Intervention program
The receptive music therapy intervention was carried out by a registered music therapist and an undergraduate nursing student who had studied nursing courses for older adults and music therapy. The music therapist was the primary interventionist, the undergraduate nursing student worked as an assistant. There were also another undergraduate nursing student and nursing home staff accompanied and monitored the participants.Receptive music therapy usually consists of two types: relaxation and analytical, which are based on listening and encourage the expression and development of thoughtParticipants in the control group received the same treatment as the intervention group, minus the music therapy. This included routine daily care like health check-ups, regular outdoor activities, counselling, and health education. After the intervention period, the control group received the same music intervention as the intervention group.