CT image acquisition
All scans were performed on a 320-detector-row CT scanner (Aquilion ONE, Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan). The patients underwent a noncontrast chest CT on admission from the thoracic inlet to the abdomen. The patients also underwent coronary CTA scans during their hospital stay. All patients with a rapid heart rate at baseline were given an oral beta-blocker (25–75 mg) 1 h before the examination to reduce the heart rate to  ≤ 65 beats/min. A dual-channel high-pressure syringe was used to inject 60–80 mL of nonionic iodine contrast agent (iohexol injection containing 350 mg/L iodine, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China) at a flow rate of 4.5 mL/s, and coronary CTA image acquisition was performed using prospective ECG-triggered. The acquisition and reconstruction parameters in our study were as follows: 275 ms/time rack rotation speed, 120 kV tube potential, automatic adjustment of tube current according to patient BMI, 0.5 mm slice increments, images with 512 × 512 matrix and 0.25 mm or 0.5 mm increments. All scans were carried out during a single breath-hold. Two experienced cardiovascular imaging investigators interpreted the acquired imaging findings.