Critical consciousness scale
The Critical Consciousness Scale (CCS) is a 22-item scale comprised of three subscales: Critical Reflection: Perceived Inequality (items 1–8); Critical Reflection: Egalitarianism (items 9–13); and Critical Action: Sociopolitical Participation (items 14–22). The scale was developed and tested among diverse youth populations to quantify critical consciousness, conceptualized as the capacity of marginalized peoples to critically analyze “their social conditions and individual or collective action taken to change perceived inequities” (