Discussion
inflammation, bleeding, gingivitis
BLEEDING, INFLAMMATION, GINGIVITIS, DENTAL PLAQUE, PERIODONTAL DISEASE, EPITHELIAL PROLIFERATION, PLAQUE
This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial is the first one to demonstrate the potential of adjunctive administration of In the present study, it is worthy of note that probiotic therapy led to a major reduction in bleeding sites within 2 weeks of treatment, and the magnitude of this reduction (delta 2 weeks − baseline) was significantly greater than the one observed in the control group. This can indicate a potential for a faster resolution of gingival inflammation, which may represent an advantage for the adjunctive use of HN019. In fact, it has been hypothesized that some types of probiotic regimens may require longer consumption times so that a clinical effect can be observed [It has been demonstrated that the effects of professional prophylaxis lasts for some weeks in gingivitis patients and then the signs of plaque and gingivitis tend to reappear [The immunomodulatory potential of It was shown that overexpression of IL-1α may be associated with cardinal features of periodontal disease, including epithelial proliferation and apical migration, loss of attachment, and destruction of cementum and alveolar bone [Decreased levels of MCP-1 were also observed in the GCF of patients who were treated with Periodontal treatment associated with probiotic or not led to significant decreases in the mean values of PI throughout the present study. This result, which was also observed in previous gingivitis studies [It is important to emphasize that the impact on dental biofilm should be estimated qualitatively, irrespective of changes in the amount of dental plaque. Evidence has indicated that probiotics can exert antimicrobial activities [Epidemiological studies indicate that gingival inflammation is a highly prevalent condition that may affect quality of life, especially in young individuals [Previous meta-analyses evaluating the effects of mouthrinses with 0.12% chlorhexidine demonstrated a mean percentage reduction in gingival inflammation of 28.7% after 6 months, when considering GI [One of the limitations of this study is the short assessment period. A longer follow-up period would be required to assess the impacts of the proposed treatment over time. Microbiological analyses would also be necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the probiotic therapy as an adjunct to the conventional treatment. Strong points of the present study are that many factors that can influence the effects of probiotics were well controlled, such as maintenance of lozenges’ viability and careful disruption of the biofilm prior to their administration.