Physician Enrollment and Randomization
Our initial sample included Brigham and Women’s Hospital primary care physicians in active practice (ie, ≥50 visits conducted January 1, 2019, to January 1, 2021). For each physician, we extracted EHR data from this period to quantify rates of ordering 10 potentially low-value routine testsPhysicians enrolled via email. For enrolled physicians, a research assistant used block matched-pair randomization and an Excel random number generator to randomize adjacently ranked physicians within gender groups to the intervention or control group. Upon study completion, all intervention group physicians were invited to participate in exit interviews.