Inclusion and exclusion criteria
phlebitis, shoulder pain, pain, cognitive disorders, trauma
ULCERS, HAND ARTHRITIS, PHLEBITIS
The inclusion criteria for patients were:
Undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery.Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) shoulder pain score at baseline (within 3 h after surgery) ≥ to 3.Class I or II physical conditions based on the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA).No history of mental, motor ,or cognitive disorders according to medical records.Lack of shoulder pain before surgery.The exclusion criteria were:
Age under 18 years and over 60 years.Addiction to painkillers and sedatives.Ulcers, phlebitis, trauma ,and arthritis in the massage area.Contraindications to TENS such as pregnancy and internal pacemaker.