Fish Oil And/Or Probiotics Supplementation
At the baseline (13.9 ± 2.1 gestational weeks), the women were double-blindly randomized into 4 parallel intervention groups (fish oil+placebo, probiotics+placebo, probiotics+fish oil, placebo+placebo), and the intervention lasted until 6 months post-partum. Fish oil capsules (Croda Europe Ltd., Leek, UK) contained 2.4 g n-3 fatty acids: 1.9 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6-n-3), 0.22 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5-n-3), and other n-3 fatty acids, including docosapentaenoic acid. Placebo capsules contained medium-chain fatty acids, such as capric acid. The probiotic capsules contained 10