2.2.2 Cognitive intervention
Based on earlier studies [The calculation task was designed to help improve global EF. A simple 2-number addition or subtraction problem comprising 2-digit numbers was presented on the computer screen for 5 s (e.g., 28 + 14, 39–15), and participants had to provide their answer before the problem disappeared. There were 60 trials in total, and the task lasted 5 min.The naming task was designed to help develop the ability to shift attention. Participants were asked to speak the names of ordinary items that were displayed at the center of a computer screen for 5 s (e.g., apple, sofa) before the images disappeared. The task comprised 60 trials, each with a different photograph. The task lasted 5 min.The Stroop color-word task is known to help improve inhibitory control [The working memory task was used to improve updating ability. A series of numbers (e.g.,14562, 79451) was presented on the computer screen for 2 s, and then faded to the same color as the background for 3 seconds. The participants repeated the series of numbers in threes, and the tester judged whether the answer was correct. The task lasted 5 min.