2.3.2. Body weight, body composition, and bone mineral density measurements
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ATM
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic, Horizon-Wi, United States) was used to evaluate body weight, BF%, adipose tissue mass (ATM), lean tissue mass (LTM), and total bone mineral density (TBMD). A quality assurance procedure was performed prior to testing. The participants were asked to remove any metal objects (such as belts, keys, or cell phones) and lie flat on the testbed with their feet turned inward for scanning. The entire test process took approximately 15 min, and the participants were asked to remain relaxed and avoid moving as much as possible during the test to avoid affecting the test results.