Introduction
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, neurodevelopmental disorder, attentional deficits, ADHD
CORTEX
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 5–10% of children and adolescents worldwide [One of the most robust behavioral phenotypes associated with attentional deficits in childhood ADHD is intra-individual response variability (IIRV), which measures dynamic fluctuations in trial-to-trial performance [Bayesian dynamical system models are now increasingly used to investigate latent brain states and dynamic brain circuits associated with them [A substantial body of human functional neuroimaging studies has uncovered a core set of distributed regions in the salience network (SN), anchored in the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and frontal-parietal network (FPN), anchored in the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex, that support attention and cognitive control [Previous studies have reported that methylphenidate alters regional activation in these brain networks during cognitive performance in individuals with ADHD [In a previous study, we investigated the impact of methylphenidate on dynamic interactions between the SN, FPN and DMN [To address methodological limitations of prior studies, we used a novel Bayesian switching linear dynamic systems (BSDS) model [