2.3.1. Surgery
intraoperative periarticular multimodal drug
CAVITY
A standard TKA was performed under spinal anesthesia via a medial parapatellar approach with an air tourniquet. The decision for spinal anesthesia was determined by the anesthesiology department. Five expert surgeons performed the procedures using identical protocols and selected the appropriate model according to the patient's bone quality and size. We utilized the following four medical implants: Persona (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN), Trimax (Ortho Development, Draper, UT), Triathlon (Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI), and Initia (KYOCERA, Osaka, Japan). An intraoperative periarticular multimodal drug cocktail injection (levobupivacaine hydrochloride, 50 mg, and triamcinolone acetonide, 40 mg) was administered, and a suction drain was placed in the joint cavity. The suction drain was removed on postoperative day 2.