Evaluation methods
malaria
MALARIA, MALARIA
To evaluate the impact of the study interventions on malaria prevalence, cross-sectional community surveys were conducted at baseline and every 5–7 months thereafter, with the exception of survey number three, which was conducted 3 months after the second spray round. The surveys collectively provide a composite picture of the prevalence response to the intervention rounds at the Chronology of the study interventions and monitoring activities. The bottom six green diamonds represent the six cross-sectional surveys in November 2016, June 2017, November 2017, March 2018, November 2018 and April 2019. The four top blue diamonds represent the co-timed intervention rounds (Arms A B) in late November/ early December 2016, August 2017, April 2018, and late November/early December 2018. The top yellow diamond shows the universal ITN coverage campaign conducted in April 2017 by MOH. The bottom two orange diamonds show ongoing entomological and health facility epidemiological surveillanceCross-sectional malaria prevalence by arm, at six time points (all ages, under 5, and children 5–15). The vertical dashed red lines show the co-timed IRS + MDA and IRS only intervention rounds in the IRS arms, while the vertical grey dashed line shows the universal ITN coverage campaign in all three arms. The points show the cross-sectional survey sample percent qPCR positivity at the times of the surveys, while the bars represent the associated 95% confidence intervals for population prevalenceAdjusted odds of being found infected if resident in IRS + MDA or IRS arm relative to resident in standard care (children under 5, children 5–15, and all ages in panels left to right)Household surveys consisted of three components: (1) a survey questionnaire administered to heads of households, (2) a women’s survey questionnaire, administered to women aged 15–49 years, adopted from the Roll Back Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group [