Introduction
muscle mass, muscle hypertrophy
According to the National Strength and Conditioning Association, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), and the World Health Organization, limiting sedentary behavior and regularly engaging in resistance exercise training is integral to improving muscle mass and strength in adults [During exercise, several signaling pathways are activated in the skeletal muscle. Notably, in vertebrates, the primary signaling pathway that stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism is the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) pathway [At present, resistance training is known to yield benefits comparable to endurance training in terms of enhancing the body’s energy metabolism and physical fitness; however, there is a lack of research on whether resistance training is equally effective in activating the AMPK/PGC-1α/irisin pathway. Studies have shown that resistance training induces distinct adaptations compared to endurance training, including muscle hypertrophy associated with increased muscle strength and power [To the best of our knowledge, a growing body of evidence suggests that exercise is the best approach to prevent a decline in muscle function across demographic groups and improve or sustain overall health [