Measures
The outcome of interest in this analysis is HIV prevention knowledge, which we measured using two indicators. UNAIDS comprehensive HIV prevention knowledge (UNAIDS Knowledge) is defined as answering all of 5 knowledge items correctly (Yes/No): if a healthy-looking person can have HIV, whether condom use and having only one uninfected partner reduce the likelihood of getting HIV transmission, and two of the most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission (casual contact and mosquito bites) [Because prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) is a major focus of HIV prevention, we created a more inclusive measure of HIV prevention knowledge by combining the five UNAIDS Knowledge questions with four additional PMTCT items taken from the MDHS survey [Sociodemographic factors controlled for in multivariate longitudinal analyses included the baseline variables of sex (self-identified), age group (youth or adult), education, and level of religious involvement in religious activities (very involved versus somewhat or less involved), and the time-varying covariate of whether married or living with partner (yes or no). When examining youth and adults separately, baseline age was included as a covariate, and whether currently in school (yes, no) was added as a time-varying covariate for youth sample.