Inclusion criteria
tooth extractionPatients whose teeth

Patients who planned to undergo lower third molar extraction and who were expected to register on the extraction dayPatients aged ≥ 20 yearsPatients who were classified as Pell–Gregory (space) Class I or IIPatients who were classified as Pell–Gregory (depth) Class A or BPatients who did not require general anesthesia for tooth extractionPatients whose teeth were extracted by one of two experienced oral surgeons (Y. K. with 12 years and TS with 5 years of postgraduate training) using standard extraction methods.