PPG measurement method
inferior vena cava, TIPS
TIPS was established under local anesthesia using a transjugular approach. 4-Fr pigtail catheters were placed in the right atrium, inferior vena cava (at the level of the hepatic vein), and portal vein (where the spleen and superior mesenteric vein converge) to measure the pressure before and after stent placement. For all measurements, the pressure transducer was calibrated to 0 mmHg at the level of the patient's axillary midline. Each measurement was performed three times and then averaged. PPG is the pressure difference obtained by subtracting the IVC pressure from the PV pressure.