4.2. Treatment Effects
post-stroke, temporal irregularities, slowness, inter-joint muscle coordination, muscle overactivity, excessive shoulder co-contraction
CORTEX
Recently, Sheng et al. [In this context, the The negative effects of rehabilitation treatments should be considered when optimizing future rehabilitation programs. The distal excessive co-contraction developed after the robot treatment could be linked to the design of the robot itself, which, being planar, is mainly focused on shoulder/elbow coordination. As planar robots constitute a standard paradigm for upper limb rehabilitation, the design of these devices should be modified to achieve a greater involvement of the distal segment, or additional exercises of the distal region should be administered in case of using planar robots. The excessive shoulder co-contraction following conventional therapy could be related to a less precise and repeatable, and therefore less effective, therapeutic effect [The results of this study pointed out that The present results on muscle overactivity are in line with our previous study [As highlighted by our findings, the Traditionally, the assessment of arm motor function and the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatments rely on standard clinical scales [Moreover, clinical scales have some metric characteristics (e.g., measurement of ordinality, and possible floor and ceiling effects) that might limit their reliability and responsiveness, particularly when compared with an objective, instrument-based, and continuous measure, like In persons post-stroke, the features expressed in most functional movements, such as the task presented here, are the direct consequence of the lesion to the CST and/or somatosensory cortex: (i) loss of individual articular joint movements, (ii) general slowness with temporal irregularities and jerkiness, (iii) alterations in the somato-motor reactive control with time delays, and (iv) disrupted inter-joint muscle coordination in the upper limb.In this framework, our results proved that EMG-based 