Subjects
algodystrophy, peripheral neurological deficits, degenerative joint or tendon pathologies, pain, capsulitis
CAPSULITIS, RECRUITMENT, IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME
Subjects were recruited from a medical center (CEMES, Data Medica group, Synlab S.p.A., Padova, Italy). The following inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered for recruitment. Inclusion criteria: (i) presence of one of the following shoulder pathologies: impingement syndrome, capsulitis, tendon injuries, degenerative joint or tendon pathologies; (ii) pain between 2/10 and 8/10 on a visual analogue scale. Exclusion criteria: (i) post-surgical patients; (ii) inability to perform active exercises; (iii) peripheral neurological deficits; (iv) cervical-brachialgia; (v) algodystrophy. The choice of the sample size was based on an a priori power analysis (G*Power Version 3.1.9.4). Based on the MANOVA, we obtained a sample size of 22 subjects considering as input a large effect size (f = 0.40), p = 0.05, and Power (1-β error probability) = 0.7. Twenty-eight subjects were screened, but six did not accept to participate in the study. Thus, twenty-two subjects (age = 61 ± 10.4 years; F = 16; M = 6) were finally enrolled.