1. Introduction
TNF-α, Tooth, tooth
PRION DISEASES, HYDROXYAPATITE
These authors contributed equally to this work.This prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial reports clinical, radiographic, histologic and immunohistochemical results of autologous dentin graft (ADG) and its comparison with a mixture of bovine xenograft with autologous bone (BX+AB). After tooth extraction in the esthetic zone of maxilla, the alveolar ridge of 20 patients in the test group was augmented with ADG, while 17 patients in the control group received the combination of BX+AB. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed before tooth extraction and after 4 months when a total of 22 bone biopsies were harvested and subjected to histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Radiological analysis showed comparable results of bone dimension loss in both groups. Quantitative histologic analysis showed comparable results with no statistically significant differences between the groups. Immunohistochemical staining with TNF-α and BMP-4 antibodies revealed immunopositivity in both groups. A statistically significant difference between the groups was found in the intensity of TNF-α in the area of newly formed bone (Tooth extraction is one of the most common procedures in dentistry. Scientific studies have clearly shown that the loss of a tooth significantly alters the size of the alveolar ridge, which may be unfavorable for the placement of dental implants [To prevent the loss of bone volume, a method known as alveolar ridge preservation is used [Compared to other bone graft substitutes, autologous bone is the only material that has osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive effects [Xenograft is a bone substitute material derived from a species different from that of the recipient. These grafts are primarily made from the inorganic portion of animal bone tissue using chemical and/or mechanical processes that remove the organic components of the bone and produce hydroxyapatite granules that resemble the human mineralized bone matrix. Xenografts have been reported to have osteoconductive properties, are hydrophilic, and biocompatible; however, bovine-derived graft biomaterials may inherently carry the risk of transmitting prion diseases to patients [A relatively new graft material for bone regeneration is autologous dentin. In 1967, Yeomans and Urist demonstrated the presence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in dentin, providing the first known evidence of the osteoinductive potential of the demineralized dentin matrix [