Surgery and cell transplantation
nonunion, fracture, fibrous
CREST
Surgery was performed with the participants under general anesthesia. The original plate or intramedullary nail was revised when the mechanical stability of the fracture was insufficient. Autologous cancellous bone was harvested from the iliac crest for grafting. ABG was undertaken following curettage of the fibrous tissue at the nonunion site. After the closure of the surgical wound, autologous CD34 + cell transplantation was performed. Autologous CD34 + cells dissolved in atelocollagen gel (Koken, Tokyo, Japan, 