Background
muscle atrophy, disordered muscle protein, ESKD, CVD, anemia, PD, hyperphosphatemia, malnutrition, hypocalcemia
MUSCLE ATROPHY, CVD, KIDNEY REPLACEMENT, HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, ANEMIA, HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA, SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, MALNUTRITION, END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE, HYPOCALCEMIA, CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the prevalence of patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) that require kidney replacement therapy, including hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) or kidney transplant [The primary etiological factors responsible for these outcomes include cardiovascular disorders (CVD), muscle atrophy and malnutrition [Hyperparathyroidism is one of the aggravating causes of anemia in hemodialysis patients, in addition to resistance to erythropoietin treatment. Defects in calcitriol synthesis, which along with PTH stimulates calcium reabsorption, causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. In this condition, there is an increase in PTH synthesis to regulate calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism [Abnormal levels of PTH are associated with disordered muscle protein metabolism, which has been linked to increased mortality in these patients [The regulation of PTH is critical for bone metabolism in healthy individuals as well as HD patients [