Anaesthesia strategy
Bradycardia, bradycardia/tachycardia, Hypertension, hypo/hypertension, Tachycardia, Hypotension
ADVERSE REACTIONS, HYPERTENSION
For all patients, no premedications were administered, and general anaesthesia protocols were consistent except for using different sedative drugs according to study requirements. After entering the operating room, patients were monitored continuously until the end of the operation, including electrocardiogram (ECG), arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpOGeneral anaesthesia procedures in all groups were performed as follows: patients were consecutively administered sufentanil 0.3–0.4 μg/kg, etomidate 0.15–0.2 mg/kg and rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg to induce anaesthesia. Dexamethasone (5 mg) was used during induction. Then, mechanical ventilation was provided after endotracheal intubation with a tidal volume of 8–10 ml/kg and a respiration rate of 10–12/min. During the operation, inhaled sevoflurane and intravenous remifentanil were continuously administered to maintain anaesthesia. All intravenous medications requiring continuous infusion were administered by using an infusion pump (SiluGao, GP-3100). The operation procedures were performed by three surgeons with more than 10 years of surgical experience under standard procedures. During the perioperative period, EtCOUnstable haemodynamics were defined as follows: Bradycardia was defined as HR < 50 beats/min or decline > 20% of baseline. Tachycardia was defined as HR > 100 beats/min or an elevation of > 20% of baseline. Hypotension was defined as SBP < 90 mmHg or mean arterial pressure (MAP) decline > 20% of baseline. Hypertension was defined as SBP > 160 mmHg or an elevation of > 20% of baseline. Cardiovascular drugs, such as atropine, esmolol, phenylephrine, dopamine and norepinephrine, were administered to intervene in bradycardia/tachycardia or hypo/hypertension during the operation. If the patient’s condition was still unstable even with drug intervention, anaesthesiologists could choose to stop the study in case of adverse reactions.