Randomization and study participants
Clusters were randomized to either intervention or comparison areas (Malawi and India). In India, we stratified by states and then randomized clusters within each state. After completion of a household listing, girls ages 12–19 were randomly selected within clusters using a random number generator in Stata or Excel for inclusion in each survey (baseline, midline, endline). Enumerators interviewed randomly selected girls and contacted their households at three different times. If the girl was still not reachable after the enumerator’s third attempt, another respondent was randomly selected to replaced her in the sample.In Mali and Niger, intervention villages had been previously selected by the program and thus randomization to intervention or comparison samples was not possible. We matched comparison villages to intervention villages on key criteria including population size, distance from the main road, and number of schools and health centers. We assessed comparability at baseline [