Perioperative management
postoperative pain
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
According to the predefined NCCH clinical protocol, all patients received similar perioperative treatment except for those who experienced postoperative complications. None received premedication for anesthesia. Continuous ropivacaine infusion via the thoracic epidural route was administered for postoperative pain management. In cases without epidural anesthesia or when the effect of epidural anesthesia was inadequate, fentanyl was given intravenously.All patients underwent radial arterial invasive blood pressure monitoring. General anesthesia, such as propofol, rocuronium, fentanyl, and remifentanil, was used for induction. After induction, propofol was infused by titrating for bispectral index (BIS) values between 30 to 70 in the propofol group. Sevoflurane was administered by titrating the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane between 0.6–2% in the sevoflurane group. There were no limitations in perioperative management without using an anesthetic agent not assigned.