Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS)
anxiety
This involved 20 items, of which the 5th, 9th, 13th, 17th and 19th items were reverse scoring, and the 1–5 items were positive scoring. The items were scored according to Likert4 grade. The sum of the scores of each item is the total score of the scale. The scores were converted to a standard score: standard score = total anxiety score×1.25. The higher the score, the more severe the anxiety state. A score < 50 showed no anxiety, 50–59 showed mild anxiety, 60–69 showed moderate anxiety, and > 70 showed severe anxiety [