Discussion
HDV
This study described for the first time the molecular (genetic) epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis Delta viruses in Kazakhstan. A total sample of 341 people with HBV and 256 people with HDV were genotyped.The most common HBV genotype was the D genotype (95.9%), specifically subgenotype D1 (61.5%) in Kazakhstan. However, genotype D is prevalent in Africa, Europe, the Mediterranean region and India, and genotypes B and C are common in Asia [In addition to genotype D of the HBV, genotype A (7.7%) and Genotype C (1.0%) were detected. In some regions of Kazakhstan (Pavlodar, Almaty, Zhambyl and Kyzylorda), HBV genotype A were identified, which has better clinical outcomes and a higher response to interferon alpha [Genotyping of the HDV revealed the presence of only genotype HDV-1 in the population of Kazakhstan. Genotype HDV-1 is the most common and it is present worldwide [