Body composition and 
Greater improvements to body composition were observed in the exercise group. Previous work suggests that the effects of exercise on biological age are mediated by changes in body composition (Kresovich et al., Observed changes in body composition were consistent with previous studies' findings, indicating that this study's specific implementation of HIIT imparted the expected effects demonstrated in prior investigations. This serves as a positive control, or paradigm validation of the trial's specific HIIT intervention.