Competing interests
Nordisk, Octeta Therapeutics
P.N.N. reports, on behalf of the University of Birmingham, grant/research support from Pharmaxis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Echosens and Novo Nordisk, and consulting fees from BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead Sciences, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Poxel. A.J.S. is President of Sanyal Biotechnology and has stock options in Genfit, Akarna Therapeutics, Tiziana Life Sciences, Indalo, Durect, Inversago and Galmed Pharmaceuticals. He has served as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Nitto Denko, Conatus, Nimbus, Salix, Tobira, Takeda, Janssen, Gilead Sciences, Terns, Bird Rock Bio, Merck, Valeant, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lilly, HemoShear, Larimar Therapeutics, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Exhalenz and Genfit. He has been an unpaid consultant to Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Echosens, Immuron, Galectin, Fractyl Health, Synlogic, Afimune, Chemomab, Zydus, Nordic Bioscience, Albireo, ProSciento and Surrozen. His institution has received grant support from Gilead Sciences, Salix, Tobira, Bristol Myers Squibb, Shire, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Merck, AstraZeneca, Mallinckrodt, Cumberland and Novartis. He receives royalties from Elsevier and UptoDate. G.N. reports speaker’s bureau fees from Intercept Pharmaceuticals, grant support from Echosens, consultancy fees from Auxilium. J.M.S reports consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genfit, Gilead Sciences, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Nordic Bioscience, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens Healthineers, research funding from Gilead Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim, Siemens Healthineers, and speakers bureau fees from the Falk Foundation. V.R. reports consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. E.L. reports research/grant support from 89bio, Allergan, Akero Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Axcella Health, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Durect, Eli Lilly and Company, Elobix, Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Enyo, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Genfit, Gilead Sciences, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Laboratory for Advanced Medicine, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Metacrine, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Octeta Therapeutics, Poxel, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Viking and Zydus. J.E., J.L., A.M. and C.S are employed by Boehringer Ingelheim.