ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank all patients who participated in this study and their families. We also thank the clinicians, investigators, technicians, and clinical research coordinators who collaborated in this study. The collaborators are listed in the supplemental material.This work was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants program, grant number 20HA1008 [to T.M. and H.H.]), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grant number JP20fk0108505 [to T.M. and H.H.]), JST MIRAI (grant number JPMJMI22G1 [to S.I.]), and Moonshot R&D (grant numbers JPMJMS2021, JPMJMS2025 [to S.I.]).Conceptualization and Methodology: T. Miyazaki, N.H., S.M., H. Yamamoto, S. Iwami, K.W., Y.M., T.W., and S.K. developed the study design. Data curation: S.M., Y.O., K.M., and Y.M. managed the data. Formal analysis: S.M., Y.O., S. Iwanami, K.K., and S. Iwami performed statistical analyses. Funding acquisition: T. Miyazaki and H.H. received research funds. Investigation: T. Miyazaki was the chief investigator. H.M., Y.Y., N.T., H.I., H.O., K. Yatera, H. Kakeya, Y. Kichikawa, Y. Kato, and M. Saito were the study sites’ principal investigators. K.W., K.M., T.U., S.Y., and Y.M. conducted viral analysis, and RT-PCR. M. Sumiyoshi, T.H., and H. Kawasuji substantially contributed to the enrollment of patients. Project administration: N.H., Y.F., S.T., H. Yamamoto, M.H., Y.S., Y.I., T.K., and H.H. substantially contributed to the project administration. Supervision: H. Yamamoto, T.K., H.H., T.W., K.I., K. Yanagihara, T. Matsumoto, H. Yotsuyanagi, and S.K. supervised the study. Visualization: T. Miyazaki, N.H., S.M., Y.O., S. Iwanami, K.K., and S. Iwami prepared figures and tables. Writing—original draft: T. Miyazaki, N.H., S.M., and Y.O. wrote the manuscript. Writing—review & editing: All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.All authors have completed the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. T. Miyazaki, K.I., K. Yanagihara, H.M., H. Kakeya, T. Matsumoto, and H. Yotsuyanagi have received lecture honoraria from Pfizer and MSD outside this work. N.T. has received lecture honoraria from MSD outside this work. T. Miyazaki, K.I., H.M., and H. Yotsuyanagi have received lecture honoraria from Gilead Sciences outside this work. T. Miyazaki has received a consultation fee from Pfizer and research grants from Pfizer and MSD outside this work. H.M. has received payments for expert testimony from Pfizer, MSD, and Gilead Sciences outside this work. H. Yotsuyanagi serves on the advisory board for Pfizer, MSD, and Gilead Sciences. The other authors have no competing interests. The sponsors and pharmaceutical companies had no role in the study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or writing of the manuscript.Supplemental material is available online only.
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