1. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus, T2DM, diabetes
DIABETES MELLITUS, DIABETES MELLITUS, DYSFUNCTION, HEART, DIABETES
Diabetes mellitus has reached worldwide epidemic proportions. In 2015, it was estimated that globally 1 in 11 adults aged 20–79 years (415 million adults) had diabetes mellitus, and it is estimated to rise to 642 million by 2040. The global economic burden of diabetes is expected to surpass $2 trillion (US dollars) by 2030 [Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of balance within the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PSN) and reduced HRV as a marker of ANS dysfunction. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analysis showed that T2DM is associated with a decrease in HRV [Physical activity and exercise remain as two of the pillar interventions in diabetes and have been shown to be positive modulators for improving HRV, whereas the converse (prolonged sitting and sedentary lifestyle) has been shown to reduce HRV [We have previously shown that a passive simulated jogging device (JD) which induces pulsations to the forefoot, similarly as locomotion or jogging [