Limitations
In this study, we did not examine how habitual napping might impact nap benefits as we did not have sufficient statistical power to do so. Previous studies have shown differential benefits of naps depending on nap habit [The present study only examined a 210 min delay between encoding and retrieval on the picture encoding task. It is possible that benefits with the 60 min nap may have been observed if a longer delay was examined. Future work evaluating the relative efficacy of nap durations on memory encoding could extend delay intervals to investigate this possibility. Similarly, given that benefits of 30 min and 60 min naps were observed even up to 240 min post-nap, future studies could further extend test intervals to assess the temporal trajectory of benefits up to before bedtime.Finally, as we did not examine nocturnal sleep following the nap, it remains unknown how naps of different durations would impact nocturnal sleep. However, previous experimental work in adolescents has found that naps of 60–90 min did not curtail nocturnal sleep [