Experimental design
All participants completed two experimental trials using a randomized crossover design in an outdoor softball ground. The trials were separated by at least 7 days and were performed at the same time of the day (09:30–15:00) for each participant to avoid any circadian rhythm-related variations. Female participants were tested between days 2 and 10 of their menstrual cycle. Participants refrained from consuming alcohol and caffeine for 24 h prior to each experimental trial and fasted for 2 h, excluding the consumption of water, before each experimental trial. The participants were asked to avoid altering their regular lifestyle habits, exercise, and diet throughout the study. This study was completed during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity, 1.6 ± 0.8 m/s for air velocity).