2.3. Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters
muscle mass, TG
Body composition parameters were acquired before and after eight weeks of intervention by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using a TANITA MC-780 MA (TANITA, Tokyo, Japan). After the participant stands on the monitor, the TANITA BIA measures the whole-body composition by sending a safe, low-level electrical current from the feet to the legs and abdomen via the four metal electrodes in the scale’s footpads. The current passes quickly through the muscle tissue but meets more resistance when it encounters fat. This resistance is used for calculation of the body composition measurements by TANITA equations within 20 s. The measurements include body weight, body fat mass, muscle mass, bone mass, and body water. The accuracy of the body composition report is at least 97% (TANITA, 2022).Blood samples after an overnight fast were collected and examined at baseline and at the end of study by KingMed Diagnostic (Hong Kong) Limited. Plasma glucose levels (enzymatic reference method with hexokinase) were measured on a Roche Cobas C-701. Serum TC (enzymatic method), HDL-C (polyanion precipitation), TG (enzymatic colorimetric test), and C-reactive protein (particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay) were measured on a Roche Cobas C-702. Serum insulin (human insulin immunoassay) was measured on a Roche Cobas E411. The reference values of clinical markers for healthy individuals are shown in 