Statistical analysis
weight gain, TNF‐α
REGRESSION, REGRESSIONS
Descriptive characteristics are presented as means and standard deviations for continuous variables and as frequency and percentages for categorical variables.As initially designed (Aparicio et al., Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of MD adherence (i.e., explanatory variable) with maternal and neonatal lipid, glycemic and inflammatory serum markers (i.e., glucose, HOMA‐IR, total cholesterol, LDL‐C, HDL‐C, triglycerides, phospholipids, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and CRP). The stepwise method was used, entering potential confounders (i.e., age, gestational weight gain, and smoking habit) in Step 1 to test their association with each outcome (lipid, glycemic, and inflammatory serum markers in separate models). In Step 2 of the hierarchical regressions, we entered the MD adherence as a predictor and each lipid, glycemic, and inflammatory serum marker as outcomes in separate regression analyses after the inclusion of the relevant confounders (i.e., those that explained a significant amount of the variance in lipid, glycemic and inflammatory serum markers) found in Step 1. These steps were the same in the cross‐sectional association models (i.e., maternal outcomes measured at the 16th g.w.) and in the longitudinal association models (i.e., maternal outcomes measured at the 34th g.w. and neonatal outcomes). The longitudinal models were additionally adjusted for the exercise intervention in Step 2 to account for the possible effect of the intervention conducted within the GESTAFIT project on these outcomes. As an exploratory analysis, additional linear regressions were performed using the MD components as explanatory variables and maternal (at the 16th and 34th g.w.) and neonatal serum markers after adjusting for the confounders previously found relevant in the hierarchal linear regression.Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the study sample
Abbreviation: g.w., gestational week.Cross‐sectional associations of the Mediterranean diet adherence with maternal glycemic, lipid and inflammatory serum markers at the 16th gestational weekAbbreviations: HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.Unadjusted.Adjusted by age.Adjusted by age, gestational weight gain (body weight at the 16th gestational week‐pre‐pregnancy body weight), and smoking habit. Boldface indicates those outcomes that surpassed the multiple comparison test.Longitudinal associations of the Mediterranean Diet Score with maternal glycemic, lipid and inflammatory serum markers at the 34th gestational weekAbbreviations: HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.Adjusted by exercise intervention.Adjusted by exercise intervention and gestational weight gain (weight at the 34th gestational week‐pre‐pregnancy body weight).Adjusted by exercise intervention and age. Boldface indicates those outcomes that surpassed the multiple comparison test.The Benjamini–Hochberg procedure (Benjamini & Hochberg, All analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0), and the level of significance was set at 