4. Discussion
bone loss, bad breath, periodontitis, gingivitis, tooth
BONE LOSS, PERIODONTITIS, GINGIVITIS, PERIODONTAL DISEASE, DISEASES, HIV PERIODONTITIS
Propolis is a natural resinous substance collected by honeybees from tree buds, sap flows, and other botanical sources [Propolis has also been used as a promising agent in the treatment of periodontal disease, like the use of PRF in regenerative dentistry, and shows promising results in soft tissue as well as hard tissue healing [However, several contributing factors may affect treatment outcome. Poor oral hygiene is detrimental and maintaining a good oral hygiene is essential for preventing various oral diseases, including gingivitis, periodontitis, and bad breath [Scaling and root planing is a non-surgical periodontal therapy that is commonly used to treat patients with periodontitis [In this study, the use of Indian propolis in the form of nanoparticles for the treatment of periodontal pockets showed promising results. Other studies have investigated the beneficial effects of propolis from different plant sources on periodontal treatment outcomes and the beneficial effects of propolis may be based on the source of origin related to the geographical area. Recently, propolis has been used in various formulations for the treatment of periodontitis because of some disadvantages of raw propolis, such as strong and unpleasant taste, strong aromatic smell, and high ethanol concentration [Biocompatibility testing is essential in determining the safety and effectiveness of any dental material, including propolis, before its clinical use. It has been investigated in several studies on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, which have suggested that propolis extracts may have potential for use in periodontal treatment [In this study, the change in all the clinical parameters like GI, BOP, PPD, and RAL was found to be significantly better with the SRP + PRO group compared with the SRP + Saline group at end of the 1-month and 3-month time-interval. Similar results were obtained by previous studies which used other active agents like probiotics [Propolis has been used extensively for the treatment of periodontitis in various forms such as toothpaste [In periodontics, various tissue adhesives have been investigated for the closure of periodontal pockets [The current study is a randomized controlled trial, with a parallel design, comparing the use of the intra-pocket delivery of propolis nanoparticles. Split-mouth design is considered to be ethically sound as each patient receives both the experimental and control interventions [The decision to exclude stage IV periodontitis patients from our study was based on several factors. Firstly, stage IV periodontitis is characterized by severe periodontal tissue destruction, including extensive bone loss and tooth mobility. These patients often require more complex and aggressive treatment approaches, such as surgical interventions and advanced periodontal therapies. Our study, on the other hand, focused on assessing the effectiveness of a specific non-surgical intervention in early to moderate stages of periodontitis.Including stage IV patients would have introduced significant heterogeneity to the study population, with varying treatment needs and potential confounding factors that could impact the outcomes. It is important to note that the exclusion of these patients was not meant to undermine the significance of their condition, but rather to maintain a homogeneous study population with similar baseline characteristics and treatment requirements.Propolis is generally considered safe and well-tolerated. However, propolis as a natural product may contain environmental pollutants including heavy metals [