Study design
This study was a single-center, single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, which complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethics approvals from the ethics committees of the Guangzhou First People’s Hospital (Number: K-2020-106-01). All patients provided written informed consent. The study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (Registration number: ChiCTR2200055281). Patients were recruited by orthopedists between June 2020 and October 2022.