Discussion
anxiety, pain
The findings of this study clearly indicate that the 3D-printed compressing disk may reduce the pain intensity associated with axillary intradermal needle insertion and injection. Using physical methods to relieve pain may improve patients’ quality of life by minimizing painful sensation and reducing the use of analgesics [To minimize these heterogeneities, we designed the current study focusing on the intradermal level of the axilla as the first layer of the injection site (to exclude site and depth variables, in contrast to previous related studies), a uniform 3-mL lidocaine volume, and unregulated injection speed (because it has no effect on pain scores according to the study) [Considering the heterogeneity of pain sensation, especially injection anxiety, which may affect pain scores and satisfaction [It was demonstrated that stressor (e.g. needle pain) can induce difference in vital signs by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system [The skin wheal for local anesthesia in spinal block has recently been considered a controversial topic [