Instrument and data gathering
The outcomes were Lifestyle and Illness Perception, the formerly measured by the Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ) and the latter by the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) two times: the baseline (week 0) and 12 weeks following the intervention (week 17). The IPQ-R was originally developed by Moss-Morris et al. [The validity and reliability of the IPQ-R had previously been confirmed. The Cronbach alpha’sfor each of the subscales ranged from 0.79 for the timeline cyclical dimension to 0.89 for the timeline acute/chronic dimension. The average scale content validity (S-CVILifestyle was assessed by LSQ. The LSQ consists of 70 items divided into 10 subscales: physical health, exercise, and fitness; weight control and nutrition; illness prevention; psychological health; spiritual health; social health, avoidance of drugs, opiates, and alcohol, prevention of accidents and environmental health. The LSQ score is based on a four-point Likert scale (never = 0, sometimes = 1, usually = 2, and always = 3). Global score of the LSQ ranges from zero to 210. The validity of LSQ had been established through content validity by 10 experts, factor analysis (10 factor with a factor load of 0.31 to 0.88 and an specific value of 1.04 to 6.23), and convergence validity (r = 0.59–0.62). Cronbach's alpha (r = 0.76–0.89) and test–retest (r = 0.84–0.94) were used to determine reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.87 [