3.3.2. Self-Reported Emotion
POSITIVE
We asked participants to report on their daily emotions using a modification of the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience SPANE, [While various emotion scales differ in the specific list of emotions presented, the SPANE is brief and well-balanced between positive and negative emotions. There are four general emotion terms in the SPANE which may not be strictly measuring emotion (“Good”, “Bad”, “Pleasant”, and “Unpleasant”) and were thus omitted. An emotion known to be important in tourism experiences, “positively surprised”, was added. We averaged the five positive and four negative emotion items together into positive and negative emotion indices. Positive emotion items were internally consistent (Cronbach alpha = 0.86; Revelle’s omega = 0.88). Negative emotion items were less internally consistent, in line with the very low variation normally present on negative emotion items in many tourism experiences (Cronbach alpha = 0.62; Revelle’s omega = 0.69). The low internal consistency in this case can specifically be attributed to the item “afraid”. We chose to retain this item as removing it improved the internal consistency only somewhat, and it is a conceptually important negative emotion.