2.2. Participants
diagnosed neurodegenerative diseases, neuropathic pain, Pain, epilepsy, cancer, fracture, systemic musculoskeletal diseases, psychiatric, Parkinson’s, trauma
CANCER, NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION, DISORDERS, EPILEPSY
The inclusion criteria of the participants were (1) duration of symptoms longer than 12 weeks, (2) Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) score higher than 3 during the baseline assessment, and (3) written consent to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria of the participants were (1) neuropathic pain extending along the lower limb due to nerve root compression, (2) previous spine surgery, (3) history of spine trauma or fracture, (4) implanted pacemakers, (5) pregnancy, (6) cancer, (7) systemic musculoskeletal diseases, (8) diagnosed neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s), (9) epilepsy, and (10) history of psychiatric disorders.