Outcomes
The primary outcome was changes in HbA1c levels from the baseline to the 12-week follow-up measurement. Exploratory outcomes included changes in body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), positive affect, negative affect, subjective stress, and sleep duration from baseline to the 12-week follow-up. Physical examination and self-administered questionnaire were assessed on weeks 0 and 12.HbA1c levels were measured in capillary whole blood, collected by finger prick, using the COBAS b101 point-of-care system (Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland). Body weights were measured using a UC-322 weighing scale (A&D Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and BMIs were calculated as follows: weight (kg)/height squared (mThe following data were obtained 