2. Materials and methods
RECRUITMENT
The present study was approved by the Faculty of Medicine Research Ethics Committee, Kyorin University (approval number 1804) and registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Center Clinical Registration System (UMIN000045269). The study was conducted in accordance with Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines.The study was designed as a randomized, prospective crossover study. Participants were recruited from among fourth and fifth-year medical students as volunteers. Exclusion criteria included experience of obtaining peripheral venous access in a patient, and refusal to participate. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participant recruitment and data collection were performed from September 2021 to November 2022.