Data analysis
MetaboAnalyst 5.0 (G-Power software version 3.1.9.6 (University of Trier, Germany) was utilized to calculate the sample size. Additionally, the normal distribution of the variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, while the differences in appetite scale, appetite hormone, and targeted metabolomics were evaluated across the varying time intervals and different participant groups using the two-way repeated-measure Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). For significant interactions, 