Methods
sleep bruxism, inflammation, parafunctional, tooth, diabetes
SLEEP BRUXISM, HEART DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, INFLAMMATION, PERIODONTAL DISEASE, SYSTEMIC DISEASES, OSTEOPOROSIS, DIABETES
A retrospective study was carried out to analyze the influence of different incision techniques on gingival papilla height. 68 patients (26 males and 42 females) aged 19–69 (average age 39.59 ± 12.89) who received single implant in the esthetic area at Beijing Stomatological Hospital between November 2017 and December 2020 were included in this study. A total of 115 papillae were eligible for the inclusion/exclusion criteria.Inclusion criteria: 1. Dental implants functioning well for more than 6 months; 2. Single implant crown with natural adjacent teeth; 3. Thick gingival biotype with gingival thickness of > 1 mm; 4. The horizontal distance between implant and adjacent natural tooth is between 2.5 and 4 mm; 5. Normal occlusal relation; 6. Surgeries carried out by the same person; 7. Good compliance of patients who could undertake further consultation in due time.Exclusion criteria: 1. Systemic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, hypo-immunity, etc.; 2. History of radiation therapy of head/neck; Acute inflammation in the implant area; 3. Poor implant orientation/location; 4. Uncontrolled periodontal disease. 5. Oral parafunctional habits, such as sleep bruxism and clenching; 6. Smoking (> 8 cigarettes per day).According to Tettamanti et alGroup classification and number of papillae includedMeasurement methods: A digital camera (Nikon D800, Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), was used to take pictures perpendicular to the papilla and cervical 1/2 of the crown. A line (Line 1) was made through the most coronal point of marginal gingiva of uninjured adjacent teeth (Fig. Measurement methods. A digital camera was used to take pictures perpendicular to the papilla and cervical 1/2 of the crown. Line 1: start from the most coronal point of marginal gingiva of uninjured adjacent teeth. Line 2: start from papilla, going in a direction perpendicular to line 1. Line 3: start from the most incisal point of the adjacent crown, in a direction perpendicular to line 1. Ratio of papilla height to crown length (V) = L2/L3ΔVα represented the changes in V before and after implant placement surgery (ΔVα = V1 − V2). ΔVβ represented the changes in V before and after second stage surgery (ΔVβ = V2 − V3); ΔVγ represented the change in V at crown placement compared with postoperative measurements (ΔVγ = V1 − V4). Differences were analyzed using ANOVA tests (Prism 9.0, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA) with 95% confidence interval. The methodology was reviewed by an independent statistician.