BACKGROUND
cancer, cirrhosis, HCC
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, CANCER, HEART, CIRRHOSIS
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health issue that primarily affects patients with cirrhosis.Low‐energy radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) penetrate cells and can influence multiple cell biological processes via non‐thermal effects.Schematic of EMF exposure procedure using the AutEMdev in study parts 1 and 2. The bottom panel depicts amplitude modulation of the low‐energy 27.12 MHz carrier wave (rapid oscillation; short wavelength) to produce a therapeutic envelope wave with a lower frequency (slow oscillation, long wavelength), which can be any specific frequency in the range from 10 Hz to 20 kHz. Abbreviations: AM indicates amplitude‐modulated; AutEMdev, Autem electromagnetic device; EMF, electromagnetic field.Evidence indicates that cancer cells may be more susceptible to perturbation by EMFs than normal cells. Ions and molecules with a high electrical dipole moment are susceptible to frequency‐dependent interactions with EMFs.Low‐energy EMFs can also cause alterations in hemodynamic regulation. Although the underlying physiology is unclear, this may offer a route toward identification of potentially beneficial anti‐cancer effects. Heart rate variability and other beat‐to‐beat parameters can be analyzed using non‐linear computing methods as indicators of alterations in hemodynamic regulation during EMF exposure.We conducted an exploratory study of the AutEMdev in patients with advanced HCC and healthy controls. The study aimed to assess safety and feasibility, and to explore hemodynamic variability parameters as a means of personalizing EMF exposure.