Statistical analysis
TB, HIV infection, HIV coinfection
REGRESSION, HIV INFECTION, HIV COINFECTION
The prevalence of HIV coinfection among children presumed and diagnosed with TB was estimated together with the associated 95% confidence interval (CI). Demographic and clinical characteristics of children diagnosed with TB at enrollment were summarized using means (standard deviations) or medians (interquartile range) for continuous variables depending on distribution, and proportions for categorical variables, stratified by HIV status. To compare the characteristics between CLHIV and children without HIV (either HIV-negative or unknown status), Chi Square or Fisher’s exact tests of independence were used for categorical variables, whereas a Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used for continuous variables. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the demographics and clinical presentations associated with HIV status, and with a reduced time to TB diagnosis. This latter analysis was performed because we noticed that HIV infection was associated with a shorter time to TB diagnosis and we felt important to measure this association after adjustment for other co-variates. Time to TB diagnosis was defined as the time from the month of onset of TB signs and symptoms to the month of TB diagnosis and was dichotomized to equal or less than 3 months versus greater than 3 months. Variables which had a p-value less than 0.2 in univariable analysis were then included in the multivariable model. A backwards method allowed retention of variables in the models with a significance of 0.05, while country and age (dichotomized; 2 to 5 years versus younger than 2 years) were forced in the models. Relevant interaction terms were also tested. Analysis was performed using SAS (Cary, NC, USA), Version 9.4.We finally compared TB treatment outcomes among CLHIV and children without HIV, using the WHO standard definition of treatment outcome assessed two months after treatment completion [