Pain medication use
Pain, pain
The use of pain tablets decreased in all groups at the end of the intervention, but superior improvement was observed for the PE plus MCE compared with the PE alone. This could have been related to the positive reinforcement effects as a result of combining PE with MCE leading to better pain relief as evidenced by the significant reduction in the NPRS scores. Pain medication dependency has been reported to be a salient maladaptive coping strategy among adult rural dwellers in Nigeria [