Conclusion
verbal and visual guidance completed more LCs
COMPLICATIONS
MIS training with the iSurgeon telestration system with AR showed better task-specific and overall MIS performance for the first ten repeated ex vivo LCs. Trainees with verbal and visual guidance completed more LCs within the time limit and performed fewer complications despite higher difficulty levels of the LCs compared to those receiving only verbal guidance. This study underlines the value of visual guidance using telestration with AR in MIS training. Further studies should assess the benefits of incorporating the iSurgeon clinical training on patients.