DISCUSSION
Booth et al., Biopsychosocial approach, Chronic diseases including degenerative, arthritis, pain, depressive, chronic pain, disability
CHRONIC PAIN, OSTEOPOROSIS
The present study examined the effectiveness of an 8‐week MMEP in a sample of 71 community‐dwelling older adults with chronic pain. Some participants in the control group dropped out after randomization and caused the discrepancy in the number of participants when comparing the experimental group with control group. Our results showed that pain intensity was significantly reduced over the 8‐week period for participants who received the MMEP. The same improvement was not observed in the control group who received an information pamphlet but no music‐with‐movement exercise. Participants in both experimental and control groups reported statistical improvements in pain self‐efficiency and pain interference as well as reduction in loneliness and depressive symptoms. Also, the control group would receive a pamphlet with pain relief strategies. It is believed that it will be less efficient than the MMEP, yet, still provide some information for those suffering from chronic pain.Ageing population places high demands on the public health system, including medical and rehabilitation and social services. Chronic diseases including degenerative arthritis and osteoporosis, commonly reported in older adults, result in chronic pain and disability. Chronic pain, defined as ongoing pain felt in the bones, joints and tissues of the body that persists longer than 3 months, is a major cause of pain and disability (Booth et al., Biopsychosocial approach, which emphasizes the biological, psychological and social contributions to pain and disability, is an efficacious approach to managing chronic pain (Meeus et al., The proposed programme is proven effective in reducing pain intensity, promoting pain self‐efficacy and reducing pain interferences, as well as mitigating sense of loneliness and depressive symptoms. In particular, the MMEP has been proven superior to traditional approach in pain management information dissemination in reduction of pain intensity. Our findings were in line with previous studies [e.g. Cheung et al., 