Discussion
eating behavior, obese, venous blood reflux, overweight, Lac-Phe
OBESE
This study explored the acute effect of BFR exercise on appetite regulation. The results showed that the combined MICE with BFR could significantly reduce the subjective appetite perception after exercise compared to MICE without BFR but recorded no impact on the calorie intake of the ad libitum after exercise. The combined MICE with BFR also significantly increased the secretion of La and Lac-Phe and inhibited the secretion of appetite-related hormones. Note that BFR exercise could reduce subjective appetite perception by promoting the secretion of Lac-Phe.The exercise program employed in this study was based on the previous MICE protocol specifically for obese individuals (Recently, Li et al. (According to the present study, participants in the B group (MICE with BFR) recorded a higher Lac-Phe level immediately after exercise and 1 hour after exercise than participants in the M group (MICE without BFR). The outcome could be attributed to BFR preventing venous blood reflux and increased metabolic pressure during exercise (At the physiological and cellular level, human calorie intake and appetite are controlled by the neuro-endocrine system (Based on the assessment of three appetite-related hormones (Lac-Phe, La, and Phe) in this study, it was revealed that only ghrelin showed different levels between the B and M groups. Ghrelin also showed a significant linear correlation with Lac-Phe (RThe role of La in exercise-induced appetite inhibition with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOWhile the results of this study demonstrated the impact of the combined MICE with BFR exercise on subjective appetite, total ghrelin, and Lac-Phe to a certain extent, the effect on the subsequent ad libitum intake was negligible. Similar inconsistent trends among overweight and obese subjects have also been reported in previous studies (In addition, Lac-Phe had no impact on the calorie intake, probably due to the prolonged effect of Lac-Phe in mediating the eating behavior, although the observation time in this study was relatively short (60 min). In comparison, Li et al. (The procedure and outcome of the present study exhibit several limitations. Firstly, the sample size of this study only involved obese adults, which makes the results insignificant for other populations. Secondly, the impact of subsequent days and long-term BFR exercise on dietary calorie intake was not evaluated before performing this single acute study. Since the role of untargeted metabolomics analysis is only to screen and determine metabolites linked to Lac-Phe, it was not undetected 1 hour after exercise. Finally, this study emphasized only the effect of Lac-Phe induced by BFR exercise on appetite regulation and disregarded the influence of different exercise intensities and the number of exercise duration on Lac-Phe. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies employ broader and more diverse populations, perform randomized controlled trials to assess the effect of BFR exercise on dietary calorie intake, and investigate the mechanism of Lac-Phe in regulating appetite.