Participants
pain
Twenty-eight participants were recruited via from the northern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia via postal invitation using a database of patients who received podiatry treatment at the La Trobe University Health Sciences Clinic, email distribution to staff members in the School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport at La Trobe University, Facebook advertising and posters placed in the local community. To be eligible for inclusion, participants: (i) were aged ≥ 40 years, (ii) were female, (iii) had pain in the big toe joint/s (i.e. first metatarsophalangeal or interphalangeal) for at least 12 weeks, (iv) had big toe joint pain rated at least 3 out of 10 on a numerical rating scale, (v) were able to walk household distances (more than 50 m) unaided, (vi) were capable of understanding the English language, and (vii) had at least moderate hallux valgus on one or both feet [