Discussion
DISEASE, POLIO, INFLUENZA
The investigational vaccine rNV-2v elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses against both antigens present in the vaccine, GI.4 Chiba 407 (1987) and GII.4 Aomori 2 (2006). In addition to the vaccine-induced increase of antigen-specific IgG reported previously (Pathogen-specific immunity at the mucosal sites is best elicited by the mucosal application of the antigen. Examples of vaccines that elicit a protective mucosal IgA response are the oral polio vaccine, the oral rotavirus vaccine, and the live-attenuated nasal influenza vaccine (Another assessment of the humoral response that is often debated is the analysis of the blocking of norovirus binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) (ICS was used to examine in more detail the significant cell-mediated response to rNV-2v previously demonstrated by LPA (It is important to stress that the level of cross-reactivity of the vaccine-induced IgG antibodies cannot be evaluated quantitatively, as no standardization is possible. To assess the different assays for cross-reactive IgG responses [described here and in (Cross-protection due to cross-reactive responses triggered by norovirus vaccine strains is likely, as discussed for the bivalent GI.1/GII.4 VLP-based vaccine evaluated by Takeda, which showed levels of cross-protection against disease caused by GII.2 strains (