Study design
MAY
A mixed two-factor design (3 groups × 4 measurements) experimental study was conducted from November 18, 2020, to May 30, 2021, at Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. This experimental study protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Chung Shan Medical University Hospital (approval no. CS2-20,089), and the study strictly adhered to the research ethics specifications of the Declaration of Helsinki. To ensure accurate measurement results, possible confounding factors such as laboratory brightness, visual target distance, and subjective differences in measurement tools and equipment operators were controlled (STROBE guidelines for reporting the manuscript