Intervention
SEPARATION
The MAP intervention commenced at randomization and continued as long as the patients needed invasive blood pressure measurements. Patients were randomly monitored with a module (Phillips M1006B) offset to – 10% or a module offset to + 10%. Targeting a MAP of 70 mmHg during treatment in both groups caused a blinded comparison of approximately 63 and 77 mmHg, a 20% separation (Supplementary Methods). A randomized clinical study has validated the method for double-blinded comparison of MAP targets in the ICU setting [A protocol provided a recommendation for targeting a MAP of 70 mmHg in a three-stage approach: volume resuscitation to a central venous pressure of 10 mmHg, norepinephrine infusion, and the addition of a dopamine infusion for a maximal dose of 10 μg per kilogram of body weight per minute, if needed.