Discussion
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, death, tumors, kidney cell cancer, lung cancer
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, INFILTRATION, TUMORS, METASTASIS
Findings from our initial reportImmunotherapy (ie, programmed cell death 1 protein [PD1] inhibitors), has shown activity and promise for recurrent and metastatic NPC. Several phase II nonrandomized controlled trialsPhase III randomized clinical trialsCombining anti-VEGF with anti–PD1 and PDL1 therapies may be associated with further improvement in efficacy by reversing VEGF-mediated immunosuppression and promoting T cell infiltration in tumors. This combination strategy was found to be effective in hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney cell cancer, lung cancer, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.A systemic reviewApproximately 20% of patients developed distant metastasis for NPC despite aggressive chemoradiation, and the key may be to determine who these patients are.