2.5. Assessment of Outcomes
T1D
BLOOD
The primary endpoint was plasma glucose excursions during the 4 h postprandial period. Secondary outcomes were postprandial excursions of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Glucagon excursions were also analyzed in a subsample of T1D participants (the first 12 participants included in the study) and in all healthy controls. Blood samples were drawn with the use of a peripheral venous catheter at −30 and −5 min (before meal consumption) and every 30 min up to 240 min postprandially for glucose (and insulin concentrations for the control group). Lipids were assessed at −30 min and every 60 min up to 240 min postprandially, and glucagon at −30, 60, and 180 min. Blood samples that were not analyzed directly were stored at −80 °C. All laboratory analyses were performed blinded to the assigned test meal.Plasma glucose, lipid profile, and screening biochemistry (HbA1c, high-sensitivity CRP, creatinine, and liver enzymes) were analyzed according to routine methods at Karolinska University Hospital (