Eligible patients
mental illness, heart disease, thoracic deformity, neuromotor disorder, allergy, infection
INFECTION, ALLERGY, HEART DISEASE, RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
The target population consisted of patients aged 18 to 79, scheduled for elective uniportal VATS lobectomy, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I or II and normal lung function (FEV1/FVC ≥ 70%). Exclusion criteria included infection at the puncture site, body mass index (BMI) > 40, severe heart disease or renal insufficiency, thoracic deformity, allergy to local anesthetics, the presence of a neuromotor disorder or mental illness, and patients who did not accept to participate.