Conclusion
bite, irritancy
This study indicates that HDNs may be a suitable replacement for HLC for evaluating VPSRs in the field. However, for evaluating ITCs and other similarly acting interventions that function through short range modes of action and tarsal contact (such as, topical repellents), there are no known, validated alternative trapping methods to the HLCs. Therefore, other field collection methods should be evaluated to identify alternatives that would enable field evaluations of mosquito bite prevention products functioning through contact irritancy on mosquito landing in areas where HLCs are not possible.