Outcomes
adiposity
SECONDARY, ADIPOSITY
Two primary outcomes were used; consumption of energy dense “takeaway foods” which can be commonly obtained from takeaway food outlets, and adiposity, which in the present analyses were expressed as body fat percentage from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurement. We included both takeaway-like food consumption as well as body fat percentage as outcomes as takeaway consumption is a proximal outcome of takeaway outlet exposure, and takeaway consumption has been shown to be positively associated to body weight and adiposity [Takeaway consumption was measured using data from a food frequency questionnaire. We calculated intake (g/day) of pizza, burgers, fried fish, and French fries. Together, these foods provide a marker of takeaway-like food consumption (g/day) referred to here as “takeaway consumption”. Procedures for how body fat percentage was measured are described elsewhere [As secondary outcomes, we included fat mass index (FMI) as a different expression of the DEXA data as well as BMI to allow for comparison with previous results from the same cohort [