Discussion
hypertriacylglycerolaemia, inflammation, GDM
GDM, INFLAMMATION
We demonstrate that fish oil and the combination of fish oil and probiotics had an impact on the sFA profile in pregnant women with overweight and obesity whilst against our expectations probiotics did not when the four intervention groups were compared. However, when women receiving probiotics were compared against women not receiving probiotics, EPA in serum NEFA was lower in those who received probiotics as compared with those who did not. Low-grade inflammation was related to serum Interestingly, the impact of the intervention on some Less is known about the effects of probiotics on circulating fatty acid levels. In a study with non-pregnant adults with hypertriacylglycerolaemia, We demonstrated that sFA are related to risk for GDM: a higher level of One mechanism that may link fatty acids and GDM risk is inflammation-mediated alterations in insulin metabolism. The production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids via increased levels of precursor AA, which was associated with higher odds for GDM in our study, can increase the levels of some other inflammatory factors, for example, some cytokines, as reviewed by CalderWe found that correlations between hsCRP and Plasma or serum contains fatty acids in multiple chemical forms (TAG, CE, PL and NEFA). Here, we report the fatty acid composition of each of these pools. TAG are carried mainly in chylomicrons (of gut origin in the fed state) and VLDL (of hepatic origin in the fasting state) and are a transport pool of fatty acids being delivered to peripheral tissues. CE are mainly carried in VLDL remnants (ultimately LDL) and are a transport pool of fatty acids being delivered to peripheral tissues and to the liver. PL are found in the monolayer that coats all lipoproteins ensuring their solubility in the aqueous bloodstream; the main PL in human plasma and serum is PC. The fatty acid composition of circulating PL, including PC, is related to the fatty acid composition of many cell types. In the fasting state, NEFA are mainly fatty acids released from adipose tissue lipolysis and so their composition represents that of adipose tissue TAG. Thus, the fatty acids in different plasma lipid pools align with different metabolic or functional roles. It is well described that the fatty acid composition of each of these pools is modified by an increased intake of EPA and DHAWe report fatty acids in each pool as both weight percentage and absolute concentration. Weight % describes the concentration of each fatty acid relative to all fatty acids in the pool. It is the most common way of reporting fatty acid composition dataOne strength of our study is its randomised placebo-controlled design, which is the gold standard design for studies evaluating the impact of dietary interventions on any clinical or laboratory measure. Another strength is the high number of participants who gave a blood sample after at least 9 h over night fasting for the analysis of the fatty acids. Even though the power calculations were done based on the reduction of incidence of GDM and fasting glucose levels