Participants
ASPD, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, cranio-cerebral injuries, antisocial behavior, autism spectrum disorder, DSM-5, claustrophobia
DISORDER, DISORDER, NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
Participants were 20 men and 18 women with ASPD and 20 male and 20 female healthy control (HC) participants aged 18–30 years (for details, see Supplementary Materials and Methods). ASPD participants had to fulfil the DSM-IV, respectively DSM-5, criteria for ASPD (according to the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE)) and were recruited at the Department of General Psychiatry at the University Hospital of Heidelberg, through local probation services, and through institutions offering anti-aggression trainings. HC participants were age- and IQ-matched and recruited through advertisement (black boards, online platforms, website of University Hospital of Heidelberg).Exclusion criteria for all participants were an intelligence quotient (IQ) lower than 80, insufficient German language skills, pregnancy, breast feeding, claustrophobia, any current medication (except oral contraceptives and levothyroxine), past cranio-cerebral injuries, and somatic, endocrine, or neurological diseases. Additional exclusion criteria for ASPD participants were autism spectrum disorder, lifetime diagnoses of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and current alcohol or drug dependence. Additional exclusion criteria for HC participants were any lifetime or current mental disorder or personality disorder and any psychological/psychiatric treatment assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) and antisocial behavior assessed by the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE). Four subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were used to estimate intelligence [The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave written informed consent and were financially remunerated for their participation.