Clinical protocol
The clinical protocol was conducted for five weeks, with a total of 4 clinical appointments performed throughout the study. At Visit 1, all participants received professional dental cleaning consisting of scaling and polishing to ensure they received the same standard of care. Participants were instructed to continue their routine oral hygiene habits for the next two weeks. Visit 2, i.e., the baseline period (T0), was then arranged two weeks after. In this visit, proper techniques of using the designated oral hygiene tool were verbally and visually explained using models to each participant by another trained dentist (NIMN). All participants also received pamphlets and videos demonstrating the appropriate techniques of their designated oral hygiene tool. Visit 3 and Visit 4 were arranged at one-week (T1) and three-week (T2), respectively, following the use of the designated oral hygiene tool. Participants were strictly refrained from using other means of cleaning devices, dentifrices, or adjuncts during the study period.