INTRODUCTION
depressive disorder, MDD
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective, rapid, and well-established treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and has been widely adopted in psychiatry services. It modifies neurotransmitter concentrations and improves neuroplasticity, contributing to its clinical efficacy (To explore the response to ECT, Growth mixture modeling (GMM) shows a similar profile to latent class analysis but also considers heterogeneity within subgroups (