Introduction
Dry eye disease
DISEASE, EYE
Dry eye disease (DED) is the most common disease of the ocular surface, with a prevalence ranging from 5% to 50% [The current diagnostic standards proposed by 2 leading organizations on DED, namely the Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society and the Asian Dry Eye Society, suggest a holistic assessment of patients’ subjective symptoms and tear film breakup time (TFBUT) for diagnosing DED [To date, mobile health (mHealth) [In November 2016, we developed and released DryEyeRhythm, an in-house mHealth smartphone app for DED research [Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the characteristics of the app- and paper-based OSDI and assess the equivalency and validity of the app-based OSDI as an appropriate substitute for the traditional OSDI.