2.4.4. ADL assessment.
The Korean version of the modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) was used to evaluate participants’ ADL. The K-MBI consists of 11 areas: personal hygiene, bathing, feeding, toileting, stair climbing, dressing, bowel control, bladder control, ambulation, and transfer from a chair/bed. Because the transfer from the chair/bed items were evaluated only when walking was difficult, the actual measurement area used in this study was 10. Scores from 25 to 49 indicated severe dependence; 50 to 74, moderate dependence; 75 to 90, mild dependence; and 91 to 100, minimal dependence, with 100 points indicating complete independence for all items. The inter-rater reliability was reported to be between 0.93 to 0.98, and the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.84 by Jung et al