2.5. Biomarker Determinations
Samples of overnight fasting blood were collected at baseline and at 6 and 12 months post-intervention. Serum and plasma samples were separated and stored at −80 °C until the analyses for the following biomarkers. Bone formation biomarkers (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BAP] and osteocalcin), bone resorption marker (β-C-terminal telopeptides [β-CTx]), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were determined by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay methods (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) [