Methods
postoperative adverse reactions, pain
54 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were prospectively randomized into two groups (group C and group E). Different doses of esketamine were intravenously administered before the skin incision in Group E. The patients in group C received the same dose of saline at the same time. General population characteristics were recorded. The median effective dose (ED50) and 95% effective dose (ED95) were calculated using Dixon’s up-and-down method. Hemodynamic parameters were monitored, and pain intensity was assessed using a visual analog scale. We also recorded the condition of anesthesia recovery period and postoperative adverse reactions.