Intervention
RS
Enrolled parturients were randomized in 1:1 allocation ratio to experimental (music listening) and control (no music listening) groups. The allocation sequence was created by the study statistician (RS) using a computer-generated random number generator and concealed using sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes. Preoperatively, a study investigator would open an envelope containing the group allocation of recruited parturient. Parturients in the experimental group were asked to listen to music of their own choice streamed from Apple Music via earphones connected to an Apple device (either iPod Touch or iPhone) for approximately 30 min. During administration of spinal anesthesia and cesarean delivery, music listening was continued via a portable Bluetooth speaker to enable verbal communication with the anesthetic and surgical teams. Following the surgery, parturients continued listening to their chosen music for approximately 30 min via earphones in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).