2.2. Participants
substance abuse, T2DM, fasting blood glucose ≤, diabetes
RENAL DISEASES, DIABETES
Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of T2DM, age of 30 to 80 years, fasting blood glucose ≤ 12 mmol/L, and HbA1c > 6.1% and <10% (>43 and <86 mmol/mol) if participants were in medical diabetes treatment OR HbA1c > 6.5% and <10% (>48 and <86 mmol/mol) if participants were treated with lifestyle only. Any treatment modality was accepted, including GLP-1 agonists and insulin therapy. Exclusion criteria were changes in diabetes medication within the last 3 months, serious comorbidities, including cardiovascular, neurological, psychological, and/or renal diseases, alcohol or substance abuse, and pregnant or planned pregnancy. To make an overall health assessment of the participants before enrolment, various other blood tests were performed. The participants should abstain from aronia consumption three weeks prior to trial initiation. During the trial, they were not allowed to consume other aronia products than the test supplements.