2.1. Materials
The SPII used in this study was provided by Dupont (Wilmington, DE, USA) and contained the following ingredients: soy protein (isolated soy protein with less than 2% lecithin), sugar, fructose, resistant maltodextrin, spray-dried corn oil shortening (corn oil, corn syrup solids, sodium caseinate, and BHT and propyl gallate (to help protect flavor)), natural and artificial flavor, xanthan gum, salt, vitamin/mineral (sodium ascorbate, maltodextrin, vitamin E, ferric orthophosphate, niacin, calcium pantothenate, zinc oxide, manganese sulfate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin A, chromium chloride, folic acid, biotin, potassium iodide, sodium molybdate, sodium selenite, vitamin K, vitamin D, and vitamin B12), sucralose, acesulfame k, and powder. The total caloric content for 46 g of the powdered SPII product was 170 calories, with a breakdown of 2 g of total fat (3% of daily value), 550 mg of sodium (24% of daily value), 10 g of total carbohydrates (4% of daily value), 3 g of added sugars (6% of daily value), and 30 g of protein.The casein protein powder that served as a control consisted of the following: sodium caseinate, sugar, fructose, resistant maltodextrin, spray dried corn oil shortening (corn oil, corn syrup solids, sodium caseinate, and BHT and propyl gallate (to help protect flavor)), natural and artificial flavor, xanthan gum, salt, vitamin/mineral (sodium ascorbate, maltodextrin, vitamin E, ferrice orthophosphate, niacin, calcium pantothenate, zinc oxide, manganese sulfate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin A, chromium chloride, folic acid, biotin, potassium iodide, sodium molybdate, sodium selenite, vitamin K, vitamin D, and vitamin B12.), sucralose, acesulfame k, and powder. The total caloric content for 45 g of this powered casein powder was 170 calories, with a breakdown of 1.5 g of total fat (2% of daily value), 430 mg of sodium (19% of daily value), 10 g of total carbohydrates (4% of daily value), 3 g of added sugars (6% of daily value), and 30 g of protein.