Framed messages and allocation
In this study, three types of framed messages to promote social participation were used: i) private gain-framed messages, ii) private loss-framed messages, and iii) public gain-framed messages (Table Three types of framed messages to promote social participation that were used in this studyBefore conducting the survey, we randomly allocated the samples into four groups in the two study areas. For three groups, we presented each framed message on the questionnaire immediately before the questions on social participation (explained below). The participants answered the social participation questions after reading the framed message. The remaining group received no messages (i.e., control group). The participants in this group answered the social participation questions without reading any messages.