Physical performance
hand dynamometer
Physical performance was measured by hand grip strength (HGS) and gait speed; HGS was measured with a TTM-YD hand dynamometer (Tsutsumi Industries, Tokyo, Japan) to identify muscle strength. Participants were placed in a sitting position with their elbow fixed at 90° and in the nondominant hand squeezed twice, with the mean results used for analysis. Gait speed was measured by physical movement via a 5-m walking test. Participants wore shoes and walked at their regular walking speed using a walking aid if necessary. The usual gait speed measured how many seconds the participant needed to walk 5 m and was recorded as m/s [