3.1.4. Materials
MisinformationThe

Demographic CharacteristicsParticipants’ basic demographic information data were collected, including sex, age, occupation, and subjective SES.
Ability to Recognize MisinformationThe tests used in Study 2 to measure the ability to recognize misinformation were the same as those for Study 1.
Persuasive Intent of MisinformationThe scale for measuring the persuasive intent of misinformation in Study 2 was the same as that used in Study 1. The reliability coefficients for the items measuring the persuasive intent of facts were 0.809, 0.767, and 0.813 in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up, respectively; those for the items measuring the persuasive intent of misinformation were 0.814, 0.788, and 0.839, respectively.
Perceived Threat Toward COVID-19-Related NewsPerceived threat was measured using a standard questionnaire from a study regarding the inoculation theory [Persuasion Knowledge of Online MisinformationPersuasion knowledge was measured using a scale adapted from the Pricing Persuasion Knowledge Scale [