2.2. Data Collection and Measures
Sleepiness, sleepiness
LATE PREGNANCY, EARLY PREGNANCY, EXCESSIVE SLEEPINESS
Computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) surveys were utilized to collect data at different time points during gestation and postpartum. Sociodemographic characteristics, which were collected at study enrollment between 12 and 16 weeks gestation, included age, self-reported race/ethnicity, level of education, employment status, annual household income, marital status, and parity.Excessive sleepiness: Sleepiness is defined as the tendency to fall asleep or the need to resist falling asleep during usual daytime activities. Participants reported their subjective sleepiness at 12–16 weeks gestation (early pregnancy), 32 weeks gestation (late pregnancy), and 6 months postpartum using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) [Breastfeeding intentions: Breastfeeding intentions were assessed in early and late pregnancy (i.e., 12–16 and 32 weeks gestation). Participants indicated how they planned to feed their baby by selecting from the following categories: “intend to breastfeed”, “intend to breastfeed and formula feed”, “intend to formula feed”, or “undecided”. This variable was dichotomized as “not considering breastfeeding” if they did not intend to breastfeed, or “considering breastfeeding” if they considered or intended to breastfeed (either exclusively or partially) or were undecided. We included those who were undecided in the considering breastfeeding group as 57% of the undecided participants in this sample went on to initiate breastfeeding [Breastfeeding attitudes: Breastfeeding attitudes were assessed in early and late pregnancy using the Mitra index [Breastfeeding behavior: Participants reported on a check-in call soon after delivery if they had initiated breastfeeding. At 3 and 6 months postpartum, participants reported if they were exclusively breastfeeding, mixed feeding (breastfeeding and formula feeding), or formula feeding. Breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months was dichotomized into “any breastfeeding” or “exclusive formula feeding”.Other infant feeding practices and beliefs: We used the Infant Feeding Questionnaire (IFQ) to assess maternal feeding practices and beliefs beyond breastfeeding [