Participants and intervention
The HF-ACTION trial is an international multi-site randomized controlled trial that randomized participants to an exercise training group or usual care. Those randomized to the exercise arm attended 3 group exercise sessions/week for three months that primarily focused on aerobic exercises. Participants fully transitioned to home-based exercise program after completing 36 sessions, where they received a treadmill or exercise bike and a heart rate monitor. Participants were instructed to exercise for 40-min sessions, five times/week, at a heart rate of 60–70%. Additional methodological details can be found in the protocol paper [