2.1. Study Population
Internal review board approval was obtained (IRB #21312) to conduct the study. The patients were both male and female aged from 18 to 80 years old, who were undergoing an open incontinent urinary diversion (either for benign or malignant reasons) by any surgeon within the urology department. Once informed consent was obtained, the patients were prospectively randomized to either receiving injections of ink or the control, 0.9% normal saline. Block randomization was pre-performed using a 1:1 randomization scheme, with a block size of four. Patients and investigators were not blinded to the randomization of ink or the control groups. Exclusion criteria were patients undergoing orthotopic urinary diversion, pregnant women, prisoners, or cognitively impaired patients.