2.4. Calculations and Statistics
Treatment*interval
The ParvoOne metabolic cart measures respiratory gasses to calculate grams of carbohydrate (CHO) and fat oxidized, the respiratory quotient (COSeven-point serum glucose and insulin response curves were created from the 3 h MTT for both diet periods: blood sampling occurred at −15, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min from the first bite of the challenge meal; and the −15 and 0 min serum glucose and insulin measures were averaged. Incremental area under the concentration curve (iAUC) was calculated for each curve using the central Riemann-sum. Calculations were automated using SAS version 9.4 (SAS institute, Cary, NC, USA) as previously described [Linear mixed models were created to test for statistically significant differences between the EBJ and PL beverage treatments using PROC MIXED repeated measures analysis of covariance in SAS version 9.4. Response variables from each treatment period were repeated on volunteer; the best-fitting covariance structure was selected based on information criteria and visualization of residual plots. Normality of residuals was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test, and non-normality was addressed with mathematical transformations. The models built to test the outcome variables of IC from the MTT were repeated on treatment and interval and included main effects for treatment, interval, and sequence, an interaction term for treatment*interval, and included volunteer sex, BMI, and age as covariate terms. Treatment*interval and covariates were removed by backward elimination of non-significant terms. The models built to test the outcome variables of IC from the 30 min treadmill walk were similar, except that models did not include interval or treatment*interval terms (the measurements occurred for a continuous 30 min without interruption). The models built to test the glucose and insulin response curves were repeated on treatment and minute, and included main effects for treatment, minute, sequence, covariates, and a treatment*minute interaction term not subject to backward elimination. Similar models were built to test iAUC for both insulin and glucose; this is a single measure per 3 h period, and therefore is not repeated on time. Volunteers were included as a random-side effect term in all models. All models included the Tukey post-hoc HSD correction when reporting group-wise differences. Data are presented as group means ± SEM, and statistical significance is considered when 