INTRODUCTION
orthodontic, Orthodontic
SECONDARY
Orthodontic mini-implants have gained popularity over the past three decades due to their low cost, availability for placement at several intraoral sites, minimal invasiveness, ease of placement, and reduced patient compliance.The failure rate of mini-implants has been reported to vary from 13.5% to 16.4%.Primary stability refers to the ability of mini-implants to resist orthodontic forces during immediate loading. The primary stability of orthodontic mini-implants depends on the mechanical retention of the implant to the bone and is limited by the quality of the bone at the placement site, design and size of the mini-implant, and placement technique.Secondary stability is based on bone remodeling around the implant and is responsible for the clinical stability of the implant during orthodontic treatment. Osseointegration is the direct structural and functional contact between the bone and implant surface. It can withstand dynamic and rotational forces, resulting in improved secondary stability.Surface treatment of implants with sandblasting or sandblasting followed by acid etching removes contaminants, creates surface roughness, and promotes the assimilation of osteoblasts over the implant surface, which results in better bone-to-implant contact and improved clinical stability.However, much of the research work evaluating the stability of surface-treated mini-implants has been conducted in bone blocks or animal models, which emphasizes the need for controlled clinical trials, as bone remodeling rates vary considerably in humans.In a prospective clinical study, Kim et al.Park et al.Thus, the aim of the present prospective clinical trial was to evaluate the stability and failure rate of surface-treated orthodontic mini-implants and to determine whether they differed from those of non-surface-treated orthodontic mini-implants.