Study Subjects
GDM
GDM, HYPOGLYCEMIA, GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
A total of 172 children (82 in the metformin group and 90 in the insulin group) were followed up at 9 years. The means or medians of cognitive development, neuropsychological performance, and academic functioning were similar in offspring assessed in the 2 study sites (Turku n = 127, Oulu n = 45), which allowed further analysis to be made as a single group. The results of neuropsychological assessments were eligible in 159 participants, which is 51% of the 311 children in the original cohort and 77 (48%) of these belonged to the metformin group and 82 (52%) belonged to the insulin group (Fig. Pregnancy, Neonatal, and 9-Yr Follow-Up Characteristics of the Participants in the 9-Yr Follow-Up StudyPsychological assessments were performed in 159 participants. Comparison between the groups treated with metformin or insulin for GDM.Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). The BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IQR, interquartile ranges.No significant differences between the participants and nonparticipants of the 9-year follow-up study were found in maternal baseline characteristics of pregnancy, i.e., pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), glycemic status, smoking habits, distribution of metformin and insulin treatments, duration of medication, and gestational weeks at delivery. The same was true in neonatal measures, i.e., birth weight, umbilical artery pH, Apgar score, need for IV glucose for hypoglycemia, and sex distribution of the children within the groups (Table S1, Supplemental Digital Content 1, 