Discussion
This study explored the differences among university students in the effects on EFs engaged in a four-month training PA program in uncertain environments with a high level of cognitive demands and those practicing PA without cognitive demands. One group practiced BAS, and the other followed an AER+R combined training program. A control group, which maintained low PA habits, was also included in the design. The BAS group showed improved IC and WM, while the AER+R group showed improved IC and CF. The control group showed deterioration in IC. Importantly, significant differences between groups were found only in IC, in line with the hypothesis.