Diet and physical activity
Participants were required not to consume alcohol, eggs, or other supplements throughout the protocol to rule out any possibility that could interfere with the FOR effects. Besides that, participants were instructed to consume their regular diets during run-in (days 1 to 14) and the recovery phase (days 28 to 42) and complete a 3-day dietary log (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) to evaluate their total daily energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake. These values were analyzed using NutriBase software (Cybersoft Inc., version 11.5, Pheonix, AZ, USA). We provided standardized meals that consisted of 1.2 g of protein per body mass per day throughout the two-week immobilization phase. The daily energy requirements of the participants were determined using the Harris-Benedict equation, with appropriate adjustments for physical activity levels (1.5, light activity). Thus, all participants consistently consumed sufficient dietary protein for muscle protein synthesis [Participants were required to refrain from intense physical activity, including resistance exercise, and not alter their habitual physical activity throughout the protocol. Participants wore an Actigraph wGT2X-BT activity monitor (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL, USA) on the wrist of their dominant arm to assess their physical activity level (steps/d; physical activity, kcal/d; metabolic equivalents of task [METs/d]) during the study.