Proportion of Participants Who Reported Improvement of 4 Points or Greater on the Musculoskeletal Health Questionnaire and Group Comparisons at 3-Month and 6-Month Follow-up
pain
Abbreviation: RR, risk ratio.The usual care group received usual care only. Usual care comprised a clinical examination and suitable treatment in accordance with current evidence-based guidelines. Treatment options included no further treatment, adjusted recommendations for primary care treatment, outpatient multimodal rehabilitation (individual and/or group sessions), or referral for surgical treatment.The app group received individually tailored app-delivered self-management support in addition to usual care.The e-Help group received nontailored web-based self-management support in addition to usual care.Adjusted for age (years), sex (male or female), educational level (<10 years, 10-12 years, or >12 years), and mean pain intensity in the past week at baseline (continuous; scale range, 0-10, with higher scores indicating higher intensity level of pain).