Participants
injuries, dislocation, collegiate, pain
Twenty male collegiate students (20.8 ± 0.3, range: 20–23) participated in this study. All participants were inexperienced in archery. A completed and signed informed consent form was obtained from each participant before the study. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care (No. 1805091), and all participants provided written informed consent. Participants were excluded if they had a history of dislocation of the shoulder, shoulder surgery, current symptoms related to the cervical spine, documented structural injuries to the shoulder complex, regular exercise habits, or hard training. Participants who reported any pain and/or discomfort in the upper extremities during the experiment were also excluded from the study. Participants were randomly assigned to the exercise and non-exercise groups using a lottery. Information on the participants in each group is presented in 