Interventions
The two groups were both taught by the same experienced teachers using the same teaching syllabus, weekly calendar, and course content. The entirety of physiology teaching adopted flipped classroom teaching in the experimental group. For communication between students and teachers, we established a Chaoxing Group (i.chaoxing.com) in flipped classroom teaching students. The task list and learning materials for self-directed learning were offloaded for students prior to face-to-face classroom through the Chaoxing Group.The major learning materials for flipped classroom teaching is the physiology online resource created by ourselves (