Discussion
lower-body muscular endurance, pain
This is the first study to explore the effects of co-ingestion of caffeine (5 mg/kg) and CitMal (12 g) compared to either supplement in isolation or placebo. The main findings of this study were that the isolated ingestion of caffeine and co-ingestion of caffeine and CitMal was ergogenic for upper-body muscular strength and endurance, and lower-body muscular endurance. We did not detect any additional effects of co-ingesting CitMal with caffeine, suggesting that combining these supplements may not provide additive effects compared to isolated caffeine ingestion. For CMJ variables, and pain perception, there were no differences between the treatments, and CitMal supplementation in isolation did not have an ergogenic effect on any outcome. As such, these results only partially confirm our initial hypothesis.