Discussion
Fordyce happiness
This study aimed to determine the effect of happiness-based education on the success of WPS cessation and the happiness of women. The results indicated that the happiness scores of the intervention group improved significantly after the intervention. In addition, their water pipe dependence reduced. Hence, we can conclude that the intervention has had a significant effect on people’s happiness and success in WPS cessation.Similar to our findings, the effectiveness of happiness-based interventions on the happiness and mental health of people and different groups has also been shown in previous studies. In an Iranian study, six sessions of education based on Fordyce happiness program increased nurses’ happiness [The current findings also revealed the positive effect of the happiness-based intervention on reducing water pipe dependence. Despite not finding studies of happiness-based interventions for water pipe users, similar findings were reported using some emotion management and positive psychology interventions [Altogether, the present results revealed that the happiness-based intervention improved the happiness and success of WPS cessation in women. Moreover, the high effect sizes of mean differences of changes in happiness and water pipe dependence in the present study indicate the clinical significance of the findings. It is noteworthy that the subjects in the intervention group were water pipe smokers for about 8 years, and 85.3% of these participants had family members who were water pipe smokers. The results of a study showed that people who smoked water pipe for more than 12 months had lower intention to quit compared to people who had a shorter smoking duration [According to our findings, most of the participants were housewives in both groups, and the reason for WPS was mentioned by the majority of participants to be entertainment and gathering together. Therefore, it is recommended to use culture-appropriate training, especially for housewives, about healthy entertainment and filling their leisure time as a suitable solution to reduce their tendency toward water pipe use. Future studies are recommended to assess the effectiveness of such interventions.