2.8. Statistical Analysis
pruritus, dyspnea, postoperative nausea, vomiting, pain
After testing the normality of the data distribution using the Q-Q plot, continuous variables with normal distribution, including postoperative cumulative intravenous morphine consumption, pain NRS score, heart rate, blood pressure, sevoflurane and fentanyl doses, urine output and crystalloid infusion volumes, recovery time, quality of life, and anesthesia-related satisfaction scores, were presented as the means ± SDs. Continuous variables with non-normal distribution, including intraoperative vasoactive agent doses, colloid, and blood product infusion volumes, were presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables, including incidences of postoperative nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and dyspnea, were presented as numbers and percentages. The primary outcome, postoperative 48-hour cumulative morphine consumption (