Participants
RECRUITMENT
The study included Year-1 and Year-2 medical students in 2022–2023 term at Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. All Year-1 (n = 571) and Year-2 (n = 488) medical students were invited to the study through messaging groups covered the entire population. They had not yet taken anatomy classes on liver anatomy and male genitalia anatomy within the curriculum. Moreover, Year-1 students did not take any anatomy lecture yet. Therefore, the intervention served for them as a form of pure initial learning. It should also be noted that some of the Year-2 students were repeating their second year of study, which meant they had previously taken anatomy classes on the chosen topics. However, this did not pose any threat to the validity of the study since the grouping was randomized in Step-1 and their scores were excluded from the analysis in Step-2. Considering previous research and a power analysis table [The participation to the study was voluntary, and all participants provided informed consent. Recruitment was carried out via a participation form shared with all Year-1 and Year-2 medical students, resulting in a total of 179 students being recruited. Of these students, 87 participated in Step-1, and 72 out of the 87 students completed Step-2, as presented in Fig. 