Introduction
EOS
Pain-reducing effects of music listening are among the most widely studied and most replicable effects of music in clinical settings [The lack of research comparing pain-reducing effects between these two forms of music listening (i.e active vs. passive) is noteworthy because recent advances have proposed that active sensorimotor synchronization to music is associated with the activation of the endogenous opioid system (EOS), including the release of endorphins [Details on the study sample are shown in 