Data collection
gastrointestinal bleeding, liver insufficiency, abdominal distension, bloody, intolerance,
BILE REFLUX, NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS, GASTRIC RETENTION, COMPLICATIONS
Before the intervention, the following data were collected: gestational age, age, sex, body weight, head circumference, albumin and prealbumin. After one week of intervention, the following data were collected: body weight, head circumference, albumin, prealbumin and complications including feeding intolerance, gastrointestinal bleeding, necrotizing enterocolitis, and liver insufficiency. The diagnostic criteria of feeding intolerance, based on those from American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, were any of the following: 1) severe abdominal distension; 2) gastric retention ≥ 25%-50% of the total amount of 2-3 feedings; 3) obvious bloody stools; and 4) bile reflux or vomiting.