References
Estimated dietary choline, betaine, choline forms, L-carnitine, and methionine provided by the study diet.* Estimated using 2022 USDA FoodCentral database [Baseline and week 12 variable characteristics separated by beef group.* Baseline data are presented as means and standard deviations except for TMAO and L-carnitine which are reported as median (interquartile range). Independent samples Baseline and week 12 variable characteristics separated by sex.* Baseline data are presented as means and standard deviations except for TMAO and L-carnitine which are reported as median (interquartile range). Independent samples Choline, choline metabolites, ceramide, and triglycerides in response to the 12-week diet intervention.Data are presented as means and standard deviations, except for betaine, methionine, DMG, and L-carnitine which are reported as median (interquartile range). For normally distributed data, a mixed design ANOVA was used to determine changes in the primary outcome variables across the intervention. For betaine, methionine, DMG, and L-carnitine, the Friedman’s test was used to determine changes from baseline to week 12. DMG, dimethylglycine; PC, phosphatidylcholine; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide. † Changes in LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species in response to the diet intervention.Data are presented as means and standard deviations, except for LPC (weeks of intervention) and ceramide species which are reported as median (interquartile range). For normally distributed data, independent samples 