Results
From September 2022 to April 2023, 201 patients were initially assessed for eligibility, of which 176 patients were randomised. Nine patients were excluded after randomisation, resulting in 167 patients for per-protocol analysis. The final analysis encompassed 83 patients in the intravenous group and 84 patients in the inhalation group (Fig. 
Flow chart for patients undergoing thoracoscopic respiratory mechanical studies
Demographic and baseline data

Intraoperative and postoperative characteristics
