Study instrument
At baseline, a pretested structured interviewer-administered paper questionnaire, designed in the English language, was used to collect data from participating mothers. At the end line, the same structured questionnaire was used in Open Data Kit and uploaded to mobile phones for data collection; a password-protected cloud-based server was used for data storage. Trained female educators and enumerators conducted interviews with questions on demographic characteristics and various health-related behaviours and utilization of these services: antenatal care, facility-based delivery, and PNC.