2.1. Patient Population and Distribution
bruxism, infection, diabetes
INFECTION, PERIODONTAL DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, OSTEOPOROSIS, DIABETES
A total of 70 patients were selected and included in this study, 38 women and 32 men, whose ages ranged from 23 to 68 years old. The present clinical study was submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Paulista University (UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil) under the number 5,728,743. All procedures were performed by the same professional (SAG), who has extensive experience in implantology. Previously, all selected participants were informed about the conditions and the type of study that would be carried out. They completed and signed the informed consent according to the agreement of the Declaration of Helsinki of 1994. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines were followed during the manuscript preparation.For the inclusion of participants, the current medical conditions of each patient, their ability to withstand the stress of the surgical procedure for implant placement, and their need to replace lost teeth in the maxilla or the mandible in healed alveolar sites were considered. All selected patients agreed to participate in the non-invasive study to measure implant stability based on resonance frequency analysis for 45 days. Cases in which immediate loading was indicated were not included in this study. Other patients excluded from this study were those with systemic alterations, such as diabetes, hypertension, or osteoporosis, oral pathologies of soft or hard tissues, and harmful oral habits, such as bruxism and smoking (>10 cigarettes per day). Local exclusion factors (intraoral) were considered for patients with uncontrolled or untreated periodontal disease, areas with little bone volume for implant insertion, and active infection in sites close to the implant installation area.