Measurements: covariates
Physician characteristics and structural factors were included as covariates. Physician characteristics included age, gender, and work experience in ambulatory care in full years. Age was categorized into three groups (< 50 years, > 50 years, and > 60 years). Gender was dichotomized into male and female (because no answer was provided in the “diverse” category). Structural factors included the position within the primary care organization (i.e., practice owner or employee) and the regional location of the primary care organization (located in a rural or urban area).