Study design
This study employed the cross-design study. Before the experimental sessions, the participants were briefed on the test content and baseline measurement before performing the incremental test using an LC6 novo ergometer (Monark, Sweden) to determine the exercise intensity in the trial. The flowchart of the experimental sessions.Participants were given a standardized meal 60 min before exercise (8 a.m) and a ad libitum 60 min after exercise. In addition, considering the changes pattern in lac-phe after exercise, blood and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were collected before, immediately after, and 1 hour after performing the exercise. The collected plasma was used to test appetite hormones and metabolomics. To minimize fluctuation, participants were instructed to register their food intake 24 hours before the first experimental session and eat the same food 24 hours before each follow-up session. Participants were reminded to avoid strenuous exercise, caffeine, and alcohol intake. In addition, the washout period was 7 days for males and 28 days for females to ensure all experimental sessions were conducted during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (Determined by luteinizing hormone test paper).