Shifts in sputum phylogenetic diversity after antibiotic exposure.
The baseline sputum microbiota of healthy volunteers (D0) showed no significant difference between the two groups (two-sided Student’s Airway microbial diversity and community composition changes in the azithromycin group. (A, B) The boxplots represent the diversity measures for the subjects (center line, mean; box limits, ±standard deviation; whisker limits, maximum/minimum). (A) Species richness. (B) Shannon index. The points are connected across time points by gray lines. (C, E) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots based on unweighted UniFrac distance (C) and weighted UniFrac distance (E). The ellipses represent the 68% confidence interval for each time point. (D) The boxplots in dark yellow showed that the extent of compositional changes between paired samples in the azithromycin (AZM) group during the study time (D0 versus D4, D0 versus D14, and D0 versus D30) were significantly different compared to the degree of variation over time observed for paired samples in the placebo (PLA) group (two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test, In the placebo group, we found no significant differences in richness and Shannon index in the sputum microbiota of the healthy volunteers across the five time points (two-sided paired In the azithromycin group, pairwise PERMANOVA testing using unweighted UniFrac distance showed significant compositional differences between time point D0 and time points D4, D14, D30, and D60 (