Subjects
vertigo
HEART DISEASE
The study population comprised patients who required impacted mandibular third molar extraction in the Department of Oral Surgery of Saga University Hospital between April 2020 and March 2021. For sample size calculation, we used G*Power software (ver. 3.1.9.7; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany), found that 100 participants (α level = 0.05, the power = 0.95, and the effect size = 0.5) with an actual target of at least 40 per group were suitable for statistical analysis, and a total of 190 participants were recruited. Ten of these patients were excluded because of a history of cybersickness or vertigo, pregnancy, or previous heart disease. The remaining 180 were randomly allocated to one of three groups by the envelope method: a non-VR group, a natural landscape VR group, and a video game VR group. Data were collected from 172 of these patients (66 men and 106 women) who comprised the final study population (Fig. Subject selection. Ten of these patients were excluded because of a history of cybersickness or vertigo, pregnancy, or previous heart disease. The remaining 180 were randomly allocated to one of three groups: a non-VR group (n = 49), a natural landscape VR group (n = 51), and a video game VR group (n = 80). Data were collected from 172 of these patients (66 men and 106 women) who comprised the final study population.