Background
Schizophrenia symptoms, schizophrenia [Metacognitive functions, cognitive limitations, schizophrenia
SYNDROME, POSITIVE
Participation, a term used within the international classification of functioning, disability, and health [Research has examined the relationships between participation, metacognitive functions, and symptoms among people with schizophrenia [Metacognitive functions are considered specific predictors of functional limitations that manifest in reduced participation [Schizophrenia symptoms are typically measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) [Some studies found positive correlations between negative symptoms, cognitive limitations (e.g., attention and memory), and metacognitive limitations (e.g., EF); other studies reported negative correlations [To explain the relationships among symptoms, EF, and participation, researchers explored whether those relationships are direct or due to associations with other factors [Various models in the literature address the association among symptoms, metacognitive limitations, and participation in people with schizophrenia. Lysaker et al. proposed an integrated metacognition model in which metacognitive limitations and negative symptoms mutually influence one another and contribute to reduced participation [Other studies found that negative symptoms partially modulated the relationship between metacognitive function and participation [Considering the range of inconsistent findings, it is necessary to explore the impact of symptoms on participation to gain a better understanding of the relationship between metacognitive limitations and symptoms and the mechanisms that affect participation [Identifying moderators may help explain how or why symptoms influence participation. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether symptoms moderate the association between EF components and participation among people with schizophrenia following a metacognitive group intervention (MCG) [