Clinical endpoints
cardiac failure, postoperative pulmonary complications, pneumonia, hypothermia, fever, Dyspnea, ARDS, ARF, hypoxemia, shadows, Pneumonia
CARDIAC FAILURE, PNEUMONIA, FLUID OVERLOAD, ARF, PULMONARY ATELECTASIS, SECONDARY, PNEUMONIA, INFILTRATING, ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE, PULMONARY ATELECTASIS, ARDS, ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
The primary outcome was the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) during hospitalization, including pneumonia, pulmonary atelectasis, acute respiratory failure (ARF), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and secondary postoperative tracheal intubation. Mortality within 30 days of surgery was also recorded.The diagnostic criteria for each item of PPCs were as follows:Pneumonia: new infiltrating shadows on chest X‐ray and the presence of at least two of the following three indicators: (i) fever (>38.5°C) or hypothermia (<35.58°C); (ii) white blood cell count below 4 × 10Pulmonary Atelectasis: (i) New infiltrative lung shadow on chest radiography accompanied by interlobular fissures shifting towards the affected side. (ii) Management includes bronchoscopy, chest physiotherapy, or mechanical ventilation.ARF: Dyspnea at rest; respiratory rate > 25 breaths/min, PaOARDS was diagnosed according to Berlin's definition: (i) ARF unexplained by cardiac failure or fluid overload; (ii) refractory hypoxemia with PaOSecondary outcomes were the length of stay in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) and the duration of hospital stay after surgery. Length of stay in the SICU was defined as the physical time spent in the ICU, and the duration of hospital stay was defined as the time from the end of surgery until discharge from the hospital.