Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for the treatment of OA
OA, OA [
MSCs are attractive therapeutic candidates for OA due to their multimodal mechanisms of action, including their immunomodulatory properties. MSCs modulate the inflammatory cytokine milieu and immune cell responses in the joint via the release of secreted paracrine factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs) and through host macrophage-mediated efferocytosis [In this review, we will examine a curated set of peer-reviewed RCTs and discuss clinical evidence of efficacy from these controlled trials, focusing only on culture-expanded MSCs in treating OA [