Spinal anesthesia management
STERILE
All patients received spinal anesthesia in a seated position under sterile conditions. A 25 G spinal needle was inserted via L3-L4 or L4-L5 interspinous space and 10-12.5 mg of bupivacaine heavy was administered. No additives, including intrathecal morphine, were utilized. The patients were immediately placed on their backs following the intrathecal injection, and the side to be operated on was held at a 30 degree angle for 5 min. Surgery was commenced following confirmation of successful spinal anesthesia using a pinprick test.