Discussion
tumor, inflammation, pancreatic serous/mucinous cystadenoma, cancer, status impairment
TUMOR, INFLAMMATION, CANCER, CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, TUMOR PROGRESSION, PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR, MALIGNANT TUMOR
Cancer-associated inflammation has been reported as the seventh hallmark of cancer [Meanwhile, patient’s nutritional status is associated with metabolic changes and immune status impairment. Circulating albumin and prealbumin are markers for evaluating nutritional status and immune status. Albumin can inhibit tumor progression by stabilizing DNA replication and enhancing the immune response [In cancer, cytokines mediate signalling between cancer cells, and the cells of the TME, including PSCs, CAFs, endothelial cells, and a range of immune cells including macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, and regulatory T-cells [Currently, routine measurement of serum inflammatory cytokines is not common in daily clinical practice. Many studies used inflammatory cell in the peripheral blood to reflect the systemic immune conditions of patients. In this study, we included HCs and patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic serous/mucinous cystadenoma, solid pseudo-papilloma, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The results showed that serum albumin, prealbumin, and lymphocytes were significantly decreased, while fibrinogen, neutrophils, and monocytes were significantly increased in early-stage PC compared with HC and OPT. Our results provide supporting evidence that inflammation is emerging as a hallmark of early—stage cancer. Since neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts are influenced by many factors, researchers are more inclined to use the ratio values between the two inflammation markers to explore the relationship between the ratio values and malignant tumor prognosis.To date, many studies have shown that FAR, FPR, NLR, PLR, MLR, and PNI are predictive of outcomes in various types of cancer. For example, Michael et al. [The inflammation indicators were similar over differences in sex, age, tumor size, differentiation, lymph nodes, and TNM stage, but varied greatly for different tumor locations. PHC always obstructs bile ducts, which leads to the levels of albumin (38.2 g/L vs 39.6 g/L, Our study had some limitations. First, it was a retrospective analysis of data from a clinical trial and lacked prospective data. Second, although all patients were from two single-centers, we enrolled only a small number of patients from one center. Third, the participants in our study had no measurements of serum inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6 and so on, we have no way to compared correlations between cytokine levels and inflammation markers ratios. However, despite several limitations, this study confirmed that FAR, FPR, FLR, and CA199 have a potential as diagnostic markers for early-stage PC. These results need to be confirmed in a multicenter, large-scale, prospective study.