Study participants
abnormal pregnancy, fetal anomalies
PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION, GESTATIONAL DIABETES, ABNORMAL PREGNANCY, PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, PLACENTA PREVIA, COAGULOPATHY, BLEEDING DISORDERS, COMPLICATIONS
Parturients with no complications who were scheduled for elective cesarean section were recruited for this study. The inclusion criteria were healthy parturients aged > 18 years and with ASA physical status class II with term singleton pregnancies undergoing elective cesarean section under CSEA. All parturients were scheduled to enter the operating room at 9:00 am.The exclusion criteria were emergency cesarean section, being scheduled for cesarean section under general anesthesia, multiple fetuses, abnormal pregnancy (such as placenta previa and placenta accrete), pregnancy complications (such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, bleeding disorders, and coagulopathy), fetal anomalies, and inability to undergo epidural anesthesia. In addition, failure to assess gastric measurement resulted in the exclusion of the participants from the data analysis.