Exposure assessments
CREST
At study enrolment, anthropometric measures which included body weight, height and waist circumference, were taken by trained study staff according to a strict protocol. Body weight was measured in kilograms, with the participant in bare feet, wearing light clothing only. Standing height was measured in meters, with the participant in bare feet, looking straight ahead, with as many body points against the wall as possible, using a wall-mounted stadiometer, where available, but if not, using a right-angled ruler to record the height before measurement with a tape measure. BMI was calculated as weight divided by height squared (kg/mMeasurement of waist circumference with a ‘Figure Finder Tape Measure’ was made on bare skin, with the participant standing. The measurement was taken mid-way between the unclothed crest of the hip and the lowest rib, keeping the tape measure horizontal, ensuring the participant was breathing normally, with arms resting at their sides. All study sites were monitored regularly to ensure staff competency and adherence to standardized operating procedures.