Methods
postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting
ADVERSE EVENTS, SECONDARY
One hundred gynecological patients undergoing open abdomen surgery were randomized into an S-ketamine group (group S) or placebo group (0.9% saline; group C). Anesthesia was maintained with S-ketamine, sevoflurane, and remifentanil-propofol target-controlled infusion in group S and with sevoflurane and remifentanil-propofol target-controlled infusion in group C. All patients were connected to patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pump at the end of the surgery with sufentanil, ketorolac tromethamine, and tropisetron in group C and additional S-ketamine in group S. The primary outcome was the time of first postoperative flatus, and the secondary outcome was postoperative pain score of patients. Postoperative sufentanil consumption within the first postoperative 24 h and adverse events such as nausea and vomiting were recorded.