Introduction
malnutrition, heart failure symptoms, heart disease, CHF
CHF, CHRONIC HEART FAILURE, HEART DISEASE, MALNUTRITION
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the terminal stage of heart disease caused by various aetiologies and has the characteristics of high morbidity, high readmission and high fatality rates and can seriously endanger human health. In recent years, the prevalence of CHF has been increasing among the elderly. Following hospitalisation, the patients tend to return to their families for long-term drug consolidation treatment and nutritional conditioning. However, the self-management effect among elderly CHF patients is not good. Recurrent heart failure symptoms and multiple hospitalisations are associated with malnutrition [The food exchange method involves dividing the food items into four categories according to their source and nature, with one exchange portion determined for each type of food. The energy of each food is 376.56 kJ, and the food exchange portions can be exchanged equally. This method allows for quickly estimating and calculating the energy intake per person per day, and has the characteristics of easy operation, simple and flexible food selection and elimination of the restrictions on food types [