2.2. Intervention
Cognitive Learning Theory [
ALBERT
The JOBS Program uses elements of Social Learning based on Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning Theory [The JOBS Program training is designed as a multimodal workshop, usually lasting five days and from four to five hours for each session. Under the guidance of two certified trainers, participants develop and improve their practical job-search skills in small groups of 15 to 20 individuals. In terms of methods, the focus is on the following basic elements and group techniques:Job-search skills training.Active teaching and learning methods.Trained trainers for program delivery.Supportive learning environment.Preparation for setbacks.Typical activities include job searching on social networking sites, compiling information for interviews, simulated job interviews, thinking in terms of employer perspectives, and evaluating job offers. Another essential component of the JOBS Program is the inoculation against—possibly discouraging—setbacks during the job-search. To be prepared against such setbacks, stress inoculation training is applied. The group anticipates potential difficulties in specific job-search situations and develops appropriate problem-solving strategies. All training content is taught using active teaching and learning methods. The participants’ prior knowledge and skills are identified and always incorporated into the various exercises. These are characterized by group discussions, brainstorming and role plays. For example, during the role plays, the participants take on an employer’s perspective to reflect their views and to develop respective strategies for application activities. Two further components accompany all activities of the entire training:Trainers provide continuous supportive feedback to participants and encourage appreciative, respectful interaction among the participants. They create an atmosphere of social support. Trainers also show empathy for participants’ concerns and feelings and encourage them to use appropriate coping strategies [Another training principle is the so-called “referent power”. The trainers strive to gain high esteem, trust and respect from the participants through competent teaching, self-revelation, the reduction of social distance and empathic support.If both components can be successfully implemented, this appreciative and supportive training situation opens up better opportunities for the trainers to exert a positive influence on the participants’ self-efficacy expectations, on their self-esteem, and thus on their motivation to apply for a job [A specification of the JOBS Program Germany is that the JOBS training sessions were free of charge. They lasted approximately 20 h (conducted over a period within one or two weeks) in groups of 8–15 participants and were led by two certified JOBS Program trainers [