Introduction
obesity, prematurity, virusesThe tonsillar disease, Waldeyer’s lymphoid tissue ring, neoplasm, tonsillitis
OBESITY, MALABSORPTION, PIGMENTED SKIN, CHRONIC TONSILLITIS, SECONDARY, NEOPLASM, INFILTRATING, TONSILLITIS, HAND PRESENTATION, MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
The human palatine tonsils are secondary lymphatic organs formed from a collection of lymphatic tissue. They have a significant role in the immune system of the body, in addition, they protect the mucosa of the alimentary tract against various pathogens. The paired palatine tonsils constitute the main lymphoid components in the lymphatic Waldeyer ring. This ring comprises pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), lingual tonsils, and palatine tonsils. Waldeyer’s lymphoid tissue ring is also functionally called “mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue” or MALT and is the first line of adaptive defense against inhaled or ingested antigensThe most common age group for tonsillitis is children over 2 years old. Kids between the ages of 5 and 15 are more likely to develop tonsillitis caused by bacteria. Younger children are more prone to tonsillitis caused by virusesThe tonsillar disease is a common cause of morbidity in childrenVitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, is synthesized in the skin upon sunlight and obtained from foods. Low vitamin D levels have been linked to many risk factors, including obesity, limited exposure to sunlight, prematurity, malabsorption, darkly pigmented skin, aging, chronic use of steroids or anticonvulsants, and low socioeconomic statusThe epithelial surfaces of the tonsils are modified to provide a large contact area for the capturing and presentation of antigens to the associated B- and T lymphoid stem cell populationsFibrogenic cytokines secreted by activated macrophages or T lymphocytes are very important in the development of fibrotic disordersCD68 is a 110 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by human monocytes and macrophages. CD68 can be used for identifying a population of cells of mononuclear phagocyte origin, and for assessing the number of macrophages infiltrating a neoplasm. CR3/43 is the MHC Class II specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). CR3/43 is directed against the β -a chain of all products of the MHC class II gene subregions HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP for microglial cells after antigen presentationWe aimed in this study to assess the potential effect of serum vitamin D levels in children’s patients with chronic tonsillitis based on the histological, immunohistochemical study of CD68, and the estimation of proinflammatory cytokines.