Data collection
Depression
The personal information form, the GSES, and the EPDS were applied in-person. When the questionnaires were distributed, the researchers explained the purpose and precautions to the research subjects in detail by using standardized instructions, and then, the subjects completed the questionnaires by themselves. The sociodemographic data were collected at the time of enrollment of the two groups of subjects. Self-efficacy was measured before the intervention, during the expectant period, and at 42 days postpartum. Depression was measured at 1 week postpartum and 42 days postpartum. Clinical observation data were collected using the electronic information system of the hospital and were input into the clinical observation form by the researchers.