Secondary outcome
bradycardia, headache, nausea, vomiting
Total intraoperative fentanyl consumption was decreased in the duloxetine group compared to the placebo group, mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) (25.33 ± 26.20) vs. (74.16 ± 27.45), P value ˂0.01 (Table The cumulative 48 h morphine consumption was significantly reduced in the Duloxetine group compared to the placebo group, (mean ± SD) (4.6 ± 2.9 mg vs. 11.3 ± 1.7 mg), P < 0.01 (Table Subjects in the duloxetine group had better postoperative quality of recovery than the placebo group. The mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) of total QoR-40 score for the duloxetine group was (180.8 ± 4.5) compared to (156 ± 5.9) in the placebo group (
Quality of recovery (QOR) questionnaireData were represented as mean, standard deviation, mean difference and 95% confidence interval of the differencePatients in the Duloxetine group appeared to be more sedated in all the 48 h postoperatively in comparison to the placebo group. Median (IQR) of Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness 
Post-operative sedation score by Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness Data were represented as median (IQR).Concerning the postoperative side effects during the first 48 h, where number and percentage of nausea, vomiting, bradycardia and headache were more in the duloxetine group than the placebo group, 6 (20%) vs. 2 (6.6%), 5 (16.6%) vs. 2 (6.6%), 1 (3.3%) vs. 0 and, 3 (10%) vs. 1 (3.3%) respectively; howerver they did not reach the statistical significance level (Table 
Post-operative side effectsData were represented as number and percentage (%)