Participants
RA
Eligible patients in the emulated target trial were adults aged 18 years or older who were diagnosed with RA; whose first visit occurred between April 1, 2015, and January 1, 2021; who had no prior recorded b/tsDMARD; who had at least 6 months from their first recorded visit until baseline; and who had at least 6 months of treatment with a csDMARD immediately prior to baseline. These criteria defined (or enriched for) a cohort of new users who were b/tsDMARD naive based on their EMR and the government criteria for b/tsDMARD reimbursement. Patients were excluded if they did not have at least 1 component of the DAS28-CRP recorded at baseline, 3 months, or 9 months.