Results
shoulder pain, PLSP, pain
This study was conducted on 138 patients with a mean age of 43.19 ± 11.3 years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Fig. 
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants in massage, TENS, and control groupsmalefemale10(21.7)36(78.3)19(41.3)27(58.7)14(30.4)32(69.6)The results of one-way analysis of variance are summarized in Table 
Comparison of mean PLSP intensity scores in massaging, TENS, and control groupsBefore interventionAfter intervention6.00 ± 1.865.93 ± 1.915.83 ± 1.784.54 ± 1.395.93 ± 1.974.70 ± 1.540.90< 0.001Before interventionAfter intervention4.76 ± 1.724.63 ± 1.814.87 ± 1.343.13 ± 1.424.96 ± 1.543.63 ± 1.610.83< 0.001Before interventionAfter intervention3.74 ± 1.543.65 ± 1.383.15 ± 1.191.65 ± 1.153.37 ± 1.522.09 ± 1.480.14< 0.001*ANOVA** Repeated measure ANOVA
Mean scores of the shoulder pain severity after CholecystectomyThe mean difference in PLSP decrease in the three groups before and after the interventions were significant (p < 0.001) (Table 
Comparison of the mean difference in shoulder pain intensity scores before and after the intervention in the massage, TENS, and control groupsMassagingTENSControl1.23 ± 0.991.28 ± 1.020.06 ± 0.74MassagingTENSControl1.32 ± 0.791.73 ± 0.880.13 ± 1.04MassagingTENSControl1.28 ± 0.951.50 ± 1.140.08 ± 0.91*one-way ANOVAComparing the two groups regarding changes in PLSP intensity showed that the effect of massage therapy and TENS was more significant than the control group (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two interventions of massage therapy and TENS at any time (Table 
Two-by-Two comparison groups regarding shoulder pain intensity at 4, 8, and 12 h after laparoscopic cholecystectomy*Post hoc analysis, using Tukey’s methodIn addition, Mauchly test confirmed the assumption of sphericity of the data. ANOVA with repeated measurements showed a significant difference between the three groups in the average intensity of PLSP after the intervention. Hence, the relief of pain in the intervention groups was more than the control group (p < 0.001) (Table 