1. Introduction
obesity, postprandial blood glucose, macrovascular complications, blood glucose excursions, weight gain, T2DM, Postprandial blood glucose, diabetes
OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, PATHOGENESIS, DIABETES
People with fast eating habits have been reported to have an increased risk of diabetes and obesity. To explore whether the speed of eating a test meal (tomato, broccoli, fried fish, and boiled white rice) influences postprandial blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels, 18 young, healthy women consumed a 671 kcal breakfast at fast speed (10 min) and slow speed (20 min) with vegetables first and slow speed (20 min) with carbohydrate first on three separate days. This study was conducted using a within-participants cross-over design in which all participants consumed identical meals of three different eating speeds and food orders. Significant ameliorations of both fast and slow eating with vegetables first regimen on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels at 30 and 60 min were observed compared with those of slow eating with carbohydrates first. In addition, the standard deviation, large amplitude of excursion, and incremental area under the curve for blood glucose and insulin in both fast and slow eating with vegetables first were all significantly lower than those of slow eating with carbohydrate first. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between fast and slow eating on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels as long as vegetables were consumed first, although postprandial blood glucose at 30 min was significantly lower in slow eating with vegetables first than that of fast eating with the same food order. These results suggest that food order with vegetables first and carbohydrate last ameliorates postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations even if the meal was consumed at fast speed.The number of people with diabetes is currently estimated to be as many as 537 million, and it is predicted to increase up to 783 million by 2045, with more than 90% of them estimated to be type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [Postprandial blood glucose elevation and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) are associated with the pathogenesis of micro- and macrovascular complications in individuals with diabetes and the incidence of T2DM [Recent studies including our research indicate that the food order of preloading vegetables, protein, or fat with slow eating can ameliorate postprandial blood glucose excursions and decrease insulin secretion in both individuals with and without T2DM [On the other hand, epidemiological and cohort studies demonstrated that fast eating speed resulted in weight gain [We previously reported that eating fast (10 min) with a mixed eating of vegetables, protein, and carbohydrate demonstrated significant higher glycemic excursions compared with eating slow (20 min) with vegetables first in young healthy women [