Outcomes
pain, Pain, hyperactive motor behavior
SECONDARY
Outcomes assessed followed the statements of previously published protocol [The main secondary outcome was the severity of ED, which was determined based on the presences of combative behavior, thrashing, and hyperactive motor behavior [Other secondary outcomes included intraoperative monitored parameters, such as duration of surgery, duration and dosage of anesthesia, usage of nasal package; as well as those recorded in post anesthesia care unit (PACU), including time to extubation, physical and biochemical characteristics when leaving PACU and length of hospital stay. Pain was assessed using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) every 5 min immediately after extubation by a trained anesthesia nurse. A reassessed score of 4 or above indicated substantial pain, which was managed by an intravenous injection of 3–5 µg sufentanil.