Outcomes and biochemical parameters
tumor necrosis, pain, dizziness, pruritus, PONV, urinary retention
ADVERSE EVENTS, CHRONIC PAIN, TUMOR NECROSIS
The primary outcome was intravenous opioid consumption at 24 h after surgery. Secondary outcomes included intravenous opioid consumption within 48 h, intraoperative opioid consumption, pain score at rest and upon coughing at 12, 24 and 48 h, moderate-to-severe pain, pain at the drainage within 48 h, creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin I at 24 h, time to extubation, time to drainage removal, time to catheter removal, ability to ambulate after surgery, length of stay (LOS) in the ICU and hospital, mortality within 30 days and incidence of chronic pain at three months after surgery. Opioid-related adverse events included PONV, urinary retention, dizziness and pruritus within 48 h. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured before the induction of anesthesia and 0 and 24 h after surgery. Opioid consumption within 48 h after surgery only included hydromorphone in the PCIA. Whole blood was immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min to separate the plasma. Then, it was frozen at -80 °C for subsequent analysis.