Initial assessment
Prior to sEMG analysis, participants reported to the lab for anthropometric assessment and 10 repetition maximum (RM) testing. Participants were instructed to refrain from eating for at least 8 h prior to testing, eliminate alcohol consumption for 24 h, abstain from upper body resistance training for 48 h and avoid any type of strenuous physical exercise for 24 h.Participants’ height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer. Weight was assessed to the nearest 0.1 kg on a calibrated scale, which also provided an estimate of body fat percentage (InBody 770; Biospace Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea). Right arm girth was assessed at the midpoint between the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the acromion process of the scapula with the participant seated and arm hanging relaxed at the side of the body.10-RM elbow flexion testing was carried out in DB, ELECTRO, VR, and EO conditions. Each condition was separated by a 10-min rest period to allow for sufficient recovery from the previous test. The 10-RM testing was consistent with recognized guidelines as established by the National Strength and Conditioning Association