Variables extraction
HEART
The data used in this study were extracted from a database constructed by combining information from multiple data sources, including the Hospital Information System, Laboratory Information Management System, Picture archiving and communication systems, and Electronic Medical Record of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College. Variables included in the study included patients’ sociodemographic information, drinking history, smoking history, previous medical history, comorbidities, HF-related characteristics, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, laboratory parameters, medication, and other treatments.