Outcomes and definitions
hypoesthesia, thirst, sleep disorder, numbness, pain, pruritus, nausea,, cognitive decline, shiver, urinary retention
ADVERSE EFFECTS, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, COLD
The primary outcome was set as cumulative morphine consumption at postoperative 48 h and collected from analgesic pump records. Secondary outcomes included: (1) postoperative 2-, 4-, 12- and 24-h cumulative morphine consumptions; (2) postoperative 0-, 2-, 4-, 12-, 24- and 48-h rest and active pain NRS; (3) opioid-related adverse effects such as respiratory depression, pruritus, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention recorded as Foley catheter removal time and bowel movement recorded as gas time; (4) postoperative 48-h recovery status including cold feeling, thirst, drowsiness, shiver and cognitive decline. The recovery parameters were evaluated with a 0–3 points Likert scale with 0-point defined as none, 1-point defined as mild, 2-point defined as moderate and 3-point defined as severe. Overall, analgesia and emergence satisfaction were evaluated with a 1–5 points Likert scale with 1-point defined as very unsatisfied and 5-point defined as very satisfied; (5) Postoperative three months recovery status including rates of pain, numbness and hypoesthesia at the surgical site, sleep disorder, rest and active pain NRS, and pain characteristics.