2.2.1. Anthropometry
CREST
The measurements were performed by trained pediatricians and nutritionists after a standardization procedure. Total body weight was measured relative to participants dressed in light clothes, and a mechanical column scale was used (to the nearest 0.1 kg); standing height was measured using a standard stadiometer board mounted to the wall (to the nearest 0.1 cm). Waist circumference was measured at the midway point between the last costal cartilage and the anterosuperior iliac crest with a non-stretchable fiberglass measuring tape at the end of a breath. Body composition was determined using Body Composition Analyzer Model IOI 353 (to 0.1 kg) (Jawon Medical Co, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) after a 12 h fasting period. We registered blood pressure using a digital sphygmomanometer, following a fifteen-minute rest and using an appropriate cuff size for the children and adolescents’ upper arms. Pubertal assessments according to mammary, genital, and pubic statuses for both boys and girls and based on Marshall and Tanner staging were explored and defined by a pediatric endocrinologist [