Measures
At the baseline interview, mothers provided demographic information including racial and ethnic identity to allow possible exploration of heterogeneity in treatment effects. Participants were provided with the options of American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut; Asian or Pacific Islander; Black or African American; White; or other for race; ethnicity was assessed by whether the mother identified as Hispanic. Each following year, mothers completed surveys of their child’s health, nutrition, sleep, and health care utilization. Such parent-reported measures are frequently used as proxies for child health outcomes (eg, Page et alThe primary outcomes for this RCT used to determine sample size centered on child development at age 4 years