Surgical Procedures
tumor, tumors
TUMOR, TUMORS
Surgical procedures were performed by a thoracic surgeon (J.K. and S.S.). During surgery, surgeons used standard visualization and finger palpation (when applicable) to identify known tumors. After identification of the tumor, NIR imaging was used to confirm lesion fluorescence. If the preoperatively identified nodule was unidentifiable by white-light visualization or palpation, localization using fluorescence guidance was attempted. After the primary lesions were identified, fluorescence imaging was used to assess the hemithorax for occult lesions. After resection of the nodules, the specimen was analyzed ex vivo on a back table using an NIR camera system to assess nodule fluorescence and margin assessment. All samples were analyzed in triplicate by Pearl and Odyssey NIR Imager (LI-COR Biosciences) as well as ImageJ, version 1.53t (National Institutes of Health). The sample was then sent for frozen section analysis by a board-certified thoracic pathologist.