Background
knee arthroplasty, end-stage degenerative knee disease, knee pain, TKA
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the most effective way to alleviate knee pain and enhance knee function in patients with end-stage degenerative knee disease [Although numerous adjuvants, such as epinephrine, morphine, clonidine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroids, have been added to local anesthetics to improve their analgesic effects [Few clinical studies have documented the use of magnesium sulfate for the treatment of PIA after TKA. In current clinical practice, epinephrine and glucocorticoid are commonly used as adjuncts to improve the analgesic efficacy of local anesthetics [