Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants
neck pain, low back pain, pain, pain-related disability
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); EQ-5D, EuroQoL 5-dimension questionnaire; EQ-VAS, EuroQol visual analog scale; NRS, numerical rating scale.The usual care group received usual care only. Usual care comprised a clinical examination and an offer of suitable treatment in accordance with current evidence-based guidelines.The app group received individually tailored app-delivered self-management support in addition to usual care.The e-Help group received nontailored web-based self-management support in addition to usual care.Score range, 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating better musculoskeletal health.Score range, 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating more pain-related disability.Includes 248 participants with low back pain or neck and low back pain (84 in the usual care group, 81 in the app group, and 83 in the e-Help group).Score range, 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating more pain-related disability.Includes 128 participants with neck pain or neck and low back pain (44 in the usual care group, 47 in the app group, and 37 in the e-Help group).Scale range, 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating higher intensity level of pain.Scale range, 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status.Score range, 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating better health status.Score range, 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater confidence.Score range, 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater illness perception.