Anesthesia
All enrolled patients were injected with 1 mg of penehyclidine hydrochloride 30 min before surgery. Routine monitoring including electrocardiography, heart rate, non-invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, bispectral index (BIS), and TOF-Watch-SX (Organon, Oss, The Netherlands) were applied. All patients received total intravenous anesthesia. The anesthesia protocols in the two groups were as follows: Patients in the control group were induced with midazolam (0.05 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.3 µg/kg), propofol (2.0 mg/kg), and rocuronium (0.8 mg/kg) and were maintained with a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol (4–6 mg·kg