Study Design, Setting, and Ethics
MAY
ACTFAST-3 was a single-center pilot superiority RCT conducted at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri, from April 3, 2017, to June 30, 2019. The data analysis was initially performed from April 22 to May 19, 2021, with updates in November 2022 and February 2023. The study site used a medical direction model for anesthesia care supervision, with no more than 4 (and usually 3) nurse anesthetists per anesthesiologist and usually 2 resident physicians per anesthesiologist. The trial protocol is provided in 