Data collection
’, Oswestry Disability, pain
Identified and interested patients received brief written information about the study. PO patients received it after a phone call by staff or first author (GP), PHC patients from their physician or physiotherapist, and WLS patients after a phone call by staff. Some background data in the screening tool, including lumbar spine diagnoses, was pre-filled and originated from SweSpine or medical records (Table Health outcomes, all self-reported, were measured with the following: a pain diary (on 0–10 Numerical Rating Scale, NRS) and a general questionnaire (GQ), both developed for this study; the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) version 2.1a; the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2); and the EuroQol 5 Dimensions, 5 Levels (EQ-5D-5L). The pain diary and questionnaires were completed once directly before and once directly after the intervention, with no further follow-up.The patients’ attendance at group activities was registered. Additionally, the patients filled in a training diary with their individual Zhineng Qigong training time each day during the intervention and 2 weeks afterwards (group activities not included).