Measures
In this study, the fear related to childbirth in the prenatal and postnatal period was measured using W-DEQ versions A and B. W-DEQ version A evaluates women’s prenatal expectances before childbirth, and W-DEQ version B evaluates experiences with recent childbirth. Each version contains 33 items with a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (extremely) to 5 (not at all), and scores range from 0 to 165, with higher scores indicating higher fear of childbirth [The Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) is a self-report instrument that measures outcome expectancies (OE) and efficacy expectancies (EE) for coping with an approaching childbirth experience. This questionnaire has two parts and 62 items that scored on a ten-point Likert scale (1 = not at all; 10 = completely sure), with a higher score indicating greater childbirth self-efficacy. The reliability of the questionnaire has been confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha 0.86–0.95 [