Inclusion and exclusion criteria
blood-stained nipple
COMEDO, INVASIVE BREAST CANCER, BREAST CANCER, DCIS, MASS LESION, NECROSIS
Women aged ≥ 46 years with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of non-high-grade DCIS (unilateral or bilateral) in the last 90 days who were fit and willing to undergo surgery and able to provide written informed consent were eligible. Exclusion criteria included a previous diagnosis of ipsilateral DCIS or invasive breast cancer, a mass lesion not proven on biopsy to be a specific benign lesion, unequivocal comedo necrosis observed, recent onset ipsilateral blood-stained nipple discharge without benign explanation or being in a high-risk group for developing breast cancer.