Surgical protocol
tooth
SKIN, IMPACTION
Patients in three groups received inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, and buccal nerve block anesthesia with 2% lidocaine 5 mL plus 1:200,000 epinephrine. After successful anesthesia, the same clinician removed the impacted mandibular third molars by a standardized minimally invasive tooth extraction method, according to the impaction conditions.Before surgery, patients rinsed their mouths with 0.12% clorhexidine gluconate as an antiseptic mouthwash for 60s. Iodophor (Lanso Skin Mucosa Disinfectant, 60ml, active ingredients and content: iodine, effective iodine content (w/v) 0.45-0.55%, chlorhexidine acetate content (w/v) 0.028-0.034%) was used for oral and maxillofacial disinfection. A 45°oblique incision was made on the distal buccal mucosa of the second molar with No. 11 blade, and the envelope flap was turned to the bone surface (Fig. 
Surgical Procedure (