Statistical analysis
For statistical analysis and model development, SPSS 26.0 and R statistical software (version 1.2.5042) were employed. Using SPSS, both univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. The R software "glmnet" package was used to perform LASSO Using the "survminer" package for proportional hazards model (COX) survival analysis in order to visualize the relationship between variables and determine the cut-off value. ROC and AUC were then plotted using the "pROC" package, and a nomogram was constructed using the "rms" package. We drew calibration and decision curves for the accuracy and clinical utility of prediction models, respectively, using the "rmda" package.