Introduction
overweight, Overweight
OBESE, VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
Overweight and obese older adults are at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency, which is associated with poor metabolic and musculoskeletal health, unfavorable body composition, and attenuated responses to exercise [In a study of 80 frail Japanese older adults, the greatest physical performance improvements following a three-month training program (exercises targeting balance, mobility and improvements in ability to complete activities of daily living) were observed in participants with baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels > 67.5 nmol/L, with no improvements in those with 25(OH)D levels < 47.5 nmol/L, suggesting that higher vitamin D levels might enhance the beneficial effects of exercise [Our objective was to determine whether, compared with placebo, vitamin D supplementation (4000 IU/day) taken prior to and during a 12-week exercise program improves physical function, body composition or metabolic health, in overweight or obese older adults with vitamin D deficiency.