Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents
The data collectors conducted 499 surveys (Control:152; Intervention:347) and 47 structured observations (Control:15; Intervention:32) in baseline, 499 surveys (Control:150; Intervention:349), and 50 structured observations (Control:15; Intervention:35) in endline with the five types of frontline waste and sanitation workers.Participants from the intervention and control areas in both baseline and endline had similar socio-demographic characteristics regarding gender, age, religion, education, income, and accommodation facilities. Female workers were mostly involved only in road sweeping; thus, most of the workers we reached were male. Around half were Muslims, and the remaining half were Hindus (mostly Harijan/Dalit caste). We found the highest numbers of workers between the ages of 20 and 40. Most workers could write their names or have completed only primary education. They mostly lived in rented houses or government-provided accommodation facilities with an average monthly income (individual) of 7000–9000 BDT (82–105 USD). The baseline status of the respondents in receiving OHS training, availability of safety guidelines, and training on PPE were also similar in intervention and control areas, which then improved in the intervention areas at the endline Socio-demographic characteristics of waste and sanitation workers.