Measures
TTM
PMT
All participants in the two groups were instructed to attend face-to-face follow-ups with research staff 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after randomization. The outcomes were the change in PMT construct scores and the change in TTM stages. TTM stages of change were measured by smoking status using the question “Are you going to quit smoking?”: “No, not thinking of quitting” (precontemplation; individual is not ready or thinking about making a change); “Yes, within the next 6 months” (contemplation; individual thinking about making a change but not in the immediate future); “Yes, within the next 30 days” (preparation; individual ready to change, intends to try to change in the immediate future, and might be making small preparatory changes); and action, the biochemically verified patient has not smoked since the last follow-up [