Objective and definitions
opacification, abdominal pain, Hyperamylasemia, post-ERCP pancreatitis, pancreatitis
HEMORRHAGIC PANCREATITIS, HYPERAMYLASEMIA, ADVERSE EVENT, ADVERSE EVENTS, ADVERSE EVENT, PANCREATITIS, PANCREATIC NECROSIS
The primary endpoint was primary intended technical success of WGC for successful biliary access. Secondary endpoints were overall technical success of biliary cannulation, rate of DBC, cannulation time, adverse event rates, and procedure outcomes. Mechanical properties of each 0.025-inch GWs before clinical trials were also analyzed. DBC was defined by the presence of one or more of the followings: more than five contacts with the papilla whilst attempting to cannulate; more than five minutes spent attempting to cannulate following visualization of the papilla; and more than one unintended pancreatic duct cannulation or opacification according the ESGE suggestionSerum amylase level was measured before ERCP and at 2 h and 12–24 h after ERCP. Hyperamylasemia after ERCP was defined as an elevation of the serum amylase level above the upper normal limit (160 IU/L). Definition and grade of post-ERCP pancreatitis was as follows: new or worsened abdominal pain with elevation of serum amylase at least 3 times above the upper normal limits for 24 h after a procedure that requires at least 2–3 days (mild), 4–10 days (moderate), and more than 10 days (severe) of hospitalization or if any of the following occurred: hemorrhagic pancreatitis, pancreatic necrosis, pseudocyst, or the need for percutaneous drainage or surgery. Adverse events and severity of pancreatitis were described according to the lexicon for endoscopic adverse events