Body composition measurements
SKIN, WEST

Skin fold thickness: Assessed using a Harpenden skin fold caliper (British Indicators, West Sussex, UK) at the triceps skin fold site. All measurements will be taken to the nearest 0.1 mm by the same investigator to maintain consistency and inter-rater reliability. Each skin fold measurement will be taken three times on the non-dominant side and the mean value of the three readings recorded following the standard ISAK protocols. Triceps skinfold measurement will be taken parallel to the long axis of the arm at the triceps skinfold site, the point on the posterior surface of the arm, in the mid-line, at the level of the marked mid-acromial-radial landmark. This point is located by projecting the mid-acromial-radial site perpendicularly to the long axis of the arm around to the back of the arm, and intersecting the projected line with a vertical line in the middle of the arm when viewed from behind. The participant will stand with the arm hanging by the side in the mid-prone position and the elbow extended by the side of the body.Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): To estimate fat mass and fat-free mass, DXA measurements will be made with a total body scan (QDR 4500A, fan-beam densitometer, software version 8.21; Hologic, Waltham, USA) that measures the attenuation of X-rays pulsed between 70 and 140 kV synchronously with the line frequency for each pixel of the scanned image. The body scans are to be carried out at an accredited radiography unit.