Difference-in-differences linear regression results in MP and UP where change in outcome (teacher effort) from baseline to follow-up is dependent variable.
Value represents coefficient on treatment variable. 95% confidence interval in parentheses.***P < 0.01,**P < 0.05,*P < 0.10 based on clustered standard errors.Disaggregating the analysis by characteristics of civil-service or permanent teachers, the impact is significant and greater in magnitude for high caste, male, and more educated teachers (These findings can be due to increased monitoring by the communities as we find below. The extra scrutiny is likely to have affected those civil service teachers more whose motivation and effort levels were lower at baseline. Contract teachers, on the other hand, had higher effort rates, 16–22% higher attendance and 37–64% higher activity rates compared to civil service teachers at baseline [