Study procedure
A participant’s intravenous cannula was inserted into a vein in the right arm (dose escalation group) or a vein catheter (dose expansion group) for administration or top-up of the study drug. Only patients in the ciprofol group required an open vein in the left arm for blood collection for PK analysis. A simultaneous arterial catheter was only placed in the radial artery of 4 patients in the 0.4 mg/kg ciprofol group for arterial blood collection.Standard monitoring was applied including a 12-lead ECG, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO