EDC culture and EV isolation.
HEART
Human EDCs were obtained from left atrial appendages donated by patients undergoing clinically indicated heart surgery and giving informed consent under a protocol approved by the University of Ottawa Heart Institute Research Ethics Board. EDCs were cultured using serum-free, xenogen-free methods in the Ottawa Hospital Clinical Cell Manufacturing Facility as previously described (Conditioned medium was collected after 48 hours of culture in 1% EV-depleted serum (System Biosciences) and 1% oxygen for centrifugation at 10,000