Statistical analyses
depression
Data collected in this study were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). It was analyzed by a two-sided test at a significance level of 0.05. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants were represented by frequency, mean, and standard deviation. The differences in general characteristics, both demographic and clinical variables, as well as physical (ie, anthropometric measurement, the NYHA functional class, and echocardiographic data), psychosocial (ie, depression and QoL), and behavioral factors (ie, medication adherence and self-management behavior) between experimental and control groups were analyzed using chi-square and independent t-tests. Also, differences in the physical, psychosocial, and behavioral factors between experimental and control groups over the study period were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).