Conclusion
This study was designed to investigate whether nursing students, self-practicing the ISBAR approach in desktop VR, achieved a non-inferior learning outcome compared with self-practicing traditional practice, which was confirmed. However, it also was found that desktop VR provided superior learning outcomes. Furthermore, the students preferred using desktop VR and practiced more within the given time limit. This interactive desktop VR can be recommended as a practical and engaging way for second-year undergraduate nursing students to self-practice the ISBAR approach.