BDS and other short-term memory tasks
While the creatine effect for BDS in our study bordered significance, it was smaller (One reason for this could be that there might have been more noise in our study, maybe due to the COVID pandemic starting in the midst of the study. This reason might apply to all of our tests. However, the standard deviation for BDS in this study was almost exactly the same as in the study we aimed to replicateThree further studies tested the effect of creatine supplementation on BDS in a different population than healthy young adults. In two of these studies, participants were healthy and elderly [In a review by Avgerinos et al. [Five of our exploratory tasks, the forward digit span, forwards and backwards block-tapping task (spatial), the BVMT-R, and the immediate recall part of the VLMT also tested short-term memory and there was no indication of an effect for these tasks. A review by Dolan et al. [Overall, the effect size for BDS in the present study lies in between that of other studies, some of which found very large effects and some of which found no effect. The reason why we found an effect for BDS, which is a short-term memory task, but not for our exploratory short-term memory tasks, might be that BDS is probably more difficult and thus requires a higher ATP turnover, which is where creatine helps. Short-term memory is critical for language comprehension, learning, planning, reasoning, and general fluid intelligence [