Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS software, version 28 (IBM Corporation, New York, NY, USA). According to the grouping by surgical modality used (pilot-guided with straight implant drills, pilot-guided with step drills, or fully guided approach), the Shapiro–Wilk test of the primary outcome variables was performed. The test revealed that all outcome variables were approximately normally distributed. One-way ANOVA with a post hoc test (Tukey) was carried out to compare angular deviation, coronal global deviation, and apical global deviation data among the three study groups. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.