Conclusions
CaP stone
Although VDD treatment protocols increased 24-U calcium, they did not increase the risk of calcium stone formation assessed by supersaturation state of CaOx and CaP stone formation. Controlling the dietary intake of patients including adequate calcium from dairy products (800–1200 mg/day), salt intake restriction to less than 5 g/day, and consumption of a moderate amounts of animal proteins (0.8–1 g/kg/day) could prevent an increase in supersaturation after 24-U calcium rise due to VDD treatment. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of severe VDD treatment on 24-U calcium.