Methods
hypoxemia, hypotension, pain
ADVERSE EVENTS, DECUBITUS
This is a prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200063793). Our study obtained approval from the Ethics Committee of Jinan Central Hospital (2022-107-02) and all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The total sample size was one hundred and forty patients (seventy patients per each group). Patients were randomly scheduled by using Epicalc 2000 soft and divided into two groups in a 1:1 group allocation to receive either normal saline (Group S) or remimazolam (Group R). We included patients (ASA I–II, aged 18–65 years, BMI 18–28 kg/mPatients were fasted for 8 h and only clear liquids were allowed up to 2 h before the induction of anesthesia. After the patient entered the examination room, peripheral venous access was established in the upper extremity. The patient was placed in the left decubitus position, and oxygen was received through the nasal catheter with 4 l/min. Vital signs such as noninvasive blood pressure (BP), electrocardiogram, heart rate (HR), and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpOThe Ambesh four-point pain score methodThe primary endpoint variable in this study was the incidence of PIP. Secondary endpoints included the intensity of PIP, patient satisfaction of anesthesia, vital signs, characteristics of surgery and recovery, and adverse events, including hypotension (≤ 80% of basic blood pressure), hypoxemia (SpOThe incidence of PIP in the previous studies was various from 28 to 90%, and our preliminary study found that about 50% in our department. We hypothesized a 50% reduction in the incidence of PIP based on an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 80%. 57 patients were included in each group to detect a significant difference under these assumptions. Considering 20% potential loss to follow-up, 70 patients were needed in each group.All statistical analyses were analyzed with IBM SPSS 26.0 statistical software. All data are expressed as number (%) or mean ± SD. Continuous data of patients between the two groups were analyzed by independent sample 