Remote sensing data
HANSEN
At the village level, we use estimates of village-level deforestation derived from Hansen et al.One limitation of theFor all the remote sensing-based analyses, the village-level deforestation outcome is calculated as follows: for each village, we sum the grid cells within the village boundaries that were deforested between 2013 and 2016, weighted by the canopy tree cover of the cell in 2000. Official maps of village boundaries, however, do not exist, and the boundaries are difficult to access and often subject to disputes with neighboring villages. In the absence of village shapefiles, we use two estimates of village-level deforestation. The first is based on the aggregation of grid cells within the approximate boundaries of the village. To draw approximate village boundaries, we registered the geo-coordinates of the beginning and the end of the village on all the roads crossing the villages (which are easy to identify and are not likely to be a subject of dispute), and asked a group of community informants to estimate the approximate distances to the village boundaries in every direction. We then use this information and georeferenced road network data to draw approximate village shapes. Figure 