Background
infection, perforation, hardness
INFECTION, CAVITY, INFLAMMATION
Bioceramic cements have been widely used as both root repair materials and dentin substitutes to seal the communication between the root canal and periodontal environments or the oral cavity in several clinical situations, such as root canal filling, retrofilling, perforation repair, apical barrier formation, direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, and regenerative endodontic procedures [Hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (HCSCs) are the most popular bioceramic cements for endodontic applications. The first patented and typical representative of this group is mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Johnson City, TN, USA). Despite its favorable properties and gold standard material status, MTA has been reported to have reduced hardness, increased solubility, decreased push-out bond strength to dentine, impaired sealing ability, and weakened ultrastructure in low pH situations [Calcium phosphate silicate-based cements (CPSCs) are novel endodontic repair bioceramic materials composed of hydraulic calcium silicates and phosphate salts [When bioceramic cements are placed in contact with existing infection and inflammation, they may be exposed to an acidic pH. However, after the inflammatory process is controlled through therapeutic interventions and the inflamed tissue is eliminated, the tissue pH returns to normal within seven days or less [