Pavlovian bias in the punishment domain decreased in the anodal session (accuracy).
In the sham group, we found a significant difference in behavioral accuracy between the punishment conditions, which indicated the presence of Pavlovian bias, particularly in the punishment domain. This difference was not observed in the anodal group. The behavioral index of Pavlovian bias in the punishment domain also showed significantly lower bias in the anodal group than in the sham group. Error bars indicate SEM. *p < 0.05.