Introduction
Carbohydrates are a dietary staple for many people, providing ~ 50% of energy intake in high-income countries [An alternative approach to restricting all carbohydrates for altering energy balance and body composition is to specifically restrict sugar intake. Indeed, meta-analysis reveals higher sugar intakes (~ 12% increase) increase energy intake by ~ 265 kcal/d [Prior evidence indicates potential for carbohydrate availability to alter physical activity. Alternate day fasting can decrease physical activity by > 100 kcal⋅d