Bloods and Biomarkers
Patients were fasting for at least 6 hours before venous blood samples were drawn. These were processed in-house, snap-frozen (−20º or −80ºC), and then shipped to a central laboratory (Labcorp, Geneva, Switzerland) for biomarker analysis or to an academic collaborator (Julian Griffin, professor, Imperial College London, UK) for a targeted metabolomic analysis 19 serum metabolites relating to energy metabolism.