Study Design and Population
high-grade bladder cancer, NMIBC
UROLOGICAL CANCER
After obtaining approval from the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board, we retrospectively reviewed all patients with pathologically confirmed high-risk NMIBC who were treated with either gemcitabine and docetaxel or BCG as first-line therapy at the University of Iowa tertiary care center between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2021. A waiver of informed consent was granted due to the use of deidentified data. All patients were treatment naive at the start of the study and had no history of high-grade bladder cancer. Patient race and ethnicity were self-reported and abstracted from the electronic health record; these characteristics were collected because they have been associated with outcome disparities in urological cancer. Risk stratification was performed per American Urological Association criteria.