Measurements
Glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured in blood at baseline, after each spray administration, and 15 minutes after the last spray.Hunger was measured with a self-rated question, “How hungry do you feel at the moment.” Participants were asked to give an answer on an 11-point numeric rating scale (0, “not hungry at all”; 10, “the worst hunger I have ever experienced”). Hunger was measured at the beginning of each session, 5 minutes after each spray administration, and 20 minutes after the last spray administration.Approach tendencies toward food were measured at the end of each day with a validated mobile phone approach avoidance task in which participants were presented pictures of food and nonfood objects (Food consumption was measured with a taste test adapted from previous studies (Memory was assessed by the Auditory Verbal Learning Test in which 15 words were read to participants 5 times, and participants were asked to repeat all the words they could remember after each reading. Fifteen minutes after the first assessment, participants were asked to name the words they still were able to recall. This is a reliable test for measuring learning and memory (Perceived group allocation was measured at the end of day 2. Participants were asked to indicate whether they think they received insulin or placebo spray on each of the experimental days.