Interventions and anesthesia
postoperative pain, CRBD, NRS
Standardized monitoring included temperature, 3-lead electrocardiography, SpO2, blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCOIn the magnesium group, a 40 mg/kg loading dose of intravenous magnesium sulfate was administered for 10 min immediately after the induction of anesthesia, followed by continuous intravenous infusion of 15 mg/kg/h magnesium sulfate until the end of the surgery, and the control group was administered an equivalent volume of normal saline.In the PACU and general ward, 2 μg sufentanil was administered if the patient complained of moderate to severe CRBD or postoperative pain (NRS ≥ 4). Then, the patient was reassessed 5 min after drug administration, and 2 mg of morphine was administered as a rescue agent if the patient requested additional analgesia.