4.1 Pain
Pain, osteoarthritis, shoulder pain, pain, disability
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Pain severity was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS), the shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and the Korean Western Ontario McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (KWOMAC) before and after 12 weeks of the experimental period. The VAS used a 100-mm line on which a pain-free state was 0 and severe pain was 100, and the reliability is 0.99 [