Inclusion and exclusion criteria
congenital heart disease
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
We recruited patients who underwent elective surgery and had a total body weight (TBW) between 10 and 20 kg, as well as an American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA-PS) score of 1 or 2. Exclusion criteria comprised the following: history of congenital heart disease, diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities, PIV access in the lower limbs, and duplicated cases during the study period. In addition, we excluded cases in which the guardians’ primary language was not Japanese. Patients undergoing ambulatory surgery were also excluded due to the difficulty in obtaining consent before randomization in a timely manner.