Outcome Variables
BLOOD, SECONDARY
The primary outcome of the study was body weight. This was measured using the validated bioelectrical impedance scale Seca mBCA 515 (Seca GmbH & Co KG) [In addition, behavioral and physiological variables were defined as secondary outcomes. In the behavioral domain, dietary and physical activity behaviors were recorded. Seven-day dietary records were generated at each of the 4 measurement time points using NutriGuide Plus software (Version 4.8; Nutri-Science GmbH). Energy intake, dietary energy density (excluding beverages), and macronutrients were evaluated using the dietary data. Physical activity was assessed using the activity tracker Fitbit Charge 3 (Fitbit, Inc) and the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-L; German) [In addition to the primary outcome of body weight, other anthropometric variables were measured or calculated. Thus, body height, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, and fat-free mass were recorded using the bioelectrical impedance analysis scale Seca mBCA 515, the stadiometer Seca 274, and the measuring tape Seca 201 (Seca GmbH & Co KG). Blood samples were collected, and blood glucose (fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin [HbA