Data extraction and outcomes
hypertension, blood loss, inflammation, intraoperative blood loss, pain, knee swelling, postoperative hypertension, muscular venous thrombosis
PULMONARY EMBOLISM, DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, BLOOD LOSS, INFLAMMATION, SEPTIC WOUND, INTRAOPERATIVE BLOOD LOSS, JOINT INFECTION, HYPERTENSION, COMPLICATIONS, COMPLICATIONS
Two investigators independently collected the following information from each patient: (1) basic information such as age, sex, height, weight, BMI, and comorbidities; (2) postoperative length of stay and overall length of hospitalization; (3) perioperative laboratory values, including pre- and postoperative hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrin degradation product (FDP), and D-dimer; (4) perioperative range of knee motion (ROM), knee circumference, and knee swelling rate; (5) intraoperative systolic blood pressure and blood loss; (6) postoperative VAS pain score; and (7) complications.The primary outcome was perioperative blood loss, comprising total blood loss (TBL), intraoperative blood loss (IBL), and hidden blood loss (HBL). TBL was calculated using the Gross formula [Secondary outcomes were surgery duration, postoperative laboratory indices of inflammation and fibrinolysis, range of knee motion, VAS pain score, knee circumference, knee swelling rate, homologous transfusion, albumin use, and complications. Complications included postoperative hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, calf muscular venous thrombosis, aseptic or septic wound complications, periprosthetic joint infection, 30-day mortality, and 90-day readmission. Postoperative hypertension was defined as a systolic pressure  of > 160 mmHg within 2 h after surgery as determined by electrocardiography and an upper-arm sphygmomanometer in the ward [