Bone mineral density measurement
osteoporosis
OSTEOPOROSIS
The analyzed parameters included the areal BMD of the total hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total body/whole skeleton. The BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar iDXA; GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA). Standard densitometric procedures and quality assurance were performed, and standard scanning conditions were used, according to official recommendations. The percent coefficient of variation of the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method was 2.8% for the total femur measurements. Individuals with femur T-scores of −1.0 and above were assigned to the normal T-score group, and those with T-scores below −1.0 to the low T-score group. An operational diagnosis of osteoporosis was made based on the International Society for Clinical Densitometry standard guidelines. However, the cutoff T-score of −1.0 was intentionally used for the stratification to prevent underestimation, and to identify participants at increased risk of low bone mass.