Limitations
Shoulder pain, shoulder pain, pain, ’ pain, ’ shoulder pain
Despite the strengths of the present study, our research has the following limitations:
Although the surgical procedure and anesthesia were the same for all patients, the patients underwent surgery under the supervision of different anesthesiologists and surgeons.There was insufficient evidence on the best time for TENS and massage to start interventions to improve shoulder pain which may affect the results to somewhat.Shoulder pain was assessed in all patients only at rest, and no separate pain measurement was performed at rest and in motion.The primary source of patients’ pain (incision and shoulder pain) was not assessed when they requested analgesia.The effect of interventions on patients’ shoulder pain was not assessed for a long time and was limited to the initial hours after surgery.At the end, the sample size was small, and it was unclear whether the findings would be different if used in multiple centers in different environments and with larger sample sizes.