2.1. Participants
arthritis, scoliosis, pain
ARTHRITIS, SCOLIOSIS
In this study, the sample size was obtained using G* power version 3.1 (University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany), with an effect size (ES) of 0.40, a power of 0.95, and a significance level of.05. Seventy participants were selected considering a drop rate of 30%. Participants diagnosed with CLBP at an orthopedic or neurosurgery outpatient clinic were recruited.The inclusion criteria were participants aged ≥20 years who complained of CLBP for 3 months or longer. The exclusion criteria were an age of ≥65 years, back pain accompanied by neurological symptoms, history of back surgery, visual analog scale score <4, severe scoliosis with Cobb angle exceeding 10º, severe arthritis of the lower extremities (hip, knee, and ankle), and pregnancy.