Sepsis model establishment
The ethics and protocols for the animal experiments were approved by the La-boratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of the Army Medical University (Approval No. AMUWEC20224867). Adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 200-220 g were bred in a facility with filtered positive-pressure ventilation, under a 12:12-h dark/light cycle, with ad libitum access to food and water. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups: Control (