Methods
Wong-Baker, Consolability, Pain, pain
SECONDARY
Children aged 3–16 years old were randomized into three groups: EMLA group, distraction group, and combined group. The primary outcome was children’s self-reported pain scored using the Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale. The parents-reported and observer-reported pain were scored using the Revised Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability Scale, and children’s salivary cortisol levels, heart rate, percutaneous oxygen saturation, venipuncture duration and retaining time of IV cannulas were the secondary outcomes.