Population
heart block, shock, allergy, abnormal airway examination, cardiac morbidities, arrhythmias, valvular lesions
UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION, SHOCK, HEART BLOCK, ALLERGY, ARRHYTHMIAS
Inclusion criteria included American society of anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status I-III patients aged 18–65 years old, scheduled for emergency laparotomy under general anesthesia.Patients with a history of difficult intubation, abnormal airway examination, cardiac morbidities (impaired contractility with ejection fraction < 50%, heart block, arrhythmias, tight valvular lesions), patients on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers medications, patients with uncontrolled hypertension, patient with allergy of any of the study drugs were excluded from the study. Patients on vasopressor infusion, patients with high shock index (heart rate / systolic blood pressure > 1), body mass index > 35 kg/m2, increased intracranial tension and pregnant women were also excluded.