2.4.2. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
disability, pain
The ODI questionnaire was first published in 1980 and underwent several subsequent revisions [The ODI 2.1a consists of 10 sections (pain intensity, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sex life, social life, and traveling), each containing 6 statements about related activities. The responses are scored on a 0–5 scale. The total score is expressed as a percentage of the maximum score, with lower scores indicating lower levels of disability and vice versa. Cut-off values discriminate between minimal (≤20% of total score), moderate (21–40% of total score), and severe (41–60% of total score) disability, as well as crippled (61–80% of total score) and bedbound (81–100% of total score) patients [