Outcomes
death, postoperative pulmonary complications, arrhythmia, PPCS, stroke, infection, anastomotic fistula, acute kidney injury
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI), ARRHYTHMIA, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, STROKE, RENAL FAILURE, POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION, HYPOGLYCEMIA, STRESS ULCER, INFECTION, HYPERGLYCEMIA, COMPLICATIONS
The primary outcomes are the blood glucose levels at different time points: preoperative(T0), immediate intubation (T1), skin incision (T2), 1, 2 and 3 h after the start of the operation (T3, T4 and T5, respectively), suturing (T6), extubation (T7), 1 h after the operation (T8) ,2 h after the operation (T9), 1 and 2 days after the operation (T10, T11). ​Secondary outcome measures included serum insulin and cortisol levels 30 min before and 30 min after surgery, and the incidence of postoperative complications. The complications were assessed by bedside or over telephone on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 30th post-operative day, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, acute kidney injury, renal failure, anastomotic fistula, stress ulcer, incision infection, arrhythmia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCS), and death. These postoperative complications were related to the functions of vital organs such as heart, lung, brain and kidney, and were positively associated with intense stress response during surgery. Postoperative complications were assessed according to the criteria from the European Perioperative Clinical Outcome (EPCO) and PPCS definitions [