Ethics
Ethical and research clearance for this study was issued by the Institutional Review Board of the Population Council and by the National Committee on Research in the Social Sciences and Humanities (NCRSH) in Lilongwe (Malawi), the Written informed consent was obtained from all research participants prior to their involvement in the study. For participants under the age of 18, written parental consent was obtained prior to contact with the adolescent participants, who were then asked to provide written asset if they wished to participate. For emancipated minors (married girls under age 18), parental consent was not required. At endline, consent was obtained from all participants orally, due to the shift of data collection to phone-based surveys. For minors, parents were contacted first and asked to provide oral consent for their children to be contacted and invited to participate in the study.