Introduction
tooth mobility, sepsis, meningitis, periodontitis, inflammation, systemic infectious diseases, fibrosis, CVD, teeth and alveolar bone, tooth loss, periodontium, infectious disease, bacteremia, CHD, heart failure
PERIODONTAL DISEASE, SYSTEMIC DISEASE, PRETERM BIRTH, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, FIBROSIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, CORONARY HEART DISEASE, FOCAL INFECTION, BACTERIAL MENINGITIS, INFLAMMATION, PERIODONTITIS, PATHOGENESIS, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, PCT, CVD, PERIODONTITIS, ACUTE PANCREATITIS, HEART FAILURE, SEPSIS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, MENINGITIS, DISEASE, INFECTIOUS DISEASE, ADHESION, PERIODONTAL DISEASE, SEPTIC SHOCK, METABOLIC SYNDROME
Periodontal disease is a disease of periodontium characterized by an inflammatory response in the tooth-supporting structures. This can destroy the periodontal ligament surrounding teeth and alveolar bone and will lead to tooth mobility and eventual tooth loss [The pathogenesis of periodontal disease has been described as a breakdown in the periodontium due to changes in the host’s inflammatory immune response. The bacterial by-products in biofilm result in inflammatory reactions and subsequent release of different cytokines and enzymes with the capacity to initiate tissue destruction and breakdown [The primary objective of periodontal treatment is to reduce and eliminate bacterial load and improve clinical manifestations using a combination of surgical and non-surgical treatment modalities. Despite being the most used non-surgical procedure, SRP fails to overcome the bacterial biofilm in deep pockets and areas that are challenging to access conventionally. This has led to the evolution of the concomitant use of antibacterial agents as a method of local drug delivery [These antimicrobial agents can compensate for technical limitations, prevent early bacterial recolonization, and provide an opportunity for clinical improvements. However, these agents have been associated with side effects and high costs. Therefore, to overcome these drawbacks, research has been conducted on the use of natural herbal products including herbal formulations such as turmeric and curcumin [Used as a spice around the world and found in traditional eastern medicine, curcumin is one of the most extracted polyphenols from the rhizomes of the Curcuma longa plant. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers curcumin “a safe compound” [In addition, the tested clinical trials demonstrate that local [Periodontitis adversely influence numerous systemic diseases, and affect above 50% of the population all over the world such as preterm birth, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and metabolic syndrome. the periodontitis progression may be linked with the dysregulation of some pro-inflammatory mediators released in the bloodstream, such as metalloproteases, prostaglandins, interleukins, and high-sensitive c-reactive proteins, which could increase chronic risk of systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and CVD through a specific oxidative stress pathway. There is emergent concern in evaluating the influence of periodontal treatment on early biomarkers related to early CVD risk and assessing the influence of biomarker levels on the longstanding effectiveness of periodontal treatment. One of the biomarkers of early CVD risk, it has been established that the N-terminal pro-Btype natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), linked in the early diagnosis, risk stratification, and follow-up outcomes of patients with CVD and heart failure. NT-proBNP is a fragment secreted by cardiac ventricles myocytes in response to the heart volume expansion or pressure load [Galectins also are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins released in fibroblast, epithelial cells, and during active stages of inflammation. Galectin-3 which is systemically released from fibroblast, and macrophage on active inflammation sites, has been proven to be involved during cell adhesion, inflammatory response, tissue fibrosis, and first immunity response. Galectin-3 is also associated with the early stages of certain systemic diseases such as endothelial dysfunction, coronary heart disease (CHD), and heart failure [These inflammatory biomarkers include PCT which has been used on a large scale as a potential reliable diagnostic biomarker for several systemic infectious diseases such as septic shock, sepsis, and meningitis. Moreover, it has been found that routine analysis of PCT levels appears to be valuable in the early recognition and diagnosis of inflammatory systemic diseases [The PCT peptide is an established serum marker of inflammation with the bacterial LPS being a potent inducer of it in the systemic circulation. Additionally, PCT has been evaluated with several biomarkers of sepsis and it has been authorized to be more specific with higher prognostic values than CRP [Furthermore, US-FDA acknowledged serum PCT to guide antibiotic therapy [Additionally, the serum PCT levels can aid in infectious disease diagnosis, prognosis, and also their conversion to systemic inflammation. Furthermore, PCT level can be evaluated to determine the focal infection elimination and the applied therapy success as serum concentration of PCT has been found to increase in several inflammatory conditions so it is a beneficial predictor in such cases as sepsis, bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, bacterial super-infection, and acute pancreatitis [