Randomization and blinding
For this study, a trained independent statistician used Random Allocation Software for a randomized assignment with an allocation ratio of 1:1. Block sizes varied from 2 to 4. We stratified the randomization based on participants' body mass index (BMI), age, and type of medication. The random number list was securely stored until the study's end. The allocation was kept in consecutively numbered opaque envelopes to conceal the allocation process and the type of treatment or intervention from the chief investigator, assessors, statistician, and patients. As patients enrolled in the study, they were allocated their trial numbers. Probiotic and placebo supplements were identical in shape, size, taste, odor, and appearance.