Resistance exercise training
The training program consisted of eight resistance exercises: chest press, fly, back extension, seated rowing, leg press, leg extension, leg curl, and sit-up, performed using a combined exercise machine (Senoh Co., Ltd., Chiba, Japan). The participants performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions at a 10-repetition maximum (RM). Training frequency was twice a week at 2–3-day intervals, and weight load was gradually increased according to the 10 RM of individuals. Maximum leg extension strength was measured in both legs using a knee-extension strength meter (ST 200R; Meiko Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan). The grip strength of both hands was assessed using GRIP D (T.K.K. 5401; Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan).