Discussion
SYMPATHOMIMETIC
The key findings from this experiment indicated that the ingestion of a specific thermogenic supplement formulation produces a sustained elevation of metabolic rate and caloric expenditure, increases serum-free fatty acid levels, prevents a decrease in fasting glycerol levels, and increases focus over the 3 h testing session when compared to PL without producing adverse hemodynamic responses.Caffeine is absorbed rapidly through the gastrointestinal tract and is metabolized in the liver before it crosses the blood–brain barrier and affects neural function [Combining caffeine with other thermogenic or herbal ingredients such as L-carnitine, green tea leaf extract, guarana seed extract, and others have also been shown to induce a thermogenic effect and elevate REE similar to the present findings [Bitter orange (p-synephrine) has a chemical structure that is similar to ephedrine, and its proposed mechanism of action in humans involves adipogenesis-related protein suppression [CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)] [Acetyl L-carnitine is a supplemental form of L-carnitine that is theorized to influence the transportation of fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane in the process of fat metabolism [A review of the efficacy of The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body composition and metabolism were reviewed [Markers of fat metabolism in the blood stream analyzed here included an observed increased level of free fatty acids and sustained glycerol following the ingestion of the experimental treatment, which could be activated by acute caffeine ingestion. The inhibition of PDE and accumulation of cAMP that is caused by caffeine leads to an increase in circulating free fatty acids that may then be used as fuel for the body. The sympathomimetic property of caffeine also leads to the degradation of triglycerides, thereby mobilizing free fatty acids and glycerol. However, with the acute dose and prescribed resting conditions in the present study, it is unclear whether the mobilization was significant enough to drive fat oxidation as indicated by the observed changes in RQ over time.Hemodynamic responses such as heart rate and blood pressure were also altered, but the magnitude of change was not large enough to raise concern as all values were within normal ranges. Increases in SBP were observed (4 mmHg) but again within normal ranges, and there were no observed changes to DBP. These observations indicate that there were no adverse hemodynamic responses after ingesting an acute dose of this specific thermogenic supplement. The observed changes in SBP, DBP, and HR were mild and consistent with the current literature available on acute doses of caffeine up to 600 mg in males and females [The overall increase in subjective levels of focus supports similar research in females [