Experimental trial
Participants abstained from exercise on the day of the trial and from food or drink (except water) in the hour before the trial began. To increase the accuracy of each measurement, participants were presented each of the five conditions (see Intervention Conditions) twice per phase and the average of both presentations was calculated. Participants received the first presentation of each condition in a randomized order and then the second presentation of each condition in a randomized order. In all phases, measurements were taken immediately after each solution was mouth rinsed (10 s) and ingested with 5 min between each presentation. A 10 s mouth rinse was chosen to replicate prior research investigating the physiological and performance effects of tasting quinine (Gam et al. 