MMP-9, NOX2, and TGF-β1 in cardiac remodeling
fibrosis
OXIDATIVE STRESS, FIBROSIS
NOX2 plays an initial role in the development of cardiac remodeling. At the infarcted and penumbra location, oxidative stress will develop, activating NOX2 and AT1 receptors in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. NOX2 is triggered to generate nitric oxide and oxidative stress [The biomarker analysis showed that the level of TGF-β1 in OMT + Colchicine group is lower than OMT + Placebo group. An in vivo study using TGF-β1 inhibitors demonstrated the positive effects of TGF- β1 inhibition on maintaining heart function and minimizing cardiac fibrosis and remodeling [