Experimental design
BLOOD
This study utilized a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design is outlined in Overview of testing sessions.After abstaining from exercise for 24 h prior to the testing session, participants were instructed to report to the HPL following a 12 h fast. The height of the participants was measured using a stadiometer (Seca 264 Digital Stationary Stadiometer, Hamburg, Germany), and weight was measured using a body composition scale (Tanita Body Composition Analyzer, model TBF-310, Arlington Heights, Illinois, USA) to assess BMI. All REE measurements were assessed using the TrueOne 2400 Metabolic Measurement System (ParvoMedics, Sandy, Utah, USA), which was calibrated daily approximately 30 min before the start of the testing session.REE was measured by placing a clear, hard plastic hood with a clear plastic drape attached to the metabolic cart over the participant’s torso to measure oxygen inspiration and carbon dioxide expiration. Blood pressure was assessed using a digital blood pressure monitor (Omron Professional Intellisense Blood Pressure Monitor, model HEM-907XL, Kyoto, Japan). Participants were then prepared for baseline assessments of REE and associated variables [inspired oxygen (VO