Strength and limitations
This trial used a rigorous two-arm crossover randomized controlled design. All outcomes were measured by Exxentric kMeter (© Exxentric AB, Sweden) to ensure reliabilityThis study provides new evidence on the potential benefits of using caffeinated chewing gum to enhance physical performance. However, it is important to note that the field is still in its infancy and our understanding is largely based on limited research. Therefore, there is an urgent need for larger clinical trials to robustly determine the efficacy and safety of caffeinated chewing gum in improving physical performance. Future research should focus on different doses, timing of ingestion, and interactions of caffeine with different physical activities. Finally, we used absolute rather than relative doses of caffeine due to logistical constraints associated with individual chewing gum formulations. This approach may not accurately reflect real-world situations where caffeine intake may vary according to personal response.