Demographics and self-assessments
CHRONICALLY ILL
All participants completed the general information form, which included age, years of education, and gender.Psychosocial functioning of patients with rMDD was assessed using the psychological and social functioning subscales of the comprehensive Generic Quality of Life Inventory (GQOLI-74) questionnaire, which can be used to assess quality of life among unique populations (e.g., older adults, patients who are chronically ill). The instrument evaluates 20 factors across four dimensions, including psychological and social functioning. The questionnaire has high reliability and validity, and its test-retest reliability is 0.84–0.93.Self-rating scales have higher sensitivity and discrimination for symptom assessment [The rMDD group completed the GQOLI-74 subscales and BDI at baseline and six-month follow-up. All assessments were attended by a researcher to ensure that the participant understood their instructions and completed them carefully.