Personality characteristics and emotional states did not account for the androstadienone effect
aggressive behavior, aggression, anxiety
To investigate whether the androstadienone-induced changes in aggressive behavior could be accounted for by other potential contributing factors, we compared the differences in trait aggression, trait reactive and proactive aggression, trait impulsiveness and trait social anxiety between the two olfactory groups in each sex. We found no significant differences in these measures between the two groups (see Next, to rule out the possibility that individual differences in personality traits and changes in emotional states could confound the behavioral effects observed, we included these variables as covariates in the statistical model. The pattern of results of the variables of interest was essentially the same with our original model, as the interaction between olfactory condition and sex remained significant (for reactive aggression, β