DISCUSSION
obesity, inflammation, overweight
OBESITY, INFLAMMATION, ADVERSE EFFECT
We demonstrated that maternal consumption of Our findings suggest that maternal probiotics consumption (10The presence of obesity has been associated with low-grade inflammation in the body (As far as we are aware, this is the first study investigating the combined effects of probiotics and fish oil on child’s growth, as no previous literature is available. We observed that the children whose mothers received the combination of probiotics and fish oil were shorter than those of mothers who received placebo over the 24-months’ study period. It is of note that the mean growth was within the normal reference range, thus the result may be interpreted to reflect potentially an adverse effect of the combination of these supplements. However, rapid growth in childhood is not necessarily desirable, as it may associate with overweight in later life (We did not find any evidence that fish oil alone affected children’s overweight odds or body fat percentage. The reason for our finding is not clear, but one explanation could be that all the women were overweight/obese, which could have attenuated the effect of n-3 fatty acids. This has been previously revealed in 1 study, where LC-PUFA (DHA 0.80 g, EPA 1.20 g/day) supplementation during pregnancy led to lower plasma concentration of LC-PUFA in women with obesity compared to lean women (Our study has various strengths. We used data from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial that enabled us to take into consideration possible confounding factors in the statistical analysis, although we did not adjust for breast-feeding, due to partially missing data, which may contribute to child’s growth (