Contingency management
CM
Based on operant conditioning, CM is a behavioral treatment where prizes or vouchers are provided to patients based upon proof of a desired behavior such as abstinence or adherence to a medication. Importantly, CM may be ideal for individuals with low motivation to change or limited environmental support for abstinence or treatment engagement given that it provides an immediate tangible reward such as money or a prize that is contingent upon achieving the target outcome (e.g., chemically verified abstinence or medication compliance) [