Metabolites and mixed meal test
BLOOD
Fasting plasma samples and a mixed meal tolerance test was conducted after a 10-12 hour fast. A liquid meal (50% carbohydrates, 33% fat, and 17% protein) was administered to provide ~30% of the estimated daily calorie requirements for weight maintenance determined by the Mifflin St. Jeor equation with an activity factor of 1.3 [30]. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes to measure glucose and insulin concentrations.