Standard thermal care
The ambient temperature of the operating room was thermostatically controlled being set at 24.0 °C at least 30 min before the patients’ entrance. A circulating water mattress (Blanketrol II, Clininnati Sub-Zero Products, Inc, Ohio) was placed on the operative table underneath the patient body being set at 37.0 °C. The patient’s body surface exposure was minimized with cotton blankets and surgical drapes throughout the anesthesia and surgery without intraoperative forced-air warming