Participants
bacterial infection, stroke, intellectual disability, arthritis, gout, psychiatric, alcohol abuse, rheumatoid, schizophrenia, Paget’s disease of bone or spinal disc herniation, renal dysfunction, diabetes
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, BACTERIAL INFECTION, STROKE, ARTHRITIS, DISORDERS, GOUT, PATHOLOGY, DIABETES
The study enrolled participants aged 45–75 years that had a body mass index within the healthy range (18.0–30.0 kg/mIndividuals with active viral or bacterial infection based on clinical examinations, a history of rheumatoid or other types of arthritis, renal dysfunction, psychiatric disorders, diabetes, stroke or myocardial infarction, intellectual disability, schizophrenia, gout, Paget’s disease of bone or spinal disc herniation, expected knee arthroscopy or arthroplasty, or life-threatening pathology were excluded. Patients that had, at the time of enrollment, received treatments including antiosteoporotic therapy within the last year, intra-articular injection applied at the target knee joint (most painful knee during screening) within the last 3 months (6 months for HA), or corticosteroids were excluded. The study also excluded patients who were intolerant to protein-based food or supplements, pregnant or lactating women, and patients with alcohol abuse or addiction.