Study populations
prediabetes or diabetes
In this study, we used data sets from the NHANES from 2007 to 2018 for training and internal validation. The NHANES program use a sophisticated multistage sampling design to collect an annual sample of roughly 5000 people who are nationally representative, and it refreshes the database every 2 years. We extracted data from a total of 59 744 participants in NHANES from 2007 to 2018. Exclusion criteria were: (1) Participants with no previous diagnosis of prediabetes or diabetes; (2) People under 40 years of age; (3) Of all variables included by participants in this study, at least one variable had a missing value. In the end, we selected 3527 participants with a history of prediabetes or diabetes who were 40 years of age and older. The NCHS Institutional Review Board gave their approval to the survey protocol for the gathering of NHANES data. The screening flow chart of the participant population is shown in Figure The flowchart of participants.