Participants in the derivation and validation cohorts
RENAL
Among 1911 patients in the derivation cohort eligible for analysis, 350 received PMX-HA (median age, 72 years; women, 164 [47%]; median APACHE II score, 21; median SOFA score, 9) and 1561 did not receive PMX-HA (median age, 74 years; women, 653 [42%]; median APACHE II score, 21; median SOFA score, 8) (Additional file Estimated treatment effects of Polymyxin B hemadsorption in the derivation and validation cohortsHigher treatment effects on 28-day survival are equivalent to higher absolute risk reduction of 28-day mortality. “Targeted subpopulation” indicates patients with PT-INR > 1.4 or lactate > 3 mmol/L on ICU admission. The estimate of each treatment effect of PMX-HA in the derivation cohort are computed using the augmented inverse probability weighting formula with the causal forest model. The estimated treatment effects in the validation cohort were calculated using the per-protocol analysis utilizing the nature of a RCTRRT, Renal Replacement Therapy; PT-INR, Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio; PMX-HA, Polymyxin B Hemadsorption; RCT, Randomized Controlled TrialAmong 286 patients in the validation cohort eligible for analysis, 132 received PMX-HA in addition to standard of care (median age, 62 years; women, 54 [41%]; median APACHE II score, 30; median SOFA score, 12; median EAA, 0.79) and 154 received the standard of care without PMX-HA (median age, 58 years; women, 61 [40%]; median APACHE II score, 29; median SOFA score, 12; median EAA, 0.75) (Additional file 