2.5.1. Paper-Based Instructions Method
The paper-based instructions were extracted from the manual of the piston pump that is used for troubleshooting and repair. For the two maintenance tasks, two paper-based instructions were designed and delivered on A4 sheets of paper, one page per step. Each step was composed of pictures, text information, and the needed tools. For the highly demanding task, the paper-based instructions consisted of 22 pages and 40 steps. The first page contained a list of all parts (disassembled) and their code numbers, as well as the objective of the task. Each of the following pages (page 2 to page 20) contained two of the 40 steps (see 