Assessments of muscle strength
FM
Grip strength and fat-free mass (FFM) measurements were used to assess muscle strength. Grip strength was measured three times each using a DynamoMeter (Smedley, TTM; Tokyo, Japan) at 8, 16, and 24 weeks, with the maximum value recorded. FFM was calculated at 24 weeks as follows: FFM = body weight − fat mass (FM), where FM was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Hologic Horizon DXA System, United States).