Participants
’ sensory motor disorders, intervertebral disc herniation, amputations, burns, upper limb vascular injuries
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC HERNIATION, SKIN LESIONS
The sample size was determined using the G*Power Windows 3.1.9.7 program, with the following criteria: effect size = 0.25, power (1-err prob) = 0.85, err α prob = 0.05, number of groups examined = 2, and the number of measurements = 3. Thus, the study group included 30 patients scheduled for CA, and the control group had an equal number. The inclusion criteria were patients between the ages of 20 and 60 who were scheduled for non-emergency CA, absence of any hands’ sensory motor disorders or upper limb vascular injuries, no abnormalities such as amputations, burns, skin lesions, and intervertebral disc herniation, and no history of mental illnesses.As the diagram (Fig. Flow chart for recruiting the study participants