1. Introduction
papillary tumor, bladder tumors, tumor, bladder tumor, NMIBC, tumor necrosis, TNF-α, cancer, urothelial carcinoma, TURBT, tumors
BLADDER TUMORS, TUMOR, BLADDER TUMOR, INFILTRATION, TUMOR NECROSIS, CANCER, UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA, CARCINOMA IN SITU, TUMORS
This study assessed the safety and efficacy of OncoTheradBladder cancer is a significant global public health issue with high morbidity and mortality rates [Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for most bladder tumors (70–75%). NMIBC is confined to the urothelium as a papillary tumor (pTa) or carcinoma in situ (pTis or CIS) without stromal invasion or with limited invasion into the lamina propria (pT1) [The therapeutic approach established to manage high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) typically involves initial transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), which is followed by intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) [Radical cystectomy stands as the most definitive treatment for NMIBC in this particular context [The therapeutic approach established to manage high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) typically involves initial transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), which is followed by intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) [Modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and enhancing T cell infiltration into tumors are pivotal strategies to assist in managing different tumor types [TLRs’ activation triggers a complex signaling cascade that activates both innate and adaptive immune responses and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines [TLR signaling can be classified into two different pathways, namely, the MyD88-dependent (canonical) pathway, which promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as interleukins such as IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10; and the TRIF-dependent (non-canonical) pathway, which activates interferon regulatory factors (IRF-3, IRF-5, and IRF-7)—this process results in interferon production [The emergence of novel immunotherapeutic agents has revolutionized the treatment applied to different tumor types, such as urothelial carcinoma [OncoTheradThe aims of the current study were to assess both the safety and the effectiveness of OncoTherad