Introduction
postoperative pain, acute pain, pain
Opioids remain the most commonly prescribed painkillers for treating severe pain [In recent years, the use of ketamine as part of a multimodal analgesia approach to treating acute pain with fewer side effects has gained considerable interest [NMDA receptors have an important role in the intrinsic neuronal control of GI motility [In this study, we hypothesized that S-ketamine could promote the recovery of GI function and reduce postoperative pain in women undergoing open abdomen surgery with sevoflurane and remifentanil-propofol target-controlled infusion.