2.3. Anthropometrics and Body Composition
Prior to all study visits, participants fasted for at least 8 h and abstained from exercise, caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol for at least 24 h. During the initial assessment, each participant’s height was measured to the nearest ± 0.5 cm using an analog wall-mounted stadiometer (HR-200, Tanita Corp, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with their shoes removed and standing erect on flat feet. Body mass was measured prior to all study visits using a self-calibrating digital scale (Tanita BWB-627A, Tokyo, Japan) and was recorded to the nearest ±0.1 kg. To ensure any rapid changes in fluid masses due to any dietary or physical activity changes, participants whose body mass deviated by more than 2% throughout the study were excluded from participation. Fat mass and fat-free mass were determined using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody 570, Beverly Hills, CA, USA). Body composition analyses were conducted between 600 and 1000 h by trained research personnel. All assessments were completed according to device specifications. The reliability of the measurements obtained from the bioelectrical impedance analyzer was assessed in a cohort of healthy, college-aged males, revealing an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.992 for body fat %, 0.995 for fat mass, and 0.997 for fat-free mass.