Introduction
premature deaths, pneumonia, stunting
PNEUMONIA
Household air pollution (HAP), caused by the inefficient combustion of polluting fuels such as wood, dung, coal, charcoal, crop residue, and kerosene for household energy needs, was responsible for an estimated 3.2 million premature deaths and 82 million healthy life years lost in 2019 (Although some stove intervention trials have found substantial exposure–response relationships between specific air pollutants and health outcomes (The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) randomized controlled trial sought to assess the effects of an LPG stove and fuel intervention in populations relying chiefly on solid biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, dung, agricultural residue) on four primary outcomes: infant birth weight, stunting at one year of age, and severe pneumonia in children under one year of age, and blood pressure in non-pregnant adult women living in the same household (We previously reported high levels of intervention fidelity and adherence during pregnancy in the HAPIN trial as part of an assessment of pregnancy and birth outcomes (