Craniovertebral angle
abnormal forward-head posture
To check the forward-head posture, the craniovertebral angle was determined by connecting a line from the ear tragus to the spinous appendage of the seventh cervical vertebra and measuring the angle between this line and the horizontal line passing through the spinous appendage. In the present study, a goniometer was used to evaluate this angle. A craniovertebral angle smaller than 51 degrees in the standing position was interpreted as a sign of abnormal forward-head posture, as noted by Kim et al. [