Anesthesia
bradycardia, Hypotension, pain
The intraoperative monitoring included noninvasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, pulse oxygen saturation, radial artery blood pressure, and nasopharyngeal temperature. The intravenous anesthesia induction was performed using midazolam, sufentanil, etomidate, and rocuronium. After successful tracheal intubation, the patient received mechanical ventilation and end-tidal carbon dioxide was maintained between 35 and 45 mm Hg. Anesthesia was maintained using propofol, remifentanil, and cisatracurium to maintain a bispectral index value of 40 to 60 (index ranges from 1 to 100; higher values indicate shallower depths of sedation). Hypotension (mean arterial pressure <65 mm Hg or a decrease of 20% from baseline) and bradycardia (heart rate <50 beats/min) were treated. A thermal blanket was used during the operation to maintain a nasopharyngeal temperature above 36 °C. Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was used in both groups. Postoperative analgesia was achieved with 3 μg/kg of sufentanil and 20 mg of azasetron in 100 mL of normal saline. The background infusion rate was 2 mL/h. After returning to the ward, if the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score was greater than 4 (range, 0-10; higher scores indicating more severe pain), 100 mg of intravenous flurbiprofen axetil was administered.