Study significance and limitations
To our knowledge, this is the first single‐blind randomized controlled trial that investigated real‐time, dynamic monitoring of hemodynamic differences between PISEI subjects and healthy subjects employing fNIRS during the execution of Stroop test in both types of subjects, followed by a selection of stimulation targets for TMS intervention in PISEI based on fNIRS data and precise treatment with TMS guided by a navigation system. Although our work is a great contribution to exploring the feasibility of fNIRS as a prompt screening diagnostic tool for PISEI and revealing TMS to improve the brain function changes in PISEI, there are some limitations. For example, this was only a single‐center preliminary study with a small sample size and lack of follow‐up, which failed to track the long‐term effectiveness of TMS in PISEI patients. In addition, although we applied fNIRS as a neuroimaging technique for efficacy evaluation, we only gathered behavioral data on executive function through the Stroop test, which failed to systematically assess executive function comprehensively in terms of behavior.