Statistical analysis
ECOPD, COPD
COPD
Continuous values were summarized using means and standard deviations (SD) and compared between groups using ANOVA tests. Categorical variables were summarized using proportions and compared between groups using chi-square tests. Interobserver agreement was assessed using Cohen’s kappa statistic. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test the association between P-pulmonale and time to first ECOPD (any ECOPD and severe ECOPD) and to test the interaction between P-pulmonale and treatment assignment on time to first ECOPD. Adjusted models included covariates utilized in the parent BLOCK-COPD trial; age, sex, Black race, FEVWe evaluated the relationship between P-pulmonale and treatment assignment and change in COPD symptoms (CAT and SOBQ) using linear mixed-effects models. These models were parameterized with a three-way interaction between P-pulmonale, treatment assignment, and study visit and included a subject-specific random intercept. The mixed-effects models included a subject-specific random effect, which accounts for participants’ baseline characteristics, including sex. If the three-way interaction was not-significant (All 