Discussion
T2D, glucose intolerance, diabetic dyslipidemia, weight gain, heart ischemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes
GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE, OBESE, HYPERTENSION, PROLIFERATION, DISEASES, DIABETES, INSULIN RESISTANCE, METABOLIC DISORDERS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, TYPE 2 DIABETES, PATHOGENESIS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, DYSLIPIDEMIA
In this study, we evaluated the effect of the combined exercise training protocol (aerobic and resistance training) along with consumption of the 500 mg propolis on the MDA, SOD, TAC, CTRP12, SFRP5 (as anti-inflammation agents), and IL-6 concentration in diabetic dyslipidemia status in adult women. Here, we indicated that the MDA, SOD, and TAC concentration improved when the women with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia performed combined training and received the propolis supplement (EXR + SUPP group). Moreover, we found that combined training along with receiving the 500 mg propolis supplement capsules (EXR + SUPP group) upregulated anti-inflammatory agents such as CTRP12 and SFRP5 and reduced the IL-6 concentration. Notably, insulin and adiponectin concentrations in women with T2D and dyslipidemia were improved by combined training and receiving the propolis supplement (EXR + SUPP group).Analysis of the microarray dataset could create a potent insight into the differential gene expression in diseases condition compared with healthy cases. Based on this theory, we analyzed the closest microarray dataset about diabetic dyslipidemia conditions and highlighted genes with significant differential expression in pathological status compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, analysis of significant genes based on visualizing parameters of the PPIs network prepared the essential hub genes to list with the highest degree, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality parameters involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic dyslipidemia states.On the other hand, based on the enrichment of hub genes, we indicated that significant hub genes are associated with oxidative stress, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, cellular response to stress, proteins involved in heart ischemia, proteins involved in hypertension, proteins involved in diabetes, Wnt signaling pathway, apoptosis, and adipocytokine signaling pathway. According to the enrichment results, it could be suggested that CTRP12, SFRP5, ADIPOQ, TNF, IL-6, C1QTNF1, CAT, SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3 hub genes and molecular signaling pathways play a pivotal role involved in diabetic dyslipidemia pathogenesis. Ouchi et al. 2010 reported that SFRP5, a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory activity, is overly expressed in white adipose tissue and distributed in the plasma [Furthermore, Ouchi et al. also found that SFRP5-deficient (SFRP5/On the other hand, CTRP12 was identified as an anti-inflammatory with insulin-sensitizing properties that could improve glucose metabolism. Furthermore, in obese mice whose fed diet caused weight gain, adipolin administered systemically reduced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance [A literature review on diets and supplements revealed various natural and chemical factors in preventing and treating diabetic dyslipidemia. For example, Mansouri et al. reported that 6.9% of college students had hypertension and a statistically significant inverse association between the risk of hypertension and dairy intake [Our new results indicated that propolis could bind to ADIPOQ cut-point protein with the highest binding affinity score based on molecular docking prediction. Furthermore, based on the virtual screening of effective compounds by molecular docking method, we found that chrysin, among bioactive compounds' libraries of propolis, binds to the ADIPOQ's active site with the highest affinity score. Hence, we suggest this single ligand might be an effective natural complementary medicine for progressive metabolic disorders' prevention, management, and therapeutic strategy. Further, one of the natural pharmacological bioactive compounds identified in propolis is sakuranetin. Monika Stompor, in her review report, exhibited that sakuranetin has various functions in biological processes, such as anti-tumor activity via angiogenesis modulation, inducing apoptosis, and control of cell proliferation [Moreover, a randomized controlled clinical trial by Pahlavani et alFurther, Kolahdouz-Mohammadi and coworkers examined the effect of egg intake on blood pressure in 748 adult participants. Meta-analysis output pinpointed that egg intake does not significantly affect adult individuals' systolic and diastolic blood pressure [On the other hand, the prevalence of sitting time and a sedentary lifestyle has increased recently [Wei and colleagues revealed that up-regulation of the CTRP12 could modulate glucose metabolism and ameliorate insulin sensitivity [Recently, an active biological marker for type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia has been the most crucial and significant aspect [This study had some limitations, such as single-center and low sample size. In addition, we did not assess the relative expression profile of the hub genes. Moreover, we did not evaluate the consumption of propolis and exercise training in both males and females to determine the sex-dependent pathophysiological features. Furthermore, we recommend that the researcher may evaluate the relative expression profile according to the in silico analysis.