Background
Handover of patients from one healthcare professional or organization to another is a situation in which patient safety can be threatened [When a patient undergoes surgery, a structured handover is an essential skill for healthcare workers [Within nursing education lie challenges related to resources, e.g., time, instructors, and available simulation locations to practice skills, such as the ISBAR approach [VR utilizes 3D computer technology to construct an interactive virtual world, allowing users to engage with a simulated environment [Desktop VR has been used in situations, such as computer-based simulation [Therefore, the aim was to investigate whether second-year nursing students self-practicing the ISBAR approach during handovers in a preoperative setting in a desktop VR application experienced a non-inferior learning outcome compared with self-practicing the traditional paper-based (TP) method to sort patient information.