Grouping and randomisation
postoperative pain, pain
Patients were separated into the PENG and control groups using the closed envelope method, one hour prior to surgery. Each patient was assigned a random ID that was used during all follow up and data collection. The same anesthesiologist performed randomisation and block in the PENG group (HA). However, this anesthesiologist was not involved in the evaluation of spinal anesthesia positioning pain evaluation or subsequent follow up.All patients were taken into the block room before surgery and transferred to the operating room thereafter. Evaluators who were blinded about the interventions and groups were taken to the room ‘just before the spinal anesthesia positioning’. This blinded assesor team (AT, CK) collected and evaluated all data such as spinal anesthesia positioning pain, postoperative pain, and opioid requirement.