4.1. Effect of TRE on Blood Sugar Level and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
obesity, Weight reduction, prediabetes, weight reduction, diabetic, weight loss
OBESITY, INFLAMMATION, TYPE 2 DIABETES, PREDIABETES
The effectiveness of TRE in improving blood glucose levels, weight reduction, and lipid profiles in patients with IFG has been investigated previously. A recent RCT conducted on IFG patients found that TRE with a 16 h fasting period for three weeks led to a significant decrease in FPG levels at the three-month follow-up [Our hypothesis was confirmed when analyzing the data considering adherence (as-treated analysis); TRE showed significant improvements in FPG, HbA1c, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR levels compared to usual care. Similar results were observed previously in a crossover RCT where prediabetes patients who adhered to TRE for five weeks experienced a significant reduction in fasting insulin levels [Body weight changes in our study were not significantly different among the three groups. However, by this study’s end, both the TRE plus BE and TRE alone groups showed a significant decrease in body weight compared to their baseline measurements. Our results support previous findings from individuals with prediabetes, which showed no significant difference in body weight reduction between the TRE and control groups. However, in both groups, there was a notable loss of body weight compared to their respective baseline measurements [Weight reduction can reduce future diabetic risk in individuals with prediabetes and obesity. Our study observed a significant reduction in body weight from the baseline in participants who adhered to the TRE protocol.Consequently, it is essential to consider that the observed benefits of TRE in reducing FPG and HbA1c, as identified from the “as-treated” analysis, might be attributed to mechanisms other than weight loss. While weight reduction is well-accepted for its preventive role in type 2 diabetes onset and progression, it appears that TRE may exert its positive effects on FPG and HbA1c through different pathways, independent of weight reduction. Glucose metabolism is intricately regulated by the circadian clock. Aligning the eating period with the body’s natural circadian rhythms, such as consuming meals earlier in the day and fasting for the remaining time, can have a significant impact on metabolic processes. This eating pattern has been shown to restore cyclic AMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, which, in turn, leads to a reduction in gluconeogenesis and contributes to improved glucose homeostasis [Our study observed significantly lower SBP in the TRE plus BE group, but no significant change was found in the TRE alone group. An RCT conducted on men with prediabetes also reported significant decreases in both SBP and DBP compared to the control group [The potential benefits of TRE in suppressing inflammation, identified from animal studies [