Ethics approval and consent to participate
The data of acrylic resin mandible models and presurgical CBCT used in this in vitro study were derived from a 35-year-old female patient requested dental implantation. The patient had provided written informed consent for the use of her data for teaching and research purposes. All procedures related to the human participant were conducted in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2000 and approved by the local ethics committee (Institutional Review Board of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Approval Number: PKUSSIRB-201736075). The in vitro study protocol followed the CRIS reporting guidelines.