Clinical parameters, microbiological assessment, and glycaemic monitoring
bleeding, Williams SE, Sulcus bleeding, Diabetes, tooth
METABOLIC DISEASES, BLEEDING, DIABETES, PLAQUE, STERILE, BLIND, PLAQUE
At baseline and 90 days after treatment a full periodontal examination was conducted, and the following periodontal clinical parameters were assessed:Probing pocket depth (PPD) was measured from the gingival margin to the base of the clinical pocket using manual probe at six sites around each tooth.Clinical attachment level (CAL) was calculated as a distance in millimetres from a cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) or the border of cervical a restoration to the bottom of the probable pocket at six sites per tooth. Two measurements were used to calculate the CAL: the PPD and the distance from the gingival margin to the CEJ.Gingival recession (GR) was measured from the CEJ to the gingival margin using manual probe at six sites around each tooth.Full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS) was measured at six sites around each tooth with the PPD measurements based on the presence or absence of bleeding up to 30 s after probing. The percentage of bleeding sites was calculated per subject per visit.Full-mouth plaque score (FMPS) was calculated as the percentage of tooth surfaces with the presence of plaque at six sites per tooth. Plaque was detected by the use of a periodontal probe.Full-mouth sulcus bleeding score (FMSBS) was calculated as the percentage of tooth surfaces with the presence of sulcular (marginal) bleeding per tooth. Sulcus bleeding was detected after gentle passing of tip of the periodontal probe along gingival margin at six sites per tooth.All measurements were performed by a single experienced clinician (SB) without information about allocated treatment (blind), and the intra-examiner calibration value was 0.89. All clinical measurements were performed with a manual probe (Williams SE, PCP10, Hu-Friedy).Pooled subgingival plaque samples were taken from two deepest periodontal pockets in each jaw at baseline and 90 days after treatment. Plaque samples were collected with sterile paper tips after supragingival soft and hard debris had been removed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Paper tip was inserted to the base of the periodontal pocket for 30 s and put into Eppendorf tube with 1.5 ml of reduced transport medium. All samples were put into transporting box filled with ice and transported to the Microbiology Laboratory (Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia) for analysis performed within 4 h after sampling. A commercially available micro-Ident test (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Germany) was used for this purpose. The presence of five periodontal pathogens, For HbA1c analysis, blood samples were collected for each subject at baseline and 90 days after treatment. The analysis was performed at the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana.