Population
cord lesion, skin infection, septicaemia, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, IC/BPS
SEPTICAEMIA, NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS, COAGULOPATHY, SKIN INFECTION
All adult patients who were diagnosed with IC/BPS and scheduled to undergo bladder hydrodistention for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes at Seoul National University Hospital since October 2018 to December 2021 were eligible for this study. Among these patients, those aged 20 or older who had an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I–III were included. The exclusion criteria were contraindications for general anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia (e.g., severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction, coagulopathy, taking anticoagulants, septicaemia, skin infection near the lumbar puncture site, spinal cord lesion, increased intracranial pressure, neurologic disorders, or spinal deformities).