Background
fatigue, dizziness, depression, heart failure, shortness of breath
HEART FAILURE, CHRONIC DISEASE
Along with the increase in the global aging population, the prevalence of heart failure has rapidly increased. A recent survey by the National Health and Nutrition Examination in the United States estimated the prevalence of heart failure to be 6.2 million, approximately 2.2% of the adult population, between 2013 and 2016 [Patients with heart failure have diverse physical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness, as well as psychological problems of stress and depression, which together result in declines in patients’ overall quality of life (QoL) [Mobile health apps using smartphones are being introduced to improve healthcare efficiency and patient outcomes in diverse chronic disease management [Therefore, this study aimed to develop a comprehensive self-management mobile app program for patients with heart failure and to evaluate the program’s effects on the patient’s physical, psychosocial, and behavioral outcomes.