Participant interaction flowchart.
CONSORT guidelines were used to document this study. The participants were all pregnant women living in Saudi Arabia (at any city), and they were recruited using convenience sampling through invitations to social media groups about pregnancy in Saudi Arabia. This includes WhatsApp, Twitter, and other social media platforms. The invitation included the study information and invited only pregnant women to respond to the invitation, by giving initial acceptance. Recruiting started at 20/11/2021. The inclusion criteria were (a) pregnant women in Saudi Arabia, who (b) spoke Arabic, (c) were able to use Snapchat and WhatsApp social media platforms, and (d) approve the study consent form. The participants did not know each other, and they were not treated before by the research team in the dental clinic, this to avoid the intervention contamination. The research team excluded all participants who did not sign the consent form that presented the study agreement, or anyone who was not fulfilling the other inclusion criteria The WhatsApp mobile application was used to communicate throughout the study because it is one of the most common messaging methods used in Saudi Arabia and is widely accepted. WhatsApp also has end-to-end encryption for maintaining participants’ confidentiality [Where ES stands for effect size. As the study power of 90% was used, and a  =  0.05, B  =  0.1, constant Z(β−1)  =  1.282, and constant Z (1−a/2)  =  1.96. The standard deviation (SD) of a previous study on a related topic was 3.06 [