Data analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. The research variables were described using descriptive statistics. To compare the two groups in terms of qualitative variables, the Chi-square test was used. Also, to compare the two groups regarding quantitative variables, the independent t-test was applied. For comparing inter-group self-efficacy, a paired t-test was employed. P < 0.05 was considered as the statistical significance level for all analyzes.