Five-Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5STS)
For the 5STS, patients were instructed to rise from a standardized armless chair (0.41–0.45 m high) to a standing position five times as quickly as possible without using their hands for support. The test was completed after the fifth repetition, and the time needed to perform the test was recorded using a stopwatch to the nearest 0.01 s.