Statistics
All statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 27.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). The graph was made with GraphPad Prism software, version 9.3.1 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Nonparametric statistical methods were chosen since the metal concentrations in the study groups had a skewed distribution and did not pass the normality test. Kruskal–Wallis one‐way analysis of variance (two‐sided) was used to detect differences in average blood ion levels among the three study groups. Additionally, the metal ion levels in the original study groups with five different articulations were compared with Kruskal‐Wallis test to see if there were any influence of the cup materials. An independent samples Mann–Whitney 