Exercise program
APAC
The walking route was pre-determined and close to the participants' residential areas. Each exercise session started with a 20-min warm-up. Participants performed a walking exercise at an intensity between 64–76% of their maximum heart rate (HRmax) measured using a Polar RS400sd monitor (APAC model 90026360; Polar Electro, Bethpage, NY, USA). The baseline cadence was 100 steps/min