2.1. Study Design
The study design is shown in In this study, participants were required to show up three times. First, during prescreening, initial data collected included age, participation status in the competition, anthropometry, and physical health, and inclusion and exclusion (intake of healthy foods and smoking) criteria were evaluated. In addition, participants were fitted with a device that can measure the interstitial blood glucose levels. Second, the participants played the 1st test round of golf. Thereafter, the washout period was 1 week. Since the active ingredient in this study was carbohydrates, a duration of ≥6 days from the first intake was considered sufficient. Third, the participants played the 2nd test round of golf.This study was conducted following the guidelines stipulated in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Musashigaoka Junior College, Japan (No. 21–3). In addition, this study was registered in a public database set up by the University Medical and Information Network (Study ID: UMIN000046694).