Metformin affects the host-microbiome axis
PERIODONTAL DISEASE, GINGIVAL INFLAMMATION
To test the effects on the gingival tissues and oral microbiome, gingival tissues were dissected, and oral swabs were collected from the animals that underwent periodontal disease induction at the end of the experiment. These samples were used for qPCR analysis and 16 s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the oral microbiota (Fig. Gingival inflammation and microbiome composition. Metformin-treated gingiva showed significantly lower gene expression levels of inflammatory markers related to periodontal disease progression [To confirm that our 