Secondary outcome
Anxiety, NRS, anxiety
HEART
Available ECG data (n=87) revealed that heart rate remained constant in the music group while it decreased after 15 (βPreoperative course of HRV. A 30-minute recording of HRV was split into samples of 5 min as time points and compared between groups. Heart rate remained constant in the music group while it decreased after 15 (βIntraoperative depth of anaesthesia. A 2-hour recording of BIS was split into samples of 15 min as time points and compared between groups. Available depth of anaesthesia (n=70) data revealed no significant difference between the music and control group at the several analysed time points. BIS, Bispectral Index.Two anxiety measurements (VAS-A) were conducted before surgery and categorised in ‘no anxiety’ (0–2), ‘medium anxiety’ (3–6) and ‘high anxiety’ (7–10). Most patients remained in their anxiety level, although some patients showed a decreased preoperative anxiety when receiving music, but this difference was non-significant between groups (p=0.058). VAS-A, Visual Analogue Scale-anxiety.Secondary outcomesSecondary outcomes analysed on the mITT population.*Anxiety differences between first and second measures with VAS-A.†Pain (NRS) over the first 3 postoperative days.‡HRV analyses: 30 min of preoperative ECG recordings split into 5-minute samples; all values marked with * are significant (ie, p<0.05).§Time point samples included in the linear mixed model.¶BIS analyses: 120 min of intraoperative BIS registration split into 15-minute samples.BIS, Bispectral Index; LF/HF, ratio of low frequency to high frequency power; mITT, modified intention-to-treat; NN50, number of adjacent NN intervals that differ from each other by more than 50 ms; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; RMSSD, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats; VAS-A, Visual Analogue Scale-anxiety.Patient satisfaction (median/IQR) in the music group who filled in the questionnaire (n=68) was 85/80–95, and 88% reported they would want to receive music in case of future surgery.