Primary outcomes
dementia, cognitive impairment
The 4-m gait speed is a physical performance test used to assess an individual's mobility and functional ability, particularly in older adults. During the test, the person is asked to walk 4 m at their usual pace, with or without an assistive device like a cane or walker, while being timed with a stopwatch. The test is performed twice, and the best time is recorded. The test is quick, easy and has been found to be a good predictor of various health outcomes, such as disability, hospitalisation, and mortality risk, as well as overall physical performance and frailty in older adults. Its reliability was evaluated in older people with cognitive impairment, showing an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-rater reliability that reached values of 0.96 and 0.91 for the test–retest study [Timed Up and Go test (TUG-test) was used to assess functional mobility. The test involves timing how long it takes for a person to get up from a chair, walk three meters, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down again. The test procedure was as follows: the participant sat in a chair with their back against the back the chair. It was explained to them that they were to get up when instructed, walk at their pace to the mark on the ground three meters away, turn around, and walk back to the chair to sit down. The evaluator started timing when they instructed the patient to get up from the chair and stopped when the patient returned to the starting position. Two attempts were allowed, and the best time was recorded. The relative reliability of TUG-test has been tested in older people with dementia showing an ICC > 0.90 [