2.5. Outcomes
Depressive, Depression, anxiety/depression, pain, depressive symptoms, lower back pain
COLLAPSED VERTEBRA
Before beginning the study, physical therapists received training from one of the authors (H. K.), regarding assessment protocols. The primary outcome was lower back pain intensity during movements, such as rolling, standing up, and walking, which was assessed using an 11-point NRS [Psychological status, including depressive symptoms, pain catastrophising, and fear of movement or (re) injury was evaluated. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the short Japanese version of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) [Physical activity levels were monitored using a uniaxial motion counter (Lifecorder GS®, Suzuken, Japan) placed at the right or left anterior superior iliac portion during admission (baseline). This motion counter can measure and store real-time estimates of the frequency, intensity, and duration of total physical activity [We used the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to determine the generic ability to perform ADL after admission. This performance-based disability tool assesses the disability level when performing basic ADL [The EuroQOL 5-dimension3-level (EQ-5D 3L) was used to measure health-related QOL. The EQ-5D 3L descriptive system measures health-related QOL in five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression within three levels (i.e., no problems, moderate problems, and severe problems) and reports the result as a single five-digit number (from 11111, representing full health, to 33333) [The collapsed vertebral body height was measured at the anterior (Physical performance was evaluated using the chair stand test (CST), timed up-and-go test (TUGT), and 6-min walking test (6-MWT). During the CST, patients were asked to stand up and sit down, as quickly as possible five times, with their arms crossed in front of their chest. The floor-to-seat height is 45 cm [Secondary outcomes, except for physical performance measures, were evaluated at admission, two weeks after admission, and at discharge. Physical performance was assessed two weeks after the admission and at discharge.