Introduction
deaths, Machine learning, CKD
RENAL, RENAL FIBROSIS, DISEASES, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the leading non-communicable diseases worldwide. Globally, 1.2 million deaths from CKD were recorded in 2017, with a worldwide prevalence of 9.1% (697.5 million cases) [Renal biopsy is still the gold standard for detecting and staging renal fibrosis [Machine learning, as a state-of-the-art analysis and modeling technique, has developed dramatically in recent years and emerged as a powerful tool in the medical domain [