Surgical procedures
STERILE, CLOT
Following administration of local anesthesia (Mepivacaine HCL 2% with Levonordefrin 1:20,000. Alexandria Co. for Pharmaceuiticals and Chemical Ind., Alexandria, Egypt.), a three-line incision was made, and the mucoperiosteal flap was reflected. Atraumatic extraction of the tooth/root was then initiated by using a periotome (Helmut Zeph, Medizintechnik GMBH, Seitingen-Oberflacht, Germany) to sever the periodontal ligament attachments and preserve the socket walls followed by using suitable extraction forceps (Figs. The final decision regarding the size of the implant was made after assessing the dimensions of the socket. Drilling was done in the right direction at 600 to 800 rpm. Depending on the implant size, sequential drilling with abundant irrigation was done until the ideal dimensions were achieved. The sterile implant package was opened, and with gentle, steady finger pressure, the implant was placed in its proper location with a manual ratchet (40 Ncm of torque) (Figs. PRF Group. Xenograft Group The implants used in this study were double-threaded, two-piece, tapered body titanium dental implants with SLA surface. (Dentium® System, Superline, Seoul, Korea.)After implant placement, the buccal jumping gap was measured using periodontal probe to make sure that the distance from the implant surface and the buccal plat was more than 2 mm.RFA was used to test implant stability with an Osstell Mentor device. (Osstell, Integration Diagnostics, Savadaled, Sweden). The smart peg (type 7) was attached to the dental implant. The outcomes were presented as the implant stability quotient (ISQ).The buccal jumping gap in Group 1 was packed using PRF. Platelet-rich fibrin preparation, around 5–10 ml of whole venous blood was collected in each of the two sterile vacutainer tubes without anticoagulant. The vacutainer tubes were then placed in a centrifugal machine (Laboratory Centrifuge, Jiangsu, China) at 3000 rpm (800 gm) for 10 min, after which it settled into the following layers: red lower fraction containing red blood cells, upper straw coloured cellular plasma and the middle fraction containing the fibrin clot. The upper straw coloured layer was then removed and middle fraction was collected, 2 mm below lower dividing line, which was the PRF [Alloplast Group. The next step was to open the sealed package of the collagen membrane (Dentium® System, Resorbable membrane, Korea). The membrane was then trimmed to the size needed by the case. Care was taken to apply the membrane without wrinkling or buckling (Figs. 