Ethics approval and consent to participate
ABUSE
All included studies were conducted with ethical approval and all included participants provided informed consent prior to participation. CHOICES was approved by the Advarra Institutional Review Board (IRB00000971), with participating sites deferring to its regulatory role, while each site in X:BOT and the ROI received local IRB approval prior to trial initiation. The NSDUH and TEDS are collected by the U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration under federal privacy and confidentiality laws and regulations (