3. Discussion
T2D, diarrhea, inflammation, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, nausea, vomiting
ADVERSE EVENTS, INFLAMMATION, HYPERGLYCEMIA, SECONDARY, OXIDATIVE STRESS, HYPOTENSIVE
In recent decades, RV has been one of the most studied nutraceuticals in numerous research groups. In this sense, in some experiments carried out in vitro and in animal models, its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective, anti-aging and even antineoplastic effects have been demonstrated, for which reason it is recognized as a product of natural origin with great potential as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases [On the other hand, it has also been proposed that RV could exert a hypotensive effect due to its ability to induce the production of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator that is produced in the vascular endothelium [Regarding the effect of RV on the control of T2D, RV has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels due to the increase in the expression of the glucose transporter (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle cells, improving its uptake, use and storage [Regarding the lipid-lowering effect, we observed a statistically significant decrease in the serum concentration of triglycerides in EG1000, which can be attributed to the ability of RV to decrease the absorption of fatty acids and de novo lipogenesis, in addition to increasing fat mobilization and inducing the β-oxidation of fatty acids [In the present study, a significant increase in CRP was also observed in the PG after follow-up, which may be due to chronic low-grade inflammation arising as a consequence of the hyperglycemia that characterizes T2D [Regarding OS markers, RV has been shown to exert antioxidant effects through two mechanisms: (i) through direct interaction with RL and ROS and (ii) through its ability to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes [Regarding the oxidative stress score (OSS), a statistically significant increase was observed in the PG, and a decrease was observed in EG1000. In this sense, the decrease in the OSS is the result of an increase in TAC and GAP, which counteracts ROS and attenuates oxidative damage to the membranes, reflected in the decrease in LPO and 8-isoprostane levels. Although the activity of the SOD and GPx enzymes did not increase significantly with the OSS value, we can infer that the antioxidant enzymes evaluated act in an integral and efficient manner to counteract high ROS concentrations. Regarding the oxidative stress index (OSI), a decrease was found in the percentage of individuals with moderate and severe OS in EG1000, while in the PG, the proportions of subjects without OS and mild OS decreased, and that of moderate OS increased. This is consistent with what has been reported in the literature since the group that received 1000 mg/day of RV showed a higher antioxidant effect compared with the subjects that received 500 mg/day treatment.We also observed a statistically significant increase in SIRT1 concentrations in the EG1000, which is consistent with the proposed mechanism of RV [There are several foods and beverages that contain RV: (i) 150 mL of red wine contains up to 2.15 mg; (ii) 250 mL of red grape juice contains 1.25 mg; (iii) 250 g of dehydrated red grapes contains 1.6 mg; (iv) 150 g of frozen strawberries contains 1.56 mg; (v) 125 g of blueberries contains 2.41 mg; and (vi) 250 g of peanuts contains 1.3 mg [Finally, none of the participants reported adverse events during the intervention. In this sense, RV is considered a safe compound for human consumption since it does not exert secondary or toxic effects at relatively high doses (1000–2000 mg/day). In fact, with doses of 2.5 to 5 g/day, only mild gastrointestinal effects occur, such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea [