Statistical analysis
NRS pain, NRS, pain
ADVERSE EFFECTS
The primary outcome was the NRS pain score during coughing on POD 1. Our previous retrospective study on hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery had shown that the mean (SD) of NRS pain score during coughing on POD 1 for TIVA group was 4.30 (1.99) [For patient demographics and intraoperative analgesic consumption, continuous data were analysed using independent-samples t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, and categorical data were analysed using Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher’s Exact test. HRQOL domains for SF-12, satisfaction with analgesia and psychological condition were compared with Mann–Whitney U test. The standardized pain scores both at rest and during coughing were expressed as area under curve (AUC) weighted by the corresponding time interval. The weighted AUC was equivalent to a time weighted average of the pain scores for the specified time interval, and was of the same scale as the NRS (0–10). The difference in the standardized pain scores between the TIVA and SEVO groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test, and expressed as median (interquartile range). The cumulative PCA morphine consumption at 24, 48 and 72 h after the surgery between the two groups was also compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Incidence of adverse effects was compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. IBM SPSS Statistics Version 27.0 (IBM Corp. USA) was used to analyse the above data. False discovery rate (FDR) is the expected proportion of the rejected null hypotheses that are actually true, and it is a recommended alternative in health-related studies [