Patients
gastrointestinal oncologic surgery
Patients undergoing gastrointestinal oncologic surgery (all colorectal surgery, pancreatectomy, hepatectomy and gastrectomy) at a single institution over 18 years of age who could read and write in English were eligible for inclusion. All eligible patients were screened. Only those patients who had completed all participation by August 31, 2022, were included in the present analysis. All individual patients included in the study provided written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down by the Declaration of Helsinki.