Data collection and outcome assessment
For data collection, a standardised form was used, sourced from the clinical charts to obtain baseline characteristics. Baseline data included demographic and morphometric characteristics, preoperative comorbidities, and smoking and alcohol history, along with pulmonary function test results. These pulmonary function test results were categorised based on clinical diagnosis and their reported values: 1) mild (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEVIntraoperative data included the types and doses of anaesthetics/medications, anaesthesia duration, fluid balance, mechanical ventilation settings, OLV duration, use of vasoactive drugs (such as ephedrine, phenylephrine, and metaraminol), the surgery type and duration, and the surgical site.The primary outcome of this study was the composite measure of driving pressure, which was assessed at several specific time intervals: T