Statistical analysis
anxiety
REGRESSION, AIDS, SECONDARY, ADVERSE EVENT
Sample size for the randomized patients was calculated to be over 200 patients (100 in each group), based on significant difference between two groups, keeping type I error (Analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat principle where all participants randomized were included. No data substitution was applied to adverse event data. For the primary analysis comparing treatment effects, the least-squares means and their 95% CIs were estimated by one-way analysis of covariance (One-way ANCOVA) with the change in anxiety scores between groups after intervention. This ANCOVA model took into account the variation caused by treatment effects, and baseline DASS score were entered as covariates. Analyses of secondary outcomes were performed in the same manner as the primary analysis. Linear regression analysis (Enter Method) was employed to identify endoscopy-related variables that predict which patients are likely to benefit from visual aids. Quantitative data such as age, income, pre intervention outcome scores were expressed through means and standard deviation. For categorical variables, the Pearson chi-square test and fisher’s exact test were applied. 