
Radio‐Taiso exercise program

Radio‐Taiso includes Radio‐Taiso no. 1 and 2, and Minna no Taiso. These exercises are systematically routinized into eight to 13 rhythmic movements with music. To perform and complete these movements, various physical fitness indices, including endurance, strength, flexibility, coordination and balance, are required; thus, Radio‐Taiso is considered a multicomponent exercise program (see Table Characteristics of the Radio‐Taiso programThe intervention group was asked to attend three 90‐min in‐person practical sessions provided by certified Radio‐Taiso instructors (the week before the intervention and week 4 and week 8) at the TMIG and to perform Radio‐Taiso at home one to four times per day for 12 weeks. The intervention group was scheduled to participate in a class where they would learn Radio‐Taiso no. 1 and Minna no Taiso movements the week before the intervention and another class to review these movements and learn Radio‐Taiso no. 2 movements at week 4. However, as the fourth wave of COVID‐19 spread to Tokyo, these classes were changed to one‐on‐one instruction via the telephone. The intervention group could also attend a class to review all exercises at week 8.The exercise program using Radio‐Taiso was stratified by participants' frailty status (pre‐frailty and frailty); a five‐step progressive protocol (level −2 to level +2) was applied (Figure 