CDS tool use
OUD, overdose, opioid overdose
PCC CDS tool use was defined as clicking within the CDS tool, such as screening for OUD, making a diagnosis, providing a referral, prescribing a medication, printing patient education materials, or prescribing naloxone. The use rates for each PCC for the follow-up period (6 months) were calculated as the proportion of CDS -eligible visits in which the CDS tool was clicked. An CDS -eligible visit was defined as a primary care visit with a patient between 18 and 75 who had either (1) a diagnosis of OUD, (2) an opioid overdose within the prior 6 months, (3) a prescription for a MOUD (buprenorphine, methadone, or IM naltrexone), or (4) high risk for OUD or overdose, determined by a risk prediction algorithm embedded in Epic, defined as a score of 55 or higher (out of 100) at the time of the encounter [