4.3. Biochemical Biomarkers Associated with Cardiometabolic Health
muscle mass, RET, TNF-α, cardiovascular diseases, cardiometabolic diseases, inflammation, lean and obese sedentary, cardiometabolic disorders, TG
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY
Our data indicated that no detectable change was induced by sole RET intervention in TG, inflammation (TNF-α and IL-6), and oxidative stress (MDA and 8-OHdG) levels. Although the positive effects of aerobic exercise on fat oxidation are well established, findings from previous research determining the effects of RET on fat metabolism are relatively inconsistent. Ormsbee and colleagues found a substantial increase in fat oxidation after RET in both lean and obese sedentary adults [On the other hand, we discovered that daily Women often experience a decline in their primary sex hormone, estrogen, which plays a role in enhancing lipid profiles. However, during menopause, this hormone gradually decreases, resulting in the loss of muscle mass and bone density [On the other hand, when combined with RET, FO administration produced substantial improvements in pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF- α and IL-6. The correlation between chronic low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease [The connection between oxidative stress biomarkers and cardiometabolic disorders has been extensively documented in previous research. A meta-analysis demonstrated that individuals with cardiovascular diseases exhibited higher 8-OHdG concentrations than healthy cohorts [The effects of FO administration on improving cardiometabolic diseases have been comprehensively elucidated in previous studies. DHA enriched with FO has been shown to mitigate lipid peroxidation and improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle [While the present study yielded valuable insights, it is essential to acknowledge its limitations. First, the participants were allowed to maintain their regular daily activity levels and dietary habits, which may produce some variations in the results. In addition, the placebo used for the present study may also exert effects on lipid metabolism and thus reduce TG levels in those with high TG. Additionally, we did not assess the blood omega-3 levels and body composition of the participants, which could provide more robust support for the speculations stemming from the results.