Psychological variables
personality disorder
Quality of life was measured using the 16-item Flanagan’s Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) that includes five domains of quality of life (Burckhardt and Anderson At the mental health assessment, information about personality traits and indication of personality disorder were obtained with SAPAS, a brief interview consisting of eight dichotomously rated questions. All eight questions are derived from the Standardized Assessment of Personality and correspond to descriptive statements about the person, for instance, “do you have difficulties in finding and keeping friends?” or “do you depend on others a lot?” Answers can be scored 0 (absent) or 1 (present), and the sum generates an overall score between 0 and 8. In a validation study of SAPAS, Moran et al. found that when using a cut-off score of 3, sensitivity was 0.94 and specificity 0.85. The positive and negative predictive values of SAPAS were 0.89 and 0.92, respectively (Moran et al. 