Data collection and statistical analysis
substance addiction, CVI, substance abuse, anxiety
MINOR
The research instrument included a five-part questionnaire covering demographic information, addiction knowledge, attitudes toward substances and the Internet, and academic achievement.The Addiction Knowledge Questionnaire was designed by the researchers and consisted of 18 true/false questions, with 10 related to substance addiction and 8 related to internet addiction. The questionnaire’s face and content validity were assessed by 10 faculty members from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences specializing in psychometrics, virtual education, and adolescent health. Quantitative methods were employed to determine the content validity of the addiction knowledge questionnaire.Each item was rated on a 3-point scale (necessary, useful but not necessary, unnecessary) for content validity. All items had a content validity ratio (CVR) score higher than 0.8, confirming their validity. Waltz and Basel’s Content Validity Index (CVI) was utilized to assess the relevance of questionnaire items. This four-point Likert scale (1 = not relevant, 2 = needs revision, 3 = relevant with minor revision, 4 = very relevant) was applied by experts to each item. CVI scores were computed by dividing the number of experts rated the item as 3 or 4 by the total number of experts. Items were evaluated against these criteria: CVI > 0.79 (suitable), CVI < 0.79 (requires review and modification), and CVI < 0.70 (unacceptable). The results indicated that all items scored higher than 0.99. Thus, each item’s content validity index (CVI) exceeded 0.99.The questionnaire was administered to 25 teenagers not part of the study group using a test-retest method to assess its reliability. The correlation coefficient for questions related to drug addiction knowledge was 0.847; for internet addiction knowledge questions, it was 0.854; and for the entire questionnaire, it was 0.781.The Attitude to Substances Questionnaire comprises 25 questions divided into five subscales: tendency toward substances (12 questions), reluctance to participate in prevention efforts (5 questions), incorrect belief in positive substance effects (3 questions), lack of active resistance to substances (3 questions), and incorrect belief in the high prevalence of substance abuse (2 questions). Responses are recorded on a five-point Likert scale. Higher scores on this questionnaire indicate a more positive and potentially dangerous attitude toward substances.A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.875 supports the questionnaire’s reliability. The authors conducted an exploratory factor analysis to assess its construct validity, revealing five factors that explain approximately 61% of the total variance [The Attitude to Internet Questionnaire consists of 40 questions organized according to the Internet Attitude Scale (IAS) model, comprising four subscales: feeling of self-efficacy, recognizing the Internet’s usefulness, Internet anxiety, and Internet enjoyment. Responses are recorded on a five-point Likert scale, with each subscale containing 10 questions. Higher scores on this questionnaire indicate a more favorable attitude toward the Internet.The questionnaire’s reliability was evaluated using internal consistency and test-retest, resulting in an internal consistency coefficient of 0.93 and a retesting coefficient of 0.83. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess construct validity. The criterion and Bartlett’s test (P > 0.889) confirmed sample size sufficiency, making factor analysis appropriate for the data. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using software and orthogonal rotation [Herman’s Academic Advancement Questionnaire comprises 29 incomplete sentences with four response options each. Scores on this questionnaire range from 29 to 116, with higher scores indicating better academic achievement. The questionnaire demonstrates good reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.84.The authors utilized factor analysis based on the correlation matrix to assess the questionnaire’s construct validity. The analysis revealed general factors such as self-confidence, perseverance, career choice, foresight, and hard work, which collectively explained 40.62% of the overall variance [The data were analyzed using Statistical Software (SPSS) version 18, employing descriptive and analytical statistics. A significance level of P < 0.05 was used for all tests. The normality of the data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on three occasions in both groups. As the data did not meet the criteria for normal distribution, non-parametric tests were employed. The tests utilized included the Mann-Whitney test and repeated measures analysis using the Friedman test.