Conclusions
puncture pain
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Pretreatment with intranasal dexmedetomidine before epidural labor analgesia yielded a faster onset of analgesia and decreased epidural puncture pain without increasing adverse effects. Pretreatment with intranasal dexmedetomidine may be a useful adjunct for the initiation of epidural analgesia, and further investigation should be encouraged to determine its utility more fully.