2.1 Participants
cognitive impairments, musculoskeletal difficulties
COLOR BLINDNESS, CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASE, MOVEMENT DISORDERS
We estimated simple size (n) using a power analysis with the following parameters in G*power. We set effect size = 0.25; alpha err prob = 0.05; power (1—beta err prob) = 0.80; number of groups = 3; number of measurements = 3; corr among rep measures = 0.5; and nonsphericity correction ε = 0.5. The resulting sample size (n) was 45. This work was conducted using a small sample size because recruiting participants was difficult during the COVIN-19 period.Participants were generally healthy young men who were recruited through social media and telephone advertisements. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Community-dwelling young men aged 18–30 years; (2) no cognitive impairments; (3) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score ≥ 24; (4) ability to read Chinese characters; (5) normal or corrected-to-normal vision; (6) had enough sleep the day before the experiment; (7) middle to high physical activity levels as determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); (8) received a good education (high school degree and above), could understand simple English words. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) color blindness or deficiency in color vision; (2) any severe cardiopulmonary disease; (3) any musculoskeletal difficulties that prevent exercise or other movement disorders; (4) taking of any medication during the intervention period that could impair cognitive function; and (5) alcohol consumption within 24 hours before the experiment. Individuals who met the inclusion criteria provided their informed written consent to participate in this study.