2.8. Outcome measures
low back pain, knee joints
CONTRACTION, BEND
The patients were tested for outcome measures before and at the end of treatment.PainThe patient’s low back pain level is assessed by the visual analogue scale.Muscle strengthMuscle strength is evaluated by grip strength of both upper limbs and isometric muscle strength of the trunk, hip and knee joints. Grip strength is assessed by an electronic grip strength meter. Isometric strength of the trunk and knee is evaluated by the Biodex system with a centripetal contraction mode. The test speeds are slow contraction (60°/s) and fast contraction (180°/s), and the test types are flexion and extension. The test sites were the left and right sides of the body, with no right or left side of the trunk. The outcomes include peak torque, average peak torque, average power, and peak flexor-to-extensor torque ratio.BalanceThe static balance test will be conducted by the Italian Tecnobody balance system. Patients will stand with their right foot in the center of the pressure platform, then bend their left knee backward by 90° while crossing their hands at the waist, and tried to maintain standing with eyes open and eyes closed for 30 seconds each, with 15 seconds rest between groups. Static balance outcomes include the distance of plantar center of gravity pressure movement (mm), the area of movement trajectory (mmBone mineral densityBMD will be measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at lumbar spine 2-4(LBone metabolismAfter fasting for more than 12 hours, 10 mL of blood will be drawn from elbow vein in the morning of the next day, and serum bone metabolism indexes will be measured using a fully automated enzyme-labeled immunoassay instrument. The serum bone metabolism indexes include parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH) 2D3), type I procollagen aminoterminal peptide and type I collagen carboxy-terminal peptide.