Control group procedure
Participants assigned to the control group did not undergo any placebo or sham procedures.After the nerve block was completed, patients were transferred to the operating theater. General anesthesia was induced with propofol (1.5–2 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.3–0.4 mcg/kg), midazolam (0.02 mg/kg), and cisatracurium (0.3 mg/kg). Following intubation with a double-lumen endotracheal tube (DLT), anesthesia was maintained with propofol and remifentanil to achieve a spectral entropy value between 40 and 60. We selected the appropriate left or right-sided DLT based on the surgical side and confirmed the placement of the DLT using bronchoscopy. A one-lung protective ventilation strategy was implemented, characterized by tidal volumes of 6 mL/kg or lower based on predicted body weight, and a positive end-expiratory pressure of 5–10 cmH