Introduction
nausea, ICPB, bowel movements, postoperative nausea and vomiting, constipation, pain, PONV, nerve block
ADVERSE EFFECTS, COMPLICATIONS, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
In the past 20 years, significant advancements have been made in the application of opioids to pain control. However, with the widespread use of opioids, there is a growing awareness of their adverse effects. Among them, opioid-induced constipation and nausea are the most common side effects [Opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) is a multimodal anesthesia management strategy combining various non-opioid agents and/or technologies. Lidocaine exerts an analgesic effect by silencing ectopic discharges, suppressing inflammatory processes, and regulating inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission. Also, it is effective in improving rehabilitation, shortening hospital stays, promoting early bowel movements, reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and reducing nociceptive and/or cardiovascular responses to surgical stresses [For thyroid surgery, PONV due to opioids and pain at the incision site are the main postoperative complications associated with anesthesia that may inflict sufferings on patients [Ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block (ICPB) is a regional nerve block technology that can provide adequate analgesia in head and neck surgery. Compared with the deep cervical plexus block, ICPB has a lower incidence of postoperative serious complications [