Study design and participants
CKD
This study was a single-center, two-armed, open-label, parallel, randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants were recruited from August 2019 to March 2020. The Institutional Review Board of Taichung Veterans General Hospital approved this study (IRB approval number: CF19237B). All participants provided their informed consent before participating in the study. Study participants were selected and recruited by the department’s physician and dietitian investigator. The inclusion criteria were as follows: nephrology clinic outpatients over the age of 65 years who were diagnosed with stage 3–5 CKD, a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m