Study population
renal or hepatic dysfunction, gastrointestinal, gynecologic, urologic cancer, tumor
TUMOR, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, SURGICAL BLOOD LOSS, CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE
Patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery were recruited. Procedures were considered major if listed for resection of gastrointestinal, gynecologic, and urologic cancer with tumor debulking, staging or reconstruction with a risk for significant surgical blood loss.Exclusion criteria included co-existing congestive heart failure; chronic lung disease; or renal or hepatic dysfunction (creatinine > 50% or liver enzymes > 50% of normal values), and cardiac arrhythmias. Patients under 18 years, pregnant or lactating woman, patients with esophageal or gastric surgical history, and patients undergoing emergency surgery were also excluded from the study.Patient characteristics, current diagnosis, and a measure of physiologic and surgical risk (Portsmouth physiologic and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity score: P-POSSUM [