4.2. Resting Energy Expenditure and Hemodynamic Variables
weight loss
A statistically significant group × time interaction was observed for REE, with values decreasing by approximately 95 ± 107 kcal/day in CON but more closely maintained at −52 ± 128 kcal/day in PRO and +16 ± 133 kcal/day in PRO + FB. A significant group effect was also observed in the one-way ANOVA on REE change values, with post hoc analyses demonstrating a significant difference between the change in PRO + FB as compared to CON (111 kcal/d, 95% CI 2 to 220 kcal/d, The ingestion of similar caffeinated ready-to-drink beverages and supplements has been demonstrated to acutely increase REE in generally healthy [Other substances within the supplement may also have contributed to the elevated REE in PRO + FB. For instance, P-synephrine—the active ingredient in bitter orange extract, a component of the investigative supplement—has been shown to acutely increase post-exercise energy expenditure in healthy adults, both with and without caffeine [Alternatively, the impact of increased protein ingestion on REE is worth considering as a possible explanation for these differences. Reductions in REE commonly occur in response to chronic energy restriction and weight loss [Previously, Roberts et al. [Kendall et al. [