Participants
idiopathic FS [, idiopathic frozen shoulder, shoulder pain
ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS
Forty participants who have been diagnosed with idiopathic frozen shoulder were recruited from a regional hospital for this study. The inclusion criteria include: (1) FS (adhesive capsulitis) diagnosed at the freezing or frozen stage. (2) symptoms such as shoulder pain, stiffness and joint mobility limitations (limited range of motion of the shoulder in abduction, flexion, extension, internal or external rotation). (3) age over 40 years. (4) unilateral idiopathic FS [