Assessments
depression, insomnia, Insomnia, depressive symptoms
SECONDARY, BROWN
Demographic information, including age, sex, marital status (unmarried or others), educational status (more than college education or less), and length of career (more than 3 years or less), was obtained using self-reported questionnaires.As the primary psychological outcome measures, changes in the scores of the PSS and Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) were used. The secondary psychological outcomes were changes in the scores of scales assessing mindfulness (Korean version of the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale [K-MAAS]), emotional labor (Korean Emotional Labor Scale [KELS]), occupational stress (Korean Standard Occupational Stress Scale—short form [KOSS]), insomnia (Athens Insomnia Scale [AIS]), and depression (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]).In its original form, as developed by Cohen et al [The BRS, comprising 6 items and measured on a 5-point Likert Scale (1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree), was used to evaluate the resilience of each individual and assessed the ability to bounce back or recover from stress [The K-MAAS was originally developed by Brown and Ryan [The KELS was developed to assess the emotional labor of employees and was validated for its applicability to the Korean population by Lee et al [The KOSS-Short Form consists of 24 items, with each item rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1=never to 4=always). It was validated by Chang et al [Insomnia was assessed by the AIS, which consisted of 8 items with a 4-point Likert scale, with higher scores reflecting greater severity of insomnia [The PHQ-9 was used to evaluate depressive symptoms, with higher scores indicating a higher level of depressive symptoms [In addition, we measured the physiological variables, including HRV and EEG, which are widely used as stress-related physiological biosignals [Throughout the study period, all self-reported psychological and physiological indices were measured at 3 time points: during enrollment (baseline assessment), immediately after training (posttraining assessment), and 4 weeks after training (1-month follow-up assessment; Assessment process of the study.