Outcome measures
postoperative pain, Postoperative pain, postoperative nausea and vomiting, hallucinations, dizziness, pain, agitation, PONV
ADVERSE EVENTS, SECONDARY, ADVERSE REACTIONS
The primary outcome was the global Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score measured at preoperatively (Pre), postoperative day 1 (POD1) and day 2 (POD2). The QoR-15 is a recovery-specific questionnaire that contains five dimensions: physical comfort, physical independence, psychological support, emotional state and pain, each of which is an 11-point numerical rating scale. Scores ranged from 0 to 150, with higher scores manifesting a more favorable health status [The secondary outcomes including postoperative VAS score, perioperative cumulative sufentanil and remifentanil consumption, the length of PACU stay, adverse events, occurrence of remedial analgesia, and patient satisfaction score. An 11-point VAS score was used to evaluate patient postoperative pain intensity at the end of surgery (T0) and 4 h (T1), 6 h (T2), 24 h (T3), and 48 h (T4) after surgery. All patients included in this study underwent unified perioperative pain management. Postoperative pain was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS), every 30 min until the first analgesic given, and 4 hourly for the next 48 h. Rescue analgesia was given in the form of injection diclofenac sodium 75 mg intramuscular when VAS score was more than 3. An 11-point Likert scale (range: 0–10, 0 indicates “entirely unsatisfied”, 10 indicates “fully satisfied.”) was used to assess patient satisfaction at postoperative day 2. In addition, adverse reactions, including psychotomimetic side effects (hallucinations or nightmares), dizziness, agitation, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and other adverse reactions were assessed up to 48 h postoperatively. The investigators responsible for assessing all the above results were unaware of the patients’ group assignment.