Bed rest
Total caloric intake during bed rest was predetermined by the research dietitian using the Harris‐Benedict equation adjusted for no physical activity. Daily caloric intake was evenly distributed over three meals, at hours 08:00, 13:00, and 18:00. Participants could consume water and noncaloric flavored beverages ad libitum throughout bed rest. Bed rest procedures were performed at the CCTS and conducted as previously reported (Reidy et al., 