2.6.3. Isokinetic Muscular Function
Muscular strength and endurance were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex 770, Humac Norm, Stoughton, MA, USA). The flexor and extensor muscles of the knee, shoulder, and trunk were measured to evaluate muscular strength and endurance. Both the dominant and non-dominant knees and shoulders were measured. Muscular strength was evaluated using peak torque at 60°/s with 5 repetitions. The peak torque is determined as the highest torque at any point within any repetition and range of motion and is expressed in N·m. Muscular endurance was evaluated by total work at 180°/s with 15 repetitions. The total work is determined by the sum of the work performed in each repetition and is expressed in Joules (J), which is the total area under the torque. There were 3 practice repetitions before testing to familiarize the participants with the test. The range of motion for the knee was set at 0–90°, the shoulder at 0–135°, and the trunk at −15–95°.