Glucose metabolism
During the first 3 months, no group changed on average the level of fasting glucose, HbA1c or insulin from baseline, and no changes between the groups were observed (all p > 0.05). For those who continued with triple dose probiotics, there was a borderline statistically significant decrease from baseline in fasting glucose (− 0.10 mmol/L, p = 0.057) and HbA1c (− 0.40 mmol/mol, p = 0.056), whereas there were no changes in the level of fasting insulin from baseline to 6-month follow-up (− 0.45 mIU/L, p = 0.43.