2.4. Nursing Methods
gastrointestinal preparation, infection, enema, pain
INFECTION, STERILE, UNCOMPLICATED INFECTION, LEAKAGE
The routine nursing was given in the control group. Before surgery, the medical staff should inform the patients and their families about the surgical process and related precautions in detail. The medical staff arranged the patients to complete various preoperative examinations, to ensure that the physical condition of patients was tolerant to the surgery and the patients had the conditions to receive the surgery. The medical staff also assisted patients with all preoperative preparations. The attending doctor should also instruct the patients to fast for 12 hr with no drinking 4 hr before the surgery. The gastrointestinal preparation was well made, and an enema was performed if necessary. After surgery, the attending doctor should routinely and rationally use antibiotics to prevent infection and gave patients corresponding diet, exercise, and other instructions. The nursing staff should follow the doctor's instructions. In the meanwhile, the ward should be ventilated regularly, disinfected, and sterilized regularly everyday, the room temperature should be controlled, and a sterile resting environment should be provided for patients.The FST nursing was conducted in the research group. First, for the preoperative nursing, mental nursing was carried out for patients during the entire perioperative period before, during, and after surgery, and the patients' psychological status should be always concerned. For functional exercise and nutritional support, patients were encouraged to perform activities such as climbing stairs as early as possible under the guidance and help of medical staff. Parenteral or enteral nutritional support was given in combination with the patients' own physical condition, to increase the resistance of patients and lay a good foundation for postoperative recovery [Second, intraoperative nursing consisted of anesthesia nursing and body temperature preservation nursing. For anesthesia nursing, anesthesia personnel should choose an appropriate anesthesia method depending on the patients' own situation. Short-acting anesthetic drugs should be applied as possible to achieve the quick onset and quick recovery. After anesthesia, the medical staff adjusted the patients' position to a suitable state for the surgery. During the PCNL surgery, the assistant nurse should strictly observe the patients' heart rate, blood pressure, and other vital signs, and immediately inform the surgeon if there was any abnormality [Third, postoperative nursing included drainage nursing, puncture point nursing, pain nursing, and early activity and eating. For drainage nursing, the daily drainage volume, and the nature and color of the drainage fluid were closely observed and recorded. If the drainage fluid was bright red, the nursing staff should inform the doctor in charge immediately. Antibiotics were given for routine anti-infection as prescribed by the doctor, to avoid postoperative complicated infection. For puncture point nursing, it was closely observed whether the puncture point was exuding fluid, blood, or leakage after surgery. If the above situations occurred, the puncture point should be disinfected and the dressing should be replaced in time to avoid infection of the puncture point [