Data collection tool
Breast self-examination, ’s behavior, breast self-examination, breast cancer
BREAST CANCER
The data collection tool was a PEN-3 model-based questionnaire with approved validity and reliability in a study by Naghibi et al. The validity of the questionnaire was theoretically determined using the content validity and consultation with 10 experts, and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach’s alpha test for each section of the questionnaire: screening function (The questionnaire consists of five sections. The first part contains 13 questions about personal and social characteristics; the second part contains six questions about women’s behavior in early diagnosis of breast cancer; the third part has 24 questions about perception factors such as “The risk of breast cancer increases with age; I feel that I am not able to perform breast self-examination.” The fourth part has 13 questions about enablers. Such as “Are the health care unit and doctor’s office available to receive information about breast self-examination and breast examination?; Is having health insurance effective for going to the doctor for breast examination and mammography?; Breast self-examination, clinical examination, and mammography are time-consuming?.” The fifth part has 13 questions about nurturers, such as “My husband encourages me to do breast self-examination, breast examination by specialist, and mammography; My family members (my mother, my sister, etc.) agree to perform breast self-examination, breast examination by specialists, and mammography; The advice of religious leaders lead to breast self-examination, breast examination by specialists, and mammography.” For scoring items of the questionnaire, a five-point Likert scale (totally agree = 5, agree = 4, no idea = 3, disagree = 2, and disagree = 1) with a score range of 24–120 was used. Questions in the “enablers and nurturers” section had Yes/No types. The scores ranged from 0–13 for the “enablers” section and 0–13 for the “nurturers” section. The questions in the behavior section had Yes/No and multiple-choice types. The frequency of behavior was considered for every question.