Outcome measures
Anxiety, anxiety, reduced mental illness, DSS, depression, Depression
The ToC which we developed to evaluate MENTUPP, identified six proximate outcomes and four intermediate outcomes as hypothesised links leading to the four long-term outcomes of the MENTUPP intervention (Tsantila et al. Overview of the MENTUPP long-term outcomes indicatorsWHO-5OLBISPS-6WPAI-GHIn our outcome evaluation, we also included some socio-demographic and work-related characteristics of the sample including age, gender, educational level, nationality, type of contract, employment rate and leadership role. The latter variable, “leadership role”, was based on respondents’ responses to a question scaled on a 11-point Likert scale to what extent they had a leading role in their work task (0 = no leading role at all; 10 = full time leading role). Scores ranging from 0 to 3 were labelled as “low leadership role”, scores ranging from 4 to 6 as “medium leadership role”, and scores ranging from 6 to 10 as “large leadership role”.The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) was developed by Demerouti and colleagues (Demerouti et al. For the outcome “reduced mental illness”, we measured symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS). The PHQ-ADS is developed by Kroenke and colleagues (Kroenke et al. Stigmatizing attitudes towards depression and anxiety were measured with the Personal Stigma subscale of the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS) for which we slightly rephrased the items to assess stigma towards both depression and anxiety. The DSS is a valid and reliable instrument developed by Griffiths and colleagues (K. M. Griffiths et al. Finally, the impact of the intervention on productivity losses was assessed by measuring absenteeism and presenteeism. To measure absenteeism (the percentage of work time missed because of one’s health in the past 7 days), we selected two items of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment—General Health V2.0 (WPAI-GH 2.0). Respondents are asked to indicate the number of hours they missed from work because of their health problems and the number of hours they actually worked the past 7 days. The WPAI-GH 2.0 was developed by Reilly associates and is a validated instrument commonly used to measure work productivity losses due to mental illness (Asami and Okumura For presenteeism, the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6) was used. The SPS-6 was developed by Koopman and colleagues (C. Koopman et al. An overview of the psychometric properties of the validated scales can be found in Table Overview of psychometric properties and available translations of the seven validated scalesExhaustion subscale: Pearson’s Correlation = 0.51Disengagement subscale: Pearson’s correlation = 0.34 (J.R.B. Halbesleben and Demerouti PHQ-9: Pearson’s correlation = 0.94 (Zuithoff et al. GAD-7: Pearson’s correlation = 0.83 (Spitzer et al. 