Background
peri-implant disease, periodontal disease, orthodontic
DENTAL CARIES, AIDS, DENTAL PLAQUE, PERIODONTAL DISEASE, ORAL CANDIDIASIS, DENTAL PLAQUE, PLAQUE
Dental plaque, a structurally and functionally organized biofilm with a diverse microbial composition, is one of the main etiological factors of dental caries and periodontal disease [At the microbiological level, placing fixed orthodontic appliances cause a microbial shift towards more pathogenic bacteria, such as streptococci and lactobacilli, which are cariogenic [Toothbrushes together with complementary aids (e.g. dental floss, single-tufted brushes, and interdental brushes) and mouthwash are highly recommended for domestic plaque removal in orthodontic patients [Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been used for decades to treat dental caries, endodontic disinfection, oral candidiasis, and periodontal and peri-implant disease [An LED toothbrush was introduced that added aPDT using blue light on dental plaque [