Results
swelling, pain
One participant was excluded from the GP group for not returning the required datasheet within the 3-day follow-up period. Two participants in the MTA group and three participants in the GP group were also excluded because they did not follow the study instructions. Thus, the data were collected from a total of 94 patients, 46 in the GP group and 48 in the MTA group (Fig. 
CONSORT 2010 Flow DiagramThe demographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups were not significantly different in the initial stage of the trial (Table 
Baseline demographic and clinical features of both groupsSD: Standard deviation; 
Mean (SD) of pain intensity at different time points for both groupsSD: Standard deviation; In terms of gender, the female patients reported higher VAS scores in both groups after 6 and 12 h (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test), but not at other time intervals. Splitting the groups by tooth location resulted in no significant difference between the maxillary and mandibular teeth in both groups (P > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test).Additionally, three participants experienced swelling; 2 in the MTA filling group and 1 in the GP and sealer group, which were pharmacologically managed. One case also showed discoloration in the MTA group.