Subjects
We conducted this study among students with clinical medicine major in 2020 at Harbin Medical University. There are 460 students enrolled in clinical medicine major in 2020 and they are organized into 23 teaching classes by the Office of Medical Educational Administration with around 20 students in each class. We randomly selected 6 teaching classes with a total of 131 students. These participants were randomly allocated into two groups, one of which was subjected to traditional lecture teaching (TL), and the other one was subjected to flipped classroom teaching (FC). They have all finished the same pre-enrollment education and admitted to Harbin Medical University through an entrance examination, and started the physiology course in the third semester. All students were unaware of their group assignments before the course.