Study design and ethical approval
bradycardia, mental illness, epilepsy, hearing or visual impairment, liver or kidney dysfunction, infection, arrhythmias
ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK, EPILEPSY, CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS, ADVERSE EVENTS, RECRUITMENT, INFECTION, SINUS SICK SYNDROME, ARRHYTHMIAS
This was a prospective randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhenjiang First People’s Hospital (Approval No. k-20190131-w). This study adhered to the CONSORT guidelines, and all methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The recruitment of elderly patients who underwent hip replacement began in September 2019 and ended in January 2022. All patients were approached before the operation to evaluate eligibility according to the following inclusion criteria: age ≥ 65 years; American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status scale grade I–III; ready for hip replacement; body weight between 45 and 75 kg; body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 24 kg/mThe patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria:
Age < 65 years or > 90 years; BMI greater than 24 kg/m2; ASA grade higher than III;Heart failure, severe arrhythmias, severe bradycardia (heart rate less than 40 beats/min), atrioventricular block of degree 2 or above, sick sinus syndrome, systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 180 or < 90 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 110 or < 60 mmHg;Severe liver or kidney dysfunction, severe infection, and other pathological conditions that could interfere with study results;Dementia, cerebrovascular accidents within 3 months, mental illness, epilepsy and other adverse events that could interfere with study results;Conditions that block communication and preoperative assessment, such as serious hearing or visual impairment; andHistory of chronic analgesic use, long-term psychotropic medication use, alcohol or drug addiction.