2.4. Participants
The entire batch of Year 4 undergraduate dental students at the Qatar University College of Dental Medicine consented to participate in the study. The total number of students who participated in the study was 14, the mean age of the students was 22.4 years, and the female/male proportion was 12:2. Prior to the study, the students had received three credit hours of paediatric dentistry training that included attending didactic lectures and completing pre-clinical preventive and restorative exercises in primary teeth. All the participants had previous experience of using the HVRS and the mannequin simulator for pre-clinical restorative and endodontic procedures in permanent teeth.