Anamnestic and anthropometric data and dietary/lifestyle habits
arthritis
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, HYPERTENSION, ARTHRITIS, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES, OSTEOPOROSIS
All the volunteers were investigated both for chronic morbidities (i.e., type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, osteoporosis, arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and 1ions.Anthropometric parameters, including height (cm), weight (kg) and waist circumference (cm) were measured by standardized procedures as described elsewhere (Body composition and phase angle were assessed with a standardized procedure using single-frequency (50 kHz) bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA-101 model; Akern, Florence, Italy), with an alternating electric current at low intensity (800 µA). The calculated phase angle was considered an index of nutritional and functional status (Eating habits were investigated using a validated self-administered dietary questionnaire(The questionnaire assessed the daily consumption of typical foods and beverages of the local diet, such as bread, pasta, cereal products, fruits and vegetables, milk and yoghurt, tea and coffee, as well as the weekly consumption of meat and meat products, fish, eggs, cheese, legumes and sweets (The questionnaire is multiple choice with a score ranging from 0 to 3 for each response, with the maximum score assigned to the healthiest one and the minimum score to the least healthy one according to the National Dietary Guidelines (Physical activity of the previous 7 days was investigated by using the validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire, short-form (IPAQ; short form) (Smoking information was also collected. Volunteers were classified according to their smoking status at T0, as follows: smokers (current smokers), former smokers (if they had smoked in the past), and never smokers.