2. Materials and Methods
PWH
We evaluated baseline data from a randomized, controlled trial for smoking cessation among PWH in South Africa. Ethics approval for the primary randomized control trial was provided by the University of Witwatersrand Ethics Committee and the Johns Hopkins University Institutional Review Board. Approval for the current analysis of urine samples was approved by the Colorado State University Institutional Review Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the randomized control trial.The primary randomized, controlled trial consisted of behavioral counseling versus behavioral counseling plus nicotine replacement therapy [At baseline, sociodemographic and smoking behaviors, including sex, age, employment status, education, and household income, were collected. Smoking behavior variables included the average number of cigarettes per day, time from last cigarette, time from waking to first cigarette, and secondhand smoke exposure at work and home. Responses were used to calculate the Heaviness of Smoking Index as a measure of nicotine addiction [