Studies using environmental or interpersonal manipulations
Tiggemann and Boundy [In another study, Aubrey and Gerding [In a study that included an a priori power analysis and achieved a power level of .80, Kahalon et al. (Study 2, [In a recent study, Savage and Couture Bue [Other studies more directly manipulated the male gaze, either by having a male (vs. female) experimenter video record/photograph the participant or by having a male confederate gaze at the participant in a sexual manner. Gay and Castano [Guizzo and Cadinu [Taken together, results from experimental tests of self-objectification and the sexualized gaze on women’s cognitive performance have been inconsistent. More recent concerns related to statistical power also raise the question of the results’ replicability, as smaller samples increase the likelihood of false positives [