Variables analysed
low back pain, Pain, Morris Disability, pain, Disability, pain-related disability
Two assessment sessions were conducted at the start and conclusion of the intervention to gather sociodemographic and anthropometric information. Participants' age, sex, weight (measured with a Tanita™ b303 scale, Tokyo, Japan), and height (measured with a standardized Seca™ 709 height rod, Hamburg, Germany) were recorded during these sessions.Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), a widely used tool for measuring pain. Participants were asked to indicate their perceived pain intensity, typically over the past 24 h, by marking a point along a 100 mm horizontal line. The left edge of the line represents the absence of pain, while the right edge represents the highest intensity of pain [Disability was assessed using the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), a 24-item patient-reported outcome measure that evaluates pain-related disability associated with low back pain. Each item is scored as 0 if left blank or 1 if endorsed, resulting in a total RMDQ score ranging from 0 to 24. Higher scores indicate higher levels of pain-related disability [The quality of life was assessed using the Spanish version of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) [The degree of kinesiophobia was measured using the Spanish version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) [