Laboratory visit standardization
Participants chose a menu aligned to the macronutrient intake of the MODSUG diet and were provided with food, weighing scales, and a physical activity monitor for 24 h leading into trial days. Participants were asked to record actual intake for 24 h leading into the first trial and replicate before this each subsequent trial, which was confirmed by writing on a printed menu. Participants were also asked to refrain from strenuous physical activity in the 24 h before each laboratory visit. Median (interquartile range) time between main visits was 13 (7–21) days for males and females using oral contraception, and 28 (28–34) days for menstruating females.