Interventions
T2D, diabetes
COMPLICATIONS, DIABETES
Dyads of people with T2D and one of the family caregivers were allocated to either the intervention group received the DSMES programme or continued usual care. Family-based intervention was selected because of the roles of family on encouraging, motivating and providing instrumental support when people with diabetes perform self-management behaviours such as preparing food, taking medication and performing physical activities. Previous literature pointed that the involvement of family members in the intervention as a good option to boost the control of glucose and monitor other clinical parameters for the cultural value of familyismThe programme contains seven self-care behaviours for diabetes management (healthy diet, physical activity, medication, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), diabetes complications, healthy coping and problem-solving)In addition, based on the social cognitive theory (SCT)—the theory which considers the learning occur in a social context, that is, in a dynamic and continuous interaction of the environment, the cognitive and person, and behaviour’ (reciprocal determinism—the intervention was delivered using the behavioural change strategies like weekly goal setting, discussions, demonstrations, plate method and rewards. The matching of behavioural change strategies with the SCT constructs was given in Supplementary Table 