Outcomes
organ failure
The study’s primary endpoints were Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality. In addition, the following clinical outcomes were assessed, as defined above: organ failure (renal, respiratory, haemodynamic) during the hospital admission; the need for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) and its timing; step-up endoscopic drainage of IPN; percutaneous drainage/minimally invasive necrosectomy; open surgical necrosectomy and its timing (early < 2 weeks from the onset of symptoms or late > 4 weeks); the setting of surgical necrosectomy (upfront, or after step-up approach attempts).