Primary and secondary outcomes
VFD, traumatic brain injury
The mean ventilator-free days (VFD) did not differ between treatment and placebo groups (Treatment: 13.4 ± 9.2 vs. Placebo: 13.6 ± 9.9; mean difference 0.3 days, 95% CI − 5.4–5.8, Kaplan–Meier survival curves of propranolol and clonidine (treatment) versus double placebo after severe traumatic brain injury Pre-enrollment and study day 8 catecholamines after propranolol and clonidine (Treatment) versus double placebo after severe traumatic brain injury