Study population
ESRD
ESRD
This study prospectively enrolled ESRD patients in CHA bundang medical center in South Korea, and undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for at least 3 months was diagnostic criteria for ESRD. The overall scheme of this study is shown in Fig. 
Schematic diagram summarizing the study design. (Initially, 37 adult patients were recruited, and 16 were randomized for three months of exercise during hemodialysis sessions (Fig. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of CHA Bundang Medical Center and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and principles of Good Clinical Practice (CHAMC 2016-05-064-024). Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients.