Randomization and blinding
We randomly assigned patients in a 1:1 ratio to the desflurane group or TIVA group. The randomization sequence was previously computer-generated and preserved in sealed opaque envelopes. The allocation was concealed until the day of surgery. Patients, the outcome assessors and the nursing team were blinded to group assignments. The attending anesthesiologists were aware of group assignments owing to the nature of the intervention.