Statistical analysis
All comparisons are reported as effect sizes (Cohen’s d; mean difference between trials/pooled standard deviation) and 95% confidence intervals (ES [95% CI]), with threshold values of 0.0–0.2, trivial; 0.21–0.6, small; 0.61–1.2, moderate; 1.21–2.0, large; > 2.0, very large. These arbitrary thresholds were used in the absence of accepted minimum thresholds for changes in the measurements of interest. Effects with confidence intervals that crossed a small positive or negative change were classified as unclear. For those wishing to interpret the analysis using a more traditional approach, we provide 