Outcomes and data Collection
muscle mass
SECONDARY, CREST
The primary outcome of this study was LOS, defined as the The secondary outcomes included patient-perceived readiness for hospital discharge (Pt-RHDS). The Pt-RHDS [We measured other secondary outcomes including anthropometric measures such as height, weight, waist circumference, and thigh circumference. We measured waist circumference using medical body measuring tape at the midpoint between the lower border of the 12th rib cage and the iliac crest. We measured thigh circumference at the midpoint of the thigh. The body composition including body mass index, muscle mass, and fat mass was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Inbody 230, Biospace, Seoul, South Korea). Tests were completed on the day before the surgery and the day of hospital discharge (i.e., twice). Physical function measures included handgrip strength using a grip dynamometer (GRIP-D 5401, TKK, Japan), lower body strength (chair-stand test) and balance ability (time participant could stand on one leg).