Conclusions
disability, pain
The ISF-NF training is feasible, safe, and an acceptable treatment approach for CLBP. A positive trend of the effect of ISF-NF treatment was observed on pain and disability outcomes in all groups. In particular, the pgACC uptraining group experienced favourable outcomes and perceived the intervention to be highly effective. However, a fully powered RCT is needed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of ISF-NF training in people with CLBP.