Case selection
All the simulation models were duplicates and based on a real case of a 35-year-old female patient requesting implant restoration for her missing right mandibular first molar at Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Oral Implantology. This patient was otherwise healthy and had no contraindications to implant surgery.The mesiodistal space and occlusal space were sufficient for implant restoration, and the surrounding tissue was proper for implant treatment. The CBCT examination (Planmeca ProMax™ 3D scanner, Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland) of the patient also showed that the 3D dimension of the alveolar ridge was adequate and the bone quality was appropriate, as shown in Fig. Presurgical CBCT of the patient. A written informed consent was signed for the use of her data for teaching and research purposes. All procedures related to the human participants were conducted in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2000 and approved by the local ethics committee (Institutional Review Board of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Approval Number: PKUSSIRB-201736075). This in vitro study protocol followed the CRIS reporting guidelines.