Methods
This sequential crossover study was conducted in the intensive care unit of a university hospital in Italy between October 2018 and June 2020. The study was funded by an unrestricted research grant by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM-2017 Bernhard Dräger Award). The study was approved by institutional review board (ID 1506-ethics committee Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome Italy) and was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. All enrolled patients provided written informed consent to participating in the study and data analysis. The study protocol was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03095300) on March 29, 2017.