Physical function
(1) Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to assess physical function, comprising a standing balance test, four-metre walking speed, and five sit-to-stand tests, each item worth 0–4 points, with a total score of 0–12 points [(2) 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) To evaluate functional endurance capacity and mobility, participants were directed to walk independently along a 30-m hospital corridor and cover as much distance as possible within a six-minute duration [