Experimental design and case selection
vision or hearing impairment, communication difficulties, stroke, chronic infectious diseases, nonrespiratory diseases, cardiac arrest, glaucoma, heart valve replacement, liver and kidney diseases
ALLERGIC REACTION, ADVERSE EVENTS, STROKE, CARDIAC ARREST, MAY, SECONDARY, GLAUCOMA, PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY, DISEASES
We recruited 180 patients who underwent single/double heart valve replacement or valvuloplasty with CPB in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University between May 2020 and September 2021. All patients were enrolled after screening according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were: (1) age 20–65 years, single/double heart valve replacement or valvuloplasty with CPB, weight 40–66 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9); and (2) ASA grade II/III and cardiac function NYHA grade II/III. The exclusion criteria were: (1) glaucoma; (2) prostatic hypertrophy; (3) poor preoperative pulmonary oxygenation, pulse oximetry of air inhalation < 90%, and pulse oximetry of pure oxygen inhalation < 95%; (4))emergency operation or secondary heart valve operation; (5) acute or chronic infectious diseases; (6) taking anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressants; (7) lung, brain and other organ diseases or severe liver and kidney diseases; and (8) mini-mental state examination (MMSE) ≤ 23, severe vision or hearing impairment, illiteracy and/or communication difficulties related to pronunciation or dialect (involving another primary outcome in our study not elaborated in this article). The withdrawal criteria were: (1) those who reneged on participating in the trial and withdrew from the trial; (2) patients who voluntarily terminated treatment and were discharged during the trial; (3)patients with operation time > 8 h; (4) patients who died of nonrespiratory diseases during hospitalization; (5) patients with perioperative adverse events such as allergic reaction, cardiac arrest and stroke; (6) when the test process was likely to cause damage to the health or other rights of the subjects; and (7) termination of the trial was considered necessary from other medical perspectives.