Recruitment
Study coordinators screened the electronic medical record to identify potentially eligible patients scheduled for diagnostic and treatment consultation visits. If eligible based on chart review, the study coordinator telephoned the patient, briefly introduced the study, obtained preliminary consent, and asked the patient to arrive 45 minutes prior to their upcoming appointment. On the day of the appointment, the study coordinator obtained written informed consent, implemented block randomization by the study site based on a predetermined randomization scheme, administered the baseline assessment, and was available to answer any questions or concerns. Participants completed additional assessments at 6-week and 3-month postbaseline, and were provided with US $30 in gift cards (US $10 per each of the 3 time points).To adhere to the structure required of a randomized controlled trial and uphold scientific rigor, we administered Healing Choices as a time and attention comparison arm in the same way as Healium (ie, by research coordinators in the waiting room during visits to the clinic). However, integrating a program with several hours of information into the clinic setting, as is the case with Healing Choices, is not feasible and Healing Choices was not designed to be used as a discussion tool for SDM.