Limitations
ARF
ARF
We acknowledge several limitations to the present study. One, there was a violation of randomization (i.e., the ARF group comprises a higher share of female students than the other two groups), which happened by chance. However, we presented results using analysis of covariance that adjusted for participant’s gender. The results were not markedly different without the gender adjustment (not shown). Two, participants were recruited from the leading university in Singapore. Our findings may not be generalizable to individuals from a broader socioeconomic background, as past research shows that fertility awareness tends to be more exacerbated among lower SES groups and individuals with less education [Three, the experiment and the interventions were conducted entirely online at a time when on-campus activities and gatherings were limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As most students were living off campus and the majority of academic activities were conducted online at the time of the experiment, we expected participants to have answered the questionnaires in isolation. The information was presented in a format that was not conducive to downloads or social media sharing. Nonetheless, we are unable to rule out the possibility that participants in the treated groups may have used screenshots to share general information from the intervention brochure with fellow classmates, either online or in a small group, which would contaminate our experimental design. If such contamination occurred, the estimates we presented here would have underestimated the true effects of the intervention materials on students’ family and career expectations.Finally, our study was limited in scope in several aspects. Due to budgetary constraints, we did not conduct any pilot study, which could have been used to check for test-retest reliability of the survey questionnaire. Nor could our study design assess the long-term effects of the interventions on childbearing desires and career expectations, which may not be lasting [