Senior Fitness Test
CREST
The senior fitness test (SFT) consists of 5 items: (1) upper and (2) lower body muscle strength test (arm curl test/30-second chair stand test), (3) upper and (4) lower body flexibility test (back scratch test/chair sit-and-reach test), and (5) cardiopulmonary endurance test (2-minute step-in-place test). The SFT items used in this study were as follows:Arm curl test: counting the number of full curls in 30 seconds, holding a 3.6 kg weight on the hand for men and 2.3 kg for women30-second chair stand test: counting the number of full stands in 30 seconds with arms folded across the chestBack scratch test: assessing whether one hand can reach over the shoulder and the other hand in the middle of the back and measuring the distance in centimeters (+ or –) between extended middle fingersChair sit-and-reach test: performing a sitting pose in front of a chair, with 1 leg extended and hands reaching as far as possible toward the toes, and measuring the distance in centimeters (+ or –) between extended fingers and the tips of the toes2-minute step-in-place test: standing up straight next to a wall, while a mark is placed on the wall at a level corresponding to midway between the patella (knee cap) and iliac crest (top of the hip bone), marching in place for 2 minutes by lifting the knees to the height of the mark on the wall and counting the total number of times the right knee reaches the tape level.The SFT was administered before and after the 12-week exercise intervention to examine physical fitness.