2.1. Participants
verbal communication skills, cognitive impairment
SECONDARY
This study used secondary data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study, a multisite, randomized clinical trial investigating the effect of three cognitive training programs on health and functional outcomes across a 10-year period. Falls were an a priori identified secondary outcome of the ACTIVE trial, but current analyses were not preregistered. The inclusion criteria were age 65 or older, visual acuity ≥ 20/50, Mini-Mental State Examination score ≥ 23, no health conditions associated with cognitive impairment, verbal communication skills, no difficulties performing basic activities of daily living, and no recent participation in cognitive training. Thirty participants were removed due to the fact of improper randomization, leaving a sample of 2802 older adults. At baseline, the participants were on average 73.64 years old (SD = 5.91), predominantly women (