1. Introduction
postoperative pain, Postoperative pain, acute postoperative pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular, pain
ADVERSE EVENTS, GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Postoperative pain has long been a major concern for patients. A Spanish multicenter cross-sectional survey found that 73% of patients experienced acute postoperative pain [Opioids are widely used in acute pain treatment because of their powerful analgesic effect. Early studies have shown that more than half of patients received morphine to relieve moderate or severe postoperative pain [There are various NSAIDs in clinical, but they may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding with limited onset of action and repeated doses [Concerning adverse events (AEs), a study confirmed that ibuprofen is less prone to gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular than ketorolac and diclofenac [