Results
pain
Since we had a small sample size, determining the distribution of the primary outcome variable (worst pain ratings under 3 treatment conditions, during No VR, during VR with no tactile feedback, and during VR with tactile feedback) was important for choosing an appropriate statistical method. Normality is an important assumption of parametric statics. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were performed and showed that the distribution of worst pain ratings departed significantly from normality for worst pain during No VR, D(48) = 0.157, Pre-analysis for carry-over effects. When using a within-subjects design, carry over effects sometimes occur when the effect of the first treatment condition persists, and influences the responses of the second treatment, so that the size of the observed difference between the treatment conditions depends on the treatment order