Introduction
death, malignancy, hypoxic tumor, Tumors, malignancies
TUMORS, MALIGNANCIES, TUMOR GROWTH
Monoclonal antibodies targeting the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for several malignancies and have established the important role for T-cell mediated host defense against malignancy [Rapid tumor growth results in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Tumors secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which binds its primary signaling receptor VEGF Receptor 2 (VEGFR2), promoting angiogenesis [Rivoceranib (apatinib) is a small-molecule selective inhibitor of VEGFR2 [