Participants
DSM-5, psychotic, intellectual disability, personality disorders, bipolar disorder, psychosis, psychiatric, antisocial personality disorder, MDD, affective disorder, visual or auditory deficits
SHEEHAN, DISORDERS
Outpatients were recruited from four hospitals in Shanghai, China [Shanghai Mental Health Center (SMHC; coordinating center), Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Hongkou District Mental Health Center, and Shanghai Changning District Mental Health Center]. In the original protocol (Wang et al., Patients were recruited via advertisement or psychiatrist referral. New patients were pre-screened individually for 15–20 min by a research assistant. Those who were considered potentially eligible were invited to attend the screen visit. In total, we assessed 483 patients for eligibility. Of these, 100 refused to participate and 172 were excluded because they did not meet the study inclusion criteria. The flowchart of participants during the trial is shown in CONSORT diagram.Patients were included in the study if they (1) met DSM-5 criteria for MDD based on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (Sheehan et al., Exclusion criteria included (1) a severe concurrent medical condition, (2) significant visual or auditory deficits, (3) a lifetime history of psychosis or bipolar disorder, (4) a history of substance use disorders in the last 24 months, (5) a history of psychotic features of affective disorder, (6) high suicide risk (MINI suicidality item score ⩾10), (7) severe personality disorders (e.g. cluster A and antisocial personality disorder) as determined by routine clinical interview by a psychiatrist, and (8) intellectual disability. Patients with other psychiatric comorbidities were included so long as these conditions were not more prominent than the MDD.