2.4.5. Social Isolation
NIH Item bank V2.0 Social Isolation (Short Form) from PROMIS was used to measure social isolation. Participants responded to a four-item scale. An example question was: “In the last 7 days, how often do you feel (e.g., I felt left out).” Responses ranged from Never (1) to Always (5). The sum score ranged from 4 to 20, with a higher score indicating higher social isolation.