RESULTS
pain
SECONDARY
A total of 207 patients were assessed for eligibility and 41 patients were included between January 2020 and January 2021 (Fig. Study flowchart. TENS indicates transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.Patient CharacteristicsISCED 0-1: early childhood to primary education.ISCED 2: lower secondary.ISCED 3-4: upper secondary to postsecondary nontertiary education.ISCED 5-7: short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor's, master's, or equivalent level.ISCED indicates International Standard Classification of Education; VR, virtual reality.In the VR group, 1 patient received pulsed radiofrequency stimulation and 2 patients received a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator within the 4-week intervention period. No patients in the control group received advanced pain treatment during the intervention period. Eleven patients in the VR group and 8 patients in the control group received advanced pain treatment between the end of the VR intervention at 4 weeks and 4 months follow-up (Fig. 