Data collection tools
DISEASE
Data collection tools included a general information form, and the Persian versions of Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI) and Lebanon Water Pipe Dependence Scale-11 (LWDS-11). Data were collected before and two months after the intervention in both groups. A researcher and a trained research assistant collected the data. They were in regular contact with each other during the data collection and were coordinated in this field.The general information form consisted of questions about age, marital status, education, employment status, underlying disease, using medication, age of the onset of WPS, frequency of WPS per day, and other questions about WPS status.Developed by Argyle, Martin, and Crossland (1989), the OHI consists of 29 items each containing four phrases [The LWDS-11 was designed by Salameh et al. (2008) and contains 11 questions in which the first four multiple-choice questions concern the level, duration, and frequency of use as well as the cost of WPS. The choices of the four questions are scored as 0 (never), once (1), sometimes (2), and always (3). Other questions are about the psychological effects of WPS and are scored between 0 and 3. The total scores of this questionnaire range from zero to 33 and a higher score indicates more dependence on WPS. Salameh et al. confirmed face, convergent and discriminative validity of the LWDS-11, and approved its reliability by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.83 [