Body composition
Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic Discovery A, Hologic, USA) was used to estimate whole-body fat and lean mass, as well as body fat percentage and visceral fat area (cmA single 2.5 mm transverse peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scan (Stratec XCT3000, Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany) at a speed of 20 mm/s and voxel size of 0.8 mm was obtained at 66% of the tibial length of the non-dominant leg. The distance between the prominence of the medial malleolus and the tibial plateau was measured to determine the length of the tibia. To locate scan sites, a planar scout view of the distal tibia was used and reference lines were placed parallel to the distal joint surface of the tibia. Calf muscle density (mg/cm