Outcome
stoma
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, SECONDARY
The primary outcome was the efficacy of MFR, indicated by the growth, change of colon diameter (assessed using loopograms), and serum citrulline level. Growth was presented as the z-score of length and bodyweight. The secondary outcomes were duration of PN, histological results of the distal ileum at stoma closure, and the safety of MFR. Experienced pediatric radiologists assessed the bowel diameter changes in the loopograms, and pathologists evaluated the degree of chronic inflammation and villous structure of the distal ileum at the stoma closure. The degree of chronic inflammation was classified as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the number of monocytes between crypts. The radiologists and pathologists were blinded to the clinical status of the patients.