Outcome measures
EasyGV, hypoglycaemia
EVENTS, HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Outcomes were measured at three time-points: (1) pre-control period (-4 weeks), (2) post-control (0 weeks), and (3) post-intervention period (12 weeks). HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, kidney function (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea, creatinine, eGFR, calcium, corrected calcium, phosphate, uric acid), liver function (total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, GGT, AST, ALT, globulin, magnesium, creatine kinase), and lipid studies (total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides) were assessed from fasting blood samples collected and analysed by locally available NATA-accredited laboratories using standard procedures. Participants were advised to fast (water as required) for 10–12 hours and avoid strenuous exercise 24-hours prior to blood testing.Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices were provided to participants (Medtronic Australasia iPro2 or Guardian Connect, depending on availability) to obtain 24-hr interstitial glucose concentrations for seven days at each data collection timepoint. Participants unwilling or unable to use the CGM provided used their own commercially available device. Raw data were entered into the EasyGV platform (EasyGV Version 9.0.R2, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK) for calculation of glycaemic variability (GV) indices including standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG), mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions (MAGE), and mean blood glucose. Time in range (TIR) was calculated by one researcher (J.L.T.) to identify the percentage of datapoints within 3.5–10.0 mmol/L across the entire data collection period. Frequency of hypoglycaemia was defined as the number of events <3.5 mmol/L with or without symptoms. GV data were analysed with and excluding days that had incomplete values (<80% available datapoints), but no meaningful differences were identified. Data without exclusions (i.e., all CGM data regardless of completeness) were used for the primary analysis; analysis of data with exclusions are provided in the Total daily insulin (TDI) was defined as the sum of all basal and bolus insulin given over a 24-hour period derived from a 3-day self-report insulin log. Participants using insulin pumps were provided the option to provide pump summary reports instead of completing the insulin log.Anthropometric outcomes, including BMI, waist circumference, and resting blood pressure were measured by a local healthcare professional (i.e., local pharmacist, GP, nurse). In cases where participants were unable or unwilling to leave their homes during COVID-19 lockdowns, self-reported measures were provided.Quality of life was assessed using the Diabetes-related Quality of Life (DQoL) Brief Clinical Inventory [Participants completed 3-day weighed food records using the smartphone app, 