Discussion
tumor, NMIBC, cancer, prostate, urinary infections, tumour, bladder cancer, Tumours
TUMOR, NON-MUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER, CANCER, PROSTATE, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, URINARY INFECTION, TUMOUR, BLADDER CANCER, REGRESSION, URETHRA
Upon extensive analysis of relevant data, it had been observed that T1 bladder cancer patients with PUI exhibit a significantly lower OS and CSS in comparison to patients who do not display PUI (A previous retrospective study has indicated that prostatic urethral involvement may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), A previous retrospective study has indicated that prostatic urethral involvement may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with NMIBC, with inferior recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival rates observed in patients with prostatic urethral involvement [Tumours in the prostatic urethra were difficult to detect in consideration of transurethral biopsy that was not routinely taken in the surgery of TURBT. So diagnostic transurethral biopsy and radical cystectomy removing prostate and bladder were the two main diagnosis methods [Furthermore, our study established and internally validated a highly accurate and discriminating nomogram based on risk factors associated with CSS, including demographic, tumour characteristics, and treatment data for T1 bladder cancer patients. The risk factors were filtered by the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. This method finally generated a highly accurate and informative model, which only incorporated influential variables without sacrificing accuracy. Compared to the EORTC and CUETO7 prognostic models, our developed prognostic nomogram is specifically designed to predict the cancer-specific survival (CSS) of T1 bladder cancer patients, whereas the EORTC and CUETO7 models were developed for non-invasive and BCG-treated patients. We could acquire the exact probability of CSS for T1 bladder cancer at a specific time like 3-year and 5-year. Compared to the traditional using a notion of relative risk, the nomogram could quantify risk and give a convincing result. Furthermore, the nomogram model was made to the risk referring to characteristics of personal cancer, which was more closely related to the patient. Moreover, the nomogram's advantage was various assessment methods like the C-index and the calibration curve to evaluate the predictive model’s performance and applicability [This study presented several noteworthy strengths. Firstly, we successfully recruited a substantial sample size of 20,370 patients with T1 bladder cancer by utilizing the SEER database, facilitating thorough and comprehensive analysis. Moreover, we employed PSM methodology to address potential selection bias and confounding variables. Additionally, we developed a highly accurate and informative nomogram tailored specifically to assist in treatment decisions and patient counseling for individuals with T1 bladder cancer. However, some limitations should be acknowledged. Firstly, being a retrospective cohort design, our study may have been susceptible to selection bias. Furthermore, even after PSM adjustment, important factors like age, grade, and tumor quantity remained statistically significant. Additionally, vital factors such as lymphatic vessel invasion, detailed pathological records, diagnostic methods, and more information on tumor grade were not available in the SEER database. Furthermore, the number of patients with prior urinary infections (PUI) was relatively low compared to those without (254 vs 19,520). Finally, although our nomograms exhibited impressive accuracy, external and prospective validation is necessary before widespread application.