The questionnaire
The main portion of the questionnaire (COHIP-SF 19) comprises 19 items separated into three conceptual subscales: socio-emotional well-being (10 items), functional well-being (4 items), and oral health (5 items). These items are divided into positive and negative answers. Two of the 19 questions utilized positive wording while, 17 of the 19 questions utilized negative wording; after the scoring of the 17 negatively worded items was reversed, the total score ranged from 0 to 76, with the higher score indicating better quality of life. A five-point Likert scale (never = 0, virtually never = 1, occasionally = 2, fairly frequently = 3, and almost always = 4) is used [