Risk factors
fasting blood glucose, CKD, diabetes, hyperuricemia, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, hypertension, dyslipidemia
DIABETES, HYPERURICEMIA, RENAL DISEASE, BLOOD, HYPERTENSION, DISEASES, DYSLIPIDEMIA
Age was categorized into four groups: 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and 60–69 years. Height and weight were measured using standard anthropometric methods. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (mThe following categories were determined by a self-administered questionnaire: smoker (currently smoker) or non-smoker (have never smoked or smoked in the past), non-frequent drinker (drinking less than 10 days per month) or frequent drinker (drinking more than 10 days per month), habit exerciser (30 min or more a day). Data on drugs for hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. Serum lipids, glucose, uric acid, and creatinine levels were measured using standard laboratory procedures. Underlying diseases were defined as follows: hypertension (under treatment with antihypertensive agents or blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg), diabetes (under treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin, or fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL), dyslipidemia (under treatment with lipid-lowering agents, serum triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ≥ 140 mg/dL, or serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL), and hyperuricemia (under treatment with uric acid lowering agents or serum uric acid level > 7.0 mg/dL). The eGFR was determined according to the new Japanese coefficient for the modified isotope dilution mass spectrometry-traceable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation:For women, eGFR was multiplied by a correction factor of 0.739The outcome was CKD at the 5-year follow-up, defined as eGFR < 60.0 mL/min/1.73 m