Introduction
RECURRENT SPONTANEOUS ABORTION
Approximately 2.5% of women attempting to conceive suffer from recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) [Accumulating evidence suggests that lead is one of the most toxic heavy metals prevalent in the contaminated environment [Given that gut microbiota plays a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis [Holofood, a newly developed product of dietary fibers mixture with unique nutritionally balanced ratio, has been previously displayed to upregulate the gut microbial diversity and decrease the activity of serum diamine oxidase (DAO), which eventually helps to maintain the health of the intestinal microecosystem [Therefore, we conducted a randomized open-label trial to investigate the effects of Holofood treatment for 8 weeks on adult women with RSA, and focused on evaluating the changes of metabolic parameters, blood lead levels, and the indices referred to intestinal barrier integrity in participants. Determinations of bacterial by-products endotoxin and 