2.5. Outcomes
muscle mass
SECONDARY
The primary outcomes were grip strength, leg strength, walking speed, bone density, and cognitive function. The secondary outcomes were muscle mass, muscle rate, muscle mass by region (trunk, right or left arm, and leg), and frailty. In addition, we measured the following as exploratory outcomes: gut flora, WHO-5 (measuring feelings of happiness as described in the next section), and serum total antioxidant status (STAS). Since this is the first study to survey the effect of COMB-FP meals on this age group, we positioned this study as a pilot study with multiple outcomes.