Body composition
Body composition did not change throughout our study. To avoid a Type I error rate due to no homogeneity of variance, two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was not run for the endpoint muscle proportion and interaction effect was not interpreted for the endpoint BMI due to violation of equality test of covariance matrices. Weight and BMI increased in the NMES and NMES + VR groups but decreased in the CO group. Fat proportion decreased in the NMES group by 14.36% from t0 to t1 and increased in the NMES + VR group by 14.92% and CO group by 5.46%. The same tendencies according to the changes from t0 to t1 were observed in water proportion. Muscle proportion was increased in NMES group by 9.94% from t0 to t1 and decreased in the NMES + VR and CO group (Table 