Results
incisors
Thirty subjects (20 females and 10 males) received the planned intervention. Complete records for all subjects were available during the analysis stage. The age averaged 21.60 (3.62) years, 23.50 (4.66) years, and 20.20 (2.51) years in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Before the intervention, the lower incisors’ inclination was 94.8 (3.7), 92.5 (4.0), and 93.4 (3.6) degrees, and the maxillary/mandibular plane angle was 24.1 (4.3), 24.6 (4.8), and 23.9 (2.9) degrees in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (CONSORT flow chart showing patients’ flow during the trialTeeth on both sides were assessed. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed no significant differences in BF changes between the right and left sides within each group. Therefore, the right and left sides were averaged, and the mean BF values were used in the final analysis. The results are presented according to tooth type and type of applied force. The incisors were analyzed in the intrusion group (total of 60 teeth/20 teeth in each AW group), while the extrusion group was subdivided into 2 subgroups: premolars only (total of 60 teeth/20 teeth in each AW group) and first molars only as the second subgroup (total of 30 teeth/10 teeth in each AW group).