Data management
All participants gave informed verbal or written informed consent to participate. If the participant was under the age of 18 we also took informed consent from their legal guardian. Where participants were illiterate, we explained the study to them (and their guardians if they were under the age of 18) and obtained verbal consent to participate in accordance with Nepal Health Research Council approved ethical procedures. We took additional informed consent from the women in the pilot VC to share her counseling session with health workers in order to facilitate discussions. Data were collected in Awadhi or Nepali (depending on the preference of the participant) by two bilingual trained qualitative researchers who were working as process evaluation officers. SSIs and FGDs were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim in Nepali and translated into English for analysis. Observation reports, monitoring forms, and trial surveys were in Nepali. Survey and call log data were collected using a structured Nepali form in Commcare.