2.2. Participants
interstitial glucose
MINOR
A convenience sample of 12 male competitive golfers was recruited from the Kanto Students Golf Association First Division. Based on our initial sample size calculation, we speculated that a sample of at least 12 participants was necessary to achieve a power of 0.80 with an alpha value set at 0.05. The participants were all right-handed. The participant criteria were as follows: consume healthy foods, were nonsmokers, competed in national or regional competitions, and were injury free. Moreover, the participants were informed about the experimental procedures, and they read and signed the informed consent form. If a participant was a minor, written informed consent and assent was obtained from participants (assent) and their parents/guardians (consent). Twelve participants agreed to take part in this study (response rate, 100%). Of these 12 participants, 1 was excluded from the analyses because of missing data (interstitial glucose could not be measured). Ultimately, 11 participants (84.6%) were included in the analysis (age 20.1 ± 1.0 years, body height 173.6 ± 5.9 cm, bodyweight 74.8 ± 13.7 kg, and body fat percentage 21.6 ± 6.4%).