Data collection
BLOOD
The research staff recorded the sociodemographic and lifestyle data of the participants during a personal interview using specific questionnaires, including maternal age, baseline body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, ethnicity, parity, pregnancy planning, and use of hormonal contraceptives. The educational level and occupational status of women and their partners were also registered. The family’s socioeconomic status (SES) was calculated from the sociodemographic data of participants and their partners, including educational level and occupational status. Dietary assessment was done using a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) validated in our population [Blood samples were taken on GW12 to perform blood and genetic tests. Haematological parameters (Hb and MCV), some specific biochemical markers (SF and C-reactive protein [CRP]), and genetic mutations of the 