2.4.4. Cardiac Function
Cardiac function parameters including HR, SV, CO, EDV, ESV, and EF were assessed noninvasively using a thoracic bioelectrical impedance device (PhysioFlow PF-05, Manatec Biomedical, Paris, France) during a 90 min bout of prolonged submaximal exercise. Data were recorded every 10 s from rest to the end of the exercise, and an average value of 1 min was used for analysis.