Randomization and masking
Participants were randomised in a 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio to control arm or one of the eight treated arms. Random allocation sequence was generated by an independent statistician using Stata, stratified by country and using block size 9. Participants who were not circumcised following randomisation were excluded according to protocol, and an additional set of randomisation codes generated using the same approach, to ensure a target sample size of 16 evaluable participants per trial arm was attained. Sequentially numbered opaque envelopes labelled with unique randomisation identifier and containing the allocated intervention arm were prepared by two administrators otherwise uninvolved in the study. At time of randomisation, clinical staff opened the sequential envelope and scheduled the participant to receive PrEP (if applicable) and VMMC, as per randomisation arm. Participants and care providers were not blinded to trial arm. Laboratory outcome assessors were blinded until all measurements were completed.