Limitations

This study included 492 patients, which may be considered a relatively small sample size for drawing definitive conclusions. While our findings provide valuable insights, larger and more diverse populations could enhance the generalizability of our results. Our study conducted initial assessments on manikins before progressing to human patients. While manikins offer controlled environments for preliminary data collection, they may not fully replicate the complexities of real-life clinical scenarios, and the applicability of our findings to actual patients should be interpreted with this in mind. Our research was conducted at a single medical center, potentially limiting the diversity of patient demographics and clinical scenarios encountered. Future multi-center studies could provide a broader perspective on the applicability of our proposed bag-mask ventilation technique. Visual observations, such as measuring chest rise, are inherently subjective and susceptible to observer bias. While efforts were made to minimize bias, the possibility of subjective assessments affecting our results cannot be entirely eliminated. This study was conducted in a specific region and among a particular population, which may limit the generalizability of our findings to other ethnic or regional groups with distinct characteristics. We studied only dominant hand in all three techniques. Studying these techniques both with dominant and non-dominant hand can give a better view of their performance in real practice.