Nutrition
weight gain, breast milk
After the surgery for enterostomy, all infants received PN. If the surgeon judged that the patient's bowel condition had improved (e.g.: reduced amount of nasogastric tube output, x-ray bowel gas pattern) and could receive enteral feeding, feeding was started. Bolus feeding (every 2–3 h) was performed routinely. Fortified breast milk, preterm formula, or hydrolyzed protein formula were used for enteral nutrition (EN). Feeding was started at 20 mL/kg, and if tolerable, the amount was increased by 20-30 mL/kg per day. PN was discontinued when infants reached the levels of full feeding (enteral feed volume > 120 mL/kg/day) and age-appropriate weight gain was achieved without PN supplementation.