
Single Continuous Compression Test

axial stiffness
We fixed the distal femur denture foundation base of the specimen on the base platform of CCS0‐44100 electronic universal testing machine. The joint surface of the femoral head was in contact with the custom concave hemispheric die to achieve uniform force. Before the formal test, a force of 200 N was preloaded three times to eliminate the effects of femur relaxation and creep, and the formal subsequent loading test was performed. Vertical compression loads (up to 1000 N) were applied to the femoral head at a speed of 0.1 mm/s. The displacement of the femoral head at 400, 600, 800, and 1000 N was recorded, and the axial stiffness of each group at 800 N was estimated. We calculated the axial stiffness of the femoral head (where axial stiffness refers to the ability of the femoral head to resist axial deformation under vertical load) using the following formula: axial stiffness = axial load/longitudinal displacement.