Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Morris Disability, disability, pain
CENTRAL SENSITIZATION
Ages of 18 to 75 years, pain in the lower back region for ≥ 3 months, a score of ≥ 4 on an 11-point NPRS in 4 weeks prior to enrolment, a disability score of ≥ 5 on Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)At baseline assessment, all participants completed questionnaires to capture demographics, and clinical characteristics of CLBP, including the presence of central sensitivity (Central Sensitization Inventory)