1. Introduction
HD, T2D, overweight, hyperinsulinemia
TYPE 2 DIABETES, SECONDARY, HYPERINSULINEMIA
Bile acids regulate glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Further, the levels of bile acids can be influenced by the intake of dairy products. Although the serum proteome can provide information on the biological pathways associated with different metabolites, it is unknown whether the intake of dairy modifies such associations between bile acids and the proteome. The objectives of this study were to examine plasma bile acid profiles, find the correlations between bile acids and lipid as well as glycemic markers, and to uncover the correlation between bile acids and proteins after high dairy (HD) and adequate dairy (AD) intake among 25 overweight individuals with hyperinsulinemia. In this randomized crossover-trial study, hyperinsulinemia adults were randomized to both HD (≥4 servings/day) and AD (≤2 servings/day) for 6 weeks. Measurements and analyses were performed on before- as well as after- AD and HD conditions. The results indicated that plasma 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7AC4) increased after HD in comparison with before HD intake (Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated levels of blood sugar resulting from the body’s inability to effectively use insulin [Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules produced from cholesterol catabolism through a series of enzymatic reactions in the liver and they play important roles in emulsifying and solubilizing dietary fats in the small intestine. Bile acids are classified into primary and secondary bile acids. Primary bile acids, which include cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, are synthesized in the liver and secreted into the bile ducts. Once in the intestine, primary bile acids are metabolized by gut bacteria into secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid [Dietary intake can alter bile acid metabolism leading to a reduced risk of T2D [Serum proteins play a crucial role in various physiological processes and can serve as important biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring certain medical conditions [