3.4. Instrumentation
A Waters Acquity I-class system combined with a Xevo TQ-XS mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) equipped with a reversed-phase C18 column (Acquity UPLC HSS T3, 50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) was employed for the determination of α-dicarbonyl concentrations.