Preoperative preparation
cough, groin hernias
All patients underwent a comprehensive medical history and clinical assessments, and any predictors, like chronic constipation and cough, were managed prior to the surgery. Ongoing investigations were conducted as necessary, and all patients were required to provide informed consent. Patients with direct or indirect groin hernias were randomized into 2 groups using 330 envelopes, which were fully sealed and mixed. The medical staff performing the surgeries were blinded to group allocation and selected an envelope immediately prior to the operation.