Outcome measures
depressive, Depressive, anger, anxiety
POSITIVE, EMA
At baseline, post, and follow-up, psychopathological symptoms and other emotional (i.e., positive affect), cognitive (i.e., perceived control and self-efficacy), and behavioral (i.e., favorable and unfavorable coping) outcomes were assessed via EMA. That is, participants were given a smartphone and instructed to answer a battery of items in time to experience five times a day for one week. Individual assessments were scheduled based on a time sampling scheme with variable assessment intervals. To keep the EMA short and feasible, individual scales were slightly abbreviated. Some items were slightly reworded so that they referred to the time interval after the last assessment (e.g., “in the last two weeks” was changed to “since the last assessment”). Items were answered with a slider-response ranging from 0 to 100. Items are available upon request from KBB or EA.In the evening, depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms on the respective day were assessed with the DASS-21 [Depressive, anxiety, anger, and somatic symptoms as well as sleep disturbances since the last assessment were assessed with the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measures [At each wave, positive affect since the last assessment was assessed with the respective subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [In the evening, internal and external control beliefs on the respective day were assessed with the 4-item Internal External Control Scale (IE-4) [In the evening, participants were also asked whether anyone or anything had bothered, upset, or disturbed them on that particular day. If participants affirmed this question, favorable (i.e., relaxation and positive self-instruction) and unfavorable (i.e., flight and avoidance) coping strategies in that situation(s) were measured with individual subscales of the Stress Coping Questionnaire [