Reading impairment
Dyslexia, DSM-5, Developmental dyslexia, dyslexia
DISORDER
Developmental dyslexia or specific learning disorder in reading, henceforth dyslexia, is a developmental disorder characterised by persistent difficulties in word recognition (reading) and/or spelling (DSM-5, Dyslexia has a multifactorial aetiology in that it is associated with a range of genetic, environmental, and cognitive risk factors rather than with a single cause (For letter knowledge, we can further distinguish between letter-name knowledge and letter-sound knowledge, which rarely coincide in English orthography (Given the multifactorial aetiology of dyslexia and early predictors such as poor letter-sound knowledge, phonological awareness, and rapid automatised naming, the question arises whether timely training of these skills might help remediate or even prevent reading difficulties. While benefits of training letter-sound knowledge and phonological awareness have been shown, rapid automatised naming seems more an individual characteristic than a trainable skill (