Results
DRUG ALLERGY
Figure Consort flow diagramTable Comparison of groups according to the children’s demographic characteristics8.4[3.5]3–168.7[3.4]3–168.4[3.8]3–16The data of the primary study outcome is presented in Table Comparison of groups according to the children’s self-reported WB, a parent-reported r-FLACC, and Observer reported r-FLACC scoreObserverreportSalivary cortisol levels of the three groups were significantly different [EMLA group: Median(IQR), 35.5(27.1, 43.1); distraction group: 32.0(24.5,41.4); the combined group 37.7(28.1, 44.6), The box plot of three groups in terms of salivary cortisol levelSympathetic responses like HR and SPOComparison of groups according to the children’s HR, SpOFor venipuncture duration, the median (IQR) of the EMLA, distraction, and combined groups are 83.00(70.00–100.00)s, 83.00(70.00–96.00)s, and 85.50(74.00–98.75)s. There is no significant difference between the three groups (There is no harm like drug allergy happened to included children when applying the EMLA during the intervention.