Trial population
thrombosis, superior vena cava
THROMBOSIS, SYNDROME
The patients enrolled were adults (≥18 years of age) with an indication for permanent transvenous pacemaker or ICD, either single chamber or dual chamber. Patients were excluded if they had a history of previously implanted endocardial lead, an indication for cardiac resynchronization therapy, impossible superior central venous access [superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome, thrombosis] or need for vein preservation (e.g. for haemodialysis). Patient’s demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory tests were recorded at baseline. All patients provided written informed consent prior to the intervention.