Subjects
All subjects were healthy dental students and dentists recruited from the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. To participate in this study, the following inclusion criteria had to be fulfilled: (i) willing and able to provide informed written consent, (ii) age ≥ 18 years, (iii) no medical diagnosis established by a physician, and (iv) no use of any medication affecting the cardiovascular system. Exclusion criteria were: (i) use of tobacco (e.g., cigarettes, e-cigarettes, or Swedish snuff); (ii) presence of oral mucosal lesions, (iii) previous participation in studies evaluating cryotherapy, and (iv) basic hemodynamics deviating from the normal values.