Interactions among individual traits, reading task, and background music
Individual differences appear in almost all studies on BGM and learning. Working memory capacity (WMC) is a factor that can moderate the effect of BGM on reading comprehensionPersonality traits such as extraversion have been considered when discussing the role that BGM played in cognitive tasksBGM listening habits and preference are other factors worthy of consideration. Both positive and negative connections between these factors and study performances were reported. An experimental study conducted by Etaugh and PtasnikBesides, learners’ musical expertise was also identified as an important factor