Concurrently randomised cohorts
By design, the way that participants are assigned to treatments in adaptive randomised trials changes over time, which can lead to treatment-outcome confounding in certain cases. For when that confounder is based on calendar time, we have included epoch modelling as one countermeasure to confounding (see the ‘As a further safeguard against treatment-outcome confounding arising from changing randomisation schemes, at the final analysis of a domain, we intend to perform and report sensitivity analyses of the primary model outcomes of each embedded fixed design corresponding to concurrently randomised cohorts, as recommended [