Introduction
Cognitive performance is a vital aspect of daily functioning, and crucial for educational and occupational successFor example, students with a positive treatment expectation showed improvements in a standard IQ testIn search of strategies to overcome the ethical and legal limitations of deceptive placebos and increase trust in healthcare providersSo far, studies in healthy individuals assessing cognitive enhancement through OLPs are still scarce, but results of existing deceptive placebo studies point towards an interesting divide in this effect: While subjective markers (e.g., the subjective perception of one’s own performance) indicate improvements under OLP, this improvement is not reflected in objective performance parameters