Introduction
muscle mass
Strong evidence supports the effectiveness of protein supplementation to increase muscle mass, strength, and performance in healthy subjects, particularly when combined with exercise training [Pre-sleep protein supplementation––particularly casein, characterized by a slower absorption and digestion than other protein sources such as whey––is gaining attention among athletes [The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of pre-sleep protein supplementation––compared to both the same supplement provided at different timing and an isoenergetic placebo––on recovery/fatigue indicators, body composition, and field-based performance in professional cyclists during a training camp.