Outcome Measures
Depression
Self-efficacy, the primary outcome of the study, was measured using the Chinese version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) [Depression levels were measured using the Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale [Total health service usages were evaluated using the participants’ self-reports of the number of times in previous 3 months they had attended a general practitioner’s clinic, made unscheduled visits to a government outpatient clinic or emergency department, or were admitted to a hospital.Demographic data on gender, age, education level, financial status, and source of income were gathered at baseline.