Conclusion
In conclusion, this is the first study to support the view that presenting isolated factual threat appraisal vaping information grounded in a Protection Motivation Theory framework concerning the possible negative health effects of vaping, may be effective at reducing vaping intentions and to a lesser extent vaping behaviour, among Canadian university students who regularly vape. We recommend replication work to confirm whether such message framing interventions can lead to short and long-lasting vaping behaviour change.