Participants
handedness, psychiatric, Psychiatric, ADHD
DISORDERS
Thirty mothers (mean age 38.72 years; standard deviation [SD] 4.46 years) agreed to participate in this study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: mothers caring for ≥ 1 school-aged child (age 6–12 years) diagnosed with ADHD in a hospital or pediatric clinic. ADHD was diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (American Psychiatric Association, All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision, with no known medical, neurological, or psychiatric history (based on self-report questionnaires) and met the safety requirements for participation in an MRI study. Participants’ handedness was assessed using the Flinders Handedness Questionnaire (Nicholls et al., The Ethics Committee of the University of Fukui approved the study protocol; all procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent.