Population and sampling method
abnormal reaction, HD, skin allergy, allergies
SKIN ALLERGY, ALLERGIES
The research population included all patients under treatment with HD, meeting inclusion criteria, and hemodialyzed in the Hemodialysis Center of Imam Ali hospital in Bojnurd, Iran, through an AVF. The inclusion criteria included age of over 18 years, alertness, the ability to speak and understand Persian or the presence of a Persian-speaking translator, no pacemaker or known heart problem, the onset of HD at least 3 months ago, no known allergies to lidocaine, no damaged skin, no use of analgesics and opioids during the last 24 h, no history of using lidocaine cream or products in the past, HD through an AVF, no history of antiarrhythmic drugs (especially class Ш, such as amiodarone), and HD three times a week. The exclusion criteria included the occurrence of skin allergy or abnormal reaction at the vascular access site, not referring for HD in the next session, and lack of venipuncture with the first attempt in each stage.The convenience sampling method was used in this study. With the effect size of 0.81 obtained from Asgari et al.’s [