Introduction
hypoxia, deaths, HCC, tumor
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, HYPOXIA, TUMOR, TUMOR BLOOD VESSEL
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, especially in China, where HCC cases alone account for more than half of the estimated total (TACE treatment aggravates hypoxia and immunosuppression of TME, and in addition to local tumor destruction, it has also been shown to have a systemic immune response. For example, PD-1 expression was increased in peripheral mononuclear cells after TACE, and the proportion of CD4+/CD8+ cells was decreased. The main mechanism of ICIs plus TKIs is to improve hypoxia and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) by normalizing tumor blood vessels. Therefore, TACE in combination with TKIs and ICIs may theoretically have the potential to further improve the efficacy of uHCC (