General anesthesia
ESPB
MUSCLE RELAXATION, NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE
After the ESPB procedure, the patient’s vital signs were monitored in the supine position using electrocardiography, non-invasive blood pressure measurement, pulse oximetry, and capnography. Then, general anesthesia induction was initiated with 1.2–1.5 mg/kg of propofol and 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium after denitrogenation with 100% oxygen. After confirming adequate muscle relaxation with train-of-four stimuli, tracheal intubation was performed (an internal diameter 7.5 mm for male and 7.0 mm for female patients). General anesthesia was maintained with 2–3 vol% of sevoflurane and a target-controlled infusion of remifentanil to maintain hemodynamic stability. Laparoscopic surgical methods, including incision size and location and number of ports, were standardized according to the type of surgery at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. At the end of the surgery, neuromuscular blockade was reversed with 0.01 mg/kg of glycopyrrolate and 0.04 mg/kg of neostigmine. The patients were extubated when the train-of-four ratio exceeded 90% and spontaneous breathing was established.