Discussion
inflammation
INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LEAKAGE
To our knowledge, this study including the companion paper by Laursen et al. 2021 [As shown in Laursen et al. 2021 [The concentrations of PAHs in the present study are low compared to reported levels in indoor and outdoor air all over Europe [As explained in Laursen et al. 2021 [Lower airway effects were assessed by evaluating novel and early biomarkers from the distal part of the lungs [Damage to the small airways may increase the permeability of the blood-air space barrier, leading to the passage of plasma proteins into the airway space and possible leakage of lung proteins out from the airways. This in turn, may change the protein content [In an exploratory approach in the present study, we found increased levels of several lipoproteins following cooking exposure – a metabolic change, which is commonly observed following inflammation due to increased apolipoprotein synthesis [Exposure to cooking was associated with elevated levels of oxidatively damaged DNA, normally occurring when oxidative stress and inflammation are present [In general, low concentrations of the different cytokines in nasal lavage fluid were observed. We found slightly lower levels of interleukins after cooking exposure, significant for IL-1β. Previous studies show a clear downward shift in all cytokines and cells concentrations from the first nasal lavage to the subsequent ones [In several studies, enhanced levels of serum cytokines have been used to determine the systemic inflammation level in humans exposed to air pollution [Systemic inflammation may be observed by elevated CRP, as found in several cross-sectional studies among children and healthy adults [