Inclusion and exclusion criteria
degenerative knee arthritis, pain, knee pain, knee injuries, loss of active and passive ROM
HAND SWELLING
The participants in the study had to meet the following requirements: complaining of knee pain that has lasted longer than 3 months, and a pain level that is medium (pain score greater than or equal to 4) with no knee injuries, treatment not received in another physical therapy clinic in the past three months, painful range of motion (ROM), significant loss of active and passive ROM due to pain, stiffness, and swelling in the knee joint. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of knee surgery, any other neural, articular, or muscular conditions affecting lower limb function, a systemic arthritic condition, or had received an intra-articular injection or physical therapy in the past 3 months. Following a diagnosis of degenerative knee arthritis based on medical imaging such as X-rays, MRI, or bone scanning, patients are referred to the physical therapy department by an orthopedic consultant. An information leaflet explaining the study was given to the participants. Participants were enrolled and given the option to withdraw at any time by signing an informed consent form. During the initial evaluation, experienced PTs collected demographic information.