3. Statistical Analysis
Differences in group demographics were examined using independent sample T-tests. The effect of the intervention on walking (i.e., gait velocity and XcoM-BoS displacement) and standing-balance (i.e., ES, sway area, and total path) measures were analyzed using a three-way mixed-effects ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction, with the group (i.e., paper and smartphone) as the between-subjects factor. Testing condition (i.e., dual-task and single-task gait as well as eyes open or closed, visual surround, and force plate sway for standing tasks) and visit (i.e., pre-training, 4 weeks post-training, and 8-weeks post-training) were within-subject factors. A two-way mixed-effects ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction was utilized to investigate differences in the ABC, GDS, and TUG, with the group and visit as the between- and within-subject factors, respectively. Differences in the self-reported effectiveness, enjoyment, difficulty, and length of the exercise programs between groups were investigated using Independent-Samples Mann–Whitney U Tests. SPSS 28.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for all statistical analyses, with alpha levels set at 0.05.