Introduction
T1DM, HF, cardiovascular death, myocardial and skeletal muscles, hypoxia, Diabetes mellitus, T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes, diabetes
VOLUME OVERLOAD, TYPE 1 DIABETES, INFLAMMATION, HYPOXIA, EVENTS, DIABETES MELLITUS, CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE, INCREASING INSULIN, INSULIN RESISTANCE, INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES, HEART FAILURE, TYPE 2 DIABETES, INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES, DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, in which there is a marked elevation in the blood glucose level. This elevation is associated with damaging effects on nerves, eyes, blood vessels, heart, and kidney. There are 2 main subtypes of diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM), in which the pancreas is producing little or no insulin due to destruction of insulin-producing beta cells by autoimmune process. This type is known as insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), in which the body become resistant to insulin causing functional deficit of insulinGlimepiride is a member of sulfonylureas family, which are used for the management of patients with T2DM. It works by increasing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cellsHomeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) is a method for assessing insulin resistance from fasting insulin and fasting glucose concentration. The model has been proved to be a robust clinical and epidemiological tool. It has become one of the standard tools in the armamentarium of the clinical physiologistOne of the most important approaches of developing insulin resistance is the change in glucose transporters (GLUT)Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a cytokine that has been found to be expressed on adipocyte, and to be positively correlated with insulin resistance. IL-34 was found to significantly inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose transport in human differentiated adipocyte, which may explain its role in insulin resistance and making it a suitable marker to reflect insulin resistance status in T2DM patientsNatriuretic peptides (NP) are biomechanical biomarkers that are released from cardiac myocytes in response to inflammation, volume overload, hypoxia, and myocardial stretching. Natriuretic peptides action antagonizes the effects of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), moreover, they reduce insulin resistance in the myocardial and skeletal muscles. Serum level of NP is used as a diagnostic tool for heart failure (HF) development and risk of cardiovascular death, as their serum level increase with the development of heart failure. NP have markedly used in the prediction of incident HF and total cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes