1. Introduction
Depression, Anxiety
The use of electronic patient-reported outcomes has increased recently, and smartphones offer distinct advantages over other devices. However, previous systematic reviews have not investigated the reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) when used with smartphones, and this has not been fully explored. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of the paper and smartphone versions of the CES-D, GAD-7, and K6, which were compared following a randomized crossover design method in 100 adults in Gunma, Japan. Participants responded to the paper and smartphone versions at 1-week intervals. The equivalence of paper and smartphone versions was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCThe use of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is neccessary because of several advantages [Compared with paper-based PROs, ePROs minimize errors in score calculation and data entry and missing data, facilitating reliable analysis and reporting of PRO data [Currently, many devices are being utilized for ePROs [