1. Introduction
Obesity, obesity, sleep disorders, SAH, TNF-α, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, MetS, overweight, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, T2DM, dyslipidemia
OBESITY, OBESITY, OBESE, TUMOR NECROSIS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, INFLAMMATION, SEVERE OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, RESPIRATORY COMPLICATIONS, METABOLIC SYNDROME, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, DYSLIPIDEMIA
Obesity is a troubling public health problem as it increases risks of sleep disorders, respiratory complications, systemic arterial hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). As a measure to counteract comorbidities associated with severe obesity, bariatric surgery stands out. This study aimed to investigate the adiponectin/leptin ratio in women with severe obesity with and without MetS who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and to characterize the biochemical, glucose, and inflammatory parameters of blood in women with severe obesity before and after RYGB. Were enrolled females with severe obesity undergoing RYGP with MetS (The rise in obesity in recent years has been alarming, and it has become a serious public health concern worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 39% of adults over 18 years of age in 2016 were overweight and 13% were obese [Particularly for the cardiovascular system, obesity initiates both direct effects via structural and functional adaptations owing to excess body weight, and indirect effects through adipokines that induce a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state mediated by insulin resistance, T2DM, visceral obesity, SAH, and dyslipidemia [It is noteworthy that in obesity, the accumulation of fat in adipocytes plays a marked role in the inflammatory process; as the volume of adipose tissue increases, so does the production of adipocytokines, triggering diverse pathophysiological processes that are inflammation-related. [Among the various biomarkers related to obesity and MetS, adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and cytokines such as interleukins (ILs) -1 and -6 stand out (13). Interestingly, according to the global scientific literature, the increase in circulating concentrations of leptin in contrast to the decrease in adiponectin levels is a striking aspect of both obesity and MetS. Thus, the adiponectin/leptin ratio can be considered a biomarker of inflammation in adipose tissue [Based on this information, it is evident that the management of obesity and MetS through lifestyle changes, regular physical activity, weight loss pharmacotherapy, the use of gastric devices, and bariatric surgeries is essential to minimize the deleterious effects of these conditions [It has been reported that patients with severe obesity, with or without T2DM, present with significant and sustained weight loss with a consequent reduction in several mediators, some inflammatory, with elevations in adiponectin values in association with a decrease in leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels after BS through Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) [