Discussion
ADHESION
Nutraceutical effects on immune surveillance are mediated by multimodal effects after consumption, including absorption of bioavailable compounds, and direct immune modulation by compounds remaining in the gut lumen through activation of dendritic cells in the mucosal barrier [The effects of consuming the blend of In contrast, at the same time, the two inflammatory cytokines Eotaxin and RANTES were reduced in the blood circulation; the underlying regulating mechanisms are unknown but may involve reduced production of these cytokines by tissue-resident fibroblasts and T cells. This suggests a reduction in inflammatory interference, allowing immune cells in the blood circulation to better sense the chemotactic signals from tissue, triggering increased immune cell migration out of the blood circulation. It is important to note that the cytokine effects triggered by consumption of the APR extract were highly selective, showing strong and highly significant changes for some cytokines, and no change for other inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α.Increased immune cell surveillance occurred in sequential waves, with the monocytes migrating at 1 hour after consumption and several sub-populations of killer cells showing migration at 2–3 hours. Monocytes remaining in the blood circulation included cells with a significantly increased level of CD25 on the cell surface, possibly due to monocytes that had attempted to extravasate, and became activated in the process of engaging with adhesion molecules on the endothelium [Numbers of natural killer T (NKT) cells were significantly reduced at 3 hours after consuming the APR extract, indicating an increase in immune surveillance (