Outcomes
Postoperative pain, hip flexion, pain
CONTRACTION, COMPLICATIONS
The primary outcome was the pain score during hip flexion at 4 h post-surgery. Secondary outcomes included the quadriceps strength and pain scores upon arrival at the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and at 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 h post-surgery, the first time out of bed, total opioids consumption, patient satisfaction, and complications. Postoperative pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) (0–10; 0: no pain, 10: worst pain). Rescue analgesia with opioids was administered when the VAS score exceeded 3. The quadriceps strength was assessed using the manual muscle testing (MMT) grade (0–5; 0: no muscle contraction, 1: muscle contraction present but unable move joint, 2: able to move joint but not resist gravity, 3: able to resist gravity but not bear substantial resistance, 4: able to resist some level of substantial resistance, 5: able to resist full resistance).