Test solution preparation
Trehalose solution spray (10%) was prepared, sterilized and packaged in the unlabeled 15-ml spray bottles. Briefly, trehalose powder (TREHA®, Nagase America LLC., USA) was weighed and dissolved in sterilized drinking water to produce 10% trehalose solution (10 g in 100 mL). Potassium metabisulfite was added as a preservative to the final concentration of 0.05% [