Study designs and populations
T2D
The overall study design and participant flows are displayed in The MedLey trial is an RCT that tested effects of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors [We used the MedLey trial to derive a biomarker score of discrimination between the Mediterranean and habitual diet arms based on end-of-study nutritional biomarkers. Among 137 trial completers out of 166 randomised individuals, we excluded participants with missing nutritional biomarker data (EPIC-InterAct Study is a case-cohort study of T2D nested within the EPIC study in 8 European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) [For the current analysis, we excluded participants with missing biomarkers required to calculate the biomarker score (All participants provided written informed consent and studies were approved by local ethics committees. The MedLey trial was prospectively registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613000602729). This study is reported as per the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline (