Participants
MDD, schizophrenia, DSM-IV-TR, bipolar disorder
DISORDER, SECONDARY, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDER, DISORDERS
This secondary analysis used data (116 participants) from a multicenter ECT study (All the patients were older than 18 years. They were diagnosed with MDD according to the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis as assessed by board-certified psychiatrists. Patients who had received ECT treatment within the last 6 months or were unfit for anesthesia and ECT—or currently had or had a history of schizophrenia, substance use disorder (alcohol, nicotine, methamphetamine, etc.), bipolar disorder, or other disorders such as neurodegenerative disorder—were excluded.