Conclusion
DKD, cardio-renal disease, kidney disease, cardio-renal
TYPE 2 DIABETES
In conclusion, this study provides evidence that elevated IGF-1 levels or the ratio of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 is associated with a higher risk of kidney disease progression and all-cause mortality. Three years of therapy with canagliflozin failed to impact IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 levels. Nonetheless, the benefit of canagliflozin to reduce cardio-renal endpoints was preserved across strata of both biomarkers. These results affirm a role of IGF-1 or its activity in the progression of cardio-renal disease among individuals with type 2 diabetes and DKD.