Study limitations and future research
A major strength of this study is that it was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Procedures for dietary intake and exercise patterns were implemented to achieve consistency throughout the study period. Participants were given a diet and activity log to record their food intakes and exercise during the 72 h prior to the first trial and were instructed to repeat the diet and activity pattern for the second trial. Participants were instructed to be as specific as possible, including type and preparation of food and amount of food consumed. Due to variability in detail of the logs, it was not possible to calculate macronutrient intake of the participants. As the diet logs were self-reported, it can only be assumed that the logs were accurate and precise. Future studies should strive to better address this study limitation and consider providing a standard menu to participants with calorie and macronutrient guidance based on factors such as age, height, weight, sex, and activity level to provide greater dietary control rather than allowing participants to record and replicate diet and exercise during the trials