Blood, serum, and urine analysis
depression
Total urine mass (to nearest g) was measured over the 3 h post beverage ingestion. Samples of urine obtained each hour were analysed for urine osmolality, creatinine concentration and urine electrolyte content. From each urine void, a 5 ml aliquot was collected and stored at 4 °C for the analysis of urine osmolality, electrolyte content (sodium and potassium) and creatinine determination. Whole blood samples were dispensed into a serum tube for osmolality and electrolyte determinations, and an EDTA tube with plasma stored for later analysis of creatinine. Urine and serum osmolality were measured in duplicate using a freezing point depression method (Löser osmometer) on day of collection. Sodium and potassium concentration in urine and serum were measured in duplicate using flame-photometry (PFP7/C Clinical Flame Photometer, Jenway) within 5-days of collection.Macronutrient data of test beverages were obtained from product nutrition information. Beverage electrolyte data were obtained by flame-photometry analysis.