Study participants
psychotic symptoms, schizophrenia, ODD
Adolescents between eleven and 18 years with a main CD or ODD diagnosis were offered MBT-CD for six to 12 months. Exclusion criteria were having committed sexual offenses, acute psychotic symptoms, early-onset schizophrenia, neurological or intelligence impairments, non-German-speaking or other clinical contraindications for outpatient psychotherapy (e.g., acute suicidality). Participants were recruited at the participating centers, via leaflets and personal or telephone contact with multipliers and institutions (e.g., child and youth welfare services, schools, police stations, probation officers).Participants were screened for eligibility (either directly or indirectly through caretaker report) through a standardized checklist assessing conduct problems. At the beginning (T1) and end of treatment (T3), diagnostic assessments were conducted including the CD and ODD sections of the MINI Kid [Consort flow diagram of trial phases from screening to pilot analysis