Cohorts formation and data collection
tumor
TUMOR
The primary patient cohort was acquired from the SEER database (site code C23.9), including all patients diagnosed with GBC between 2010 and 2017. Inapplicable patients were screened out. Exclusion principles were detailed as follows (1): young patients (< 65) (2), without a pathological diagnosis (3), unknown tumor grade (4), unknown TNM stage (5), unknown tumor size (6), unknown surgery information and (7) survival period of under one month or indeterminate duration of survival.Following exclusion, the training and validation cohorts were assigned at random in a 7/3 split. The SEER database provided clinicopathological information, which encompassed age, race, marital status, tumor size, gender, tumor grade, AJCC TNM stage, surgery information, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, overall survival (OS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS). The workflow is demonstrated in 