Content Validity
Content validation of the initial 35 items revealed that the S-CVI/AVE values for relevance and clarity were 0.94 and 0.84, respectively. All items met the relevance criterion (≥0.78) in terms of the I-CVI. Moreover, 26 of the 35 items fulfilled the criterion for item clarity (≥0.90). Items that did not meet the clarity criterion were carefully reviewed and either eliminated or modified to improve clarity based on suggestions provided by the expert panel. As a result, a final set of 30 items was selected for inclusion in the EDLQ, representing 5 domains described in “generated items.” To ensure the linguistic accuracy and appropriateness of the selected items, they were further evaluated and fine-tuned by a linguistic expert.