Statistical analysis
AD, anxiety
Descriptive statistics were used to report variables, while Q–Q plots assessed normality. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were used for normally distributed continuous variables, and median and interquartile range (IQR) for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Student’s Variables with The sample size calculation was based on the difference in the stress experience score as measured by the STAI-6 in the intervention and control groups. Based on past literature, we assumed that the use of AVD would be more immersive than AD and that during the surgery, AVD would reduce the level of anxiety with a mean difference of 6.00 compared to AD [