Procedure.
Participants performed the experiment using a computer and were randomly assigned to a condition. First, consent and demographic information was collected. Next, participants were sequentially presented with twelve faces for 5 s each and were instructed to pay attention as they would be asked questions about the faces later. Participants then watched a 1-min cartoon about a cat and a mouse as a distractor task. Afterward, participants were presented with the instructions and told that they should attempt to identify the targets that they previously saw. Participants were informed that the target may not be present in the lineup, and they should reject the lineup if need be by answering “not present”. Participants in the interactive condition were instructed to use their computer mouse to click on one face and to drag it to see it from different angles. They were informed that all faces would move together and that it is crucial to engage with the faces as their mouse movements will be recorded. They could only proceed to the lineup decision once they had moved their mouse. Participants in the photo condition were presented with six frontal-pose faces simultaneously, and they could proceed after 30 s. Participants in the video condition were presented with six 20-s videos that were shown sequentially, and they could only proceed once all videos had been displayed.Subsequently, the twelve lineups were presented in a random order. After each lineup, participants made a decision and provided their using an 11-point Likert-type rating scale, ranging from 0% “guessing” to 100% “completely certain.”Finally, participants answered an attention check question about what happened in the distractor task video and reported whether they had experienced any technical difficulties. Participants were thanked and debriefed.