4. Discussion
obesity, overweight, metabolic disorders, HFD-induced obesity
OBESITY, INFLAMMATION, HYPERGLYCEMIA, SECONDARY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, METABOLIC DISORDERS
This clinical trial examined changes in the body and visceral fat of overweight individuals who received DW2010 for 12 weeks. We observed no appreciable differences in body fat (primary outcome) between the groups. However, the visceral fat (secondary outcome) of the DW2010 group differed substantially from that of the placebo group at 12 weeks. In mice with HFD-induced obesity, DW2010 induced AMP-activated protein kinase activation in the intestine and liver by inhibiting the gut microbiota and endotoxin production; furthermore, it suppressed body weight, hyperglycemia, epididymal fat, and insulin levels [Visceral fat triggers changes in the blood lipid profile, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Moreover, obesity is highly associated with visceral fat, which is recognized as the most direct risk factor for the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders [