Participants
All public health care facilities providing MNCH services in Benguela province were eligible. Our pregnancy cohort included women who were pregnant at the beginning of the study period and who sought MNCH services in participating health care facilities. Women were eligible for inclusion if they had their last menstrual period between March 1 to April 30, 2019, or probable delivery from December 1, 2019, to January 31, 2020, providing they were also not participating in another study, not planning to move out of the study area during the study period, and that they gave written informed consent. We recruited participants across the MNCH service spectrum during their first health care facility visit during the index pregnancy for any of antenatal care, delivery, postnatal care, or, child vaccination services over the study period.