Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hip structure analysis (HSA)
DXA scans to assess BMD at the LS, TH and FN were carried out using the Hologic Discovery scanner (Hologic, Inc. Bedford, MA, USA). The coefficient of variation (CV) for positioning and BMD measurement at the spine and total hip was 1.0% and 1.2%, respectively. BMD was measured at baseline (within 3 months of study entry) and 18 months later using the same scanner for each participant throughout the study.Hip geometry analyses at baseline and 18 months were done using the HSA program and the femur image within the DXA analysis software [