Design
sleepiness, meal carbohydrate
The study followed a counterbalanced, randomized, crossover design with 2 nutritional interventions that produced 2 different glycemic profiles (2 conditions); (1) a low GI profile (LGIP) and (2) a high GI glycemic profile (HGIP). Both conditions consisted of breakfast, lunch, and an afternoon snack (details below), and there were 9 points of assessment over the day, defined using the variable name time. The initial assessment timepoint was undertaken in a fasted state and was treated as baseline data. Eight subsequent time points took place over the course of 7.5 h (Procedural outline for both conditions. CGM, continuous glucose monitor reading; COG, cognitive performance assessment; HFS, hunger, fullness, sleepiness evaluation; SM, subjective mood evaluation.The 2 novel nutritional conditions (Macronutrient composition, GI, and glycemic load (GL) calculations for the low GI profile (LGIP) and high GI profile (HGIP) (TMC, total meal carbohydrate; PCF, proportion of carbohydrate from each food. PCF = CHO/TMC × 100. GI values are taken from Atkinson et al. [