SPPB for physical function
We used the SPPB as an index of physical function to evaluate standing balance, 4-m walking time, and standing/sitting times × 5. The SPPB is scored from 0 points (unable to complete a task) to 4 points (highest level of performance). The sum of the three test scores, which range from 0 to 12 points, was determined according to previously reported methods