Participants
osteoporosis/osteopenia, cognitive disorders, musculoskeletal disorders
UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION, DIABETES MELLITUS, KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS, MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS, DISORDERS, NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Middle-aged and older adults were recruited from the Un Chau Neighborhood Elderly Center of the Hong Kong Christian Service (HKCS) through notice advertisements. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age > 55 years, (2) ability to move independently, and (3) ability to follow instructions and communicate with others. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) unstable medical conditions such as uncontrolled hypertension or diabetes mellitus, (2) a recent injury that could affect test performance, (3) a history of fragility fractures or osteoporosis/osteopenia, (4) significant musculoskeletal disorders such as severe knee osteoarthritis, (5) sensorimotor or neurological disorders, (6) cardiopulmonary disorders, (7) cognitive disorders, (8) regular participation in sports or training in martial arts such as TC, and (9) frailness preventing participation in the VT program.