Neurophysiological measurements and experiments
muscle movements
DILATION
Over the past decades, emotion-detection research has employed a variety of physiological measurements and methods, including pupil dilation, heart rate, and skin conductance for arousalTo establish a more rigorous foundation for our research in the domain of objective measurement, we employ the James-Lange theory of valence and arousal.lAs illustrated by Fig. The emotional state with no stimuli, also referred as “at resting state” measure, was constructed using EEG scalp recordings taken while the students watched a black cross in the center of a gray screen for a period of 30 s. We transformed the electrical recordings from the scalp into frequencies (i.e., cycles per second), and then interpreted the various frequencies, mainly alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (12–30 Hz), and brain locations to estimate the students’ emotional states. By only extracting the alpha and beta frequencies, the influence of much noise is already significantly reduced, because the influence of eye movement or blinking artifacts is most dominant below 4 Hz, while heart related movements, i.e., Electrocardiogram (ECG), artifacts around 1.2 Hz, and facial muscle movements, i.e., electromyogram (EMG), artifacts above 30 HzAfter measuring emotion indices at resting state, we applied a psychometric test that includes the Grit scale, the locus of control scale, the raven-like progressive matrices, and the creativity test. We measured the participants’ emotional responsiveness immediately after the students had finished this test regimen. The experiment consisted of showing an alternating series of five positive and negative images in order to elicit emotional responses from each participant, which we illustrate in Fig. 