Participants
diabetic retinopathy, Comprehensive visual and ocular examinations, 78D, inflammation, uveitis, hazy, cataract, Diabetic, glaucoma, CMT, diabetes with fasting blood sugar, diopter
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, IOL, INFLAMMATION, UVEITIS, RECRUITMENT, CATARACT, PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (PDR), LENS, MACULAR DISEASE, GLAUCOMA, REFRACTIVE ERROR
Diabetic patients who were scheduled to undergo cataract surgery were included. All patients had controlled diabetes with fasting blood sugar (FBS) of 126 mg/dl or less and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of less than 7% at the time of study entry. Patients with glaucoma, uveitis, any previous intraocular surgery, any intravitreal injection in less than three months, macular laser photocoagulation in less than 6 months, presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) or any macular disease, cyclo-refraction of ≥ ± 6 diopter (D), hazy media to obtain the high-quality images of the optical coherence tomography (OCT), baseline central macular thickness (CMT) ≥ 280 μm excluded. Also, patients with any kind of intraoperative complications and those who lost to follow-up were excluded.All the study subjects were interviewed to obtain demographic data as well as the patients’ health and ocular history by an expert technician. All patients were ordered to perform the laboratory tests including FBS, creatinine, urea, and HbA1c at the time of study recruitment.Participants were randomized using the permuted block randomization method in two groups. In multiple studies and a meta-analysis, it was shown that starting NSAID eye drops are more effective in decreasing inflammation and ME, if started 1 to 3 days prior to cataract surgery [Comprehensive visual and ocular examinations were performed on all study subjects. Refractive error measurement was performed either by auto-refractometer (RM-8800; Topcon Medical, Oakland, NJ, USA) or retinoscope (HEINE BETA®200; Germany). BCVA was assessed using a Snellen E-chart at a distance of 6 m by a trained optometrist. In addition, a biomicroscopic examination was performed to evaluate the anterior segment. Intraocular pressure was measured using the applanation tonometer (Goldmann applanation tonometer, Haag-Streit, USA). Fundus examination was conducted using an indirect ophthalmoscope through dilated pupil by a 78D lens to determine the stage of diabetic retinopathy according to international classification [Spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT, Heidelberg Engineering OCT Spectralis, USA) was performed for all study subjects to measure the CMT. IOL power calculation was conducted using A-scan (ZEISS IOL Master 500; Germany) at the baseline examination. All ophthalmic examinations and cataract surgery were performed by an expert anterior segment ophthalmologist (HMR).