2.3. Participants
blood clotting, allergic, gastritis, insomnia, glaucoma, osteoporosis
BLOOD CLOTTING, SYSTEMIC DISEASE, UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION, IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME, GASTRITIS, IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA, GLAUCOMA, MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME, VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCY, OSTEOPOROSIS, DYSLIPIDEMIA
The inclusion criteria were as follows: aged 20–55 years old, healthy with no systemic diseases, body mass index (BMI) ≤ 30 kg/mExclusion criteria were as follows: COVID-19-infected, allergic to coffee, caffeine, or herbal extracts, unable to come for follow-up every 4 weeks, planning to become pregnant within 3 months, pregnant or breastfeeding, regularly consuming drugs/herbs/dietary supplements, drinking alcohol > 14 drinks/week for men or 7 drinks/week for women, smoking > 10 cigarettes/day, blood clotting problems such as idiopathic thrombocytopenia, or having conditions not suitable for consuming caffeine-containing products such as insomnia, uncontrolled hypertension, glaucoma, severe gastritis, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, irritable bowel syndrome, vitamin B1 deficiency, or menopausal syndrome. All participants provided their written informed consent before data collection.