Participants and Setting
substance abuse, vestibular dysfunction
DISORDER, PARKINSON DISEASE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, MOTION SICKNESS, MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
The study was conducted at the preanesthesia assessment clinic of a public general district hospital in Hong Kong. Patients attending the preanesthesia assessment clinic were invited to participate in the study if they met the inclusion criteria, which included (1) being at least 18 years old, (2) scheduled for their first elective surgery procedure under general anesthesia within the next 2 to 4 weeks, (4) spoke Cantonese, and (5) were grade I or II of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification System. Patients were excluded if they (1) were undergoing an emergency procedure without prior preoperative assessment, (2) were cognitively impaired or unable to consent, (3) had a history of any psychological disorder, and (4) had a history of vestibular dysfunction or motion sickness, had alcohol or substance abuse, or had Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, or muscular dystrophy.