CONCLUSION
SECONDARY
No significant differences were noted between the insertion torque and failure rates of surface-treated and non-surface-treated orthodontic mini-implants. The removal torque of surface-treated orthodontic mini-implants was significantly higher than that of non-surface-treated implants. Improved secondary stability of orthodontic mini-implants can be achieved with an appropriate surface treatment. Patients displayed in this article previously approved the use of their facial and intraoral photographs.