Participants and setting
sore throat, intraoperative bleeding, upper respiratory tract lesions, cough, allergies, hypertension, tube tolerance cough
SORE THROAT, CHRONIC PHARYNGITIS, ALLERGIES, HYPERTENSION, INTRAOPERATIVE BLEEDING, BRONCHOSPASM
Patients were included in the trial when they were 18 ~ 64 years old and scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy or cholecystectomy combined with common bile duct exploration under general anaesthesia using endotracheal tube intubation. The following major exclusion criteria were used: American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade greater than III; preoperative chronic pharyngitis, cough or other upper respiratory tract lesions; concurrent hypertension with or without drug therapy; difficult airway; allergies to lidocaine, tetracaine, or any other ingredients in the test product; intraoperative bronchospasm; operation time greater than 2.5 h; intraoperative bleeding (> 300 ml). We randomly assigned the patients to placebo (normal saline), compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream, tetracaine spray, or compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream combined with tetracaine treatment at a 1:1:1:1 ratio. The primary end points included the overall incidence of cough, the endotracheal tube tolerance cough and cardiovascular reactions during extubation after anaesthesia during the recovery period, the sore throat within the first 24 h after extubation. Figure Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials flow diagram A total of 236 patients were included in the study. 25 patients were excluded according to the exclusion criteria. A total of 211 patients were randomly divided into 4 groups, 53 patients in group C, 52 patients in group L, 52 patients in group T and 54 patients in group F