Population selection criteria
GDM, diabetes mellitus, opioid dependence, pain
GDM, DIABETES MELLITUS, ADVERSE EVENT
Full-term singleton pregnancies with GDM (those with ASA scores of I-II) were included. Exclusion criteria: (1) patients with ASA scores of III and above; (2) patients with contraindications to neuraxial anesthesia; (3) patients with a history of opioid dependence; (4) patients who were diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus before pregnancy. Withdrawal criteria: (1) any clinical adverse event; (2) severe pain; (3) pregnant woman or family member who were unwilling to complete the study.