2.4. General Procedure
During the 3 consecutive study days, participants were instructed to refrain from strenuous physical activity, to consume a standard dinner (100 g chicken, 50 g rice, 50 g white bread and one apple; 503 kcal, 7 g fat, 82 g carbohydrates, 30 g protein) the night before, to fast overnight and to eat a standard breakfast (200 mL coffee with semi-skimmed milk and a 50 g white bread sandwich with 30 g ham and 40 g cheese; 338 kcal, 11 g fat, 38 g carbohydrate, 24 g protein) 4 h before each study. After intubation per nose, the catheter (Flocare Bengmark NI Tube, Nutricia Medical, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands) was positioned into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control. Studies were conducted in a quiet, isolated room. Outcomes were measured 10 min before ingestion of the probe meal (pre-ingestion period), during the ingestion period and during the 60 min after ingestion (postprandial period) (