Results
The mean age of participants was 38.79 ± 11.67 years, with mean ages of 36.41 ± 10.12 and 41.18 ± 12.75 in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P = 0.106). The two groups were not statistically different in terms of demographic variables and water pipe use status (Tables 
Comparison of demographic variables between intervention and control groups*Fisher’s exact test **Chi-square test
Comparison of water pipe use status (quantitative variables) between intervention and control groups* Mann-Whitney testThe results showed that the intervention and control groups were not statistically different in terms of mean happiness scores before the intervention (P = 0.43). However, a statistically significant difference was observed after the intervention (P = 0.001) so that the post-intervention mean score of happiness was higher in the intervention group than in the control group. In addition, the intragroup mean change in the happiness score was significantly higher in the intervention group (2.32 ± 2.31) than that in the control group (-0.29 ± 1.81) after the intervention (P < 0.001) (Table According to the results, the mean scores of water pipe dependence between the intervention and control groups were not statistically significant before the intervention (P = 0.814). Two months after the intervention, however, the mean score of water pipe dependence was lower in the intervention group (9.02 ± 1.56) than that in the control group (10.35 ± 2.99) (P = 0.055). The mean change in the score of water pipe dependence was significantly different between the intervention (-1.44 ± 1.4) and control (0.38 ± 0.85) groups (P < 0.001) (Table 
Comparison of water pipe use status (qualitative variables) between intervention and control groups*Fisher’s exact test **Chi-square test
The comparison of happiness and water pipe dependence between the intervention and control groups*Mann-Whitney test **Independent t-test ***Wilcoxon’s test † Scores range from 0 to 87. ǂ Mean difference = posttest-pretest § Scores range from 0 to 33