Outcome measures
sore throat, laryngeal mucosa haemorrhage, hoarseness, apnoea, cough, hypoxaemia, airway spasm, Cough
SORE THROAT, SECONDARY, COMPLICATIONS
The primary goal was to determine the incidence and severity of cough reflex when extubation and immediate post-extubation within first second (mentioned as extubation immediately). The incidence of postoperative airway complications, such as apnoea, hypoxaemia, airway spasm within 30 min and sore throat, hoarseness, laryngeal mucosa haemorrhage within 48 h were the secondary outcomes. Furthermore, mean artery pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at various time points after entering the operating room (baseline), extubation immediately and 1, 10 and 30 min later. Operation duration, emergence duration (from the end of surgery to extubation) and anaesthesia duration (from anaesthesia induction to extubation) were also recorded. Cough was graded on 0–3 scales as follows: 0 = no cough, 1 = single cough, 2 = more than one episode of unsustained cough, 3 = severe sustained bouts of cough [