Perceived stress scale-10
Perceived stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). The PSS-10 assesses perceived stressful experiences or stress responses that occurred during the past month, using a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never and 4 = very often). Total scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress. Scores of 0–13 indicate ”low stress”, scores of 14–26 indicate “moderate stress”, and scores of 27–40 indicate “high stress” [