Procedures
comorbidity, tumor
TUMOR
Preoperative CPET patient data was anonymized and patient characteristics other than anthropometric measures were concealed. A medical and clinical exercise physiologist (BB) and a clinical exercise physiologist (RF) determined VOApart from the CPET data, the preoperative patient characteristics age, sex, body mass index, smoking status (never, former, current), age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, veterans-specific activity questionnaire score, hemoglobin levels (mmol/L), and tumor location were recorded to characterize the study population.