Statistical analysis
SE
Analyses were conducted in Stata SE 14.2 and included adjustments based on evaluation design and fidelity to randomization. We conducted difference-in-differences (DID) analyses using Stata SE 14.2 adjusted for the cluster design. In India and Malawi (where the intervention sites were randomized and balanced at baseline), we did not adjust for covariates. For India, we therefore present unadjusted results from the DID. In Malawi, we do not adjust for covariates but we do acknowledge that the program implementation deviated from the randomization slightly, with some intervention areas not receiving the program as intended and some comparison areas receiving the intervention. For Malawi, we therefore present the “as implemented” results, which more closely reflect the impact of the program. In Mali and Niger, the DID analysis included covariates, since the research design was quasi-experimental and the intervention and comparison samples differed on some key indicators at baseline. The DID analysis for Mali and Niger is adjusted for age, education level, wealth, and ethnicity. Age and education level were included at the individual level based on the adolescent girl survey responses. Household wealth and girls’ ethnicities were not collected in endline surveys. For this reason, wealth and ethnicity were calculated at the community level based on responses from adult endline surveys and adolescent surveys. Ethnicity was calculated as the proportion of the community belonging to the dominant ethnic group. Wealth was calculated as the average wealth score within the community. For the baseline and midline samples, wealth calculations were based on data from these respective survey years. For endline samples, wealth was calculated as an average of the baseline and midline responses within a given community.