Outcomes
depression, Depression, ’ depression
SECONDARY, CHRONIC DISEASE
The primary outcome of this study was cognitive function. The secondary outcome was depression symptoms. The outcome measures were assessed at baseline and the end of the intervention. The Chinese-version Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Chinese-version 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) were used to assess cognitive function and depression symptoms, respectively, in the participants.The MoCA has been widely used in the screening of MCIParticipants’ depression symptoms were measured by the GDS-15, which was a brief version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)The socio-demographic data included age, gender, education, current smoking status, current drinking habits, sleep status, frequency of learning or reading, frequency of exercise, presence of chronic disease and/or family history.