Competing interests
The authors have organizational affiliations and stock ownership to disclose: H.L.W. is chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of Tiziana and received consulting fees and stock options from the company. T.C. is a member of the scientific advisory board and serves as a consultant to Tiziana Life Sciences. CMB-A serves as a consultant to Tiziana Life Sciences. T.G.M. and K.T.F.M. received consultation fees from Tiziana LifeScience to monitor the clinical trials in which samples were used in this present work. In addition to providing Foralumab, Tiziana Life Sciences also provided financial assistance to the trial and immunological studies but did not participate in statistical analysis or data interpretation.Preprint server: This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.