Patients
knee arthroplasty, cognitive impairment, TKA, psychiatric disorders
CRANIAL NERVE DISORDERS
Patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II aged ≥65 years who were scheduled for elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under spinal anesthesia were eligible. The exclusion criteria were as follows: contraindications to spinal anesthesia; refusal of sedation during surgery; previously diagnosed psychiatric disorders, cranial nerve disorders, or cognitive impairment; and chronic administration of sedatives or opioids. Sixty-seven patients were initially screened, and 60 were enrolled in this pilot study. Figure 