Outcomes
Pain, Oswestry Disability, pain
All outcomes were measured at baseline only, except for adherence to HBE recommendations. Adherence to HBE recommendations was measured using the EXAS during patients’ visits at the clinic and recorded on a case report form by the physical therapist.For the comparison between groups with distinct trajectories of adherence, patients completed questionnaires on patient characteristics, physical functioning, pain intensity, fear avoidance, pain catastrophizing, self-efficacy, self-management ability, and health-related quality of life at the start of the study.Physical functioning was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), version 2.1a.Pain intensity was measured with an 11-point Numeric Pain Rating Scale for the average pain intensity in the past 7 days or since the onset of the pain if pain duration was less than 7 days.Fear avoidance beliefs were assessed using the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ).Pain catastrophizing was measured with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS).Self-efficacy was measured using the General Self-Efficacy Scale.Self-management ability was rated using the Dutch language version of the short form Patient Activation Measure (PAM 13-Dutch).Health-related quality of life was measured using the EuroQol-5D-5L.