Subgroup D (control): Syringe-and-needle irrigation
strokes
STROKES
The root canals were irrigated with NaOCI solution using a 31-gauge closed-end needle (Ayset, Adana, Turkey), placed 1 mm short of the working length. The needle was moved in short vertical strokes with an amplitude of 2–3 mm at an approximate rate of 100 strokes per minute.A total of 5 mL of NaOCI solution was used for irrigation in all samples. The activation process was performed for a total of 1 min with 3 cycles of 20 s each (8 s active, 12 s waiting). The solution was refreshed for each activation cycle. Following the activation process, all samples were washed with 5 mL of distilled water and dried with paper points.