Biomechanical testing
axial compression, Nm, torsional stiffness
BENDING
Measurement variables for biomechanical testing included axial compression, varus bending, torsional stiffness, and one single load to failure of varus bending, which commonly used in mechanical testingFirst of all, quasi-static internal and external torsional tests were performed, with rotating the humeral head at 0.2Nm torque per second + 3.5 Nm and − 3.5 Nm for internal and external torsional stiffness, respectively (Fig. (Load displacement curve of (