Introduction
heart failure
HEART FAILURE
Cardiac glycosides represent a valuable therapeutic option for patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), who remain symptomatic despite optimized guideline-directed pharmacotherapy and device therapy [Both digoxin and digitoxin are approved cardiac glycosides and most frequently used for the treatment of patients with HFrEF and/or AF. Information about the relationship of cardiac glycoside dose and blood concentration in HFrEF and/or AF based on clinical trial data is only available for digoxin [The DIGIT-HF trial is a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial investigating the impact of digitoxin on mortality and hospitalizations for worsening heart failure in patients with advanced HFrEF [