Data analysis
EVENT
Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 and data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24 for Windows (Surrey, UK) and displayed as mean ± SD. Normality was assessed by inspecting histograms, skewness and kurtosis and the Shapiro–Wilk test (P < 0.05 considered not normally distributed). A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess time (PRE, POST, 2 H POST), condition (REST, CP, CON) and time*condition interaction effects for core temperature, plasma volume, body mass, HR, RPE, thermal comfort and all blood and urine biomarkers. Aside from plasma volume and body mass, all other outcomes were not normally distributed and transformed prior to analysis to reduce skewness. A one-way ANOVA was used to assess condition (REST, CP, CON) effects for 5 h fluid intake. Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) data was not normally distributed and analysed using Friedman’s non-parametric tests. In the event of significant effects, post-hoc paired 