Outcomes
pain
There are two primary outcomes in this study. The first one was the pain score. The VAS pain score ranged from 0 to 10. Zero represented "no pain," and 10 represented "worst pain possible". Wherein participants were instructed to indicate their general pain status by drawing a line on the scale. The researchers recorded these values for subsequent statistical analysis. Another primary outcome was the KAM of the leading leg during the landing process after crossing the obstacle, which was calculated as the product of the GRF vector and its perpendicular distance from the center of joint using inverse dynamics via Visual-3D software (C-motion, Germantown, MD, USA), and expressed as a percentage of the individual’s body weight (BW) and height (Ht) [