Introduction
metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation, PCOS, hyperinsulinemia
INFLAMMATION, METABOLIC DISORDERS, HYPERINSULINEMIA, POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME, OXIDATIVE STRESS, ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is one of the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disorders, has a prevalence of more than 20% [Women affected by PCOS have higher abundance of the altered gut flora, which could be associated with IR, metabolic disorders, sex hormone disturbances, and particularly dietary habits [Gut microbiota and metabolites related to them, on the other hand, cause IR and hyperinsulinemia by triggering the secretion of gut-brain axis peptides [The thylakoids are the compartments inside the chloroplasts of the green leafy plants including spinach including antioxidant content (e.g., chlorophylls, flavonoids, and carotenoids, and vitamin E) which may help reduce the oxidative stress caused by scavenging ROS [Taking into account the modulator of gut microbiota and the antioxidant impacts of thylakoids, the observed association of caloric restriction with functional pathways (e.g., lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis), the modulation of gut microbiota disturbance, as well as the reduction of metabolic endotoxemia and the regulation of inflammation [