Setting and Participants
Pain, seizures, pain
MOTION SICKNESS
This study was conducted in the pediatric unit of a regional public hospital in Hong Kong. For patients younger than 12 years, venipuncture was performed by a medical intern or medical officer with the assistance of a nurse or patient-care assistant in a treatment room. We included pediatric patients who (1) were aged between 4 and 12 years, (2) planned to undergo venipuncture, and (3) were able to communicate in Chinese and follow instructions. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) identified cognitive or learning problems or sensory impairments to pain, (2) identified contact precautions, and (3) history of seizures or motion sickness. Health care professionals participating in the procedure (eg, medical interns and officers, nurses, and patient-care assistants) were also invited to rate their satisfaction with the venipuncture procedure.The sample size calculation was based on the effect estimated from a previous VR study using the Faces Pain Scale–Revised (FPR-S) as a primary outcome measure.