Discussion
inflammation, chronic lowgrade inflammation, thoracic injury, HIT
INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS
In the present study, we investigated several biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidants at rest, during and after vigorous exercise among persons with SCI matched with able-bodied controls. Our study indicate that paraplegics (AIS A, thoracic injury level) have lower plasma levels of antioxidants and creatine, but similar antioxidative changes in response to HIT and maximal effort exercise compared to matched controls. However, individual variation were higher in the SCI group compared to controls.A study by Parker et al. among 14 non-smoking, sedentary healthy adult males, found that moderate-to-high-intensity exercise significantly elevated the biological antioxidant potential in plasma (most likely driven by uric acid), suggesting a counter-reaction to exercise-induced ROS [Changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidants in response to high-intensity exercise was, however, similar among participants with SCI and controls, suggesting a normal physiological response. However, we observed large individual changes in 8oxo-dG (ng/g) and 8-Iso-pgf2α (ng/g) (from pre- to post test) among SCI participants compared to able bodied controls. This could indicate the presence of other injury-related factors, such as chronic lowgrade inflammation, affecting changes in the antioxidative response to vigorous exercise demonstrated in our SCI samples. Lower baseline levels in albumin were found among the participants with SCI compared to the matched controls. Hypoalbuminia is associated with inflammation and previously described in SCI [At rest, the participants with SCI had significantly lower levels of α-carotene and β-carotene compared to able-bodied participants, which is similar to our previous findings [Our study disclosed results that needs further investigation. More specifically, a larger effect study with a combined nutritional and exercise intervention would be of interest. Our results indicate that the antioxidative response after aerobic exercise at high intensity is highly individual in the SCI population. This highlights the need of a individually adapted exercise programs, including nutritional strategies, in this patient population. More specifically, the effect of a nutritional intervention combined with a high intensity exercise program on oxidative stress 