Study intervention
traumatic scars
DIABETES MELLITUS
Study visits occurred every 2 or 4 weeks depending on the study phase. The study device “Dragon Waves Resonant Home Care” Transcutaneous Electronic Nerve Stimulator (Taiwan Resonant Waves Research Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan) is a small portable, battery-operated device equipped with wires and 2 patches, and the impulses are sent through wires to patches which are placed on bilateral abdominal wall. The study device used full-frequency wave resonant technology with mixed frequencies ranging from 1 to 20,000 Hz in the TENS group, and from 1 to 30 Hz in the placebo group, respectively. Both the mixed frequency sets were predefined and composed of monophasic square pulse wave with 50% duty cycle. The amplitude of the pulse wave was 7.2 Vpp in average. Patients with surgical or traumatic scars in the abdominal wall were excluded from the study to avoid any interference in the electrical conduction path. The specific location of the stimulation electrode is based on human anatomy to identify the stimulation points (for further details please refer to In pre-clinical setting, DW1330 has been tested in a mouse model of diabetes mellitus. The study is reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines (