5. Conclusions
CKD
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Using an HE-LPF as a meal replacement in CKD patients effectively decreased the percentage of energy derived from protein while increasing the percentage of energy derived from fat. No significant differences were observed in body weight, body composition, grip strength, renal function, serum electrolytes, or metabolic markers between the two groups. The HE-LPF group showed no adverse effects and had 94.9% adherence at week 4. Thus, using a HE-LPF as a complete or partial meal replacement could be a feasible option regarding its safety regarding LPD control in pre-dialysis CKD patients.