Patient selection
tumor, non-melanoma skin cancers, bleeding, perforation, malignant tumors
TUMOR, BLEEDING, INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION, MALIGNANT TUMORS, RECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA, CERVICAL CANCER, ONCOLOGY, METASTASES
The main inclusion criteria were: treatment naïve and pathologically confirmed rectal adenocarcinoma cases; aged between 18 and 70 years; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 1; clinical stage II (T3-4aN0) or III (T1-4a N1-2) determined by contrast-enhanced pelvic MRI; no distant metastases confirmed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis; distal edge of tumor between 5 and 15 cm from the anal verge; bone marrow, liver and kidney functions before treatment that met the following criteria: neutrophils ≥ 2 × 10The main exclusion criteria were: clinical staging T4b; intestinal obstruction and perforation; serious bleeding caused by tumor, treatment with pelvic radiotherapy; previous systemic chemotherapy within 5 years; other malignant tumors within 5 years (with the exception of cervical cancer in situ or adequately treated non-melanoma skin cancers).