Participants
axonal injury, extracranial injuries, Coma, traumatic brain injury, cord injury, hemorrhage, TBI
BRAIN DYSFUNCTION, HEMORRHAGE, COMA, HEART DISEASE
Inclusion criteria were severe TBI defined as Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) less than 8 with hemorrhage on head CT in patients between the ages of 16 and 64. Participants may or may not have had associated extracranial injuries. By definition, patients with TBI without hemorrhage on CT (i.e., diffuse axonal injury visible on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] only) were not included. Exclusion criteria included pre-existing heart disease, study drug contraindication, penetrating TBI, pre-injury brain dysfunction, spinal cord injury, current Surrogates of patients who met inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria were approached for enrollment, and informed consent was obtained from the designated surrogate before any study procedures were performed. Participants were re-consented if they regained capacity. Patients without surrogates were not enrolled. Potential participants had to be screened within 24 h of injury, with study drug initiation within 48 h of injury. Figure Screening, enrollment, and randomization for propranolol and clonidine versus double placebo after severe traumatic brain injury 