Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria for trainees were: (1) Forth-year undergraduates majoring in TCM at the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. (2) Participation was entirely voluntary, and confidentiality agreement was obtained. (3) Trainees passed the examinations of basic courses of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine. (4) Trainees in good physical and psychological condition. Exclusion criteria included the following items: (1) Trainees who had received prior formal training as a standardized patient. (2) Trainees who had or being participated in a similar intervention. (3) Trainees who were failure to complied with the confidentiality agreement regarding the curriculum content. (4) Trainees were unwilling or unable to continue training, missing any of the training sessions.