Assessment of covariates and population characteristics
RS
Physical activity, smoking habits, alcohol intake, the highest level of education acquired, medications used in the past week, and medical history were collected from home interviews. Physical activity was expressed in metabolic equivalents METhours/week. Smoking status was categorized as never, past, or current smoker based on the smoking habit of cigarette, cigar, or pipe. Alcohol intake was harmonized to grams of alcohol/day. Education level was harmonized across all three RS subcohorts according to the UNESCO classification. Weight and height were measured at the research center. Fasting serum glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol were measured using standard techniques. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m