Impedance measurement
Participants were not permitted to drink alcoholic beverages 48 hours before the test, did not use diuretics for seven days before the test, and did not participate in intense exercise training 24 hours before the test. Impedance measurement required subjects to use a standing octopolar (i.e., eight electrical charges) plate bioimpedance analyzer BC418MA (Tanita Co., Tokyo, Japan). During the test, the participant stands on the base platform, with the soles of the feet touching the sensing and transmitting electrode pairs naturally under the body weight pressure. The handles embedded with the transmitting and sensing electrode plates were held with both hands. 