Results
From August 1st to August 30th in 2021, the Medical College of Jinan University issued a follow-up invitation to 117 participants who had participated in and completed the initial study. Five participants in the VR group did not respond to the follow-up invitation, three participants withdrew from the follow-up study for personal reasons; and one participant in the control group withdrew from the follow-up study for personal reasons. After signing the informed consent form for the follow-up study, all the participants provided the researchers with their clinical practice scores in 6 surgical departments during the one-year clinical practice and their OSCES16 (OSCE score at 16 stations) on the fifth-year graduation examination (Fig. Baseline characteristics