Clinical evidence of MSC immunomodulation in OA
While the findings of preclinical studies (extensively reviewed [Systemic and local levels of inflammatory biomarkers after intra-articular MSC injections have also been investigated in recent knee OA trials. A study by Li et al. demonstrated systemic anti-inflammatory effects of MSC(M) injections and platelet lysate (three monthly injections with MSCs and platelet lysate injected three days apart) relative to arthroscopic debridement and HA injections in knee OA patients (KL grade 0–2, In contrast to the above, Bastos et al. have shown that there were no significant differences in synovial fluid levels of various inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF -α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2) between knee OA (KL grade 1–4) patient groups treated with autologous MSC(M) (40 × 10