Discussion
deaths, overdose
In this analysis of the randomized clinical trial conducted at three sites in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Ukraine, we found that PWID, regardless of their HIV status, have significantly higher mortality rates than expected in a population of the same age and gender. The majority of deaths among HIV-infected indexes were related to HIV. The number of deaths due to overdose was low in both participant groups. The intervention, primarily focused on ART initiation and adherence, had a significant effect on mortality for both HIV-infected indexes and their HIV-uninfected partners. Mortality rates differed by country, consistently with the uptake of the intervention [