Strength measurement
Isokinetic knee extensor and flexor muscle peak torque of each leg were assessed using a dynamometer (PHYSIOMED CON-TREX-MJ, Schnaittach, Germany) both concentrically and eccentrically. Before the test, the subjects warmed up by riding a stationary bike (PRO2® SPORT TOTAL BODY, Tulsa, USA) at its easiest setting while seated. The seat and pedals were adjusted to ensure that the subjects were positioned properly to produce efficient power during the warm-up, which lasted 10 min. After a rest of three minutes, the participants were seated and secured to the dynamometer using torso and inactive thigh straps. Both legs were secured to the machine arm by two soft pads allowing comfortable knee movement. The testing protocol involved five successful trials for eccentric and concentric knee flexion and extension, where the participants produced a constant maximal effort. Concentric and eccentric peak torque was measured at an angular velocity of 60° per second between 0° and 90° of knee flexion. The trials were performed at 60°/s with self-determined maximum effort. Prior to the testing procedure, the participants were given instructions and two practice trials to familiarize themselves with the tasks. Verbal encouragement was given throughout each trial to ensure maximal effort.