Randomization and blinding
After evaluating the admitted patients based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and completing the informed consent form, they were placed in massage, TENS, or control groups using a random block size of 6. A randomization sequence was performed using a random number generator.Twenty-three opaque envelopes and 138 cards were created for the random allocation concealment process. The envelopes were opened simultaneously as the individuals were assigned to the groups. Before random sampling, the researcher and participant did not know each individual would belong to which group. Concealment was also observed using this method. Participants were aware of the intervention, but the data collector and statistical analyst were unaware. In addition, the form related to the baseline assessments was initially completed before assigning the person to groups. The participants were separated and had no contact to prevent bias.