Standardisation of dietary intake and physical activity
The participants weighed and recorded all the food and drinks consumed the day before each main trial and refrained from drinking alcohol during this period. They replicated their energy intake from the first to the second trial to ensure that it was standardised across trials. Food diaries were analysed using a nutrition analysis software (Excel Eiyoukun Ver 9.0, Kenpakusha, Tokyo, Japan) by a registered dietician to determine the energy intake and macronutrient content of the foods. Participants were asked to avoid strenuous exercise for 1 d before each main trial. They wore a uniaxial accelerometer (Lifecoder-EX, Suzuken Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan) on their hips to objectively monitor their daily activities during this period. The reliability of this accelerometer was validated against whole body indirect calorimetry.