2.1. Study Design
eating disorders
METABOLIC DISEASES
Participants were enrolled from volunteers from the Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan. All volunteers were informed of the purpose, protocol, and risks of the research before the study began. Twenty-one participants were registered in the study. Written informed consents were obtained from all participants. The study was conducted between April 2022 and July 2022. None of the participants were pregnant or smokers. The participants were also free from eating disorders, metabolic diseases, other diets, and any medications and supplements identified to affect their blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels.This study was conducted using an unblind randomized within-participants cross-over design in which all participants consumed identical meals on three separate days. The study protocol relating to human subjects was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kyoto Women’s University (2021-21) according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000050266). Each participant consumed identical test meals on three separate days, and each study day was 1 week apart with three different eating patterns of fast speed and slow speed with vegetables first and slow speed with carbohydrate first, as shown in Carbohydrate first with slow eating speed: carbohydrate (boiled white rice) first for 6 min, and then protein (fried fish) for 7 min, and then vegetables (tomato and broccoli with sesame oil) for 7 min, for a total eating time of 20 min.Vegetables first with slow eating speed: vegetables (tomato and broccoli with sesame oil) first for 7 min, and then protein (fried fish) for 7 min, and then carbohydrate (boiled white rice) for 6 min, for a total eating time of 20 min.Vegetables first with fast eating speed: vegetables (tomato and broccoli with sesame oil) first for 4 min, and then protein (fried fish) for 3 min, and then carbohydrate (boiled white rice) for 3 min, for a total eating time of 10 min.The study flow is shown in On the study day, the participants arrived at 8:30 at the Kyoto Women’s University after a 12 h overnight fast, and each meal was consumed at 9:00 under the experimental conditions that were randomly assigned to the participants (