Conclusions
HEART
Based on these results, we concluded that relative to classical music and silence, background TV, including audiovisual and verbal stimuli, extant in a learning environment might raise students' sympathetic activity. Further, classical music, without lyrics, may suppress the withdrawal of vagal activity and elevate the autonomic regulation capacity during the academic reading comprehension task. HRV is a more valid and reliable indicator of students' autonomic responses during a challenging academic task.Background TV existing in a learning environment might give rise to a decrement in heart rate variability during an experimental academic examination. Classical music elevate the autonomic regulation capacity during the academic reading comprehension task. Heart rate, blood volume amplitude, skin conductance level, and heart rate variability might not be equally sensitive indices to environmental audio and audiovisual stimuli.
