Primary outcome
The success rates of anesthesia induction in patients who received one initial bolus dose of ciprofol-0.5 mg/kg, propofol-2.0 and 2.5 mg/kg were all 100%. However, 1 patient in the ciprofol-0.4 mg/kg group (part I) and one in the ciprofol-0.3 mg/kg group (part II) required one top-up dose and then achieved successful induction. No patient failed the induction and no patient received more than one top-up dose (Table Efficacy of sedation in all patients with ciprofol or propofol including dose escalation and dose expansionSuccessful time of anesthesia induction = the time when MOAA/S ≤ 1 occurred—the time when the study drug was first administered; Time to loss of the eyelash reflex = eyelash reflex disappearance time—the time when the study drug was first administered; Emergence time was defined as the period from surgery completion to a MOAA/S score = 5*