2.5. Outcome Measures: Hedonic and Homeostatic Sensations
nausea, pain, fullness, abdominal bloating
We employed five scales of 10 cm with gradations from −5 to +5 in order to assess the following aspects: (a) meal wanting (ranging from impossible to eager), (b) meal liking (from very disagreeable to very agreeable), (c) hunger/satiety (ranging from extremely hungry to completely satiated), (d) digestive wellbeing (varying from extremely unpleasant sensation to extremely pleasant sensation), and (e) mood (ranging from negative to positive). Scales also of 10 cm but graded from 0 (not at all) to 10 (very much) were used to assess for (f) abdominal bloating–fullness, (g) discomfort–pain, and (h) nausea. Meal wanting was assessed both at the presentation of each serving (inquiring about the desire to consume that portion) and at the conclusion of the entire meal (inquiring about the desire for another portion). Meal liking was evaluated after eating each portion (how much did you like it). The other scales were evaluated (a) before meal ingestion, at 5 min intervals, during the 10 min preceding ingestion (pre-ingestion period); (b) during the meal consumption (ingestion period), following each meal serving; and (c) after the meal (postprandial period), initially at 5 min intervals for the first 20 min, and subsequently at 10 min intervals up to 60 min following the end of ingestion (as illustrated in 