2.10. Safety Issues, Adverse Effects, and Risk Indicators of TPS
headache, mood deterioration, oedema, pain
INTRACRANIAL BLEEDING, ADVERSE EFFECTS, PATHOLOGY, OEDEMA
TPS uses very low energy for brain stimulation. An in vivo animal study showed that the performance of TPS did not cause any tissue damage despite using 6–7-fold higher energy levels when compared with those used in human studies. Furthermore, the intervention did not cause any serious adverse effects, such as intracranial bleeding, oedema, or other types of intracranial pathology, as confirmed via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a previous AD study. Only a few subjects reported headache (4%), pain or pressure (1%), and/or mood deterioration (3%) [