Intervention
non-alcoholic
During the 12-week intervention period, free non-alcoholic beverages were provided once every 4 weeks (three times in total). Each case included 24 350-mL bottles. Up to three cases were provided at a time, with the exact number depending on each participant’s preference. Participants selected beverages from among 22 products from four manufacturers, specifically the six top-ranked beer-flavored products and the 16 top-ranked cocktail-flavored products according to the sales ranking in the Japanese market in 2021. The selected non-alcoholic beverages were shipped to participants’ homes by a package delivery company.