Discussion
ulcer, pain
ULCER, ULCERS, DELAYED HEALING, RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
Given the prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), we aimed to investigate the efficacy of a topical The study results showed that the probiotic drug derived from A recent hypothesis suggests it may be due to a local immune system defect triggered by oral bacteria. Studies show differences in oral microbiota between RAS patients and healthy individuals, with imbalances in specific bacteria potentially contributing to RAS symptoms such as ulcers, delayed healing, and severe pain [This study’s findings agree with previous studies that reported probiotics’ beneficial effects in managing RAS. Pedersen et al. showed that a probiotic lozenge containing However, it is worth noting that some previous studies have reported conflicting results. For example, a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Cheng et al. found probiotics effective in relieving oral pain but ineffective in reducing ulcer severity [Nanofibers, nanoparticles, and nanostructured materials have shown promise for probiotic delivery due to their efficient encapsulation, site-specific release, stability during manufacturing and storage, biocompatibility and controlled drug release, and improved viability [Despite the promising results of this study, some limitations need to be considered in future studies. The sample was small, and the follow-up period was limited to four sessions. The study did not investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of the probiotic nano-formulation via in-vitro tests. Our analysis also lacked a separate chitosan nanogel group so that we could investigate the possible positive effect of chitosan as an anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory polymer on the study result.In light of the encouraging results from this study, it is worth considering the potential implications for future research and clinical applications. The concept of para probiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics presents exciting opportunities in the field of oral health. Probiotics are effective in promoting various health benefits, but concerns about their safety have emerged, especially when administered to vulnerable individuals like the elderly and those with weakened immune systems. In response to these concerns, non-viable probiotic products known as para probiotics and postbiotics have been introduced. Para probiotics are inactivated microbial cells that offer health benefits without posing health risks. They can regulate the immune system, combat pathogens, and exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant properties [