Study design and sampling
In designing this cross-sectional study, we took into account the Swabhimaan strategy and the outcome indicators, as well as the changes anticipated. The sample selection was based on two-stage systematic sampling and was designed to provide the estimates of key indicators at block levels across the three selected states. The representative sample in each round was derived using the simple random sampling after adjusting for non-response rate and the required women were selected from sampling frame using the sysytematic sampling. The detailed information on survey design of this prospective, non-randomised controlled study is available elsewhere [Pregnant Women (PW-in second and third trimester) and Mothers of children under two years (MU2) interviewed pre-pandemic (2018–19) and post-pandemic(2021–22) in Swabhimaan Intervention Area