Anesthesia and perioperative care
pain
All patients underwent the same monitoring on arrival at the operating room, including SpOAnesthesia was induced using propofol (2–4 mg/kg) and sufentanil (site-effect concentration, 0.2A double-lumen endotracheal tube was used for intubation. The tidal volume was set at 6Postoperative pain was assessed using numeric rating scale (an 11-point scale where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst pain). Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was used to maintain a pain score of 3 or lower. The program of PCIA was set to deliver a background infusion of sufentanil at 1.25 μg/h and a 2.5 μg bolus with a lock-out interval of 8 min for breakthrough pain [