Participants, eligibility criteria, and settings
malocclusion, craniofacial anomalies, erupted mandibular canines
SYNDROMES
Forty growing patients with Class III malocclusion were recruited for this study from the clinic of the Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt. This study was approved by the dental research ethics committee (code no. A16260219). Patients were enrolled based on the following criteria: (1) skeletal Class III (ANB < 0, Wits < − 2) with maxillary retrusion (A-N Perp < 0), (2) growing patients according to the cervical vertebral maturation method (CS1–CS3), (3) late mixed or early permanent dentition with an anterior crossbite, (4) erupted mandibular canines. Exclusion criteria included patients with syndromes, craniofacial anomalies, or previous orthodontic treatment.