Cost Outcome Measures
LBP
Costs included intervention, other health care, informal care, absenteeism, presenteeism, and unpaid productivity costs because of nonspecific LBP. Costs were assessed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months using 3-month retrospective self-reported cost questionnaires. All costs were converted into 2020 euros using consumer price indexes [Intervention costs were estimated based on the patients’ total number of self-reported face-to-face physiotherapy and manual therapy sessions during the first 3 months of follow-up, valued using Dutch standard costs [