2.1. SPM Treatment Suppresses Inflammatory Response Induced by LPS
inflammation, tumor necrosis, TNF-α
INFLAMMATION, TUMOR NECROSIS
LPS induces inflammation in human skin cells and stimulates a robust immune response by inducing inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 family (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [To investigate the effect of SPM on inflammation, we assessed the IL-1β mRNA expression in HaCaT cells after a 24 h stimulation with LPS, followed by treatment with 10% or 20% SPM. The objective was to compare the optimal dose (20%) with the lowest dose (10%) of SPM to determine whether even the lowest dose exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect. First, cells were stimulated with 0 (control), 25, or 50 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. The expression of IL-1β was significantly increased by LPS at the concentration of 50 μg/mL (In human epithelium-derived fibroblasts, LPS induces the production and secretion of cytokines IL-1α and IL-6 [These results indicate that SPM supplementation suppresses cytokine expression from inflamed skin-derived epithelial and fibroblast cultures.