Participant recruitment
T2DM, diabetes
ACUTE INFECTION, MALIGNANT TUMOR, LIVER FAILURE, DIABETES
This study was an open-label randomized (1:1) trial involving patients with T2DM with suboptimal glycemic control (7% ≤ HbA1c ≤ 11%), aged 18–75 years, with a diabetes duration of 5–10 years. The exclusion criteria were acute infection, malignant tumor, liver failure, pregnancy or lactation, long-term cortisol treatment, and inability to use smartphone applications. Participants were randomized by Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China from June 2021 to June 2022. All participants provided signed informed consent before enrolment in the study. And the study was registered at 