Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were compared using analyses of variance or Mann–Whitney U tests, and categorical variables were compared using chi-square analysis according to the distribution type. Missing data were coded as missing indicator categories for categorical variables, such as race, and using mean values for continuous variables, such as BMI and WC. Participants were divided into five groups based on their BMI: normal (BMI: 18.5 to < 25 kg/cmAll statistical analyses were two-sided, and we considered a P value < 0.05 statistically significant. All analyses were performed using Stata/MP software, version 17.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX).