Study workflow
FEMALE BREAST, SECONDARY
Each participant was required to puncture the turkey breast containing the olive-simulated lesions with a 14G disposable core biopsy needle (Bard Magnum) used in concert with a Bard Magnum Biopsy instrument. The students were asked to perform the procedure three times using AR in situ US and three times using sUS. The initial modality was selected randomly, but balanced, 22 participants starting with AR in situ US and 22 with sUS.AR in situ US and sUS were performed in two different rooms with two different supervisors. For sUS, the supervisor was a radiologist who was specialized in imaging of women, whereas for AR US the supervisor was a gynecologist who was specialized in female breast biopsies. Both supervisors had more than 20 years of experience with US-guided biopsies. US settings (including focal zone) were prepared by supervisors, before start of the operator’s task.Primary endpoints were the speed and the accuracy with which the target was punctured. The times taken to identify a target(s) and to puncture that target(s) were measured. In addition, whether the biopsy was successful (more than > 25% of the core biopsy needle filled with olive pulp) or unsuccessful (no or < 25% olive pulp in the core biopsy) was documented.Secondary endpoints were educational experience, relationship to manual coordination in other activities, and ergonomics efficiency. To enable assessment of the secondary endpoints, all participants filled out a questionnaire concerning their coordinative skills, before the interventions. This questionnaire included items such as history of sport activities with hand-eye coordination (such as tennis), playing an instrument, video gaming, and making a self-assessment of their coordinative skills (ranging from 0 to 5). Having a gaming history was defined as regularly playing video games at least once a month.The students also filled out a second questionnaire after the interventions to report which modality they preferred (AR US vs. sUS), which provided a more enjoyable learning experience, and which image they preferred when using the AR US, and which modality was more ergonomically efficient.Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Balgrist University Hospital [