Clinical parameters
EARLY PREGNANCY
Weight was obtained from welfare women clinic records and was self-reported. Height was measured with a wall stadiometer at the first visit. Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/mGDM was diagnosed at 24–28 gestational weeks on the basis of a 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test if one or more values were: 0 h ≥ 5·3, 1 h ≥ 10·0 and 2 h ≥ 8·6 mmol/lBlood pressure was measured with an Omron M5-1 (IntelliThree-day food diaries were obtained in early pregnancy. The daily intakes of energy and energy-yielding nutrients and fibre were calculated by using computerised software (AivoDiet 2.0.2.3, Aivo) utilising the Finnish Food Composition Database FineliQuestionnaires were collected to obtain information about education and smoking, and the participants were interviewed about their fish oil supplement usage before participation.