Statistical analysis
anxiety, pain
The Shapiro–Wilk test was employed for data distribution assessment. Continuous data were provided as means ± standard deviations. The student t-tests were carried out for inter-group studies for normally distributed data. Data with non-normal distribution are provided as medians and percentiles (interquartile range between the 25th and 75th percentiles) and analyzed via the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test. Repeated measures of analysis of variance (RENOVA) with posthoc tests were employed to analyze pain, anxiety, SBP, DBP, HR, and RR within groups. Measurements from RCSQ were used as a covariate since research has shown that participants' pain intensity and anxiety level are severely impacted by deprived sleep quality during the preoperative and postoperative periods [