Time frame of measurements
Regarding BMI, grip strength, and body composition, we conducted measurements at three time points: baseline, the first follow-up, and the second follow-up for all participants in the RCT arm. However, for serum inflammatory cytokines, measurements were taken at baseline and either at the first follow-up for the early intervention RCT group or at the second follow-up for the delayed intervention RCT group. In contrast, the control arm, which did not undergo any intervention, had measurements obtained solely at the baseline assessment.