2.3. Outcome Measurements
The study evaluated several outcomes related to respiratory health and functionality. FVC and its corresponding percentage (FVC%) measure the total volume of air that a person can forcefully exhale after a full inhalation. The FVC% provides a comparison of an individual’s FVC to expected values based on age, sex, and height [Each participant underwent three measurements, with the most optimal one selected for subsequent analysis. For the FVC measurement, subjects began with quiet breathing until respiratory volume stabilized. Subsequently, they performed a rapid, maximal inhalation, followed by a complete forced exhalation in accordance with established guidelines [