Serum calcium, vitamin D, and biochemical markers of bone metabolism
Serum calcium and 25(OH)D concentrations remained constant throughout the study regardless of treatment. The medium dose of BB powder reduced serum concentrations of bone resorption agonist RANKL by 14% (Serum RANKL(A), RANKL/OPG ratio (B), and P1NP concentration in postmenopausal women at baseline (0 g/d) and after the intervention with low (17.5 g/d), medium (35 g/d), and high dose (70 g/d) of freeze-dried BB powder. Bone resorption marker RANKL was significantly reduced by the medium dose of BB powder. Bone formation marker P1NP was reduced by the low, medium, and high doses of BB powder. Data were analyzed by RM ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. Data are means ± SD, ∗Fasting serum and urinary bone metabolism biomarkers, serum calcium, and serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) by intervention in postmenopausal women at baseline and after low, medium, and high doses of freeze-dried BB powder.Data were analyzed by RM ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. Data are means ± SD, Abbreviations: BB, blueberry; BCE, bone collagen equivalents; CTx-II, C-telopeptide of type II collagen; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; NTx, N-terminal telopeptide; OPG, osteoprotegerin.Serum calcium and 25(OH)D were assessed at baseline and prior to each intervention phase.