Study participants
anxiety, elevated EFs [, sleeplessness, pain
Participants in the research underwent elective cardiac valve replacement surgical procedures. Inclusion criteria included being: (1) age ≥ 18 years; (2) eager to participate; (3) conscious; and (4) able to answer questions on pain, sleeplessness, and anxiety. Exclusion criteria included conditions putting the patient at higher risk of adverse outcomes, such as: (1) body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/mThe reasoning behind the exclusion criteria was supported by several earlier research that revealed individuals with low EFs had significantly worse postsurgical findings than subjects with elevated EFs [