DISCUSSION
nausea, postoperative pain, Postoperative pain, hypoxia, nausea and vomiting, vomiting, respiratory dysfunction, pain, Shivering, lactic acidosis, shivering, nausea, vomiting
HYPOXIA, COMPLICATION, LACTIC ACIDOSIS
Reducing the side effects of opiates, such as respiratory dysfunction, nausea and vomiting, and sedation, is very important in patients after surgery. Shivering, a common and harmful complication of general anesthesia, can lead to hypoxia, pain, and lactic acidosis and interfere with monitoring ECG, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation [Our study findings show a comparable incidence of shivering when using intravenous ibuprofen or meperidine. We searched for similar studies but found no investigations specifically examining intravenous ibuprofen as an anti-shivering drug. Therefore, we compared the results of studies investigating intravenous drugs with a similar mechanism of action as ibuprofen, such as cyclooxygenase inhibition.Consistent with our study, Khezri The exact anti-shivering effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is still unknown. Prostaglandin E2, one of the main mediators of the hypothalamus, causes shivering after anesthesia via a central thermoregulatory pathway. This mediator is stimulated by COX-2 in the brain [Despite the low intensity of pain in laparoscopic surgery compared to open surgery, treating pain after laparoscopic surgery is a clinical and research dilemma and a challenge. Postoperative pain can lead to prolonged hospital stays and delayed recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy [In contrast to the results of our study, previous studies have demonstrated statistically significant differences [In our study, the ibuprofen group showed comparable or better control of nausea and vomiting than other groups, while the meperidine group had a higher incidence of nausea (20%) and vomiting (12.5%). This finding is consistent with published data in other studies. For example, the study by Southworth According to our findings, patients in the intravenous ibuprofen group experienced significantly less sedation compared to those who received meperidine and placebo. This difference was statistically significant at all time points of the study, except at the 60-minute mark.A meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials involving 994 patients who received parecoxib for postoperative pain management compared to those who received placebo or standard treatment analgesia, found lower incidence rates of nausea, vomiting, and early (1-hour) postoperative sedation scores in the parecoxib group [Some limitations of our study include its short duration, which may limit the generalization of the results. Further studies with longer follow-ups are recommended to confirm our findings. Additionally, a single dose of 800 mg of ibuprofen, regardless of patient weight, and its administration only 30 minutes before the end of surgery (according to our study design) may be considered a potential criticism. Another limitation is the lack of assessment of anesthesia duration, hospital stay, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, the results may not be generalizable to other types of surgeries. Further studies are needed to explore the optimal dosing regimen of intravenous ibuprofen to prevent postoperative shivering and its potential therapeutic effect on postoperative shivering.