Introduction
Janus kinase-2/signal transducer, endometriosis, pelvic pain, infertility
ENDOMETRIOSIS, ENDOMETRIOSIS, DEGENERATION, CAVITY, INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Endometriosis, the presence of endometrial-like tissue (glands and stroma) outside the uterine cavity, is a chronic estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting approximately 10-15% of reproductive-age women and 35–50% of women with pelvic pain and/or infertility worldwide (A complex network of molecular, cellular, and hormonal factors could help unravel the underlying pathogenic mechanism for declined reproductive outcomes of endometriosis patients (The assisted reproductive technique (ART) is the main treatment option for endometriosis-induced infertility (Astaxanthin (dihydroxy-4,4′-dione- β,β′-carotene: AST), called the king of antioxidants, is a red-orange, lipid-soluble xanthophyll photo-pigmented ketocarotenoid isolated from the alga AST targets several molecules and pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt and Janus kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathways, NF-κB family, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to efficiently modulate the dynamic oxidant: antioxidant equilibrium (Furthermore, AST suppresses the expression of scavenger receptors, controlled by NF−κB, the main mediator of the inflammatory response through inhibiting IκB-α degeneration and the NF-κB nuclear translocation (Fertility-enhancing properties of AST have been established in various 