Survey instrument
A questionnaire (prepared in SurveyMonkey) was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was developed by the researchers by adopting the questions in internationally validated questionnaires (specifically, the Global Adult Tobacco Survey of the World Health Organization and CDC) [The first page of the survey asked whether the respondent had smoked cigarettes. Ever-smokers (defined as current regular, occasional, or past smokers) were directed to the questionnaire that collected data for this study. Permission for the study was obtained from the Human Research Evaluation Board (Ethics Committee) of one of the participating universities prior to the data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all participating students, none of which were under the age of 18.