Measurements
muscle mass, hand dynamometer
SECONDARY
All measures of muscle strength and muscle mass were assessed objectively by the research dietician/nurse during the home visit both before randomization (baseline) and approximately 12 weeks after randomization.Muscle strength was assessed using two separate tests, one for hand grip strength and another for lower extremity strength. (1) Hand grip strength was measured using a hydraulic hand dynamometer (Model SH5001 JAMAR, SAEHAN Corporation, Changwon, S. Korea).Muscle mass was measured using a portable bio‐impedance analysis monitor (TANITA SC240MA), which measures body composition by placing the patient's feet on electrodes that measured resistance to an electrical signal (impedance). The technique is based on the principle that lean tissues have a high water and electrolyte content, and thus provides a good electrical pathway. The resistance measurement relates directly to the volume of the conductor, which is used to determine total body water, muscle mass (fat‐free mass) and fat mass.Changes in muscle strength were measured as the difference in absolute change in both maximal and average hand grip strength (dynamometer) and functional lower extremity strength (30‐second chair stand test) between baseline and shortly (within 2 weeks) after the 12‐week intervention period. Changes in muscle mass were assessed as the difference in absolute change in muscle mass (portable bio‐impedance analysis monitor) between baseline and shortly (within 2 weeks) after the 12‐week intervention period.The secondary outcomes, that is, patient reported outcomes, PA levels, and food intake were not included in the present article.