Postoperative analgesia and acute pain management
pain
All patients received postoperative controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA). PCIA protocol of group OFA: esketamine 2.5 mg/kg + flurbiprofen axate 2.5 mg/kg + azasetron 30 mg with total amount of 100 ml and constant infusion rate of 2 ml/h, and in group OA: sufentanil 2 µg/kg + flurbiprofen axate 2.5 mg/kg + azasetron 30 mg were administered with the same PCIA parameters as group OFA. A bolus infusion of flurbiprofen axel 50 mg for rescue analgesia if any patients complained of intolerable pain.