2.2.2. Exercise Intervention
Participants in the EX and EX + VD groups participated in a supervised 1-h progressively increasing endurance cycling exercise at 65–80% of maximal heart rate (HRmax), 2 to 3 times/week, for 12 weeks at a gym. HRmax was predicted using the following formula: HRmax = (220 − age) [Flow diagram of participants (