Outcome Measures
Handgun carrying was assessed from grade 6 through grade 12 by asking participants: “How many times in the past year (12 months) have you carried a handgun?” with ordinal response options of never, 1 to 2 times, 3 to 5 times, 6 to 9 times, 10 to 19 times, 20 to 29 times, 30 to 39 times, or 40 or more times. In all analyses, responses were dichotomized so that 0 indicated never carrying a handgun in the past year and 1 indicated carrying a handgun 1 or more times in the past year.