2.2. Participants
bladder tumor, hepatic failure, TURBT, acute narrow-angle glaucoma, hypersensitivity
HYPERSENSITIVITY, BLADDER TUMOR, HEPATIC FAILURE, HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
Patients undergoing general anesthesia were enrolled if they fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: age between 65 to 80 years, elective surgical schedule of transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) or laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status classification ≤ III. Exclusion criteria were as follows: ambulatory surgery, unable to measure noninvasive blood pressure on the brachial arteries and invasive blood pressure monitoring on the radial arteries, chronic alcoholics, body mass index ≥ 30, hepatic failure of Child-Turcotte-Pugh Class C, acute narrow-angle glaucoma, a history of hypersensitivity to any trial drugs, and inability to understand the informed consent form. The criteria for withdrawal were the expression to discontinue participation or a suspected hypersensitivity reaction.