Assessment of outcomes
’s behavior
We assessed children social–emotional problems through the following tools: We administered the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) by parent report, teacher report, and child self-report. A set of 20 questions rate children’s behavior during the past 6 mo in 4 subscales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems [We assessed child self-regulation through the following tools: We administered the Revised Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire (EATQ-P) by parent report [Each item was translated into the local languages (Krobo, Ewe, and Twi) and backtranslated to English. If any discrepancies were found between the original item and the backtranslation, the translation was revised and backtranslation was repeated until the meanings matched. Adapted assessments were evaluated for test–retest reliability in a series of 2 pilot tests, each with a sample of 30 children aged 9–11 y in the study area. Assessments that showed low reliability were revised and reevaluated. Test–retest reliability (Pearson r) ranged from 0.45 to 0.83, with most scores (9/12) >0.65 (