Examinations
strabismus
STRABISMUS, NEAR VISION
Neuro-ophthalmological examinations were performed to exclude an ophthalmological cause for the reading difficulty. These included: Distance and near visual acuity, accommodation, refraction, crowding (the difference of near visual acuity between single optotypes and grouped optotypes—assessed by the Oculus near vision charts, Landolt rings), eye position, strabismus, motility, convergence, stereopsis, saccades, eye dominance and pupil reaction, and morphology of the outer and inner segments of the eye.We used the Zürcher reading Test (ZLT II) [