References
HC
CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) diagram.Experimental design [Urine Specific Gravity (USG), Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (BIS)]. Subjects were randomized to supplement group (PL or Cr) and hormonal phase order, with a minimum 4-week washout period to ensure testing across multiple cycles and account for familiarization. Note: Subjects were randomized to supplement group (PL or Cr) and hormonal phase order, with a minimum 4-week washout period to ensure testing across multiple cycles and account for familiarization.Estrogen concentration (pg/mL) and post-supplementation day of cycle between hormonal phases. Note: Follicular phase days were counted from the start of the subject’s last period or as days on a placebo pill for HC users. Luteal phase days were determined by number of days until the next projected period or days on the active pill for HC users. Black circles represent naturally menstruating subjects and gray boxes represent subjects using hormonal contraceptives. Connected dots indicate the spread of post-supplementation testing for individual subjects. There were no significant differences in estrogen concentration between NM and HC subjects or between hormonal phases (significance level set at ≤0.05).Individual pre- to post-supplementation change scores between hormone phases. (Demographics of the sample.Note: Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Placebo (PL): naturally menstruating (Raw values for the body mass and fluid markers at pre- and post-supplementation visits.Note: Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. * Significance is noted from the ANCOVA with change scores covaried for hydration (USG = 1.016) and estrogen concentration (0.791 pg/mL). FP: follicular phase; LP: luteal phase; BM: body mass; TBW: total body water; ECF: extra-cellular fluid; ICF: intra-cellular fluid; PL: placebo group; Cr: creatine group.