Outcome measures
cognitive decline, WL
The participants were assessed before and immediately after the training programs. The assessors were masked to the group of participants when they conducted the evaluation. We used reliable and valid assessments, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Word List (WL) of the Wechsler Memory Scale–third edition (WMS-III), and the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), to assess cognition in older adults.The MoCA is a widely used instrument to evaluate global cognitive function and has good sensitivity for detecting cognitive decline [The DSST, a subtest of WAIS, was used to assess information processing speed [The WL is a subtest of WMS-III that is the commonly used battery for testing working memory [The SCWT is a commonly used measure to assess inhibitory executive function. The SCWT is a sensitive measure to differentiate individuals with and without cognitive decline [