Diet data
In the ZOE PREDICT 1 cohort, participants recorded all diet intakes during the entire study period on the specialised ZOE study app, yielding comprehensive records of timed intakes. Participants were trained to accurately record ad libitum diet intake using photographs, product barcodes, product-specific portion sizes and weighed intakes using digital scales. Data logged into the study app were uploaded onto a digital dashboard in real time and assessed for logging accuracy and study compliance by study staff (Criteria for accuracy assessment were previously described in Berry et al. [Participants self-reported meal type (i.e. snack, breakfast, lunch, dinner or drink) when they logged food items. An eating occasion was defined as any occasion where a food or beverage was separated in time from the preceding and succeeding eating occasion by 30 min. Foods or drinks consumed within the same 30 min window of a meal were considered part of the meal. Where snacks were consumed with a main meal, they were relabelled as a component of the main meal. After aggregating foods and drinks into eating occasions, 86% of eating occasions contained a single meal type (i.e. snack only) and 13% contained multiple meal types (i.e. breakfast and snack). Calorie and nutrient information were summed within each eating occasion.During the study home-phase, participants consumed multiple standardised test meals over a 9–11 day period, differing in macronutrient composition and order (See online protocol for further detail [