Intervention
pain
BPH
Participants in the routine care group received standard preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative nursing care following the hospital’s established protocols. This care involved conducting necessary preoperative investigations, providing the patient with information about the surgical procedure, monitoring the patient’s vital signs after surgery, maintaining accurate documentation of the monitoring results, ensuring the patient’s incision dressing was dry and clean, maintaining proper skin hygiene, and implementing dietary interventions. Participants in the RAM intervention group received the same standard care as the routine care group but with additional interventions based on the RAM. Throughout the surgical process, a comprehensive approach addresses the patient’s physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence need. In the preoperative stage, nurses educate the patient on nutrition and hydration, provide preoperative instructions, and discuss potential physiological impacts. They address fears, encourage expression of concerns, and guide the patient in adapting to changes in daily activities during recovery. In the intraoperative stage, nurses and anesthesiologists provide emotional support and maintain clear communication with the patient. They continuously address emotions, create a supportive environment, and involve the patient in decision-making. Collaboration with the surgical team minimizes disruptions to the patient’ s roles. In the postoperative stage, nurses manage pain and monitor wound healing. They address changes in self-concept, offer psychological support, and assist in adapting to daily activities. Nurses involve family members, fostering interdependence, and suggest community resources for additional support. The RAM intervention incorporated the principles and components of the model into the perioperative care of elderly patients with BPH (Table 
Perioperative care according to the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM)