Discussion
postoperative pain, neuropathic pain, visceral pain, abdominal pain, gallstone, Postoperative pain, hyperalgesia, acute pain, inflammation, pain, weight gain, Visceral pain, weight loss, trauma
ADVERSE REACTIONS, INFILTRATION, GALLSTONE, INFLAMMATION, ADVERSE EFFECTS, BILIARY CALCULUS, SYMPATHOMIMETIC, TRANSIENT HYPERTENSION
Biliary calculus, also known as gallstone, is a crystalline solid formed from bile concentration and composition changes caused by changes in diet, hormones, medications, or rapid weight loss or weight gain [Esketamine, the S (+)-isomer of ketamine, a non-selective NMDA receptor inhibitor, possesses part of non-opioid analgesic properties and an analgesic effect twice that of racemic ketamine [A reasonable choice of drug dosage will be necessary for decreasing the rate of adverse effects while maintaining the efficacy of the treatment. In order to determine the optimal amount of esketamine for preventing postoperative pain, four groups were divided by Yan-ling Ren and colleagues according to the different doses of esketamine(0 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg), and it reported that intravenous injection of esketamine 0.4 mg/kg before anesthesia induction was a suitable dose to reduce pain sensitivity in patients undergoing thyroidectomy without increasing adverse reactions [Postoperative pain after LC consists of three components: incisional pain (somatic), deep abdominal pain (visceral) and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Incisional pain is a unique and common form of acute pain that may involve nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain [Local infiltration block provides excellent analgesia for incisional pain, but unfortunately, visceral pain and opioid-induced hyperalgesia are still evident. Visceral pain is a complex, unpleasant feeling caused by trauma and inflammation that is generally described as dull, diffuse, and poorly localized, mainly transmitted by the autonomic nervous system, and is frequently accompanied by malaise and strong autonomic reflexes [Ketamine, which works as an NMDA antagonist, has been shown to reduce incisional pain, visceral pain and hyperalgesia [Esketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with sympathomimetic and broncho-dilating properties, similar to ketamine. Recent reports found that 14/70 patients experienced treatment-emergent transient hypertension after intravenouOur study has some limitations. Firstly, the sample size was set according to the up-down allocation methodology rather than the sample size estimation. Secondly, the comparison of VAS scoring between the two groups had some limitations because the esketamine group used different doses. Finally, this study only examined early postoperative pain to ensure adequate analgesia during the operation, and did not evaluate long-time postoperative analgesia of esketamine.