Outcomes
The primary outcome was all-cause inpatient hospital admissions and all-cause ED visits (a combination of any visit [binary outcome] and the count of visits among those patients with any visit) in the 12 months following enrollment. Secondary outcomes included all-cause inpatient hospital admissions and all-cause ED visits as separate outcomes, all-cause 30-day inpatient hospital readmissions, 30-day ED revisits, and social needs outcomes (eg, connected to community-based organization, received services through referral to community-based organization, referred to hospital food pantry, or received utility shutoff protection letter). The data analyst (N.W.) was blinded to participant group assignment.