Overview of osteoarthritis
TNF-α, Osteoarthritis, OA, tumor necrosis, arthritis
OSTEOARTHRITIS, TUMOR NECROSIS, DISEASE, ARTHRITIS, INFLAMMATION, PATHOGENESIS
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting an estimated 650 million people (654.1 [95% CI, 565.6–745.6]) aged 40 and older worldwide as of 2020, with an incidence of 203 per 10,000 person-years [95% CI, 206–331] [OA imposes socioeconomic burdens due to its morbidity, which results in reduced daily activity and productivity. Currently, arthritis costs an estimated US$ 24 billion annually in Canada, with projected increases to US$ 49 billion annually by 2031 [OA is a multifactorial disease affecting articular cartilage, subchondral bone, menisci (in the knee), synovial tissue (a membrane lining the joint and heterogeneously composed of fibroblasts, MΦs, and endothelial and stromal cells), tendon/ligaments and muscle [OA is highly heterogeneous in terms of clinical features and responses to available treatments, as well as through the contribution of different biochemical factors that contribute to the progressive and gradual loss of articular cartilage [Inflammation plays a critical role in OA, and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are implicated in OA pathogenesis [