Outcomes
fasting blood glucose, CRF
SECONDARY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CRF
The main outcomes included the following: fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2-h glucose following OGTT, fasting insulin (FINS), glycosylated serum protein (GSP, reflecting the average blood glucose level of participants within 1–2 weeks), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The secondary outcomes included weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, muscular strength, body composition, and physical level (PL). The normal range of waist circumference (<85 cm in men and <80 cm in women) and the standard for BMI (18.5–23.9 kg/mOther parameters were calculated as follows: ratio of change (%) = (values following intervention − values prior to intervention)/values prior to intervention × 100%; difference in values = values following intervention − values prior to intervention; negative conversion ratio (%) = number of individuals who became euglycemic following intervention/total number of individuals × 100%; and decrease ratio (%) = number of individuals with indicator decrease following intervention/total number of individuals × 100%. Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using Homeostasis Model Assessment 2 (HOMA2) software (HOMA Calculator v2.2.3) [CRF submaximal exercise tests were performed using an XC1000 Electronic cycle ergometer with a DSM electrocardiograph and a Tango M2 electro sphygmomanometer. Graded exercise tests (GXT, 3 min per stage, increase to 25 weeks per stage from 0 weeks to 85% HRA multiple RM muscular strength test was performed only in group R prior to each training stage to select an appropriate tension of the elastic band according to previous studies [The body composition was determined using Tanita MC180 for bioelectrical impedance analysis.PL was estimated using the PA questionnaire (International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form) [The baseline measures before intervention and the follow-up measures following intervention included all the aforementioned measures. The interval between follow-up and the last exercise exceeded 3 days (72 h) and no more than 1 week. Prior to the baseline and follow-up tests, the instructions were sent to the participants.