Keywords:
postoperative pain, nerve injury, toxicity, infection, hypotension
PNEUMOTHORAX, THORACIC, INFECTION, EPIDURAL HEMATOMA, COMPLICATIONS

Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) and thoracic paravertebral blocks (TPVB) have been used widely to manage postoperative pain in thoracic surgery. However, these gold-standard analgesic techniques are often challenging to perform and may induce complications, including dural puncture, nerve injury, epidural hematoma, infection, hypotension for TEA or pneumothorax, local anesthetic toxicity, inadvertent spinal or epidural block for TPVB.