Blood glucose, insulin resistance, and BMI improvement after intervention
fasting blood glucose, cholesterol;TP, T2DM
INSULIN RESISTANCE, PCP
Participants in the three treatment groups had significant (P<0.05) improvement in fasting blood glucose (FBG); postprandial blood glucose (PBG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and HOMA-HBCI at week 4 after intervention compared with the baseline (Clinical data included in this study.The data are shown as the mean±SD. N=12 in the metformin group, N=9 in the FMT group and n=8 in the FMT plus metformin group for all outcomes. FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; FBG, fasting blood glucose; PBG, postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.HOMA-HBCI=20×FINS/(FBG-3.5); BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR=(FBG×FINS)/22.5; PCP, postprandial c-peptide; FINS, fasting insulin; AFU, α-L-fucosidase; FCP, fasting c-peptide; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptadase; D-BIL, direct bilirubin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TBA, total bile acid; TBIL, total bilirubin; APO-B, apolipoprotein B; PINS, postprandial insulin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BUN, urea nitrogen; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein; CHE, cholinesterase;UA, uric acid; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol;TP, total protein; MAO, monoamine oxidase; I-BIL, indirect bilirubin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; APOA, apolipoprotein A.Bold values represents statistically significant indicators.General mechanism of FMT improving insulin resistance.We further evaluated the magnitude of change among the three groups. Percentages of improvements in PBG, FBG, HOMA-IR, BMI, AST/ALT and ALP were significantly higher in the FMT alone and FMT plus metformin than in metformin group (Fold changes of clinical indexes based on week 4 divided by week 0 in T2DM patients with different interventions. Pairwise comparisons between groups were conducted using the Wilcox test. Metformin, n=12 patients; FMT, n=9 patients; FMT plus metformin, n=8 patients. 