Anthropometric assessment and blood exams
Ketosis, nutritional ketosis, HC
KETOSIS
Periodically, participants were monitored through physical examination (i.e. anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, heart rate) and blood exams.Body weight (BW), height, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) were measured at V1 (enrollment visit), V2 (baseline), after 10 days (V3) from starting dietary protocol and every 4 weeks (V4-V5-V6-V7). Anthropometric data were recorded after an overnight fast under resting conditions.BW (kg) was measured to the nearest 0.01 kg, using an accurate balance scale (Invernizzi, Rome, Italy).Height was rounded to the closest 0.5 cm. BMI was calculated as weight divided by squared height in meters (kg/mFasting blood was collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 3000 × g for 10 min. Plasma was separated and stored at – 80 °C for hormonal analysis (aldosterone and renin evaluation).Fasting glycemia, lipid profile, electrolytes, liver enzymes, and renal function parameters were measured.Ketosis was confirmed by ß-Hydroxybutyrate capillary blood detection by using a portable meter (Wellion Galileo ketone test strips). The threshold value for nutritional ketosis was set at 0.5 mmol/L of ß-Hydroxybutyrate [The inflammatory profile was analysed throught measurement of C-reactive protein plasma level, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Finally, the effects of nutritional regimens upon RAAS activation were evaluated through measurement of aldosterone and direct renin in the plasma.