Discussion
PD, gingivitis, tooth
INFLAMMATION, GINGIVITIS, DENTAL PLAQUE, BACTERIAL RESISTANCE, REGRESSION, CYTOTOXICITY
Present study found the SBTC of patients with PD in the MW and MWPF groups was significantly higher than that of the control group before the intervention. After the HOCl mouthwash intervention 5 min, the SBTC data significantly decreased in the MW and MWPF groups. After base-2 log-transformation of the SBTC data, a similar trend was observed. Multivariate linear regression revealed that baseline SBTC and the MWPF intervention significantly affected SBTC reduction percentage by volume. Previous study report that Previous studies show that SBTC by volume can be as high as 10Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the effect sizes of the MW (ES = 0.73) and MWPF (ES =1.05) groups were medium and large by the Cohen classification [PD is caused by an increase in dental plaque and inflammation. Early-stage PD, involving gingivitis, is reversible [In one study, HOCl mouthwash had no direct antibacterial effect at 7 h after use, and bacterial count returned to baseline within 1 h of use [During the oral bacterial DNA extraction, some saliva samples were contaminated with small pieces of food residue. The food residue may have increased the variability of the antibacterial effects of mouthwash on SBTC by weight. This may partially explain why the MWPF intervention was not a significant factor in the regression analysis for the reduction in SBTC by weight.A broad variety of mouthwash is available in the market. The potential unfavorable side-effects of mouthwash are cell cytotoxicity, bacterial resistance, tooth staining, and unpleasant taste [This study has several limitations. First, data on the effects of durations of use and concentrations of HOCl mouthwash were not collected. Therefore, the most effective method of using the present mouthwash remains unclear. Although 100-ppm HOCl mouthwash is known to be nontoxic to cells in our previous study (data not shown), the antibacterial efficacy of the mouthwash on individual periodontitis-causing bacteria was not investigated in this study. Numerous types of bacteria are present in saliva, and the environment in which bacteria grow can vary depending on bacterial strain; further research is required to determine the antibacterial effects of mouthwash on salivary specific periodontal pathogens.