Overview
Anxiety, anxiety, PES
PND, SECONDARY
The primary outcome (maternal PND) and secondary outcomes (anxiety, parental self-efficacy, perceived social support, parental bonding, and parenting satisfaction) were measured using validated self-reported questionnaires. Cronbach α was used to indicate the internal consistency of each instrument. The following instruments were used to measure the outcome variables: the EPDS, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Parent-to-Infant Bonding Questionnaire (PIBQ), Parenting Efficacy Scale (PES), Perceived Social Support for Parenting (PSSP), and What Being the Parent of a Baby is Like (WPBL).