Statistical Analysis
We used descriptive statistics to compare the demographic and baseline maternal and infant characteristics of the infants enrolled in HEAL included in this analysis (180 infants) with the 320 remaining enrolled participants not included in this substudy. Descriptive statistics (medians, IQR, and boxplots) were used to characterize the log2-distribution of each biomarker at baseline, day 2, and day 4. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of R software, version 4.0.2 (R Project for Statistical Computing).