2.3.1. Parent Global Physical Health, Mental Health, and Emotional Support
We utilized the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), a set of person-centered validated measures that are freely available, developed with rigorous methods, and used internationally. For parental health, we used the PROMIS Adult Global Physical and Mental Health measures, each having two items and providing an overall assessment of physical and mental health, administered in English and Spanish. The PROMIS Global Physical Health measure assesses adult physical health and the participant’s ability to carry out every day physical activities. The PROMIS Global Mental Health measure asks about general mental health and satisfaction with social activities and relationships. We also used the PROMIS Emotional Support 4-item scale that asks participants the extent to which they have someone to listen to them when they need to talk, someone to confide in, someone who makes them feel appreciated, and someone to talk with when they have had a bad day. PROMIS measures were converted from summed raw scores to T-score values as per the PROMIS scoring manual [