Anthropometry and body composition
abdominal obesity
CREST
Body weight and height were determined with participants wearing light clothing and without shoes using a SECA scale and stadiometer (model 799; Electronic Column Scale, Seca GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). The BMI was calculated as weight (kilograms) divided by height squared (square meters). Waist circumference (centimetres) was assessed midway between the lowest rib and the top of the iliac crest. Alternatively, when participants showed abdominal obesity, waist circumference was determined in a horizontal plane above the umbilicus after exhalation.Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DiscoveryWi; Hologic, Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA) strictly following the manufacturer’s instructions, obtaining fat mass, lean mass, and VAT mass. The lean mass index was calculated as lean mass (kilograms) divided by height squared (square meters).