2.3. Statistical Analysis
The Shapiro–Wilks test was used to assess normality. To evaluate the effect of time and intervention, a repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed with two factors: time (pre- and post-intervention) vs. group (trained and untrained), with post hoc Bonferroni analysis conducted where appropriate. The Chi-square test was used to assess categorical parameters. The effect size was calculated using Cohen’s d. The following interpretation was utilized: <0.01 = small effect; 0.06 = moderate effect; and ≥0.14 = large effect. The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and all statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism software (version 4.0, San Diego, CA, USA), adopting a significance level of 5%.