Measures
schizophrenia, disability
REGRESSION, SYNDROME, POSITIVE
This study includes measures for PLWS and their caregivers. The World Health Organization’s four-step translation and cultural validation process, namely, forward-translation, back-translation, pre-testing, and finalization with expert consensus, was implemented for all scales in the study [Hopefulness, our dependent variable in the regression and APIM analyses, was measured using the Herth Hope Index (HHI) [Religiosity was measured for all participants using the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) [The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale assesses experiences with stigma in participants living with schizophrenia [The severity of symptoms experienced by PLWS was measured using the clinician-rated Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [Family functioning was reported by all participants using the 15-item version of the Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation (SCORE-15) [The level of disability in PLWS was assessed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule-Second Version (WHODAS 2.0) [Burden experienced by caregiver participants was measured utilizing the Burden Assessment Scale (BAS) [