Participants
injury or illness
DYSFUNCTION
Thirty volunteers, 24 pre-hypertensive males and 6 females (4 normotensive and 2 pre-hypertensive), completed this study (age: 18–65 years; stature: 161–197 cm; body mass: 53–109 kg; body mass index [BMI]: 18–34). All participants were former smokers (≥ 6-months) or had never smoked, had Systolic BP (SBP) between 90 and 139 mmHg and diastolic BP (DBP) between 60 and 89 mmHg, and had no injury or illness including no clinical diagnosis of any cardiovascular condition or dysfunction. Five of the female participants were taking the contraceptive pill, no other medications were being taken. Before testing, written informed consent was obtained from all participants and a health and medical questionnaire was completed.