Disclosure
P., Vikash
ANDERSEN, FRANK, BRAIN, SWEET, CORTEX
D.B. Rubin serves on the External Advisory Board of Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb; A.B. Ajiboye, L. Barefoot, and M. Bowker report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement with Neuralink and Synchron, for which S.S. Cash provides consultative input. S. S. Cash has stock/stock options in Beacon Biosignals; D. Chen reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; J.P. Donoghue reports grants/contracts support from Cyberkinetics, Inc 2003–2009 (ceased operations 2009), J.P. Donoghue reports consulting fees from Otsuka Medical Devices, Pathmaker Neurosystems, and Neurable. J.P. Donoghue reports payment/honoraria for a presentation to Mitre Corp, reports that he is an advisory board member for Neurable, a leadership role (Board Director) for Pathmaker Neurosystems, stock/stock options in Beacon Biosignals, Pathmaker Neurosystems, and Neurable, and the following patents: Microstructured arrays for cortex interaction and related methods of manufacture and use, U.S. Patent 7,212,851; Neurologic signal decoding U.S. Patent 7,392,079 (expired Nov. 14, 2021); Synergistic effector/environment decoding system, US20200104689A1. E.N. Eskandar has a patent pending for “Coherent Maser Interferometer for Recording and Modulating Brain Activity”; G. Friehs and C. Grant report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; J.M. Henderson serves on the Medical Advisory Board of Enspire DBS. J.M. Henderson is a consultant for Neuralink and Enspire DBS, holds patents licensed to Neuralink and Blackrock Neurotech, is an inventor on several issued and pending patents on neural interfacing technology and delivery systems, and has stock or stock options in Neuralink, Enspire DBS, and Maplight Therapeutics; R.F. Kirsch, R. Marujo, and M. Masood report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; S.T. Mernoff runs VISN 1 Neurology, a committee of all the Chiefs of Neurology for VA facilities in the 6 New England States; J.P. Miller, J.A. Mukand, and R.D. Penn report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; J. Shefner reports research support from Amylyx, Biogen, Biotie Therapies (now Acorda Therapeutics), Cytokinetics Incorporated, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Alexion, Medicinova, Ionis, Alector, and Orphazyme, J. Shefner reports compensation received as a consultant for Apic Biosciences, Neurosense, Cytokinetics, Denali, GSK, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Orphazyme, Pinteon, RRD, Swanbio, and Helixsmith. J. Shefner reports royalties for serving as Neuromuscular Section Editor for UpToDate. K.V. Shenoy discloses that royalties are paid by Blackrock Neurotechnology Inc. to Stanford University and from there on to the inventors. This pertains to Patents 6, 8, 10, 12, and 13 as numbered below. Royalties are paid by Neuralink Corp to Stanford University and from there on to the inventors. This pertains to Patents 6, 8, 12, and 13 as numbered below. K.V. Shenoy is a consultant to Neuralink Corp and CTRL-Labs (Meta Platforms/Facebook), reports honoraria from a variety of universities (no corporations), reports honoraria from the NIH for reviewing grants (study section), reports support for attending meetings/travel from universities and professional societies to give invited talks, was on the Scientific Advisory Board of CTRL-Labs, Inc (now Meta Platforms/Facebook), is on the Scientific Advisory Board of MIND-X Inc, Inscopix Inc. and Heal Inc, and discloses the following patents: (1) Processed neural signals and methods for generating and using them. Patent Number: US 6,609,017 B1. Date of patent: Aug. 19, 2003. Krishna V. Shenoy, Richard A. Andersen, Sohaib A. Kureshi. California Institute of Technology. ISSUED. (2) Cognitive state machine for prosthetic systems. Publication Number: US 2003/0023319 A1. Date of patent: July 10, 2001. Richard A. Andersen, Bijan Pesaran, Partha Mitra, Daniella Meeker, Krishna V. Shenoy, Shiyan Cao, Joel W. Burdick. California Institute of Technology. ISSUED. (3) Cognitive state machine for prosthetic systems. International Publication No.: WO 03/005,934 A3. Date of patent: January 23, 2003. Richard A. Andersen, Bijan Pesaran, Partha Mitra, Daniella Meeker, Krishna V. Shenoy, Shiyan Cao, Joel W. Burdick. California Institute of Technology. ISSUED. (4) Decoding of neural signals for movement control. Patent No.: US 7,058,445 B2. Date of patent: June 6, 2001. Caleb T. Kemere, Gopal Santhanam, Byron M. Yu, Teresa H. Meng, Krishna V. Shenoy. Stanford University. ISSUED. (5) Brain-machine interface utilizing interventions to emphasize aspects of neural variance and decode speed and angle. Pub. No.: US 2015/0245928 A1. Publication Date: September 3, 2015. Jonathan C. Kao, Chethan Pandarinath, Paul Nuyujukian, Krishna V. Shenoy. Stanford University. ISSUED. (6) Brain machine interface. Patent No.: US 8,792,976 B2. Date of patent: July 29, 2014. Vikash Gilja, Paul Nuyujukian, Cynthia A. Chestek, John P. Cunningham, Byron M. Yu, Stephen I. Ryu, Krishna V. Shenoy. Stanford University. ISSUED. (7) Brain machine interfaces incorporating neural population dynamics. Patent No.: US 9,095,455 B2. Date of patent: August 4, 2015. Jonathan C. Kao, Paul Nuyujukian, Mark M. Churchland, John P. Cunningham, Krishna V. Shenoy. Stanford University. ISSUED. (8) Brain-machine interface utilizing a discrete action state decoder in parallel with a continuous decoder for a neural prosthetic device. Patent No.: US 9,373,088 B2. Date of patent: June 21, 2016. Paul Nuyujukian, Jonathan C. Kao, Krishna V. Shenoy. Stanford University. ISSUED. (9) Task-outcome error signals and their use in brain-machine interfaces. Patent No.: US 10,779,764 B2. Date of patent: September 22, 2020. Nir Even-Chen, Krishna V. Shenoy, Jonathan C. Kao, Sergey Stavisky. Stanford University. ISSUED. (10) Multiplicative recurrent neural network for fast and robust intracortical brain-machine interface decoders. Patent No.: US 10,223,634 B2. Date of patent: Mar. 5, 2019. David Sussillo, Jonathan C. Kao, Sergey Stavisky, Krishna V. Shenoy. Stanford University. ISSUED. (11) Systems and methods for virtual keyboards for high dimensional controllers. Patent No.: US 10,949,086 B2. Publication Date: March 16, 2021. Nir Even-Chen, Krishna V. Shenoy. Stanford University. ISSUED. (12) Systems and methods for decoding intended speech from neuronal activity. Pub. No.: US 2019/0333505 A1. Publication Date: October 31, 2019. Sergey Stavisky, Krishna V. Shenoy, Jaimie M. Henderson. Stanford University. PENDING. (13) Systems and methods for decoding intended symbols from neural activity. Pub. No.: US 2021/0064135 A1. Publication Date: March 4, 2021. Krishna V. Shenoy, Jaimie M. Henderson, Frank Willett. Stanford University. PENDING; J. D. Simeral reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; J.A. Sweet is currently on the scientific advisory board of Koh Young Inc. and was previously on the scientific advisory board and received stock options from Helius Medical Technologies; B.L. Walter has received consulting fees from Abbott Labs. Z.M. Williams reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement with Neuralink and Synchron, for which L.R. Hochberg provides consultative input. Go to 