Introduction
Type 2 diabetes, T2D, GDM, diabetes
GDM, TYPE 2 DIABETES, DIABETES
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects approximately 425 million people worldwide and is projected to rise to 629 million by 2045, posing major health and economic consequences [However, maintaining lifestyle change over time is a well-recognized worldwide challenge, and few studies investigated the sustainability of lifestyle change in response to interventions [In China, 15.5% of the total population is at high risk of diabetes with the incidence of GDM reached 14.8% in 2020 [Before evidence-based interventions are implemented into practice, it is necessary to consider modifying the intervention for subgroups of the population [determining its longer-term effects of ILSM on sustained T2D risk reduction among an underserved population.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 18-month efficacy of ILSM for women with a history of GDM on T2D risk score (as primary outcome), physiological (including glycemic and weight-related outcomes), and behavioral and psychosocial outcomes compared to the control group. We also conducted subgroup analyses, comparing women with different BMI, waist circumference, and blood glucose to determine the differential benefits of the ILSM.