1. Introduction
Obesity, obesity, tumor necrosis, TNF-α, inflammation, cancer, CAD, overweight, metabolic dysfunction, necrosis, weight loss
OBESITY, OBESITY, OBESE, TUMOR NECROSIS, INFLAMMATION, DEGENERATIVE, CANCER, NECROSIS, DISEASES, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, CAD
Aim: Previous studies have focused on the order of endurance and resistance training when performing concurrent training (CT). However, no study has compared the effects of combined training with CT orders on inflammatory markers, muscular performance, and body composition in overweight and obese males. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of 12 weeks of CT and combined training on the aforementioned markers in overweight and obese males. Methods: Sixty middle-aged overweight and obese males (age 51 ± 4 years) were randomly assigned into one of four groups: endurance followed by resistance training (ER; Obesity is linked to chronic low-grade inflammation, which can lead to metabolic dysfunction and related diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD) [Adiponectin and members of the C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein (CTRP) family are peptides secreted by adipocytes that regulate metabolism and inflammation [CTRP3 is a cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokine found in human plasma [Compelling epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that regular exercise training, including endurance training (ET) and resistance training (RT), confer therapeutic and preventive benefits by counteracting degenerative processes associated with obesity. Such benefits encompass a reduction in systemic inflammatory markers as well as weight loss and salubrious effects for individuals with a variety of cancer types [The anti-inflammatory benefits of regular exercise may be mediated by both a decrease in visceral fat mass (by lowering the production of adipokines) and the development of an anti-inflammatory milieu after exercise bouts [Despite the fact that CT may result in a number of advantageous adaptations, there are possible issues regarding whether some of the targeted adaptations to RT or ET that occur (depending on the order) could be compromised due to an “interference effect” [Other crucial factors associated with adaptation to exercise training, such as inflammatory markers, have not been investigated in the context of CT order. In the present study, we included a combined training group, which sometimes is used interchangeably with CT. In combined training, in contrast to CT, for instance, participants do not finish RT before transitioning to perform ET. However, participants perform six sets of RT and then move to perform 10 min of ET (combined training is outlined in Materials and Methods section). The main reason for the inclusion of this training protocol is that the anabolic environment of RT may reduce the interference effect of ET on muscular adaptations. Therefore, the primary this study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of CT order and combined training on inflammatory markers (adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), CTRP3, CTRP5, and CTRP9) in overweight and obese males. We hypothesized that various orders of RT and ET would stimulate secretions of adiponectin, TNF-α, CRP, CTRP3, CTRP5, and CTRP9. The second objective was to investigate the impact of training procedures on body composition, muscular performance, and cardiorespiratory fitness.