2.2. Participants
allergy, pain, neuropsychiatric disorder, coagulopathy, substance abuse
ALLERGY, COAGULOPATHY
The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) 18–70 years old; (2) American Society of Anesthesiologists level I–III; and (3) scheduled for laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) allergy to medications used; (2) coagulopathy or use of anticoagulants; (3) history of substance abuse; (4) inability to describe the pain (e.g., neuropsychiatric disorder, language barrier); and (5) participation in other clinical trials.