Study population
low back pain, pain
Multiple village-wide announcements facilitated by village/ward heads (traditional rulers) and adverts via local posters pasted at the research centre and different locations in the community were used to recruit participants until the target sample size was achieved. Potential participants were invited to the primary health care centre and upon their arrival, eligibility was ensured using the stipulated study inclusion and exclusion criteria. The eligibility assessments were carried out by physiotherapists with the use of body charts to identify pain in the lower back, history taking, and screening to rule out ‘red flags’ for low back pain [