Discussion
hemolysis
HEMOLYSIS
The training effect is the physiological changes that occur due to frequent involvement in exercise programs. The nature of training programs has its effects, which means different training programs produce different kinds of effects on physiological and biochemical parameters. The optimal training programs are one that quickly increases the desired quality while minimizing undesirable repercussions. We've been curious for a long time about how much exercise and what forms (modes) are optimal for achieving health benefitsThe EG’s total bilirubin mg/dL was reduced by 7.24 percent (1.38 mg/dL to 1.28, normal range of 0.2–1.30) with a medium effect size, whereas that of the CG decreased by 6.8 percent with no impact size. The study's results indicated that following the training program, total bilirubin levels were restored to their normal range. A low-intensity aerobic training program proved ineffective in raising total bilirubin level because total bilirubin is mainly determined by the degree of hemolysis, which suggests that the intensity of exercise primarily determines total bilirubin.The reductions in total bilirubin concentrations seem to be linked to changes caused by 12 weeks of aerobic exercise. The upper limit of the reference range for total bilirubin levels in the athletes was determined to be 0.2–1.3 mg/dL. Following exercise, bilirubin levels increased, similar to Swift et al.After 12 weeks of aerobic activity, the liver enzymes aspartate serum AST/SGOT (U/L), ALT/SGPT (U/L), and alkaline phosphatase (U/L) slightly increased. The researchers noted that the EG’s protein total (g/L) decreased insignificantly by 2.30 percent with a small effect size, whereas the CG’s decreased by 2.57 percent with a small effect size. Albumin (g/dL) insignificantly reduced by 3.36 percent in the EG, with a medium impact size, but significantly by 0.65 percent in the CG, with a small effect size. The EG’s globulin (Gm/dL) fell 3.47 percent with a medium effect size, whereas the CG’s dropped 0.38 percent with no impact size.After 12 weeks of aerobic activity, the liver enzymes aspartate serum AST/SGOT (U/L), ALT/SGPT (U/L), and alkaline phosphatase (U/L) slightly increased. Serum AST/SGOT (U/L) increased insignificantly by 4.02 percent with no impact size in the EG, whereas it increased by 0.31 percent with no effect size in the CG. The EG’s serum ALT/SGPT (U/L) improved insignificantly by 3.80% with a low impact size, whereas the CG’s dropped by 2.40% with a small effect size. Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) got elevated in the EG by 7.72 percent with a small effect size, whereas in the CG, it went up by 0.16 percent with a small impact size.Studies by Gutierrez-Grobe et al.According to the study, the EG’s protein total (g/L) decreased by an inconsequential 2.30 percent with a negligible impact size. The drop in the CG was 2.57 percent; however, it had a modest impact size. In the EG, albumin (g/dL) decreased insignificantly by 3.36 percent with a medium impact size, whereas it declined by 0.65 percent with a small effect size in the CG. Globulin (Gm/dL) decreased by 3.47 percent with a moderate effect size in the EG, whereas it decreased by 0.38 percent with no impact size in the CG.The difference between the mean albumin levels of young athletes before and after exercise was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Both numbers are falling below the average. This suggests that the study's subject pool consisted of healthy individuals. The current study’s findings do not agree with other studies, which demonstrated that exercise considerably raises plasma albumin levels. After exercise, the quantity of plasma albumin in the blood rises during the first hour of recovery. As a result, the most probable mechanism for this response is albumin redistribution from the interstitial to the intravascular regionOur study has some limitations. First, our investigation was a study containing just one EG; consequently, we cannot confirm that the outcomes of the study were totally attributed to the selected, designed exercise program as there were no instructions given on a diet, which has a huge role to play in the functioning of the liver. Therefore, more research involving another EG is necessary to verify the interaction effects. Second, there was a small sample size of healthy participants, and the external validity of the current results has to be increased by more research with larger sample sizes. Third, the participants in our study were advised to continue their normal regular diet during the time of the study. They were advised not to consume any additional dietary supplements at the time of the study. However, we didn’t monitor the eating habits and diet of the participants. Eating habits and diet may have an influence on the liver enzyme level. Finally, because the study subjects were healthy adults, it may be difficult to generalize our findings to other problems. Thus, further study will be focused on differences in type, duration, and intensity of aerobic exercise on the liver and its functions in athletes.