1. Introduction
debilitating muscle-wasting, sarcopenia
SARCOPENIA
Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has long been used as a complementary training method, applied either locallyPrevious studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of EMS on muscle function and physical performance in various populations including healthy young individuals, the elderly, and patients with debilitating muscle-wasting conditions such as sarcopenia.EMS training has also been widely used in healthy individuals and implemented in competitive athletes.In spite of many previous studies, it is reasonable to think that EMS should not be regarded as a replacement for conventional exercise training per se, since the exercise itself enhances not only muscle function, but also exerts positive effects on endothelial function, cardiopulmonary fitness, and cognitive function.