Results
pain
In this study, 148 premature infants were studied, of whom 71 (47.97%) were girls and 77 (52.03%) were boys. Mean gestational age and weight were 34.15 ± 1.52 weeks and 2124.47 ± 582.48 g, respectively. Ninety-nine deliveries (66.89%) were cesarean section, and 49(33.11%) were vaginal. Infants did not significantly differ in terms of sex, weight, height, head circumference, type of delivery, and gestational age (The results showed that during and after blood sampling, heart rate changes were significant among the studied groups (p = 0.001). Pairwise comparisons of the groups showed that infants’ heart rates during and after blood sampling was significantly different between eye shield and the control group, ear muffs and the control group, eye shield plus ear muffs and the eye shield group, and ear muffs and the control group (p = 0.001) (Table 
Comparison of infants’ heart rate of study groups in before, during, after blood samplinga: significantly different compared to the control group, b: significantly different compared to the eye shield group, c: significantly different compared to the ear muffs groupThe results showed a significant difference in the percentage of oxygen saturation among the infants of the studied groups during blood sampling (p = 0.008) and after blood sampling (p = 0.003). Besides, pairwise comparisons of the groups showed that the percentage of saturated oxygen during blood sampling in the ear muffs group and the ear muffs plus eye shield was significantly different from the control group (p = 0.001). Moreover, the percentage of saturated oxygen after blood sampling in each of the eye shield, ear muffs, and eye shield plus ear muffs groups was significantly different from the control group (p = 0.003) (Table 
Comparison of infants’ oxygen saturation percentage of study groups in before, during, after blood samplinga: significantly different compared to the control group, b: significantly different compared to the eye shield group, c: significantly different compared to the ear muffs groupThe results showed significant changes in the infants’ pain among the studied groups during and after blood sampling (p = 0.001). Pairwise comparisons of the groups showed that during the blood sampling, the infants’ pain level in the ear muffs group was significantly different from the control group and eye shield group (p = 0.001). Moreover, the pain level in the eye shield plus ear muffs group significantly differed from the control, eye shield, and ear muffs groups (p = 0.001). In addition, after blood sampling, the comparison of the pain levels of the infants in the eye shield, ear muffs, and ear muffs plus an eye shield groups showed a significant difference with the control group (p = 0.001) (Table 
Comparison the mean infants’ pain of study groups in before, during, and after blood samplinga: significantly different compared to the control group, b: significantly different compared to the eye shield group, c: significantly different compared to the ear muffs group
Comparison of infant pain changes before, during, and after blood sampling in study groupsAccording to Table 