Interventions
Satiety
BLOOD
Participants were recruited from posters and online advertisements. After a screening phone interview, eligible participants were selected and asked to visit the study center for screening blood tests (fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c). Those who met all the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Subjects were asked to fast after 8 pm and avoid exercises before attending each study visit.At the first study visit, participants’ baseline data including sex, age, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, medical history, and current medications were collected similarly as in Study 1. All products were diluted to the same final volume of 300 ml. Participants were asked to consume study products at an even pace within 15 mins with up to 250 ml of water afterward. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 mins after consuming study products. Blood samples were assayed for glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormones as discussed below. Satiety and hunger were assessed at each time point using visual analog scales (VAS). Similar precautions were taken as in Study 1 to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission during the study.