Introduction
With several decades of development in China, laparoscopic hepatobiliary surgery has been widely accepted and popularized. In recent years, a series of novel technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) high-definition laparoscopic systems, ultra-high-definition (4K) laparoscopy, near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging techniques, and telesurgery with 5G wireless system, have injected new vitality into laparoscopic surgery in a new era [Fluorescent intraoperative cholangiography using NIRF and ICG was introduced during LC [