2.3.2. Surgical Management
Patients in the three groups were scheduled for wedge resection, segment resection, and lobectomy, which were determined by preoperative chest CT and intraoperative pathological results. All operations were performed by the same group of surgeons. All surgical procedures were completed by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) with two ports. The trochal ports were made at the fourth/seventh intercostal levels.All the resection material was removed by a surgical glove without excessive expansion of the incision. A chest drain (22F) was inserted at the seventh intercostal level before the skin closure. When suturing the wound, carefully identify the position of the intercostal nerve to avoid injuring the intercostal nerve. No wound retractor was used during the operation.