Setting and sample
impairment of hearing or vision, speech difficulties, neurodevelopmental delays
The present study included school-aged children aged 6–12 years who were hospitalized at Heevi Pediatric Teaching Hospital. The study participants included 160 randomly chosen children who met the eligibility criteria. For eligibility, pediatric patients must be 6–12 years old and require venipuncture. Children with neurodevelopmental delays, speech difficulties, impairment of hearing or vision, or who had taken analgesics in the previous 6 h were excluded.