1. Introduction
Obesity, premature death, fullness, overweight or obesity
OBESITY
Background: Accurate assessment of self-reported appetite under free-living conditions is warranted to conduct large-scale intervention studies measuring appetite at a feasible cost. However, the performance of visual analogue scales (VASs) for this purpose has not been widely examined. Method: This randomized crossover trial was conducted to evaluate VASs in free-living vs. clinic-based settings and to assess appetite response following hypocaloric whole-grain rye and refined wheat diets. Twenty-nine healthy adults with overweight or obesity continuously answered VAS questions about their perceived appetite from morning to evening. Results: No differences in whole-day VAS scores (primary outcome) between clinic-based and free-living settings were observed, whereas measures of total area under the curve (tAUC) showed increased fullness in clinic-based interventions of 7% (Obesity is one of the greatest health challenges of today and a leading risk factor for premature death [A large number of studies have utilized the laboratory test meal procedure and shown a high degree of reproducibility with VASs to measure postprandial appetite [Cereals are important staples and provide >50% of daily caloric intake and represent the most important food source of dietary fiber and plant-based proteins, globally [Wheat and rye are the most common cereals consumed in Northern and Eastern Europe [