Effectiveness: Intention-to-treat analysis
Anxiety, anxiety
REGRESSION
Compared to the control condition, the VR-CBT app treatment condition exhibited a significant reduction in fear-of-flying symptoms as measured by the primary outcome measure (FAS) at post-test [Outcome measure scores, intention to treat (Abbreviations: VR, virtual reality; FAS, Flight Anxiety Situations Questionnaire; FAM, Flight Anxiety Modality Questionnaire; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire.Inferential statistics of treatment outcome measures, single-regression-based imputation.Estimated effects of VR-CBT app on fear of flying, general anxiety, and depressionAbbreviations: VR, virtual reality; ITT, intent-to-treat; FAS, Flight Anxiety Situations Questionnaire; FAM, Flight Anxiety Modality Questionnaire; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; MI, multiple imputation, For ethical reasons, we do not have follow-up data for the wait-list control group participants: they were given access to the VR treatment after the post-test. Hence, we could not analyze the follow-up results for the intent-to-treat sample.Two-sided. Treatment effects reported in the preferred, conservative model (Model 1) are ITT effects based on single-regression-based imputation using initial assignment status, pre-score, gender, age, and a dummy variable for whether a participant had missing values on one or more background characteristics. Treatment effects reported in Model 2 are Lee Bounds estimates. Treatment effects in Model 3 are derived through multiple (50) imputations, assuming missing at random, applying multivariate normal regression with imputation by experimental group, and accommodating arbitrary missing outcome value patterns using an iterative MCMC method. Pre-score and background controls are included for improved precision of the regression point estimates reported in Models 1 and 3. Background control variables are gender, age, and a dummy variable for whether a participant had missing values on one or more background characteristics. Effect sizes reported in Models 1 and 3 are all Cohen's 