Glucose clearance, nutrient delivery, and sarcoplasmic GLUT4 translocation
Skeletal muscle microvascular, type-2 diabetes mellitus, skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow
INS
In response to insulin stimulation (hyperinsulinaemic-isoglycaemic clamp), there was good and very good evidence for substantial (moderate standardized effect size) increases in whole-body glucose clearance rate (GCR) and skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow (mBF), respectively, and for good evidence for moderate increases in GLUT4 translocation with KDPWHE supplementation vs CON, and vs WHEY (The effect of 14-weeks of CON, WHEY or KDPWHE treatment in adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus on measures of glucose clearance, nutrient delivery to tissue microvasculature and cells, and glycaemic control. (A) Glucose clearance rate (GCR) during the last 20 min of the hyperinsulinemic-isoglycaemic clamp at weeks 0 and 15. Skeletal muscle microvascular (B) blood volume (mBV), and (D) blood flow (mBF) as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), expressed as basal fasted (INS -) and during the last 20 min of the hyperinsulinemic-isoglycaemic clamp (INS +) at weeks 0 and 15. (C) Fasting blood [HbA1c] at weeks 0 and 15. (E) Representative immunofluorescence images of cross-sectional skeletal muscle fibres stained for glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). GLUT4 was measured as staining intensity in the plasma membrane area (SM The effect of 14-weeks of KDPWHE, WHEY, or CON supplementation in adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus on whole-body and skeletal-muscle glucoregulatory phenotype responses: haemoglobin A1c, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose clearance rate and, nutrient delivery to skeletal muscle microvasculature, and sarcoplasmic membrane GLUT4 content and translocation.Refer to Data are least-squares mean Week 15-0 change score in percent with 90% confidence limits (90%CL) for single point observations or insulin-stimulated values, where the latter is the insulin-stimulated (measured during isoglycaemic clamp) minus baseline (measured pre-clamp) difference score. Data are baseline-covariate adjusted values.Effect statistics are baseline-adjusted estimates of the treatment effects on the week 15-0 change score with 90%CL expressed as percent.Magnitude of effect estimates were interpreted from the lower and upper CLs, consistent with an alpha of 0.05 (maximum error rate of 5%) for rejection of substantial (superiority) hypotheses, referenced against the smallest effect threshold. The thresholds for interpreting effect magnitudes are based on the modified Cohen 