Analgesic regimen
postoperative pain
Both patient groups were provided intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for postoperative pain management. The analgesic regimen was comprised 150 µg sufentanil, 200 mg flurbiprofen ester, and 5 mg tropisetron, which were diluted to 150 mL with normal saline. The PCA parameters were established as follows: a background infusion rate of 1.5 mL/h, a single dose of 0.5 mL, a lockout time of 15 min, and a total duration of 24 h. No other analgesic medications were administered as interventions after surgery.