Preoperative preparation
tachycardia
Volume extension therapy with alpha-blockers (terazosin, 1–2 mg, tid) was given for 4–8 weeks. A beta blocker (metoprolol) was administered if the patient had tachycardia. The preoperative blood pressure should be stabilized at approximately 120/80 mmHg and the heart rate should be lower than 100 bpm.