Subject exclusion criteria
Psychiatric, opioid abuse, Allergies
CARDIAC DISEASES, HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY, RENAL FAILURE, DISEASE, MORPHINE ALLERGY, ADVERSE REACTION, COAGULOPATHY, CHRONIC PAIN, ALLERGIES

Allergies to the local anesthetics, morphine, or drugs used in the study,Cardiac diseases, hepatic insufficiency, and renal failure,Subject’s refusal to participate in the study,Inability to understand what the study is about,Previous cardiothoracic surgery,Any contraindication to intrathecal injection (morphine allergy, coagulopathy, patient refusal),Patients with a history of chronic pain,Preoperative opioid use and/or history of opioid abuse,Psychiatric disease.Patients were also excluded when failure to operate intrathecal anaesthesia, discontinuation of an intravenous analgesic pump due to a serious adverse reaction, and change of procedure.