Introduction
CORTEX
Neurofeedback (NF) is “a non-invasive brain stimulation technique equipped with a closed-loop control mechanism, whereby information on the dynamics, usually non-observable, is made observable to subjects, who can then use it to retroact on it, and push it towards functionally desirable goal states. NF involves defining: i) the general goal; ii) a neural target as feature; iii) an appropriate stimulation schedule” [Many NF paradigms target the modulation of neural functions related to executive control: the higher-order brain processes that support goal formation, planning, monitoring, and controlling complex, goal-directed thoughts and behaviors. Central to this system are the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which monitors for conflict and the demand for control, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which exerts goal-directed modulatory influences on sensory, perceptual, and memory processes represented in subcortical and posterior-cortical regions [