Results
GDM, Hypertension, diabetes
GDM, GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, HYPERTENSION, REGRESSION, DIABETES
This 9-year follow-up study included a total of 118 mother-child pairs (Study flow diagram.Mother-child pairs who did and did not participate in the 9-year follow-up are compared in Characteristics of participants and non-participants.BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus defined by the 2013 WHO criteria as fasting glucose ≥ 5;1 mmol/L or 2-hour glucose ≥ 8;5 mmol/L; Hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg.Data are mean ± SD [min - max] or n (%): Data were missing for 1 woman in the non-participant group.: Data were missing for 3 women in the participant group, and for 75 women in the non-participant group.: Data were missing for 6 women in the non-participant group.: Data were missing for 4 women in the participant group, and for 75 women in the non-participant group.: Data were missing for 4 women in the participant group, and for 89 women in the non-participant group.: Data were missing for 4 women in the participant group, and for 96 women in the non-participant group.: Data were missing for 6 women in the participant group, and for 76 women in the non-participant group.: Data were missing for 6 women in the participant group, and for 90 women in the non-participant group.: Data were missing for 3 women in the non-participant group.The bold values are statistically significant; however, they may preferably be reformatted back to normal text as the information is not necessary to include in this table.Characteristics of the children at follow-up.BMI, body mass index, Iso-BMI, BMI adjusted for age and sex, HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity.Data are mean ± SD [min - max] or n (%): Data were missing for 5 children.: Data were missing for 4 children.Model diagnostics for linear regression analyses showed a good fit. Scatterplots indicated linearity between predictors and outcomes, and residual plots indicated reasonably normal distributions. Collinearity assessment showed pairwise correlations ranging between 0.0039 and 0.28 for covariates, except for the correlation between maternal fasting glucose and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, which was 0.47. Although higher than ideal for the regression analyses, it was acceptable, and variance inflation factors were satisfactory; 1.31 for maternal fasting glucose and 1.36 for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI.Results of the linear regression analyses are presented in Associations between maternal glucose and offspring fasting glucose (n=105 mother-child pairs).CI, confidence interval.Model 1: adjusted for maternal group allocation in the original RCT, maternal age, maternal socioeconomic position, gestational age at OGTT, diabetes among first degree relatives of the mother (yes/no or uncertain), offspring age, offspring sex and offspring physical activity (on average ≥ 60 minutes moderate to vigorous physical activity per day: yes/no).Model 2: model 1, additionally adjusted for offspring BMI.Model 3: model 2, additionally adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI.Associations between maternal glucose and offspring insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (n=105 mother-child pairs).CI, confidence interval.Model 1: adjusted for maternal group allocation in the original RCT, maternal age, maternal socioeconomic position, gestational age at OGTT, diabetes among first degree relatives of the mother (yes/no or uncertain), offspring age, offspring sex and offspring physical activity (on average ≥ 60 minutes moderate to vigorous physical activity per day: yes/no).Model 2: model 1, additionally adjusted for offspring BMI.Model 3: model 2, additionally adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI.