2.4.2. Upper extremity motor function assessment.
pain
The Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) scale was used to evaluate upper limb function. This evaluation tool consists of 6 items: arm and leg function, balance, sensation, joint ROM, and pain, with a total of 226 points using a 3-point scale from 0 (unable to perform) to 2 (complete performance). Higher scores indicated better motor function. In this study, only upper limb function items were evaluated and recorded, consisting of 66 points for the shoulder, elbow, forearm (18 items), wrist (5 items), hand (7 items), and upper limb coordination (3 items). The inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability of this evaluation tool were both very high, with The manual function test (MFT) was used to evaluate the upper limb function of the participants for comparison. The MFT assesses the ROM and recovery of joint tissues required for the functional movement of the upper limb, with 4 items for arm movement, 2 items for grip strength, and 2 items for finger manipulation. The total score is 32 points, with higher scores indicating better upper limb motor function. The reliability of the evaluation-retest was ICC = 0.994 and the inter-rater reliability was ICC = 0.993, indicating very high reliability.