2.3. Interventions
pneumothorax, TMQLB, pain, hemorrhage, organ injury, [Sensory block dermatomes, nerve block
PNEUMOTHORAX, DECUBITUS, HEMORRHAGE, INJECTION SITE INFECTION, REGRESSION, HEART, COLD, COMPLICATIONS
All blocks were performed in a dedicated procedure room before surgery. After applying standard monitors, supplemental oxygen, and intravenous access, patients were placed in the lateral decubitus position with the operation side upwards.In the TMQLB group, TMQLB was performed using the approach described by Børglum et al. [In the TPVB group, TPVB was performed using the approach described by Renes et al. [Sensory block dermatomes were tested 30 minutes after the nerve block. A cold stimulus was applied along the midclavicular line to compare bilateral sensory changes. A cold sensation regression compared to the contralateral side of the same dermatome was considered an effective block. The total numbers and levels of sensory block dermatomes were recorded and compared between the two groups. Heart rate and blood pressure were also recorded as preoperative vital signs. Block-related complications, including hemorrhage, organ injury, pneumothorax (related to TPVB), LA toxicity, and injection site infection, were also recorded.All patients underwent standardized general anesthesia with tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was induced with 2 mg/kg propofol, 1 After surgery, both groups received electronic patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pumps (Apon Medical Corp. China). Morphine was given by pressing the self-dosing button when the patients needed it, with the parameters set at 1.5–2 mg per bolus at a 5-minute lockout interval and an upper limit of 6–8 mg per hour, without continuous background infusion. Parecoxib, as a rescue for insufficient analgesia, was administered if the patient still complained of pain NRS ≥4 after using PCIA. Postoperative follow-up and outcome assessment was performed by an experienced anesthesiologist who was blinded to the group allocation.