INTRODUCTION
MDS
DISEASE PROGRESSION, DISORDERS, HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, TUMOR INITIATION, MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) consist of a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders with significant morbidity and mortality, arising at a median age of diagnosis of 76 years.Several hematologic malignancies, including higher‐risk MDS, depend on the anti‐apoptotic protein B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (BCL‐2). Over‐expression of BCL‐2 is associated with tumor initiation, disease progression, and drug resistance and represents a potential therapeutic target.In this phase‐1b study, we evaluated the safety of venetoclax either alone or in combination with azacitidine therapy after HMA failure. Due to the limited efficacy with venetoclax monotherapy, this report primarily focuses on the results of the combination of venetoclax and azacitidine in patients with R/R MDS.