Measurements
bleeding
BLEEDING, EMERGENCY
Patient demographics of age, sex, and race were collected. Clinical variables included mechanism of injury (blunt versus penetrating, or both), prehospital interventions (intubation, tourniquet, cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR], and chest/needle decompression), and source of bleeding (abdomen, chest, intracranial, limb/extremity, neck, pelvis, and scalp/face). Time to definitive care was broken down into two intervals: time from Emergency Medical Services (EMS) activation or call to EMS arrival on scene, and time from EMS arrival on scene to patient arrival in the emergency department (ED). Times from the two intervals were summed to create a total time to definitive care. Mortality status was recorded at 24-hours post-hospital admission.