Surgical procedures
CMD, hernia
DIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA
All surgeries were performed by one team of experienced consultant general surgeons specializing in open surgical inguinal hernia procedures. The anesthesia type (general, epidural, or spinal) was determined by anesthetists based on the overall health status of the patient and specific issues or problems. A single ceftriaxone dose (1g IV) was administered preoperatively. In patients with direct inguinal hernias, the fascia transversalis plication was initially performed using an absorbable 2-O polylactic acid suture. In cases of indirect inguinal hernia following sac excision, either the CMD or MA repair was performed.