Ethical approval
The present study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee at En Chu Kong Hospital, Taiwan (ECKIRB1101001). Before each CPR course, instructors introduced the purpose and process of this study to all participants, and guided them through all the contents of informed consent form. Participants signed off informed consent form by themselves and submitted to instructors before study commencement. All signed informed consent forms were kept by person-in-charge (PI) of this trail. The confidential data od participants were kept in encrypted hard-drive by PI as well.