Measurement of grip strength and body composition
Grip strength assessment was conducted utilizing the hand dynamometer (Fabrication Enterprises Inc., Irvington, NY, USA) on the dominant hand. Participants were instructed to exert a strong and sustained grip on the device three times, with intervals of at least one minute between each trial. The highest recorded value from the three trials was considered as the participant’s grip strength [To obtain body composition measurements, participants were instructed to observe an overnight fasting period of at least eight hours prior to the examinations. They were required to disrobe and wear gowns during the measurement process to ensure accuracy and consistency. A standard digital weight and height meter, with a precision of up to 100 grams in weight and 1 millimeter in height, was used to measure body weight and height. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of the height in meters (kg/m