Introduction
obesity, tumor-node-metastasis, AJCC, CRC, cancer, malignant tumors, Early-onset, early-onset, Colorectal cancer, UICC, Cancer
OBESITY, CANCER, MALIGNANT TUMORS, COLORECTAL CANCER, PATHOGENESIS, CANCER
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most fatal cancer globally, killing nearly 9 million people annually. In addition to an aging population and dietary habits, several factors, such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and smoking, increase the risk of CRC (Dekker et al. Early-onset COCA refers to COCA diagnosed at < 50 years of age. The incidence of early-onset COCA is increasing worldwide, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Early-onset COCA has different clinical, pathological, and molecular features. Compared with late-onset COCA, which refers to COCA diagnosed at age > 50 years, early-onset COCA mostly occurs in the descending colon, is mostly diagnosed in the late stage, and is poorly differentiated. The risk factors of early-onset COCA are not the same as those of late-onset COCA (Zaborowski et al. The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system, proposed by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), is the standard method for staging malignant tumors and is widely used to assess cancer prognosis (Hari et al. Nomograms have been applied in clinical studies related to prognosis and have gained wide acceptance (Song et al. 