Background
Falls are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults worldwide. Poor postural control (body balance) is one of the strongest risk factors for falls in the aging population [The currently used exercise interventions for improving the physical status and balance and reducing the risk of falls among older adults range from flexibility exercises to dynamic balance training. These interventions are usually implemented in clinical and rehabilitative settings [In recent years, our research team has tried to explore a more dynamic, interesting, and interactive training method to improve physical health, including lower limb joint proprioception, muscular performance, and postural control, among middle-aged and older adults [Therefore, as a continuation of our previous study, in the current manuscript, we aimed to explore the effects of VT sticking-hand training on lower limb joint proprioception and muscular performance among middle-aged and older adults. We were particularly interested in examining the knee joint proprioception of the participants because VT practitioners have many opportunities to position their knees in space when performing different kinds of footwork [