Highlights

This study provides evidence that tDCS affects females and males differently: females, compared to males, show higher performance gains in a demanding cognitive control task when tDCS is applied concurrently to the task.The performance altering effects of tDCS in females were observable for anodal, yet not cathodal stimulation. In males, we did not detect any differences in performance, suggesting that tDCS affects females and males differently and that sex-specific customisation can prove to enhance stimulation efficacy even further.Our study highlights that biological sex needs to be taken into account in order to further personalise and optimise the application of tDCS in humans.