Aims and Hypotheses
anxiety
PND
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the SPA intervention on parental outcomes such as PND, anxiety, parental self-efficacy, perceived social support, parental bonding, and parental satisfaction across the perinatal period. It was also hypothesized that the intervention group will have significantly lower scores on PND (primary outcome) and anxiety compared with the control group and significantly higher scores for parental self-efficacy, perceived social support, parental bonding, and parental satisfaction compared with the control group receiving standard care from baseline to 12 months postpartum.