INTRODUCTION
nausea, bloating, diarrhea, polyphagia, metabolic endocrine disease, hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, T2DM, diabetes
HYPERGLYCEMIA, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, DIABETES
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic endocrine disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. The typical symptoms of diabetes are “three more and one less,” namely, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss. Modern lifestyle changes in the last decades have greatly increased the number of patients (Currently, biguanides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and incretin-based drugs are commonly used in diabetes treatment (In clinical situations, patients with diabetes are treated with a single or a combined regimen depending on the severity of hyperglycemia and the target of symptom management. However, diabetes medications inevitably cause some side effects or discomfort, especially when a combined regimen is administered. For example, metformin may cause nausea, gas, bloating, diarrhea, vitamin BProbiotics are defined as living microorganisms that, when given in sufficient amounts, confer health benefits to the host (The probiotic product Probio-X comprises five different probiotic strains, Probiotics are generally not considered medications; however, provided the previously demonstrated T2DM symptom alleviation effects, we designed the current 3-month RCT to investigate the synergistic effect of combined treatment with metformin and probiotics in patients with T2DM (