Prediction model design
PATHOLOGY
The baseline model embodies commonly used clinical variables comprising age at biopsy, body mass index (BMI), PSA at diagnosis, PSA density, suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE) (yes/no), biopsy pathology (ISUP grade), and surgical technique type (Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy or Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy). The MRI model included these predictors, plus PI-RADS scores (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5), EPE at bpMRI (yes/no), SVI at bpMRI (yes/no), the zonal location of suspected lesions (apex region, basal region, central peripheral zone, and central non-peripheral zone), maximum diameter of the suspected lesion, and clinical stage (T1, T2, and/or T3). The outcome was BF. Postoperative PSA levels were initially measured at 1–2 months after RP, then at 3 month intervals in the second year, and intervals exceeding 6 months were deemed lost to follow-up.