Introduction
intraoperative fracture reduction, tri-malleolar fractures, fractures, fracture dislocation
Complex distal intra-articular fractures of the trimalleolar ankle are typically caused by high-energy injuries, presenting with significant fracture dislocation, articular surface damage, and surrounding soft tissue injuries. There is considerable individual variation, making achieving anatomical reduction of fractures and joint surfaces challenging during surgeryIn recent years, 3D printing technology has gradually entered clinical practice for treating complex tri-malleolar fractures. Physicians can use physical models of fractures to assess the misalignment more intuitively and accurately, aiding in intraoperative fracture reduction and reducing surgical complexity. However, current 3D printing technologies are primarily used for pre-shaping conventional plate