Snacking frequency and energy quantity are not associated with cardiometabolic health
Across the snacking frequency groups (0, 1, 2 and > 2 snacks/day), there were no differences in cardiometabolic blood or anthropometric markers including anthropometric traits (height, weight, BMI, visceral fat, waist-to-hip ratio), or fasting and postprandial blood markers (see Supplementary Table 3) (all adjusted for age, sex, BMI, physical activity level and main meal quality). Similarly, we saw no differences in the same cardiometabolic blood or anthropometric markers across the quartiles of quantity of energy from snacks (Q1 < 25, Q2; 25–50, Q3; 50–75, Q4 > 75%). These trends did not change when examining food-only snacking.