Cluster-permutation analysis
In a data-driven analysis, we also assessed TBS-induced EEG modulation across all 59 electrodes and frequencies (1–50 Hz) using a cluster-based permutation analysis. We created a neighborhood matrix to define neighboring electrodes. The spatial neighborhood of each electrode included all electrodes within 4 cm around it (mean 4.2 ± 0.93, range 2–7 neighbors per electrode). The data recorded from the channels FT9, FT10, TP9 and TP10 were contaminated by artifacts in most of the datasets. To ensure a high signal to noise ratio these data were excluded from the analysis. These channels had a single neighboring channel in contrast to other channels and therefore their exclusion did not affect the neighborhood matrix. Pairwise comparisons between pre-TBS and post-TBS time points were calculated using paired-samples t-tests. A nonparametric cluster-based permutation approach was utilized to control for multiple comparisons across electrode-frequency space