Ethical review
This was a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Chengdu University of TCM (no. 3801) and was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All methods in this study were carried out in accordance with the “standard of undergraduate medical education-Traditional Chinese Medicine” issued by the National Advisory Committee on Traditional Chinese Medicine in Higher Education under the Ministry of Education of China, and with the training guidelines of TCM medical undergraduates of five-year program released by the Chengdu University of TCM. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. At the conclusion of the trial, trainees in the control group were provided with an opportunity to receive systematic training of OSP-TCM simulation.