1. Introduction
stone disease, reflux, UEA stricture, Stone disease, renal calculi, upper urinary tract, obstructive uropathy, ureter and kidney pathology, renal damage, Ureteroenteric diversions, metabolic aberrations
REFLUX, COMPLICATION, STRICTURES, OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY, SECONDARY, STRICTURE, PYELONEPHRITIS, COMPLICATIONS
While upper tract access through the insensate conduit following urinary diversion takes less time and incurs fewer costs than percutaneous kidney access does for the treatment of ureter and kidney pathology, endoscopic ureteroenteric anastomoses (UEA) identification can be difficult. We injected India Ink into the bowel mucosa near the UEA during ileal conduit diversion (IC) to determine the safety and feasibility of ink tattooing. Patients undergoing IC were prospectively randomized to receive ink or normal saline (NS) injections. The injections were placed 1 cm from UEA in a triangular configuration, and loopogram exams and looposcopy were performed to identify reflux (UR), UEA, the tattooing site and strictures in 10 and 11 patients randomized with respect to ink and NS injections, respectively. Ink patients were older (72 vs. 61 years old, Incontinent urinary diversions are employed in cases that are malignant and benign and are created in either the small intestine or large bowel. The ileum is the most common tissue used due to more favorable metabolic aberrations and its ease of preparation. Ureteroenteric diversions are at risk of numerous complications that can affect the upper urinary tract system; this may require the endoscopic identification of the ureteroenteric anastomotic site (UEA), which can be difficult [Stone disease is the most common indication for an upper tract procedure following urinary diversion. In a recent study looking at 54 retrograde ureteroscopy procedures in patients with an ileal conduit, the most common indication for an upper tract procedure was stone disease (an incidence rate of 35.2%) [Another serious complication of an ureteroenteric diversion is the development of an UEA stricture, which predisposes a patient to increased risk of pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy, and renal calculi. The incidence of developing renal damage secondary to obstructive uropathy after undergoing an ileal conduit (IC) has been reported to be as high as 11% 15 February 2023 9:19:00 P.M. The rate of UEA stricture occurrence is estimated to range from 0–11.1% per patient and up to 4.5% per anastomosis [A UEA stricture may be treated endoscopically or with open surgery. Open revision is the gold standard, with long term success rates of up to 90% [India Ink (ink) has historically been used during gastrointestinal surgeries to mark specific landmarks [Kim et al. [In this study, we hypothesized that the ink tattooing of the UEA would increase UEA identification for future upper urinary tract access. In addition, we sought to assess the safety of ink tattooing of the UEA.