Choline intake
To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate choline intake in a Thai population. Our results indicated that the mean choline intake was well below the AI levels for both men and women. This was likely due to the low consumption of choline food sources and not due to inadequate caloric intake, since most participants consumed enough energy according to the Thai Recommended Daily Intake. Indeed, the participants reported consuming small amounts of choline food such as eggs, beef, liver and other organ meat. This observation was consistent with a previous study that found that most Thai people consumed eggs only 3–4 day per week, or approximately ½−1 egg per dayUnderconsumption of choline was also observed in Western populations, with generally higher caloric and protein intake than in Thai populations. The mean usual choline intake in U.S. adults aged 19–30 years was 392 mg/d for men and 257 mg/d for women, and people who consumed eggs had almost twice as much choline intake as non-consumers