Participants
coagulative dysfunction, hepatic or renal failure, tumours, infection, cardiopulmonary dysfunction
TUMOURS, INFECTION, SYSTEMIC DISEASE
The study included adults who underwent oesophageal ESD between December 2020 and November 2021 across four participating hospitals. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age 18–80 years, (2) underwent oesophageal ESD successfully, (3) first resection of the same lesion and (4) written consent provided for study participation. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) diagnosis of active infection or severe systemic diseases, (2) diagnosis of coagulative dysfunction, hepatic or renal failure, or cardiopulmonary dysfunction, (3) diagnosis of other tumours, (4) a history of oesophageal surgery or radiotherapy, (5) inability to complete the ESD operation, (6) pregnancy, (7) glucocorticoid therapy in the past 6 weeks and (8) refusal to participate in the study.