Anthropometric parameters
skeletal muscle mass
HEART
Arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and waist circumference were measured at baseline and 12 weeks. To ensure consistency, measurements were taken by the same trained researcher with a soft ruler. Triceps skinfold thickness was measured with a triceps skinfold caliper with a precise measurement of up to 80.0 mm. For arm circumference measurement, subjects stood naturally with their arms bare, and uniformly measured the right upper arm. From the acromion to the olecranon’s midpoint was accurate to 0.1 cm. Triceps skinfold thickness was measured at 2 cm below the midpoint, as identified by the above method, pinching the thickness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and measuring with a caliper to an accuracy of 0.1cm. Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint of the anterior superior iliac spine and the lower margin of the 12th rib, accurate to 0.1 cm, with subjects standing with the waist and abdomen exposed. Handgrip strength was measured with a grip dynamometer averaging three readings expressed in kilograms. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were measured at baseline and after the intervention.Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was utilized to assess body composition (InBody 770; Biospace Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea). Both groups’ body compositions were measured while patients were wearing light singlets, no shoes or socks, with empty bladders, and calibrated instruments. Measurement items included: weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, fat free mass, body fat mass, percentage of body fat, visceral fat area, fat mass index, soft lean mass, skeletal muscle mass, total body water, intracellular water and extracellular water.