Participants
low back pain, fever, congenital abnormalities, cancer, fracture, pain, psychological disorders, infection, rheumatologic diseases, weight loss
CANCER, RADICULOPATHY, INFECTION
A total of forty volunteers meeting the following inclusion criteria participated in the study: (i) aged between 18 and 65 years old, and (ii) experiencing non-specific low back pain for a minimum of three months, with pain intensity ranging from 30 to 70 on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The study also applied the following exclusion criteria: (i) a history of cancer, spinal infection, rheumatologic diseases, spine fracture, red flag signs (such as significant and unexplained weight loss exceeding 10% of total body weight within the past six months, and presence of fever), psychological disorders, and previous spine surgery, radiculopathy, anatomical or congenital abnormalities; (ii) attendance of fewer than two BSP sessions; (iii) inability to attend the measurement sessions. The participants were randomly allocated into two groups with a 1:1 ratio, and the assignment was concealed using sealed opaque envelopes.