Cephalic vein cutdown group
In the CVC group, an incision was made in the deltopectoral groove and subcutaneous tissues were dissected until the cephalic vein was identified. The vein was exposed and separated from its tissue attachments over approximately 2 cm before being cannulated to introduce the guidewire, which was positioned in the SVC under fluoroscopy guidance. If two leads were required, a second guidewire was introduced in the cephalic vein.In case of failure with CVC, the protocol specified that SVP should be performed in the second line, and then an IPUS-AVP in the last intention.