Differences in changes to serum cytokine levels within 3 hours after consumption of APR extract versus placebo.
p<0.10, Tumor Necrosis
The results are shown as the group averages ± standard error of the mean of the individual percent changes from baseline after consuming APR extract where changes after consuming placebo are subtracted. A. Interleukin-4 (IL-4): A relative increase associated with APR consumption was strongest at 3 hours after consumption but did not reach statistical significance. B. Interleukin-17 (IL-17): A relative increase associated with APR consumption was strongest at 3 hours after consumption and a statistical trend was reached at 2 hours. C. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α): No changes were observed. D. G-CSF: A mild increase reached a statistical trend after 1 hour and reached statistical significance after 2 hours. Levels of statistical significance are shown on the graphs where changes from baseline to a later time point is indicated by asterisks, where p<0.10: (*), p<0.05: * and p<0.01: **.Immune surveillance. Consumption of APR extract triggered rapid changes to immune surveillance, as evidenced by rapid changes to the numbers of specific types of immune cells in the blood circulation (