Efficacy outcome measurements
All subjects were subjected to efficacy evaluation before and after intake for 16 weeks during the study period. To measure abdominal fat area, subjects underwent a computed tomography (CT; WCT-200-140, Hispeed Dual) scan. Ab-dominal fat CT scans were taken with subjects lying on their backs. Total abdominal fat area (TFA), visceral fat area (VFA), and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were measured, and the visceral-subcutaneous fat area ratio (VSR) was calculated. The same machine was used throughout the study period to evaluate changes in anthropometric parameters, including body weight, body mass index (BMI; kg/m