Conclusions
PTSD, OC dysfunction, cognitive deficit
This is one of the first studies to explore cognitive function with a complete neuropsychological battery in COVID-19 ICU survivors one year after discharge. Whereas most studies to date have focused on the assessment of global cognition and self-reported cognitive deficit, the results presented here broaden our understanding of specific cognitive domains that are altered. We conclude that one year after discharge one third of COVID-19 post-ICU patients still present impaired OC and around 30% report clinically significant difficulties on SC questionnaires. However, SC questionnaires may not be the most appropriate assessment instruments for detecting deficits in OC in COVID-19 survivors. Only cognitive reserve emerged as a protective factor against OC dysfunction. In contrast, emotional symptoms, especially PTSD, were strongly related to SC. Both OC and SC should be taken into account in the recovery of COVID-19 ICU patients.