Anthropometry
weight gain, FM
CREST
Height was measured at baseline without shoes by using a wall-mounted stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 cm. The weight and body composition of the participants were measured barefoot and with light clothing on a Seca medical body composition analyzer (mBCA) 515/514 (bioelectrical impedance). We obtained data on body fat percentage (body fat %), kg of fat mass (FM) and kg of fat-free mass (FFM). Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg. Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint of the lower margin of the last palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest and hip circumference was measured around the widest part of the hips, to the nearest 0.5 cm, using a measuring tape. BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight in kg with the square of the height in meters. Pre-pregnancy weight and gestational weight gain (GWG) were self-reported. The GWG was compared to the guidelines of the Institute of Medicine [