Pain
pain
The primary outcome measure was the patient’s pain evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) of 0–100 mm from no pain to severe pain. Patients were asked to mark with a vertical line on the 100 mm horizontal scale amount of pain they experienced during the puncture: 10–30 mm mild pain, 40–60 mm moderate pain, and 70–100 mm severe pain. When using, the graduated side of the pain scale was facing away from the patient, and the patient was asked to mark the corresponding position on the scale that represented their own pain degree. The nurse gave a score based on their marked position. Compared to the verbal description scale, the VAS has proven to be more sensitive to small differences in pain intensity and pain discomfort, with higher test repeatability [