Participants
This study approached fourth-year undergraduate students of Stomatology in Nanjing Medical University by inviting them to attend this course, followed by their voluntary registration. All the students, consisting of 63 female and 31 male students (around 21-23 years old), agreed to participate in this pedagogical experiment and signed the informed consent form. All the students have neither learned about the method of measuring the lateral cranial radiographs nor used the Dolphin software before. We also invited two orthodontist faculty members with over 5 years of clinical experience as instructors.