Introduction
cognitive deficits, bipolar disorder, depressive, bipolar depression, depressive symptoms
SECONDARY, LOWE, CORTEX
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is commonly used to treat depressive symptoms, but its role in cognitive enhancement is increasingly recognised in both healthy and clinical populations (Martin et al. Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) is a variant of TMS which achieves short-term facilitation and inhibition with shorter stimulation protocols (Huang et al. Given the extensive involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and related brain networks in a range of cognitive abilities, prior studies investigating pro-cognitive effects of TBS have frequently targeted this region (Ngetich et al. Despite the fact that cognitive deficits are highly prevalent in bipolar disorder, few TMS trials have focussed on cognitive improvement in this population. A recent review of this literature by Sciortino et al. (In addition to modulating prefrontal cortical regions that underlie various cognitive executive abilities (Lowe et al. The present study is the first to investigate potential cognitive improvements of iTBS in bipolar disorder, as well as to explore whether changes in cognitive functioning might be associated with iTBS induced increase in hippocampal volumes. The study was a secondary analysis of cognitive and hippocampal volume outcomes in a completed iTBS trial in bipolar depression that failed to show improvements in depressive symptoms (McGirr et al. 