Results
’, pain
The demographic data of the examined subjects are presented in Table Subjects demographics.We tested our data for normal distribution, group effects depending on the randomization order, and carry-over effects, as described in the methods section. For a detailed description of the results of the tests for group effects see Table Results of the Kruskal–Wallis tests for group effects depending on randomization order.Results of the Kruskal–Wallis tests for carry-over effect.Dependent variables before and after tsDCS.An ANOVA with the independent variables ‘stimulation’ (sham stimulation or anodal tsDCS) and ‘limb’ (lower or upper limb) and the dependent variables ‘N1P1-amplitude’, ‘N1-latency’, ‘pain intensity’, ‘detection threshold’, ‘pain threshold’, ‘NP-amplitude of SEP’, ‘N-latency of SEP’ and ‘current intensity used for SEP’ found the following effects (for a list of all results see Table An effect of ‘limb’ (lower vs. upper limb) on ‘current intensity used for SEP’ (An effect of ‘stimulation’ (tsDCS vs. sham) on ‘pain intensity’ (An effect of the interaction between 'limb' (lower vs. upper limb) and 'stimulation' (tsDCS vs. sham) on the N1P1-amplitude (Results of the ANOVA for effects of limb and stimulation type.Effect of tsDCS on pain intensity measured by NRS. The red circles denotes the mean, the horizontal line through each box denotes the median. The whiskers denote 1.5× the interquartile distances.Effect of tsDCS on N1P1 amplitude. The red circles denote the mean, the horizontal line through each box denotes the median. The whiskers denote 1.5× the interquartile distances.In contrast, we did not find an effect of 'stimulation' on any of the SEP values or an effect of an interaction of 'stimulation modality' with any other independent variable on any of the SEP values.In Fig. Typical PREP waveforms evoked by electrical stimulation of the upper and lower limb. The blue lines show the waveforms before tsDCS stimulation, the red lines after tsDCS stimulation. Top row: PREP evoked by CE stimulation of the upper limb. Bottom row: PREP evoked by CE stimulation of the lower limb.In Fig. Typical SEP waveform. Left: tibial nerve SEP, right: median nerve SEP. The blue line shows the waveform before tsDCS stimulation, the red line after tsDCS stimulation.