Local average treatment effect
REGRESSION
Instrumental variable (IV) methods were used to assess outcomes of children with HIV to account for non-compliance to disclosure among intervention participants (Causal diagram for intent-to-treat HADITHI intervention data analysis with comparison updated casual diagram for instrumental variable analysis isolating HADITHI counseling intervention from HIV disclosure to depict potential non-compliance.Randomization at the clinic level was used as the instrument for IV analysis because this instrument satisfied the two required assumptions: (1) the instrument affects the processes patients receive and (2) the instrument is not correlated with unmeasured factors or directly related with outcomes (IV models were estimated using the two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach (As a comparison, ordinary-least-squares (OLS) linear regression models were utilized to estimate the effects of the processes on outcomes using an as-treated approach. The outcome model was explained by intervention status and the control variables again run independently at all four post-intervention time points.SAS Studio 3.8 (Enterprise Edition) was used in managing data, performing descriptive statistics, comparisons, and diagnostic tests, and completing the regression analysis. A statistical significance level of 5% was utilized for all analyses, and clinical significance was defined as a 5-fold change in the test statistic.