Designs and measurements
The experimental design of 2 (group: experimental and control group) × 2 (time: before and after the experiment) was adopted, and the following indexes were measured.(1) Subjective Well-being: We used General Well-Being Schedule [(2) Self-control: The “Aged people’s Sense of Self-control Questionnaire” [(3) Executive function: The tests of the three sub-functions of executive function were programmed by E-Prime 2.0 software. All participants completed the 3 tests in turn, and each test had its corresponding practice-trials. The formal test was entered when practice accuracy was ≥ 80% (the average accuracy of the 3 tests was 82.6%, 85.3% and 81.8%, respectively).①Inhibitory function: Stroop task [②Updating function: N-back task [③Shifting function: More Odd Shifting task [(4) Physical fitness test: Strength (grip strength) was measured using grip meter (GMCS-WCS3). Flexibility was tested by seated flexion (GMCS-TQQ3). Balance ability was measured by standing on one foot with eyes closed (GMCS-DJZL3). Endurance was measured by using spirometer (GMCS-FHL3) [