Participants, trial completion and compliance
mass loss
Three participants dropped out after the 1 h pre-trial because of time commitments. Another participant dropped out, because he fainted in the first trial after half an hour. He came back to repeat the trial, but felt unwell again and exited the study. Twelve participants conducted exercise trials in both conditions. One participant did not adhere to the treatment protocol having drunk significantly less than prescribed (% body mass loss > 2 × SD) and his data were, therefore, removed from all analyses. The 11 males who were included in results had a mean age of 36 ± 14 y, mass of 75.36 ± 5.30 kg, height of 180 ± 6 cm and 