Study Overview
behavioral distress
This clinical trial used a randomized crossover design. The study was approved by the institutional review board at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and University of Southern California. All parents or guardians of participants provided informed consent, and participants provided assent when possible. Due to the presence or absence of modifications in the dental environment, blinding of treatment conditions for measures of behavioral distress were not possible. This study followed the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (