CONCLUSION
intra‐subject, fatigue, pain
There is limited evidence in the literature about VNS effect on exercise recovery and performance. After exercise, auricular VNS can decrease fatigue, pain, and lactic acid levels, increase parasympathetic activity without corruptive effects on pulse and blood pressure. Cycling distance did not change in our study, and this is probably because performance is related to motivation and ambition mostly. Moreover, BS seems more potent to unilateral and sham stimulation. We think that noninvasive VNS can be used in recovery practice in sports in the future. More studies are needed which should include intra‐subject designs, investigate physiological mechanisms with their complexity.