Inclusion and exclusion criteria
sleep disorders, hepatic or renal dysfunctions, abdominal obesity, lactase deficiency, diabetes
DIABETES
Participants were recruited among Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) staff, students, and their relatives who consented to take part in our study. Participants were middle-aged adults (30–50 years) with abdominal obesity (waist circumference of 80 cm or higher for females and 94 cm or higher for males) based on proposed cutoff points of the International diabetes federation [Criteria for excluding the participants were as follows: a history of lactase deficiency or any sensitivity to dairy products, hepatic or renal dysfunctions, smoking, alcohol consumption, pregnancy, lactation, using medications that interact with vitamin D (such as anticonvulsants or corticosteroids), using supplements containing vitamin D, or medications for mood, or sleep disorders; a current weight > 150 kg, weight changes > 5 kg in the previous year, planning to reduce weight, performing high-intensity physical activity, or having a special diet such as vegetarianism.According to the socio-cultural characteristics of the Iranian population (kind of clothing, particularly for women) [