Specimen preparation
The materials used in this study included two commercial CPSCs, Biodentine and WMTA, as well as two HCSCs, ERRM Putty and iRoot FS. IRM was used as a control material. Table 
Compositions of two HCSCs (Biodentine and WMTA), two CPSCs (ERRM Putty and iRoot FS) and IRM used in this studyPowder: tricalcium aluminate, bismuth oxide, tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, gypsumLiquid: distilled water [Abbreviations: CPSCs: calcium phosphate silicate-based cements; HCSCs: hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements; ERRM Putty: EndoSequence Root Repair Material Putty; IRM: intermediate restorative material; iRoot FS: iRoot Fast Set Root Repair Material; WMTA: white mineral trioxide aggregate