Introduction
overdose deaths
DISORDER
Increases in non-medical use of prescription opioids in North America through the early 2000s paralleled the rise in adverse consequences including opioid use disorder, illicit drug use, overdose deaths, and associated societal costs [All preference-based HRQoL instruments comprise a fixed set of items and response options (the classification system), ensuring an individual’s set of responses correspond to one of a finite number of health states. Each instrument has its own scoring procedure (the valuation system)—sometimes multiple, country-specific scoring procedures [The EQ-5D-3L, one of the most widely used preference-based instruments [Improving the sensitivity of the EQ-5D-3L was part of the rationale when the EuroQol Group embarked on a project that culminated in the EQ-5D-5L [Assessment of psychometric criteria in a head-to-head comparison of preference-based instruments provides valuable insight into the relative performance of the instruments [