Limitations
First, our study only included participants who already owned an Android smartphone and had the ability to download and use the mobile application. Those who did not own their own phone or lacked the ability to work with mobile applications were excluded from the study. Additionally, we were unable to verify the actual usage time of the mobile application. As such, our findings may not be generalizable to women who have a lower level of technology competency or who lack access to smartphones. This may be particularly problematic when our findings are generalized to people in regions where the level of smartphone penetration or technological environment may differ substantially. Second, since the participants in this study were marriage immigrant women from China, Vietnam, or the Philippines, our program only addressed the childcare cultures of these countries. We did not account for the cultural characteristics of other countries—for instance, those outside of Southeast Asia—and generalizing the study results beyond these countries should be done with caution. Third, due to the nature of the intervention, the LHWs and participants were not blinded to the treatment condition they were assigned to. Fourth, family strength was only measured from the mother’s perspective, and we were not able to get data from other family members. Thus, the variable family strength is a subjective assessment of the women about the family and may differ from those of other family members.