Statistical analysis
Participants’ characteristics, by study groups, are presented by frequencies and percentages for nominal variables and median and minimum-maximum for ordinal or ratio variables. Differences between groups were tested by 𝛘2, and Mann Whitney U test, respectively. Spearman ranks correlations and scatterplots show the association between students and CE scores. Each group was divided into two sub-groups based on their first self-assessment results (IG- mid-term, CG- end of the clinical training): Students who rate themselves either more than the CE (overestimate) or less (underestimate) than the CE. Differences between groups and sub-groups were based on the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Wilcoxon test showed change over time within the group. A test was defined as significant for p-value < 0.05, and data analysis was performed using SPSS-25 software.