Postoperative examinations
Three months after surgery, binocular visual acuity, binocular contrast sensitivity, and binocular defocus curves were examined. Binocular uncorrected and distance-corrected visual acuities (BUCVAs and BDCVAs, respectively) at distances of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, and 5 m were measured using Landolt ring charts under photopic illumination (85–110 cd/mBinocular distance contrast sensitivity was measured using CSV-1000 (Vector Vision, Fairfield, CT) under distance-corrected and photonic illumination (85 cd/mBinocular defocus curves between − 5.00 and + 2.00 D in a step of 0.5 D were measured.Symptoms of glare, halo, starburst, and waxy vision were assessed using a questionnaire, and the severity was graded on a 5-point scale: not at all, slight: moderate, and very: extreme (impairing daily life). In the questionnaire, satisfaction with near, intermediate, and far vision was assessed similarly.