Within-subjects perceived pain per experimental condition.
pain
The violin plots show the distribution density of the perceived pain (rated on a scale ranging from 1 to 9) during music (red) or silence (blue) while performing either an active tapping task (darker colors) or a passive control task (lighter colors). The embedded box-and-whisker plots represent the 25th and the 75th percentiles of the distributions, respectively. Upper and lower whiskers extend from the hinge to the largest/smallest value no further than 1.5 * inter-quartile range. The vertical lines in the boxes indicate median values, and the white disks indicate the means. The black dots show the jittered data points, and the dashed grey horizontal lines in the background represent the mean difference of the perceived pain between music with tapping and silence without tapping. Note here that the pain-reducing effect of music with tapping (Music Active, dark red) compared with silence without tapping (Silence Passive, light blue) has a large effect size (Despite the observation of the strongest pain-reducing effect of tapping to music in the descriptive analysis, the LME analysis failed to reveal a significant interaction. However, it is important to note that the absence of a significant interaction does not necessarily imply that the tapping was not effective. From a clinical perspective, the absence of statistically significant differences must be carefully scrutinized [