Reliability of the self-created tests
The reliability of the self-created test was examined in a different group of 39 healthy older participants (16 men and 23 women) who were also recruited from senior citizen clubs and an employment service centre in Sapporo, Japan. Because five of the 39 participants had also entered in the VTC validation study, these five received these tests one year later to rule out learning effects. Their average age was 76.7 years (SD: 7.6; range: 64–90 years), with a mean RCPM score of 27.8 (SD: 3.8; range: 20–35). Their average number of years of education was 13.1 (SD: 1.8; range: 8–16 years) (Table Demographics of the examination of the reliability of the self-created test (The same examiner administered both tests on the same day, and the order of administration was counterbalanced among the participants. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated. The result of TMT-A was r = 0.74 (Scatter plot of self-created tests and standardised tests. 