Conclusion
In conclusion, intra-operative administration of subanesthetic s-ketamine did not change the emergence time of young and middle-aged women undergoing elective laparoscopic gynecological surgery. The administration of s-ketamine can induce active EEG during sevoflurane anesthesia but did not have negative effects on neurological symptoms. Further multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to investigate whether ketamine affects the emergence time during sevoflurane anesthesia.