Subjects
cancer, hepatorenal disease, heart/cardiopulmonary disease, diabetes
ULCERATIVE COLITIS, CANCER, DISEASE, HYPOGONADISM, MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER, CROHN'S DISEASE, PEPTIC ULCERS, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, DIABETES
Thirty healthy male adults (aged 20–40 years) without professional exercise training were recruited in this study. Subjects were excluded from this study if they had heart/cardiopulmonary disease, diabetes, thyroid‐related disease, hypogonadism, hepatorenal disease, musculoskeletal disorder, neuromuscular/neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or a body mass index (BMI) > 27. During the experimental period, all participants were prohibited from taking probiotics, prebiotics, fermented products (yogurt or other foods), vitamins, minerals, herbal extracts, dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance, and antibiotics to avoid their interference. Subjects who agreed to follow the study protocol and voluntarily signed an informed consent form were included in this study. The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Landseed International Hospital (Taoyuan, Taiwan; LSHIRB No. 19‐027‐A2). The subjects were recommended to maintain their usual lifestyle, physical activities, and diet.