Field procedures
TB
Within each community, random sampling was structured according to geographically defined blocks of around 200 households. For every randomly selected block, all households were visited by a research assistant. If an adult household member was found at home, permission was sought to enumerate (list) all household members. In enumerated households, an individual was eligible to participate if they were a community resident aged ≥15 years. Eligible individuals were given barcoded invitation cards and invited to attend a mobile field site (MFS) that was located within the community as close to the sampled block as possible. A OneStopTB Platform (a truck, containing a digital X-ray and mobile laboratory fitted with an Xpert instrument) was stationed at the MFS, and several tents (“stations”) were set up to provide spaces to administer questionnaires and collect samples.All individuals who attended the MFS and consented to participate in the survey followed a defined order of procedures. First, questionnaire information including sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, TB symptoms, previous history of TB treatment, and behavioural risk factors for TB (smoking, drinking alcohol, occupational exposure), was collected. Subsequently, individuals were invited to have a digital chest X-ray taken, with images read using computer-aided detection software (CAD4TB, version 5.0, Delft Imaging, the Netherlands) that provided a score between 0% and 100% representing the probability that an individual has TB. After this, self-reported information on previous HIV testing and current and past ART use was collected, including whether an individual had ever tested for HIV, the date and result of their last test, and whether they had tested for HIV in the previous 12 months. Following this, HIV testing was offered to all individuals who did not self-report they were HIV–positive. All individuals who tested HIV–positive were referred to HIV services following counselling. An individual was considered to have participated in the survey if they were screened for TB symptoms and attended the X-ray station.