Preoperative Management
tumor
TUMOR
All patients underwent gastroscopy, biopsy, and computed tomography (CT) to assess tumor characteristics. Other tests, including electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and pulmonary function tests, were used to examine cardiopulmonary function. Patients fasted for 6 h and had no water for 2 h before surgery. General anesthesia was maintained by endotracheal intubation. Nasogastric and urinary catheters were placed before surgery.