2.1. Overall Design
SECONDARY, INSULIN RESISTANCE
We conducted a randomized, parallel-arm, 12-week eating study of two dietary interventions (Potential participants completed one week of run-in eating to test their acceptance of both timing-of-eating patterns prior to randomization. We took a constant clinical research diet approach in which we specified and calculated intake for the planned menus prior to the study using specialized software (ESHA Food Processor 11.5 (2018), ESHA Research, Salem, OR, USA); weighed controlled portions; ensured consistent food sources and constant food preparation procedures in our metabolic research kitchen (Baltimore, Maryland); and discouraged any food replacements to the extent possible [The primary outcome for the clinical trial was body weight, and secondary outcomes were changes in fasting glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), area-under-the-curve for glucose from 2-h oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), and glycated albumin. The outcomes for this paper are the distributions of calories throughout the meal-timing windows.The trial was registered at 