5. Statistical analysis
depression, pain
The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). General characteristics prior to the interventions were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Two-way analysis of variance (2-way ANOVA) with repeated measures was performed to verify the difference between groups and time periods. Post hoc testing using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) was performed to assess pairwise differences between groups. Additionally, a paired t-test was utilized to compare changes in pain, physical function, and depression before and after the experimental period within each group. Statistical significance was reached when p < 0.05.