Assessment of outcomes
bradycardia, arrhythmia, postoperative nausea, vomiting, pain, pruritus, hypotension, nausea, vomiting
ADVERSE EVENTS, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION, ARRHYTHMIA
Degree of pain was evaluated by the numerical rating scale at rest (NRS.R) and during movement (NRS.M) at the same time points. The patients were provided with patient-controlled intravenous anesthesia (PCIA) devices contained 100-mg morphine (1 mg/ml) without continuous infusion and set with a lock-out time of 15 min. Patients were instructed to use the device by pushing the button when needed. The devices were set to a maximum dose of 20 mg morphine per day. The post-operative button-push count for PCIA demand and PCIA usage dosage were calculated and recorded at the first 48 h postoperative.We systematically assess and record the occurrence of adverse events every 8 h was conducted to determine the incidence of adverse events following surgery, including nausea, vomiting, hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia, respiratory depression, mechanical ventilation, pruritus, and sedation. Using the three-point scale (1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) above, postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pruritus were assessed.