1. Introduction
cardiovascular disease, diabetes
COEXISTENT DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, COMPLICATIONS, DIABETES
The core issue that anesthesiologists consider in all operations is patient safety and hemodynamic stability in anesthesia [During this surgery, patients are placed in two different positions. First, the patient is placed in the lithotomy position (after induction of general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia), and in the continuation of the surgery, they are placed in the prone or lateral position to perform percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Both positions will bring about hemodynamic changes for patients, and patients with coexistent diseases such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes can cause severe complications [Some studies illustrated that using 0.5–0.75 Considering the different results obtained regarding the effect of ephedrine on hemodynamic changes during various surgeries in clinical studies and also the recommendation of the researchers in the same studies to perform more studies in this field, in this study, we investigated the effect of ephedrine and placebo on hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing percutaneous (PCNL) nephrolithotomy with spinal anesthesia.