Strengths and limitations
PNE, pain
A unique quality of this study is that the study has been undertaken outside Europe/USA/Australia, where most of the pain science education studies have been carried out. This work in a non-western culture provides a unique insight into the potential effectiveness of PNE on a more global level.However, this is not without limitations. The first is related to blinding. In this study, participants were not blinded to the group allocation, and given measures of pain, physical limitation, and psychological outcomes were answered via participants (participants being the assessors). So, we can only claim that the assessor was blinded to the outcome of the function. The second is related to a small proportion of participants. Although the number of participants in each group was based on G*Power analysis, larger samples would have led to more precise estimates and reduced risk of a type II error. The third is the lack of evaluating attentional control of the participant's time spent with the physical therapist. For example, in the PNE followed by the PEs group, participants interacted with their pain education physical therapist (A), even in the PEs sessions. These interaction has been previously investigated and shown important in treatment response [