Anesthesia
Anesthesia was induced with 0.02–0.04 mg/kg midazolam, 0.2–0.4 mg/kg etomidate, 1–1.5 μg/kg sufentanil and 0.2–0.3 mg/kg cisatracurium. The bispectral index was maintained at 40–55 with propofol, sevoflurane, dexmedetomidine and cisatracurium. Bolus sufentanil (0.3–0.5 μg/kg) and vasoactive drugs were given by supervising anesthesiologists according to hemodynamic changes. After surgery, patients were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for extubation and further medical care.