Statistical Methods
pain
Means and corresponding estimates of precision (eg, SDs and 95% CIs) and frequency distributions with percentage contributions were used to report the distribution of each variable included in the quantitative analyses. To test whether there was a difference in pain intensity, interference, or satisfaction with pain management between the study groups on day 7, a hierarchical model was performed that adjusted for within-clinic correlations and repeated measures over patient responses. Models included the procedure type, time, age, gender, and race/ethnicity.