Setting, inclusion, and exclusion criteria
impairments of the spine or lower extremities, musculoskeletal pain
DISEASE, MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
The study was conducted between 30 January 2021 and 28 August 2022 at Majmaah University rehabilitation center and University Football stadium, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Soccer players were randomly chosen from this university and soccer clubs. Participants were screened and recruited by an experienced physiotherapist with more than 17 years of experience in assessing and managing sports and musculoskeletal disorders. The selected participants were young male athletes aged 18–25 years who participated in any level of soccer training. Participants with a cardio-respiratory disease, impairments of the spine or lower extremities, a current injury, a history of any lower limb surgery, or musculoskeletal pain as confirmed by medical and physical examinations were excluded from the study.