Outcome parameters
injury of the gallbladder, gallbladder perforation
LIVER DAMAGE, COMPLICATION, COMPLICATIONS, COMPLICATIONS
The primary outcome of the study was performance scores assessed using standardized Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills (OSATS) (task-specific and global) and Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) (task-specific and global) scores for all LCs performed. Global and task-specific OSATS and GOALS scores are considered reliable for assessing MIS training [Secondary outcomes were intraprocedural complications evaluated at the end of each LC concerning liver damage, gallbladder perforation, damage to cystic artery and duct, placement of the clip, and total operating time. Complications relating to damage to the liver were evaluated at the end of the training by reviewing the organ and assessing the injury of the gallbladder bed and surrounding liver parenchyma. The complication rate was evaluated using a 3-point Likert scale (supplementary material). Difficulty assessment of the ex vivo porcine liver was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) on a scale ranging from 1 (extremely easy) to 10 (extremely hard) according to the given anatomical conditions such as organ size, aberrations of the cystic duct or artery, the thickness of the gallbladder wall or surrounding tissue [