Participants
liver or pancreas injury, psychiatric disorder, anemia
RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, ANEMIA, ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
All subjects were recruited by local advertisements (newspapers, social media and flyer distribution in bars and restaurants). We included healthy male and female non-treatment-seeking volunteers aged 25–55 years who, during the last 45 days before screening, (i) were at least medium-risk drinkers (WHO: men at least 41 g, women at least 31 g alcohol per day), (ii) had at least one binge day per week with >100 g ethanol for men and >75 g for women, and (iii) had at least four non-consecutive alcohol abstinent days in the preceding 45 days. Key exclusion criteria were a history or presence of alcohol withdrawal symptoms (CIWA-Ar-Score >5), any prior alcohol-related treatment, current ICD-10 alcohol- or substance dependence, except for nicotine; current use of illicit or other psychotropic drugs including opiates, any psychiatric disorder requiring current treatment, routine laboratory parameters suggesting relevant liver or pancreas injury, anemia, renal insufficiency, or the body weight of >130 kg. Figure 