Aim 2: Factors Associated With Therapy Response
There was considerable heterogeneity in therapy response at the individual level. In terms of absolute change in performance from baseline, 69/102 individuals (67.6%) named more items correctly 1 week posttherapy compared to baseline. At the 1- and 6-month follow-up assessments, the corresponding numbers were 74/100 (74.0%) and 71/96 (74.0%), respectively. The distribution of individual change scores is presented in Distribution of change in naming performance across participants. Raw change scores are calculated with reference to baseline and ranked from lowest to highest immediately after therapy. PNT = Philadelphia Naming Test.In order to inform individual differences in therapy response, we examined the relationship between five factors that have been suggested to be associated with therapy response in prior research and therapy outcome at each time point. Both the WAB-AQ (ρ = .91, 


General linear models for change in naming.
Fixed effects significance derived based on chi-square test.


Independent association between prognostic factors and raw change in naming performance. WAB-AQ = Western Aphasia Battery–Aphasia Quotient; MPO = months postonset; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.Model performance for each time point was assessed using LOOCV. Prediction accuracy 1 week after therapy was estimated by computing Scatter plot of actual versus predicted Philadelphia Naming Test scores based on leave-one-out cross-validation models.