2.1. The Sample Size and Participants
cardiometabolic disorders
A previous study reported that 7 days of TC supplementation improved time trial performance by ~4.7% (effect size = 0.78) [Fifteen young, healthy, recreationally active volunteers (11 men and 4 women) were enrolled using a digital and paper flyer in the local community (Kawaguchiko town and Fuji-yoshida city, Yamanashi, Japan) and an adjacent university (Health Science University). Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, stationary bike use, current smoker, any known cardiometabolic disorders, use of medications known to affect cardiovascular responses, and regular engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (≥120 min/week) [