Results
In each study group, dental implant placement was performed on five models, and six implants were placed per model, for a total of 90 implants placed in this study. Additional file Pilot-guided implant placement followed up with step drills (Group 2) showed significantly lower values of both global deviation variables (coronal global deviation, 0.78 ± 0.29 mm; apical global deviation, 1.02 ± 0.56 mm) than pilot-guided implant placement followed up with straight drills (Group 1) (coronal global deviation, 0.95 ± 0.20 mm; apical global deviation, 1.42 ± 0.49 mm). However, there were no significant differences in angular deviation between Groups 1 and 2 (7.56 ± 2.92° and 6.44 ± 2.84°).The fully guided approach (Group 3) produced significantly lower values of all three primary outcome variables (angular deviation, 2.36 ± 0.90°; coronal global deviation, 0.59 ± 0.28 mm; and apical global deviation, 0.90 ± 0.29 mm) than Group 1 and significantly lower angular deviation and coronal global deviation values than Group 2. However, there was no significant difference in apical global deviation between Groups 2 and 3. Figure 
Bar graphs representing the angular deviation (