INTRODUCTION
NSCLC, tumor, death
TUMOR, NSCLC
Epidermal growth factor receptor (Both immune evasion and angiogenesis are important factors in tumor development.The immune microenvironment of For the advanced NSCLC patients, the four‐drug regimen in the IMpower150 study in which ICIs, chemotherapy, and antiangiogenic agents were combined showed favorable efficacy as a first‐line therapy.However, the four‐drug regimen increased medication and the treatment expense. In clinical practice, the majority of patients who receive long‐term targeted therapy refuse subsequent chemotherapy. Therefore, whether chemo‐free therapies can benefit the survival of EGFR‐TKI‐resistant patients has also attracted much attention. Antiangiogenic therapy can normalize blood vessels, thereby allowing programmed cell death protein 1(PD‐1) inhibitors or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) inhibitors to enter the tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, blocking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can reduce Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment and relieve immunosuppression.Therefore, in this study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of toripalimab combined with anlotinib for patients who acquired resistance to first‐, second‐, or third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs and also explored efficacy‐related biomarkers.