Data collection
Prediabetes, diabetes or sugar diabetes, HF.Within, chest pain, prediabetes, men/five, prediabetes, impaired fasting blood sugar, diabetes
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, HYPERTENSION, PREDIABETES, PREDIABETES, BORDERLINE DIABETES, CORONARY HEART DISEASE, DIABETES
As part of the questionnaire in NHANES. People 40 years of age and older who had ever been told by a doctor that they had diabetes or prediabetes were selected to participate in the survey. Prediabetes was asked “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health care provider that you have prediabetes, impaired fasting blood sugar, IGT, borderline diabetes, or that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes or sugar diabetes?” If the subject answered “yes,” he or she was considered to be Prediabetes. Within NHANES there is a question “have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have diabetes?” For our study, an affirmative answer to this question was used to classify patients as having diabetes. Similarly, Subjects' HF was also collected through the NHANES questionnaire format. There is a question “have you ever been diagnosed with HF by a doctor.” If the subject answered “yes” then the subject was considered in our study to have HF.Within the NHANES study, a self‐reported questionnaire was used to gather patient demographic information. Demographic characteristics were categorized by gender (male, female), race (non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black, Mexican American, Hispanic American, other race), marital status (unmarried, married or living with partner, married but currently living alone [separated, divorced, or widowed]), and education level (less than 9th grade, 9th−11th grade, high school graduate, partial college or AA graduate or above). As part of their self‐reported medical history, participants were asked if they had ever been told they had coronary heart disease, chest pain, myocardial infarction, hypertension. There are three medication status: not taking a glucose‐lowering drug, taking a glucose‐lowering drug, and taking other prescribed medications but not a glucose‐lowering drug. Information on smoking and alcohol consumption was also included in the questionnaire section. The smoking status of each participant was assessed by self‐report, and they were divided into three groups: nonsmokers, former smokers, and current smokers. Within the NHANES database, drinking status is categorized as never drinking, former drinkers now abstaining, heavy drinkers (≥3 drinks per day for women/≥4 drinks per day for men/five or more days of binge drinking per puff), moderate drinkers (≥2 drinks per day for women/≥3 drinks per day for men/≥2 days of binge drinking per puff), and light drinkers (excluding the above). Waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) was obtained by medical staff at mobile screening stations. BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters (kg/m