Water, sanitation, and hygiene
Using a questionnaire and through observation, we obtained data on whether households had access to piped water, whether they pay for this access, and the time that it took them to collect water. We also obtained data on household access to handwashing facilities, soap availability, and the type of toilet. We classified households as engaging in open defecation if their members reported to relieve themselves in open fields or if their household showed no evidence, reported or observed, of having access to latrines.