Data collection tools
This study utilized various tools, such as demographic-clinical questionnaires, BSES, and BBAT. The demographic-clinical questionnaire consisted of questions about the woman's age, education, and occupation, as well as her spouse's age, education, and occupation. Additionally, the questionnaire included information on the body mass index, monthly income, gestational age upon entering the study, newborn gender, birth weight, type of birth, and gestational age at the time of delivery. To ensure the validity of the demographic questionnaire, the content validity method was employed, which involved soliciting feedback from ten Hamadan University of Medical Sciences members and incorporating their revised opinions.The BSES was utilized to measure self-efficacy, consisting of 33 items graded on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, indicating "I completely disagree" to "I completely agree," respectively [