Additional Data Sources
Locations of roads and rivers were obtained from OpenStreetMap (OpenStreetMap Foundation). Primary health center locations were available from Carte Sanitaire du Niger (Ministère de la Santé Publique de la Population et des Affaires Sociales, Niamey, Niger). This analysis included location data on Centre de Santé Integré facilities, which are primary health centers that serve catchment areas of approximately 5 to 10 communities and are equipped to provide basic inpatient and outpatient care.