Data collection
Data were collected during or immediately following the short rainy season, which is typically from October to December, when cow milk production is high. Baseline quantitative survey data was collected from December 2020 to January 2021, and endline survey data was collected from October to November 2021. The enumerators entered the data on tablets with the questionnaire programmed in KoBoToolbox. The questionnaire was developed in English and translated into Kinyarwanda. It included questions on frequency of child milk and other ASF consumption in the last 7 days; fathers’ knowledge of ASFs, awareness of key nutrition practices, and support for children’s milk and other ASF consumption; and decision-making related to household ASF use. Fathers were also asked about demographics at baseline and intervention exposure at endline.Endline qualitative data were collected by a separate team of trained data collectors in October and November 2021. The question guides for fathers and mothers asked about different components of the SBCC intervention and their experiences participating in them, household decision-making related to milk use, and ongoing barriers to ASF consumption. The question guide for CEHOs and model fathers included questions about different components of the SBCC intervention, their experiences implementing them, and their recommendations for improving the intervention. The guides were developed in English and translated into Kinyarwanda. FGDs and IDIs were digitally recorded, and the recordings were transcribed and translated into English.Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the University of Rwanda’s College of Medicine and Health Sciences institutional review board (275/CMHS IRB/2020) and ILRI’s research ethics committee (ILRI-IREC2020-34). All participants provided written informed consent. Additional information regarding the ethical, cultural, and scientific considerations specific to inclusivity in global research is included in 