Study Sites and Participants
The study was conducted at two dental institutions. One is part of an academic dental site and the other is a large privately held dental group practice of around 50 offices across the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The academic dental center comprises predoctoral, resident, and faculty clinics. The patient population provides a diverse sample in terms of demographics and socioeconomic status.The provider inclusion criteria were being a general dentist or specialist in oral and maxillofacial surgery endodontics, or periodontics; performing any one or combination of the identified potentially pain-inducing procedures (see list below); practicing for a minimum of two clinic sessions per week (ie‚ one full clinic day); having a minimum of 6 months of practice experience; and having access to and willingness to use a smartphone.The patient inclusion criteria were being 18 years or older and having access to and ability to use a smartphone.