Participants
chronic diseases, cancer, hepatic disorders, musculoskeletal dysfunction, overt chronic diseases, diabetes
OSTEOARTHRITIS, CHRONIC DISEASES, RENAL DISORDERS, HYPERTENSION, DIABETES
A total of 20 male university students (19–28 years old) who were not majoring in sports were recruited through printed advertisements and word-of-mouth. The participants had an inactive lifestyle and had basic training experience but lacked systematic resistance training experience. Participants were informed of the purpose of the study and the potential risks before written informed consent for participation was obtained from them. Participants were selected for this study based on the following criteria: (1) non-sports major males (18- to 30-year-old) with an inactive lifestyle; (2) individuals without upper- or lower-body injury or orthopedic issues, as determined by a physician; (3) individuals not having participated in resistance training or any other exercise programs in the six months prior to the study; (4) individuals without cancer, hepatic disorders, renal disorders, osteoarthritis, or chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, or musculoskeletal dysfunction). Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) individuals with a habit of smoking and alcohol consumption; (2) individuals with overt chronic diseases, inflammatory conditions, and contraindications to exercise; (3) individuals who consumed any supplements or medications in the six months prior to the study.