Introduction
obesity, fits, multiple chronic diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases
OBESITY, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CANCER, SECONDARY, MULTIPLE CHRONIC DISEASES, DISEASES
The traditional and usually applied “one size fits all” approach for exercise and diet interventions may not be suitable for a long-term and sustainable effective way in primary and secondary prevention of various chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases or cancer (Agostoni et al., Metabolomics, along with genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, is a part of novel omics technologies that have shown a promising research potential (Sébédio, Nutrition, physical activity and exercise play a crucial role in prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases (Pedersen & Saltin, The optimal macronutrient proportion in humans’ nutrition has never been established in detail. Thus, it is still unclear whether a high or low carbohydrate intake is the best for human health in modern times. Contrary to usually “beliefs” of a dominant carbohydrate intake to be beneficial, a carbohydrate restricted diet was recently shown to represent an alternative promising dietary strategy to prevent various pathological conditions involving inflammatory and autoimmune pathways (Lennerz et al., High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a training alternative to the traditional moderate-intensity continuous endurance training. HIIT is defined as periods of intense activity separated by low-intensity breaks. HIIT can improve the fitness level to a greater extent than continuous exercise despite a reduced training volume (Milanović et al., Regular physical activity and dietary variety are modifiable and influential factors of health outcomes. However, the cumulative effects of these behaviors are not well understood. We aimed to investigate the effect of a 12 week very low carbohydrate high fat (VLCHF) diet and HIIT on lipidomic and metabolomic profiles in individuals with overweight and obesity. This work extends our earlier findings, which focused primarily on body composition, exercise performance and standard biochemical outcomes (Cipryan et al., 