Patients
Reported disability, LBP, pain
Males or females aged 18–65 years with chronic non-specific LBP lasting more than 3 months. Reported disability was to score greater than 4/24 on the Roland Morris Questionnaire (RM) [Flowchart of the study procedure.Sample size estimates were calculated based on expected effect size of 0.78 for the primary outcome (pain score). With this assumption, 27 participants per group were required to obtain 80% statistical power with a 5% significance level.