Anthropometry
Body mass and body fat percentage were measured to the nearest 0⋅1 kg and 0⋅1 %, respectively, using a digital scale (TANITA MC780, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Height was measured using a stadiometre (YS-OA, Yoshida Seisakusho Ltd., Gifu, Japan) to the nearest 0⋅1 cm. Body mass index was calculated by dividing body mass in kilogrammes by the square of height in metres.