The initial position of the joints in four spiral-diagonal patterns.
pain, KOA
CHRONIC DISEASES
All participants in the control group participated in the health lecture series for 8 weeks, 3 one-hour sessions per week, including knowledge about KOA, awareness of chronic diseases, psychological health education, nutritional meals, scientific exercise, and exchange of experience. The format of the lecture was to watch selected TV programs or read related magazines in the community senior activity room. The participants in the control group were asked to keep their regular daily lifestyles. The lecture series was given to the control group with the main purpose of eliminating the possible effects of social interactions that could potentially influence the pain in adults with KOA [