2.5. Procedures
primary disease
Each participant was examined and treated by a physician and given individualized nutritional advice by a registered dietician before discharge from the hospital (baseline) and 3 and 6 months after discharge. Treatment by the physician involved only standard care for the primary disease and concomitant conditions. The nutritional interventions for the two groups were as follows: IC, energy 25–35 kcal/kgw/day, protein 1.5 g/kgw/day and vitamin D 10 μg/day; SC, energy 25–35 kcal/kgw/day and protein 1.0 g/kgw/day. Individualized intervention by a registered dietician was conducted based on the results of an interview and the Food Frequency Questionnaire Based on Food Groups (FFQg) [Intake of energy and macronutrients was evaluated using the FFQg, which includes questions on 29 food groups and 10 preparation methods for each food group and allows daily intake frequency and total intake per week to be quantified [