Worst pain (primary outcome measure)
pain
A Friedman test showed a significant main effect for Worst pain, χ2 (2) = 36.77, Worst pain, mean ratings on a zero to 10 graphic rating scale (SD in parentheses), where 10 = excruciating pain.Physically touching virtual water significantly reduced participant’s worst pain ratings, and significantly increased fun, significantly increased how real the water seemed, and significantly increased the participant’s illusion of “being there” in VR (i.e., their sense of presence).