Statistical analysis
In vitro data are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The ICRepeatedly measured pharmacodynamic data were evaluated with a mixed model analysis of variance with fixed factors treatment, age group, time, treatment by time, age group by time, treatment by age group, and treatment by age group by time and a random factor subject and the average prevalue as covariate. If needed, variables were log transformed before analysis. Contrasts between the placebo and HCQ treatment groups were calculated per endpoint. In addition, a potential age-specific HCQ effect was evaluated by comparing the 18–30 years with the 65–75 years age group. For the contrasts, an estimate of the difference (back-transformed in percentage for log-transformed parameters), a 95% confidence interval (in percentage for log-transformed parameters), least square means (geometric means for log transformed parameters), and the 