High intensity interval test
After a five-minute warm-up, participants performed high intensity interval exercise on the arm crank ergometer (3 bouts of 4 min at an intensity of 85–95% of the peak heart rate (HRAll subjects were asked to refrain from alcohol, exercise or strenuous physical activity 24 h prior to the exercise test and not to drink coffee/tea or eat in the hour preceding the test and until the final blood sample was collected (24 h after the second test).Figure Time line for the research protocol, including blood and urine samples taken before, during and after the exercise bout at high intensity (HIT)/maximal effort.