5. Conclusions
OBESE
Results from this controlled feeding diet intervention trial in obese older adults show that in response to the DASH diet that provided dietary choline below the AI, plasma choline, PC, and total ceramide decreased, while plasma total LPC and TMAO increased. Outcomes also demonstrated distinct patterns of change in plasma LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species, suggesting that the DASH diet may influence the determination and modification of individual lipid species. Given that the effect of diet on changes in specific phospholipid and sphingolipid molecules in relation to metabolic health outcomes in humans remains largely unexplored, additional studies are required to determine the long-term clinical effects and relevance of these relationships, particularly in vulnerable populations such as older adults.