back pain (n = 128).Scale range, 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating higher intensity level of pain.Scale range, 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status.Score range, 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating better health status.Score range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater confidence.Score range, 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater illness perception.Scale range, −5 to 5, with positive scores indicating improvement of pain (anchor response of The percentage of participants reporting an improvement of 4 points or greater on the MSK-HQ from baseline to 3 months was 44.2% (38 of 86 participants) in the usual care group, 59.0% (46 of 78 participants) in the app group, and 46.8% (37 of 79 participants) in the e-Help intervention group. These proportions corresponded to adjusted risk ratios for improvement of 1.35 (95% CI, 1.00-1.82; 