Study Participants
Participants were recruited from intensive care units, operating rooms, and emergency departments of 4 tertiary care pediatric hospitals to participate in 3 airway scenarios. Participants were consented and recruited in teams of 2 for the roles of airway practitioner and airway assistant. Inclusion criteria for the airway practitioners were: (1) Attending physician in emergency medicine, intensive care, pediatrics, or anesthesia; and (2) Adult or Pediatric Advanced Life Support certification. Inclusion criteria for airway assistants were the same as the aforementioned, but also included residents, fellows, nurses, and respiratory therapists. Participants were excluded if they were unable to perform the tasks required of the role assigned.