4.2.3. Insufficient evidence supports the effect underlying acupuncture being mediated through modulating hormone levels
PMD, anxiety
Both PMD (In the current trial, we found that acupuncture did not reverse the normal trend of hormonal changes over time. Our findings are consistent with those of two previous RCTs, reporting that electroacupuncture significantly ameliorated PMD but did not change hormone levels (In short, acupuncture-induced amelioration on PMD/PMI is likely to be achieved through multiple pathways, including normalizing the disordered physiological function, reducing anxiety, and improving QoL. Further research is warranted to elaborate the exact biological and/or psychosocial mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of acupuncture.