Participant characteristics.
Descriptive statistics of the three experimental groups by country at T1 and T2 (
Significant difference between countries at T1 (Significant difference between conditions within countries at T1 (NL, Netherlands; B, Belgium; PA, phonological awareness; RAN, rapid automatized naming; T1, pre-test; T2, post-test.Italicalized values refer to percentages and standard deviations.