References
NAFLD, CAD, CKD, chronic kidney disease
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS, DIABETES MELLITUS, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, GDM, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE, CAD, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Participant flow diagram.Mean changes in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and body weight in time-restricted eating plus behavioral economic intervention, time-restricted alone, and usual care groups: (Baseline characteristics of participants.FemaleMalePrimary schoolSecondary schoolCollege or higherSingleMarriedDivorcedWidowedUHCSSSCivil servantOthersCurrentPastNeverCurrentPastNeverYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoWeight, kg, mean (SD)BMI, kg/mSBP, mmHg, mean (SD)DBP, mmHg, mean (SD)WC, cm, mean (SD)HC, cm, mean (SD)NC, cm, mean (SD)Total energy intake, kcal/day, mean (SD)Carbohydrate, g/day, mean (SD)Protein, g/day, mean (SD)Total fat, g/day, median (IQR)Cholesterol, mg/day, median (IQR)Simple sugar, g/day, median (IQR)Saturated fat, g/day, median (IQR)FPG, mg/dL, mean (SD)HbA1c, %, mean (SD)Triglyceride, mg/dL, median (IQR)Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD)HDL-C, mg/dL, mean (SD)LDL-C, mg/dL, mean (SD)Hs-CRP, mg/dL, median (IQR)Fasting insulin, mIU/L, median (IQR)HOMA-IR, median (IQR)BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVA, cerebrovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HC, hip circumference; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IQR, interquartile range; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NC, neck circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TRE, time-restricted eating; WC, waist circumference.The mean difference in outcomes among time-restricted eating plus behavioral economic interventions, time-restricted eating alone, and usual care groups: An intention-to-treat analysis.CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TRE, time-restricted eating.The mean difference in outcomes between time-restricted eating and usual care groups (as-treated analysis).DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.