Participants and study setting
arrhythmia, heart disease, uncooperative behavior, respiratory infection, allergy, organ dysfunction, neurological or cognitive changes, obstructive disease
ARRHYTHMIA, HEART DISEASE, RESPIRATORY INFECTION, ALLERGY, OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE
Children were enrolled in the trial only if they were younger than 12 years of age, within the normal weight range, had American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, and required dental treatment in > 1 teeth. Exclusion criteria were a known medical history of neurological or cognitive changes, allergy to the study drugs, arrhythmia, heart disease or organ dysfunction, and/or any treatment with sedatives; history of respiratory infection or obstructive disease in the past week; and withdrawal/refusal to participate. The participants were recruited for dental treatment under sedation because of their uncooperative behavior confirmed by two dentists after two previous dental examinations. If a child was willing to undergo a dental examination, s/he will be scheduled for treatment without sedation and excluded from the study. All patients fasted 6 h for solids and 2 h for clear liquids.