Study design and participants
HIV negative males aged 13–24 years were recruited from VMMC clinics at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Soweto, South Africa or Entebbe General Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda. Eligibility criteria included being clinically eligible for VMMC, weighing >35 kg, and being able to give written informed consent. Full eligibility criteria are described in the protocol (appendix: study protocol). This was a randomised controlled trial with nine trial arms: one control arm and eight treated arms that received PrEP prior to VMMC (Drug: F/TDF or F/TAF (Gilead, Foster City, CA, USA)Dose: double dose on day one, or double dose on day one and single dose on day 2 (2 + 1).Time from last PrEP dose to VMMC: 5 h or 21 h