Testing procedures
For each testing session, participants reported to the Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory in the morning after abstaining from food, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, supplements, and medication for at least eight hours prior to their visit. In addition, they were asked to refrain from exercising or engaging in vigorous physical activity the day prior and the morning of the visit. Participants were also instructed to use the same method of transportation for both visits. Participants were then interviewed to confirm adherence to these pre-assessment instructions. Upon voiding their bladder, each participant’s height was determined using a mechanical stadiometer (HM200P, Charder Medical), and body mass was measured using a digital scale (Seca 769, Hamburg, Germany). For descriptive purposes, anthropometric and body composition assessments were then conducted on the first visit only. Participants were first given a swim cap to cover all hair and prevent artifacts from influencing the test, then anthropometric values were collected using a three-dimensional optical scanner (SS20, Size Stream, scanner version 6.2, software version 5.2.7 for Size Stream Studio). Body composition was estimated using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (Seca mBCA 515/514, Seca, Hamburg, Germany).Prior to the baseline REE assessment, participants lay supine for a period of 30 minutes. This 30-minute supine rest period preceded each REE assessment. After each 30-minute supine rest period and immediately before each REE assessment, HR, SBP, and diastolic BP (DBP) values were recorded utilizing an automated, portable, digital BP monitor (Omron BP 785). REE was then assessed via indirect calorimetry (TrueOne 2400, ParvoMedics, Sandy, UT, USA). Gas and flow calibrations were performed each morning according to manufacturer specifications. Pre-assessment and procedural standardization were based on the recommendations of Fullmer et al. [