1. Introduction
non-communicable chronic diseases, Diabetes, T2DM, diabetes
DYSLIPIDEMIA, INSULIN RESISTANCE, DIABETES, TYPE 2 DIABETES, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, DIABETES
These authors contributed equally to this work.(1) Background: We investigated the effects of a 12-week exercise intervention with or without vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and the plasma lipidome of participants with type 2 diabetes. We further explored whether the effects of the intervention on glycemic parameters could be associated with the baseline lipidome. (2) Methods: Sixty-one participants were randomly allocated to control (Con), exercise (EX), vitamin D (VD), and EX + VD groups. Multiple glycemic and anthropometric parameters were evaluated before and after intervention. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was the primary outcome. The plasma lipidome was analyzed before, after, and at an additional 12-week follow-up. Machine learning was applied to establish prediction models for responsiveness of glycemic control. (3) Results: Our interventions failed to improve the HOMA-IR index while fasting glucose was reduced in the EX + VD group (change%, −11.9%; effect size, 0.65; Due to rapid social and economic development during the past three decades, China is facing a growing threat from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), with diabetes considered to be one of the most common NCDs in China and several other countries [Endurance exercise has been recommended as an effective intervention for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by several associations, such as the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association. Moreover [Dyslipidemia is a well-known risk factor for T2DM, which is clinically characterized by abnormal regulation of total cholesterol and triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week endurance exercise training program with or without vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control (i.e., HOMA-IR and HbA1c), and its related plasma lipid species in participants with T2DM using lipidomics. We also assessed the post-intervention effects on lipids after an additional 12-week follow-up. In addition, our investigation was extended to investigate whether the basal plasma lipidome could predict the individual’s response to interventions in terms of glycemic control improvement. We hypothesized that exercise combined with vitamin D intervention would have synergistic effects on glycemic control and specific lipids, and the changes in lipids would be associated with glycemic improvement. Furthermore, basal specific lipids would have greater predictive potential for changes in glycemic control than traditional clinical indices.