CONCLUSION
inflammation, schizophrenia
INFLAMMATION, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pentoxifylline adjuvant to risperidone enhanced the negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia patients without remarkable side effects. These effects could be attributed to inhibition of PDEs and inflammatory cytokines. Our findings could indirectly support the role of PDEs and inflammation in the schizophrenia‐negative symptoms pathophysiology. Nevertheless, further trials with larger scale and longer durations are recommended to test the long‐term safety, effectiveness, and optimum dose of pentoxifylline.