Tongue pressure
incisors, palate
TP was evaluated using a JMS tongue pressure measurement device (JMS Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan). Participants in the sitting position were asked to place the balloon in their mouth and hold the plastic pipe with their upper and lower central incisors with their lips closed. A dentist held the probe in the correct position while recording the measurements. The participants were then asked to push the balloon with their tongue against their hard palate for 7 s with maximum pressure. The TP was measured three times, and the average value was recorded as described previously