4.3. Participants 
squamous cell carcinoma, primary cancers, Cancer
CAVITY, ONCOLOGY, SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, PRIMARY CANCER, CANCER
Inclusion criteria of the study population included patients with primary cancers at the lip, oral cavity, oropharynx, pyriform sinus, or hypopharynx (ICD10: C00-C14) whose treatment aimed for palliative care or who denied definitive/standard treatments. If the patients previously received radiotherapy or chemotherapy, those treatments had to be discontinued at least 1 month before enrollment. Cancer had to be diagnosed histopathologically as squamous cell carcinoma and have at least one measurable target lesion. The patients had to have a baseline Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPS) of at least 40% or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) of 0–3, and have acceptable laboratory values (white blood cells ≥ 1.5 × 10