PF enhances plasma functionalities and induces anti-inflammatory effects in macrophage
To assess the molecular effects of PF on participant plasma, we performed multiple biochemical assessments of the functionality of participant plasma across states as well as the effect of participant plasma on the functionalities of primary human macrophage using a novel ex vivo modeling technique. For all assessments reported, we found significant differences between not only the fed and fasted states but also the baseline and fasted states, indicating the unique effects of PF that are not achieved through an ordinary overnight fast. First, we found that PF was capable of significantly increasing the total antioxidant capacity of human plasma compared with the baseline state (1.75 ± 0.14 vs. 1.61 ± 0.13 mM, Prolonged fasting significantly alters the effects of participant plasma on macrophage. In vitro analysis of the total antioxidant capacity of participant plasma (A). Significance between timepoints for all analyses (A–G) is denoted by their assigned letter (a–d) where groups that share an assigned letter in common were found to have no significant differences (As previous studies have shown immunomodulatory effects of PF on macrophage [To further elucidate the cellular pathways that may be involved in these immunomodulatory effects, we investigated the effects of treatment with participant plasma on the total COX activity of primary macrophages during LPS stimulation. We found that treatment with fasted plasma was able to significantly decrease total COX activity versus the baseline and fed plasma-treated cells (34.3 ± 3.6 vs. 36.8 ± 2.1 U/mL, 