Study design and participants
coagulation dysfunction, organ dysfunction, skin infection, psychiatric, Opioid abuse, hypertension
ANESTHETIC ALLERGY, DISEASES, SKIN INFECTION, CHRONIC PAIN, HYPERTENSION, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (approval number: 2015ZY102, approval date:26/07/2021). Letters of informed consent signed by patients were obtained. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR2100052214, registration date: 22/10/2021).This study was conducted at First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from November 2021 to August 2022. This study examined patients aged 55 to 90, ASA II-III, BMI19.05 ~ 30.85 kg/m^2, and undergoing hip arthroplasty. The exclusion criteria were (1) apparent organ dysfunction such as heart, brain, lung, liver, and kidney, (2) coagulation dysfunction, (3) local skin infection at the puncture site, peripheral neuropathy, (4) Opioid abuse, chronic pain, unable to judge whether analgesia is effective or not, (5) Local anesthetic allergy, (6) patients with hypertension that drugs cannot control, and (7) Combined with psychiatric diseases and unable to cooperate.