Study design
Sixty‐nine healthy participants were included in this study and invited to perform exercise interventions of different intensities. Informed consent forms were provided and signed by all participants before participating in this study. Demographic data and baseline measurements (such as resting heart rate [HRrest], PPT, PPTol, and CPM responses) were collected. The maximum heart rate (HRmax) was estimated using the formula (Lach et al., All participants conformed to the study and were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (A, B, and C) with different exercise intensities in a 1:1:1 ratio. Randomized sequences were generated using Excel software (Microsoft). All participants were labeled from 01 to 66 and allocated according to the A–B–C circulation order. AN and XZH screened the participants.The participants performed low‐intensity treadmill running with 40% HRR in group A, moderate‐intensity (55% HRR) in group B, or high‐intensity (70% HRR) in group C. The running speed was determined in coherence with the target heart rate (THR) during the baseline measurements. All the participants performed a single exercise session at a predetermined intensity for 35 min (Figure Flowchart of the experiment.