Randomization method
With the patients’ informed consent, the number of ‘0’ or ‘1’ was randomly generated by a computer, with the number ‘0’ representing intravenous TXA and the number ‘1’ representing topical TXA, after which the subjects were randomized by the research assistant into topical and intravenous TXA groups via sealed, opaque envelopes. Because this study is equipped with drug use supervision personnel to randomize and supervise drug use methods, patients, surgeons, and the rest of the clinicians involved in the treatment were blinded to the methods of TXA use. All clinical information involving TXA was collected and analyzed by independent researchers and statisticians who were not involved in the clinical treatment.