Patients
Patients with HBV-associated ICC after R0 resection were enrolled from Jan 2010 to Nov 2020 in the Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital in Hangzhou and the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH) in Shanghai, China. All these patients were HBsAg -positive and did not receive anticancer treatment before surgery. The process of this study was guided by the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines by the two hospitals. The Institutional Review Board of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital and Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH) approved the study (No. QT2023181), and informed consent was obtained from all patients.