4.1. Anthropometric and Body Composition Responses
obesity, Obesity, overweightness
OBESITY, SEVERE OBESITY, OBESITY
Both groups showed favorable changes in body composition parameters and biochemical markers related to cardiometabolic risk, regardless of the intervention group (family vs. individual approach). Given this outcome, it is considered that the best model to be incorporated for health promotion in adolescents with overweightness or obesity will need to be based on the personal choices of adolescents to carry out multi-disciplinary activities (nutrition education, psychoeducational classes, and physical exercises) accompanied by parents or alone. However, it is impossible to state that one model is more effective than another within the age group and level of pubertal development because pre-adolescents may depend more on parents or guardians, whereas adolescents in advanced periods of pubertal development could be more independent in their tasks or daily activities. Obesity and severe obesity cases were reduced by around 9% for all intervention groups post-intervention, which was very relevant to health status [Regardless of the absence of differences between the intervention groups, there was an improvement in body composition components, with a reduction in absolute, relative, and visceral fat and an increase in LM, FFM, and SMM. Previous evidence shows that the interventional period analyzed may promote improvements in body composition components in adolescents with overweightness or obesity [No significant differences were observed for anthropometric parameters, i.e., BMI, WC, AC, HC, and WHR. Considering WC, it is observed that as the results presented significant variability (∆ = −7.32 ± 17.63 cm), the factor that may justify the absence of significant differences for WC, although a moderate effect size was observed (d = −0.68; moderate effect) for girls, a relevant finding in the fight against central obesity. Similar responses were found by Branco et al. in interventions with the same duration and a similar methodological approach. Considering that WC is strongly related to cardiometabolic risk [Therefore, regardless of significant changes in anthropometric parameters, such as body weight and circumferences, the active involvement of the child/adolescent and the whole family in multi-disciplinary interventions must promote changes in healthy habits and adherence to the intervention process so that the benefits can last into adulthood. Previous studies, with only eight weeks of intervention, comparing interventions for behavior change based on family and interventions only for adolescents also found no significant changes to the BMI z-score [