Physical function
Physical function was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), virtual SPPB (added during the COVID-19 pandemic), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and handgrip strength. The SPPB is a valid [We also collected Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Lawton Instrumental ADL (IADL). The Katz ADL measures independence in six self-care activities (e.g., bathing, ambulating) with scores ranging from 0 to 6, with lower scores indicating greater dependency. The Lawton IADL assesses independence in seven self-care activities that are more complex (e.g., preparing meals, managing finances). Each question rated is on a three-point Likert scale with total scores ranging from 0 to 14, with lower scores indicating greater dependence.