Limitations
This study is an open-label study without a placebo intervention. Given that the parents were knowledgeable of the treatment their child had experienced, this potentially may have affected how they responded to the questionnaires. However, parallel to the parent responses, we also included various objective measure evaluations (i.e., the CPT and WCST), and the results showed the advantage of adding probiotics to the standard treatment alone. While our findings showed that a 3-month probiotic intervention was beneficial, there were no observable changes in some cognitive functions measured by the neuropsychological assessment battery, leading us to believe that the study’s duration was insufficient to track the improvements. Therefore, further research with a longer intervention time is needed. In this study, we did not investigate the socioeconomic status of the groups; however, SES should be assessed in microbiome studies, given that it can be an influential confounding variable that impacts the analysis of the study results [