Patients
delirium, epileptic seizures, Coma, vestibular schwannoma, musicogenic epilepsy, Erasmus, hearing impairment
VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA, EPILEPTIC SEIZURE, HEARING IMPAIRMENT, COMA
Adult patients (ie, age 18 years or more) undergoing craniotomy (ie, opening the dura requiring bone flap removal) at the Erasmus MC with sufficient knowledge of the Dutch language were eligible for study participation. Exclusion criteria were: impaired awareness before surgery (ie, motoric less than 6 in the Glasgow Coma Scale), planned postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission, suspected delirium (defined as fluctuating awareness) at baseline, antipsychotic treatment, undergoing surgery impeding supply of music (ie, awake craniotomy or vestibular schwannoma surgery), bilateral hearing impairment and participation in other clinical trials interfering with results. During inclusion, one participant reported that music induced epileptic seizures (known as musicogenic epilepsy): this patient was excluded (and the exclusion criteria were adopted accordingly), as it was considered unethical to expose such a patient to music. Eligible patients were approached and written informed consent by patient or legal representative was obtained.