4.3. Cardiac Function
Cardiac function parameters such as SV, CO, EDV, ESV, and EF did not show any significant differences between the different supplement and placebo trials. However, HR was significantly lower in the VitC+Glu trial than in the other supplement and placebo trials. A lower HR at the same intensity is thought to indicate an improvement in exercise economy. This can be attributed to the altered myocardial cellular metabolism, which may result in more efficient energy production or utilization, leading to improved energy efficiency [