Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) [
This is a 20-item self-report assessment of hopelessness, feelings about the future and loss of motivation. Scores range between 0 and 20. Higher scores indicate increasing severity of hopelessness: 0–3 minimal, 4–8 mild, 9–14 moderate, and 15–20 severe. The reliability coefficient of the Urdu version is 0.93 [