Specific objectives
To investigate the impact of ONS on the following parameters among institutionalized older adults:
Anthropometric measurements — height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), calf circumference (CC), waist circumference (WC), and skin fold thicknessBody composition parameters — whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanningBiochemical parameters — full blood count (FBC), Hs-CRP (C-reactive protein), total 25 hydroxy vitamin D, serum albumin, and total cholesterolFunctional capacity — hand grip strength, knee extension, and Barthel index scoreFrailty five-fried model indicator scorePeak expiratory flow rateSystolic and diastolic blood pressureDietary intake — 24-hour dietary recallPhysical activity level — Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)Cognitive status — Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (MoCA)