Study population and preparation
infection, allergy, dementia
UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION, CORONARY DISEASE, MITRAL STENOSIS, ALLERGY, HYPERTHYROIDISM, INFECTION, AORTIC STENOSIS, SEVERE, COAGULOPATHY
All older patients scheduled for unilateral primary hip surgery in the lateral position between 2020 August and 2021 June in the host institution were considered eligible for the study. Among them, we included patients who met the following criteria: (1) American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class 1–3, and (2) age ≥ 70 years. We excluded patients with uncontrolled hypertension, hyperthyroidism, dementia, or symptomatic coronary disease; hemoglobin levels < 10 g/dL; a previous history of allergy to propofol, fentanyl, or bupivacaine; and those who were contraindicated for SA, including coagulopathy, severe aortic stenosis, severe mitral stenosis, and active infection on the lumbar region. Patients who refused to participate in this study or for whom norepinephrine was contraindicated were also excluded.All included patients were randomly allocated into Group C (n = 35) and Group N (n = 35). Randomization was conducted using a computer-generated randomization program (