Limitations and strengths
The present study had several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, the effectiveness of the mobile app-based cultural care training program in improving cultural capacity and humility was evaluated using self-report scales. Additionally, the study did not include a qualitative survey to explore nursing students' learning experiences and perspectives following the training program. Furthermore, due to time and financial constraints, data collection for the evaluation step was conducted over a one-month interval, which may not have captured long-term effects. Future research could benefit from employing mixed methods and conducting longitudinal studies to obtain more robust and comprehensive results.Despite these limitations, the study also had notable strengths. The researchers had extensive experience in designing and evaluating a cultural care training program based on the ADDIE instructional model, as well as incorporating the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence and Foronda's Cultural Humility. This expertise can be valuable for developing future curricula aimed at fostering cultural capacity and humility among nursing students and other healthcare providers in different cultural contexts.Furthermore, since the cultural capacity and humility questionnaire has been translated and culturally adapted for the first time in Iran, it presents an opportunity for researchers to utilize it in evaluating the cultural capacity and humility of nursing students at various stages of their education, as well as in different clinical and educational environments. Moreover, researchers can use it to test interventions aimed at enhancing cultural capacity and humility among nursing students.