1. Introduction
acute postoperative pain
Cholecystectomies are a common procedure for the surgical removal of inflammed or otherwise pathological gall bladders and most cholecystectomies are performed laparoscopically in Taiwan (>85%).Nalbuphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that acts as a mixed κreceptor agonist and μreceptor antagonist, but its clinical applications for acute postoperative pain is limited by its relatively short duration of action of 3 to 6 hours.