Conclusions
INSULIN RESISTANCE, OBESE
We quantified the number of chewing times and chewing duration for obese women, and found that providing chewing guidance significantly improved the BMI, glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance than the regular nutritional guidance. In particular, the chewing instructions for carbohydrates such as rice balls and donuts may contribute to the improvement of sugar metabolism. Notably, increasing the number of chews and chewing duration while consuming carbohydrates, such as rice balls and donuts, may contribute to the improvement of glucose metabolism.