Assessment of background characteristics and home environment
Depression, depressive symptoms
At enrolment into the parent trial, maternal and household information, such as maternal age, parity, education, and household assets, was collected by trained field workers using a questionnaire. Trained laboratory personnel measured maternal blood hemoglobin concentration at a clinic visit using a digital Hemocue (HemoCue model 301, AG, Switzerland). Infant weight and length were measured within 48 h of birth or between 3 and 14 d after birth for 87 children (9.4%) for whom the former was not possible.At the 5-y follow-up, we assessed the home environment using the Early Childhood Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (EC-HOME) inventory [At the 10-y follow-up, we assessed the home environment using the Middle Childhood version of the HOME inventory (MC-HOME), which is designed for use in children aged between 6 and 10 y. Our adapted version contained 58 items measuring parental responsivity, physical environment, learning materials, active stimulation, encouraging maturity, emotional climate, parental involvement, and family participation. We also assessed maternal depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression test [