Participants
death
EVENT, HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY
This study was conducted on nulliparous women under 19 years who received prenatal care in comprehensive health centers in Hamadan, in the west of Iran. The inclusion criteria were gestational age 30–33 weeks, a healthy singleton fetus, no high-risk pregnancy, literacy at sixth grade level (end of elementary school), living independently with her husband, and not suffering from physical and mental illnesses. Exclusion criteria were the presence of a known abnormality in the newborn or a problem in the mother's breast preventing breastfeeding, giving birth before week 37, and the occurrence of an unfortunate event (such as the newborn death, divorce, and loss of loved ones) during the study.