Inclusion criteria
PFO, epilepsy, seizure, epileptic seizure, patent foramen ovale, Epilepsy, RLS
EPILEPSY, EPILEPTIC SEIZURE, EVENT, RECRUITMENT, EPILEPSY

It conforms to the diagnostic criteria for epilepsy by the International League Against Epilepsy, i.e., ILAE (2014 version).It conforms to the diagnostic criteria for refractory epilepsy by the ILAE (2010 version).It conforms to the diagnostic criteria for PFO by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Intervention (SCAI) (2015 version). Participants are required to have a second or higher grade of RLS, detected using transthoracic echocardiography with contrast injection, as shown in Fig. Patients aged 18 to 55 years-old, who can complete the epilepsy diary independently or with the help of family members.Participants should have at least one epileptic seizure observed during the 6-week recruitment screening period and confirmed by a 24-hour video electroencephalogram (EEG) immediately after the seizure.Participants are required to maintain a stable antiepileptic medical therapy during the screening period and throughout the trial, and to keep their medication regimen as unchanged as possible without an emergency event.Participants were required to have a valid documented epilepsy diary for at least 4 weeks during the recruitment screening period.Participants should agree to participate in this trial and sign an informed consent.
PFO detection by transthoracic echocardiography with contrast injection. Note: The right-sided cardiac chambers are completely opacified by contrast material (aerated saline) and shunting microbubbles are visualized in the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). PFO, patent foramen ovale