Strengths and limitations
This is the first study to explore PAHCO, leisure-time PA and HRQOL in OWs in a longitudinal design. The focus on OWs might be particularly important, owing to the high risk of physical inactivity in this population, which is largely due to the work-related demands of this occupation [Despite these strengths, this study has some limitations. The sub-competence of movement competence was not assessed within the version of the PAHCO questionnaire used in our study, as movement competence was not part of this measure at the time of data collection [In addition, the LSI might not be a sufficient tool to comprehensively examine HEPA as light and very light, non-leisure PA and active commuting are not included in the LSI scoring. These PA forms display a positive connection with health in current meta-analyses [Furthermore, future research on PAHCO, PA, and HRQOL in OWs might benefit from objective measures of PA and health. In this regard, the present study might have been affected by subjective bias in the primary outcomes [Finally, our study employed no control group or randomisation for the HEPA intervention. Therefore, the findings of this study do not offer causal conclusions on the effect of the intervention on PAHCO, leisure-time PA and HRQOL. Even though research in occupational settings is affected by a multitude of organisational and logistical problems, at times impeding the implementation of a controlled design [