3.5.4. Outcome Expectations
Outcome expectations, or the anticipated positive and/or negative consequences of engaging in a behavior (e.g., exercise) was evaluated using a reliable (α = 0.79 and 0.70, respectively) 17-item (14 positive expectations and 3 negative expectations), 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree); responses were summed for positive and negative outcomes separately (i.e., higher score indicates greater perceived benefit (positive expectations) or greater perceived risk (negative expectations)) with possible scores ranging from 14 to 70 and 3 to 15, respectively [