SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION
The sample size for the study was determined using the F test and one-way ANOVA, using SPSS software version 5.0. The sample size calculated was 14 per group for an alpha error of 0.01 and a power of 90 for evaluating and comparing the insertion torque, removal torque, and failure rates among the surface-treated and non-surface-treated mini-implants. Considering sample attrition, 18 mini-implants from the study and control group were evaluated.