References
Malnutrition, Nutritional Appetite
REGRESSION, MALNUTRITION
Flowchart for inclusion of participants in the microbiota ancillary study and fMRI measurements of the PROMISS trial. Darkest grey is final number of included participants per group, per substudy. Grey is the number of exclusions. fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; PROMISS: Prevention Of Malnutrition In Senior Subjects in the EU.Microbiota composition for each participant. (Microbiota alpha diversity was not affected by increasing protein intake. Alpha diversity for the control and diet groups at baseline (V1) and 6 month follow-up (V2) based on observed number of taxa, Shannon index, and Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity index. Observed taxa is the total number of unique ASVs observed in a sample; it is a metric for richness. Shannon is an evenness diversity metric: a more even distribution results in a higher diversity. FPD takes into account the phylogeny of the observed taxa; it is a metric for genetic diversity. Linear mixed models were used to test for intervention-induced changes in alpha diversity. In these models an interaction term for intervention × time and a random intercept for participant were included. Dietary advice aimed at increasing protein intake did not affect any of the alpha-diversity measures. ASV: amplicon sequence variants; FPD: Faiths Phylogenetic Diversity.Microbiota beta diversity was not affected by increasing protein intake. (Baseline characteristics of microbiota (BMI: body mass index; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Exam; SNAQ: Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; aBW: adjusted body weight; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging. Values are depicted in mean ± standard deviation (parametric continuous), median (interquartile range) (non-parametric continuous), or number (%) (categorical). Baseline differences between groups are tested by independent samples Dietary intake after 3 and 6 months in the intervention and control groups.aBW: adjusted body weight; 95%-CI: 95% confidence interval; B: regression coefficient. Shown are means ± standard deviations and regression coefficients (95%-confidence intervals). Differences between groups in food intake were linear mixed models with random intercept for the participant, adjusted for baseline values. * Appetite measures at baseline and after 6 months in the intervention and control groups.SNAQ: Simplified Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale. Shown are means ± standard deviations, medians (interquartile ranges), and regression coefficients (95%-confidence intervals). Differences between groups in appetite were tested with linear regression for follow-up values, adjusted for baseline values.Significant results of the main effects observed in the fMRI virtual food task of whole-brain analyses.Depicted are the main effects of the two contrasts (food versus non-food and high-caloric versus non-food images) of the virtual fMRI paradigm. To this end, fMRI baseline data of all participants across both groups was entered into a one-sample Effect of intervention on responses to fMRI virtual and palatable food tasks in pre-defined regions of interest.Shown are regression coefficients (95%-confidence intervals) and 