Participants
G*Power 3.1 was used to calculate the minimum sample size for analyzing differences between the two groups by a two-tailed test. With a statistical significance level of 0.05, power of 0.80, and effect size of 0.65, the sample size was calculated to be 39 for each group, totaling 78. Participants were fourth-year nursing undergraduates entering clinical practice. Nursing students who were able to complete the one-year internship required by the university and nursing students who did not take courses related to narrative medicine were eligible to participate in this study. Considering potential dropouts, we ultimately recruited 85 nursing students from both institutions (intervention group = 43, control group = 42), and all participants provided written and verbal informed consent.