Conclusions
TB
There was no evidence that the PopART intervention reduced TB prevalence. Potential explanations include: similarly high coverage of HIV testing and treatment in all trial arms by 2019 to 2021; systematic TB symptom screening missing subclinical TB; ART coverage affecting TB prevalence less than TB incidence; the initially lower priority given by the CHiPs to the TB screening component of the PopART intervention; lower coverage of the PopART intervention among men than women; and COVID-19 pandemic effects on TB prevalence during 2020 to 2021. Our findings indicate that the overall impact of increased coverage of HIV care and ART is to reduce TB prevalence among HIV–positive individuals.