Exclusion criteria
malignant tumors
MALIGNANT TUMORS
1. Patients with a previous history of vaginal or cervical surgery; 2. Patients undergoing hysterectomy or subtotal hysterectomy in this surgery; 3. Patients included in the vNOTES group underwent a conversion from vNOTES surgery to trans-abdominal laparoscopy; 4. malignant tumors suggested by postoperative pathological examination.