The secondary outcomes
nerve block-related, paresthesia, postoperative nausea and vomiting, dislocation, pain, hip flexion, PONV
FLICKERING, PARESTHESIA, CONTRACTION, SECONDARY, COMPLICATIONS
The secondary outcomes postoperatively included intraoperative remifentanil consumption, the degree of hip flexion on the operative side at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h, lower limb muscle strength of the operative side at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h, static and dynamic pain scores at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h, the number of rescue analgesia, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) at 48 h, and the rate of nerve block-related complications. The incidences of vascular puncture, paresthesia, and LA toxicity were also recorded by a supervisor during the block. Since the postoperative 12 h in this study were generally late at night, we only collected the outcomes at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h to avoid disturbing the patients’ rest.The hip flexion degree of the operative side was measured using angle gauge in supine position (to avoid hip dislocation due to hip flexion beyond 90°).The lower limb muscle strength of the operative side was assessed using a manual muscle test (MMT) in supine position. The strength of quadriceps muscle group, iliopsoas muscle, sartorius muscle could be evaluated, mainly to evaluate the quadriceps muscle strength: Grade 0, no contraction; Grade 1, flickering contraction (no active knee extension and leg lift, only slight quadriceps contraction); Grade 2, full range of motion (ROM) with eliminated gravity (hip flexion, knee extension with eliminated gravity); Grade 3, full ROM with against gravity (leg lift and knee extension with against gravity but no resistance); Grade 4, full ROM with against gravity with minimal resistance (leg lift and knee extension with against gravity and minimal resistance); Grade 5: full ROM with against gravity with maximal resistance (leg lift and knee extension with against gravity and maximal resistance).Static and dynamic pain scores was recorded at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h (0, no pain; 10, worst imaginable pain).