Data analysis
We defined hindsight bias as the difference between initial responses and recollection values after memorizing the correct information. The percentage of items showing hindsight bias was calculated as the number of biased items divided by all the items, including unbiased items. We defined the two directions of hindsight bias, which are ‘toward’ and ‘reversed’ with the recollection values getting closer to or farther from the correct information, respectively. The hindsight biases in the direction of ‘toward’ and ‘reversed’ the correct answer were calculated separately to clarify the direction of memory bias and conditional differences.The percentage of hindsight was defined as 100 (initial responses–recollection values) / (initial responses–correct information), following the definition by Hell et al. (1988) [