2.2. NMR Spectroscopy
To quantify lipid, lipoprotein subclasses, fatty acid composition, amino acids, ketone bodies, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle-related metabolites from overnight fasting EDTA plasma, we used the service provided by Nightingale Health Ltd., Helsinki, Finland, which employs a high-throughput proton NMR spectroscopy platform. Lipoprotein subclasses were quantified using lipid concentrations within fourteen subclasses, abundant proteins, and various low-molecular-weight metabolites. The applications and experimentation details of the NMR metabolomics platform were described previously [