Future research
Based upon the findings of this review, future RCT multimodal prehabilitation programs are needed and considerations should be given to include partners. There was a lack of prospective longitudinal follow-up, limited understanding of how different clinical and demographic variables may have a mechanistic effect on study outcomes. Of clinical relevance, there was only one male participant represented across included studies, and therefore, future research should be inclusive of all genders including the LBGTQIA + patient populations. Future studies should consider embedding robust cost-effectiveness evaluation in all future prehabilitation studies.