Statistical methods
All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS software (IBM Corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) licensed by the University Hospital Tuebingen. Unless otherwise stated, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and graphical Q-Q plots were used to determine the distributions. Reading speed data were normally distributed. Therefore, we applied parametric methods for this analysis. As most of the other data were not normally distributed, we applied non-parametric confirmatory analyses consistently in all tests by the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples. For within-group comparisons, we used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We report descriptive data as medians and interquartile range (IQR). Boxplots for presenting the results of each single stimulus independently (pictures, alphabetic words, and Chinese characters) were presented by pairwise-exclusion (see The level of significance α was set to 0.05 (two-sided) in all statistical tests. We applied a Holm-Bonferroni adjustment to the p-values in the multiple comparison tests to avoid accumulation of Type I errors [Correlation analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation if the data were normally distributed, and the Spearman correlation if this was not the case.Regarding the Regarding the We calculated the a priori required sample size using the software application “G*Power”, with alpha = 0.05, power = 95% and effect size Cohen’s d = 2.56 (Cohen’s d, Cohen 1992 using G*Power’s effect size calculation feature). In our previous study [