2.3. Data Collection
OBSTETRIC COMPLICATION
Participants completed baseline investigations during the antenatal visit between 10 and 16 weeks gestation. Detailed questionnaires were administered in the clinic by the research staff. Participants provided information on socio-demographics, dietary intake, and lifestyle factors including ethnicity, education, employment status, sun exposure, sunscreen use, dietary sources rich in vitamin D and/or calcium, consumption of supplements containing vitamin D, calcium, and/or omega-3 fatty acids, smoking exposure, sedentary time, and physical activity levels (determined using International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form [At 24–28 weeks gestation, research staff performed follow-up assessments on diet and lifestyle through questionnaire administration. Participants underwent a 3-point (0, 1 and 2 h) 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in the morning after an overnight fast of 8 to 10 h, following standard clinical protocols. After delivery, data on obstetric complications, delivery, and birth outcomes were retrieved from hospital case notes.