Interventions
MFDM
PATHOLOGY
Participants were recruited from online advertisements and billboards. After an initial telephone screening interview, eligible participants presented to the study center for screening blood tests which included fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. These tests were measured from the venous blood by the clinical pathology laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (Cobas 8000 Analyzer Series, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, United States). HbA1c was measured according to the standards of the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP). Those who met all the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Subjects were asked to fast after 8 pm and avoid exercises before attending each study visit.At the first study visit, participants’ baseline data including sex, age, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, medical history, and current medications were collected. Height was measured using a calibrated stadiometer. Body weight (BW) was measured, using a calibrated weighing scale (TANITA BC-587, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by BW (kg)/(height [m]Participants were asked to consume the glucose solution or MFDM at an even pace and to finish within 15 mins. After finishing, drinking up to 250 ml of water was allowed. For each subject, a blood sample was taken in the fasting state and used as the baseline blood glucose concentration. After consumption of the reference food or test food, blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 mins, and assayed for glucose. Precautions were taken during the screening, enrollment, and intervention periods to minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission including avoiding crowding, determining a history of high-risk exposure, and asking participants to perform SARS-CoV-2 rapid testing before coming in for study visits.