Primary and secondary endpoints
SECONDARY
Assessment outcomes for each drill included overall, efficiency, and penalty scores. Efficiency scores were calculated by evaluating the time to completion, economy of motion, or master workspace range. Penalty scores consisted of excessive force use, instruments out of view, drops, instrument and cone collisions, incorrect rings, missed targets, and misapplied energy time. The overall scores were calculated by subtracting the penalty from the efficiency scores.The primary endpoint was the overall score of all drills in cycles 1–10 in both groups. The secondary endpoint included the overall, efficiency, and penalty scores in each cycle and drill, as well as the learning curves between the groups.