Participants and procedure
9–11 y.
The methods of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements-DYAD–Ghana randomized controlled trial (RCT), performed in 2009–2014 [Nutrient and energy contents of the dietary supplements.IFA, iron and folic acid capsule; MMN, multiple micronutrient supplement capsule; SQ-LNS, small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement. Information from table previously published [For the 10-y follow-up study, data collection was performed from December 2020 to December 2021, when children were aged 9–11 y. Field workers contacted caregivers of 1217 children eligible for re-enrolment, excluding those known to have not survived. At a home visit, field workers obtained informed consent, collected sociodemographic information, assessed the home environment, and scheduled the caregiver to bring the children to the project office. At the project office visit, field workers assessed children's health, anthropometric status, and cognitive development and obtained parent and child reports on child social–emotional and behavioral problems. Field workers also visited each child’s school to administer teacher report and school quality interviews.On the basis of our successful follow-up of ∼1000 children at age 4–6 y, we expected to reenroll ∼900 at age 9–11 y. Because children in the 2 control groups (IFA and MMN) did not receive any nutrition supplements, the main goal of the follow-up assessments was to compare the lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) with non-LNS (IFA + MMN groups combined) groups. A sample size of 900 (300 LNS, 600 non-LNS) provides 80% power to detect an effect size, that is, a mean difference between 2 groups, of >0.20 SD for continuous outcomes at a significance level of 