Statistical analysis
Summary statistics included transforming and visualizing the proteomics data came from SOMAscan analysis, Washington University (WashU, St. Louis, MO). The hypothesis was that there was a significant difference between protein expression with respect to treatments. Firstly, fold change ratios of protein expression before and after treatment were calculated and transformed on a log2 scale to make all asymmetric values to be symmetric around zero and distribution of ratios were observed in terms of positive, negative or no change. Then, data normalization was done to reduce the variation arising from treatment vs control. Furthermore, to calculate the differences in protein expression between EAAs and whey groups, Welch two sample t-test was performed. Volcano plots and heatmaps were generated by using a 1.5-fold change in expression between EAAs and whey groups. Dendrogram was prepared to see the clustered analysis of identified proteins in both groups. Statistical analyses were performed using R 4.1.2.The 6 MW (ft) change from baseline at 12 weeks was tested for the null hypotheses of no change per group and no group difference in change. For the per-group tests, the one-sample t-test was used for the Whey group and the Wilcoxon signed rank test for the EAA group. The group comparison was tested using the Mann–Whitney 