Bacterial DNA extraction
MP
Fresh stool (1.5 g) for metabolic profiling was stored at -80 °C until the study had been completed. Bacterial DNA was extracted from fecal samples using the QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In short, fecal samples were homogenized and aliquoted into 2-mL screwcap tubes containing 0.6 g 0.1 mm glass beads. Bead beating was run on a fastprep24 instrument (MP Biomedicals) for 4 cycles of 45 s at speed 4. Two hundred microliters of raw extract were then used for DNA isolation.