Introduction
ANI, unconsciousness, amnesia, vascular stiffness
Several pharmaceuticals are administered during anesthesia to induce unconsciousness (hypnosis and amnesia), analgesia, and immobility, including the inhibition of autonomic reflexes to noxious stimuliCommercially available devices, such as the ANI, NOL, and SPI, are used in clinical practice to monitor analgesiaWe have previously reported that vascular stiffness (K) values correlate well with noxious stimulus intensityA previous study used propofol as the sedative. Volatile anesthetics such as sevoflurane are also widely used as sedatives during anesthesia. Sevoflurane is known to have an inhibitory effect on sympathetic nerve responses