Laboratory visits
arterialized venous blood sample
Participants arrived at the laboratory following an overnight fast (duration 11:38 ± 00:57 hh:mm). They were asked to consume a glass of water and take an inactive transport mode rather than walk or cycle to the laboratory. Anthropometric measures of height, body mass, waist circumference, and hip circumference were obtained, and body fat percentage was estimated using digital scales (Tanita, Japan). Resting metabolic rate was measured using the Douglas bag technique by averaging three 5-min gas samples, with guidelines for best practice followed [A cannula (BD Venflon™ Pro, Becton Dickenson & Co., Sweden) was inserted into a hand vein or antecubital forearm vein if hand cannulation was unsuitable and the arm was placed in a heated box (University of Vermont, USA) set to 55 °C to arterialize venous blood [Participants left the laboratory following lunch and returned the following morning using a similar mode of transport. Food was provided ad libitum between laboratory visits with no constraints on free-living energy expenditure. Participants were instructed to eat only the food provided and to drink only water for the rest of the day. Upon arrival the following morning, participants completed a visual analogue scale, a food preference task, and a 5-mL arterialized venous blood sample was obtained from an antecubital vein.