Drug administration for both groups of patients
For patients in the topical TXA group: 100 ml normal saline was dripped intravenously 10 min before skin incision, while 2 g of TXA mixed in 50 ml normal saline was was injected in the drainage tube after closing the incision, keeping it closed for 3 h, while 3 h after the end of surgery 100 ml normal saline was given by intravenous dripping. For patients in the intravenous TXA group, 1 g of TXA mixed in 100 ml of normal saline was administered intravenously 10 min before the incision, 50 ml of normal saline was injected in the drainage tube after closing the incision, keeping it closed for 3 h, while 1 g of TXA mixed in 100 ml of normal saline was administered intravenously 3 h after the end of the surgery.