Conclusion
pain
HC-II and EC-HC-II are promising supplements. HC-II was found to reduce pain within 14 days; and EC-HC-II may improve FFM, muscle strength, and bone health. Although this pilot study was limited by sample size, it demonstrated that EC-HC-II, with a combination of naturally derived food supplements, may be a holistic solution for mobility by improving joint, muscle, and bone health among older adults. Large-scale studies are necessary to validate these findings.