Identification of the elements of physical activity training
GDM
GDM
The elements of physical activity training were developed based on evidence adopted from a systematic review [The physical activity session lasts for 40 min, including a 5-minute warm-up, a 30-minute main exercise section, and a 5-minute cool-down. The movements in the physical activity training were validated by the sports coach and the previous RCTs. The session started and ended with light-intensity, 5-minute activities that consisted of walking, breathing training, and static stretching of most muscle groups, including upper limbs, lower limbs, neck, back, and trunk muscles.The main part of the physical activity session lasted 30 min and included moderate-intensity aerobic exercises and resistance training. Aerobic exercise consists of brisk walking, involving the upper and lower limbs, and stretching activity. The resistant training engaged major muscle groups, including pectoral, back, shoulder, and upper and lower limb muscles. The movements consisted of half-squats by own body weight, arm extensions, arm side lifts, arm elevations, shoulder shrugs and rotations, lateral leg elevations, knee extensions, and knee (hamstring) curls. Exercises that involved extreme stretching and joint overextension, ballistic movements, or jumps were avoided. All the movements were done in the standing position to avoid the supine position on the floor. Aerobic and resistance exercises will be repeated 10–15 times for each movement. Participants can adjust the exercise intensity and frequency according to the progress of their pregnancy. The physical activity training was recorded in video with modeling by a gymnastics student. The core elements of the physical activity training for pregnant women with high risk for GDM are shown in Table 
Core elements of physical activity training for pregnant women with high risk for GDMmain session(FITT)Aerobic exercise consisted of brisk walking, involving the upper and lower limbs, and stretching activity.The resistant training engaged major muscle groups, including pectoral, back, shoulder, and upper and lower limb muscles. The movements consisted of half-squats by own body weight, arm extensions, arm side lifts, arm elevations, shoulder shrugs and rotations, lateral leg elevations, knee extensions, knee (hamstring) curls. Each movement will be repeated 10–15 times.