4. Discussion
bradycardia, NCD, hypotension, hypertension
HYPERTENSION
In patients undergoing lower extremity surgery under SA, concomitant administration of NCD during the DEX loading dose infusion increased the intraoperative HR and decreased the mBP. The administration of NCD also reduced the occurrence of severe bradycardia (HR < 50 bpm). An intraoperative HR of <50 bpm was associated with a lower initial HR and DEX administration without NCD. Kim and AhnThe cardiovascular effects of DEX begin with initial hypertension following the administration of the loading dose due to the activation of α2B receptors located on vascular smooth muscle, with subsequent hypotension and bradycardia due to a centrally mediated decrease in the sympathetic tone.Since the rapid initial distribution half-life of NCD is 2.7 minutes,Shan et alAdditionally, DEX has been reported to increase urine output.