2.2.2. Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
TEE was assessed using the DLW technique. The standard procedures in the DLW technique, including dose preparation, dose storage, administration, sample collection and sample storage plus analysis were carried out according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) protocol [Data collection was carried out in local schools. On the dosing day (Day 1), a baseline urine sample was collected before the dose administration, then the DLW dose was administered under the supervision of the investigator. Four hours following the administration of the dose, the first post-dose urine sample was collected. On day 10, the final urine sample was collected at the same time as the 4th-hour post-dose urine sample on day 1. All samples were stored at −20 °C prior to analysis. An isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS, Delta V Advantage, Thermo Scientific, Bremen, Germany) at the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India was used to analyze the isotopic enrichments of Total body water (TBW) was first calculated using the isotopic enrichment and corrected for the non-aqueous hydrogen exchange [