Data collection
We obtained written informed consent for all participants in the qualitative portion of the studies. Informed consent was obtained for minors from their primary caregivers, with additional assent given by participants aged 13–14 years. We collected de-identified socio-demographic information for key informants not already participating in our parent studies on a paper form, and later entered the information into a database. Our Kenyan study team members, who were research nurses or clinical officers, conducted the interviews and received centralized in-person training in interviewing techniques from the principal investigators. The interviewers had considerable prior experience conducting KIIs and focus group discussions with several studies conducted in the region. Of note, most of the facility staff, leadership, policymaker, and other stakeholder interviews were conducted by our team’s Kenyan research coordinator (EB). Interviews lasted 30–60 min, and field notes were taken during interviews. KIIs were conducted over video call via Zoom or in-person and audio-recorded in a private setting within the HIV treatment facilities. Interviews were performed in the participants’ chosen language, which was either English (largely for providers and stakeholders), Kiswahili, or Dholuo. Either the same interviewer or another member of the research staff transcribed the interviews directly into English if they occurred in Kiswahili or Dholuo. If the interviewer was not transcribing the recording personally, they reviewed the English transcription for accuracy, and any discrepancies were resolved by discussion among research staff members. RCP and EB read initial transcripts and provided feedback to each interviewer for iterative improvements in interviewing as well in the guides. English transcripts were then uploaded into NVivo (version 12.0, QRS International Pty Ltd.) for coding and analysis.