2.1. Study Design and Participants
BRAIN
The study followed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design with four study arms. Research took place from July 2021 to January 2022 at the Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre (BPNRC) at Northumbria University. The Northumbria University Health and Life Sciences Ethics Committee reviewed and approved all study procedures used (Reference 33646), with investigations following the rules of the Declaration of Helsinki 1975. The study was also pre-registered on A volunteer sample of 75 participants aged 18–49 years was recruited and consumed at least one dose of treatment. Three of these participants discontinued with the study following the first testing visit, with a further participant discontinuing following the second testing visit. Three of these participants were replaced, with one not replaced due to time constraints. The data from the unreplaced participant were still included within the final analysis, leaving a total sample of 72 participants. For a full summary of enrolment and flow of participants, see A power calculation based upon previous repeated measures data showing an effect size of f = 0.175 [