Patient characteristics
From 11 February 2022 to 20 June 2022, a total of 114 patients were screened for this study. Among them, four patients didn't meet the inclusion criteria and four patients refused to participate in the trial. Therefore, 106 subjects were enrolled. Among the enrolled patients, seven patients were excluded because of incompletion of the intervention (receiving drugs outside the protocol of the study) and three patients were lost to follow-up (lost contact). In total, 96 patients finished the study: 48 in the L group and 48 in the N group (CONSORT flow diagramL group, lidocaine group; N group, normal saline group.
Patient baseline characteristics and intraoperative characteristicsValues are 