1. Introduction
obesity, MR, T2DM, intestinal flora disorders
OBESITY, DISEASE, DIABETES MELLITUS (DM), METABOLIC DISEASES, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
As society progresses and living conditions improve, increased obesity rates, declining air quality, and an aging population are risk factors for a range of chronic metabolic diseases. One of such a globally prevalent disease is diabetes mellitus (DM), which includes type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Gut flora, the collective term for the vast microbial ecosystem residing in our intestinal tract, boasts an impressive count of roughly 40 trillion bacteria and a gene count that exceeds the human's by approximately 150-fold (Recent studies have shown that in addition to poor dietary habits and impaired islet function, intestinal flora disorders may also contribute to T2DM (The Mendelian Randomization (MR) employed in this study serves as a tool for epidemiological scrutiny, which gauges the link between genetic variants and outcomes such as disease manifestation or mortality, based on genetic alterations tied to exposure elements. Essentially, it utilizes genetic information as a conduit to investigate the causal relationship between exposure and outcomes. MR is a potent instrument for making causal deductions, effectively circumventing the confounding bias often seen in traditional epidemiological research (