2.1. Sampling
tooth mobility, redness, pain, periodontium, vestibulum swelling
PATHOLOGY, ROOT RESORPTION, DRAINING SINUS
The study group consisted of 45 patients aged 5-8 years old referring to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry for routine dental treatment. The inclusion criteria were (a) general physical and mental health; (b) healthy gingiva and periodontium; (c) no confounding medical history; (d) no pathologic symptoms including spontaneous pain, tooth mobility, redness, vestibulum swelling, root resorption, and draining sinus tracts; (e) no sensitivity to palpation in the vestibule; (f) no radiolucency observed in furcal and periapical regions; and (g) no pathology observed in the permanent tooth follicles.Written informed consents were obtained and recorded from all parents/legal guardians for participating in this project and to be available during the 12-month follow-up. They were all informed about the study procedure, possible risks, and discomforts, as well as the expecting benefits.