Conjunction analyses for the assessment of normalisation and upregulation effects
ADHD
To assess whether the lack of significant case-control differences in connectivity between rSPG and left-hemispheric insula/central operculum (observed under placebo) under methylphenidate and atomoxetine reflected drug normalisation effects, we conducted confirmatory conjunction analyses. Given that the within-patient comparisons of methylphenidate/atomoxetine and placebo did not reveal any statistically significant differences across the whole brain, here we restrict our search only to voxels within the left insula/central operculum that showed abnormally high connectivity with rSPG under placebo. In the absence of a separate ADHD group, we acknowledge the potential of bias of this approach. Two conjunction analyses were performed for the comparisons of (i) controls > individuals with ADHD under placebo Additional conjunction analyses were conducted to test whether regions showing heightened connectivity in ADHD under methylphenidate relative to controls during 2-back > 0-back were also upregulated with methylphenidate relative to placebo within patients. Two conjunction analyses were conducted, one for connectivity with rMFG and another one for the connectivity with rSPG. These analyses included individuals with ADHD under methylphenidate > individuals with ADHD under placebo 