Results
obesity, overweight, SD
ADVERSE EVENTS, OBESITY
The cohort had a mean age of 60 ± 6 years, BMI of 30.6 ± 5.7 kg/mDescriptive characteristicsData are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR)Five participants (vitamin D Study design and flow of participantsThere were no supplement-related adverse events reported in this study. A total of 3/50 participants (vitamin D Between baseline and week 12, serum 25(OH)D levels increased in all vitamin D group participants (range: 16–78 nmol/L) and 32 (64%) of individuals achieved 25(OH)D levels ≥ 75 nmol/L (Fig. Twelve- and 24-week changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D in individual participantsSupplementary Table S1 presents mean baseline values and intention-to-treat analyses comparing changes in blood biochemistry, body composition and physical function after 12 and 24 weeks in the placebo and vitamin D groups. Changes in most of these outcome measures are also graphed in Figs. Twelve- and 24-week changes in biochemical parameters in vitamin D and placebo. Data are mean ± SD. Between-group differences analyzed using linear mixed models. 25(OH)D — 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Twelve- and 24-week body composition changes in vitamin D and placebo. Data are mean ± SD. Between-group differences analyzed using linear mixed models. *Twelve- and 24-week body composition changes in vitamin D and placebo. Data are mean ± SD. Between-group differences analyzed using linear mixed models. *Per-protocol analyses were also performed in 23 participants (vitamin D We performed exploratory sex- and obesity-stratified subgroup analyses (Supplementary Tables S3–S6). In all subgroups, between-group differences in 25(OH)D changes were similar to our main analysis at both time points. In women, men, and participants with obesity, waist circumference and/or WHR decreases were observed in the vitamin D group compared with placebo from 12 to 24 weeks. In women and overweight participants, hand grip strength and upper-limb muscle quality decreased in the placebo group relative to the vitamin D group from 12 to 24 weeks. In men, calf muscle density increased in the vitamin D group relative to placebo from 12 to 24 weeks. In overweight participants, the vitamin D group also lost fat mass relative to placebo from 12 to 24 weeks.