Participants
renal, cardiac, hepatic disease
OBESE
The study was conducted at a training hospital between June and October 2022. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for the interventions before including the study. The study included patients aged 18–45 years, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of II and gestational age of ≥ 37weeks, scheduled for elective cesarean section via a Pfannenstiel incision under general anesthesia. Patients with severe renal, cardiac, hepatic disease; those requiring spinal anesthesia; obese patients (> 100kg, BMI > 35kg/m