Statistical analysis
BLOOD
Participant characteristics (age, height, weight) were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Normality and sphericity of these data were assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test and Mauchly’s test. Metabolic, hemodynamic, and subjective mood state variables were analyzed using a 2 × 5 analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and a Bonferroni post-hoc test. Blood variables were analyzed using a 2 × 4 ANOVA with repeated measures. No analyses were performed for the caffeine consumption questionnaire as it was used solely for determining if the participant met the entrance criteria. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM, Armonk, NY) or R (v. 4.1.2). Data are presented as means ± standard deviation, and statistical significance were set a priori at 