Secondary outcomes measures
Frailty, Depressive mood, unintentional loss of 10% of body weight, Depression
Physical endurance was evaluated using different physical tests. First, the participants’ upper- and low-limb strength was assessed using handgrip strength and the 30-s chair stand test [Exercise Self-efficacy, which refers to the participants’ self-confidence in their ability to exercise in a variety of circumstances (e.g., when feeling tired), was assessed using the 9-item Chinese Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale (CSEE) [Physical activity level was assessed using the 10-item Chinese Version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE-C) [Frailty status was assessed based on the FFI, including i) an unintentional loss of 10% of body weight in the past year; ii) exhaustion: by answering ‘Yes’ to either ‘I felt that everything I did was an effort’, or ‘I could not get going in the last week’; iii) a slow walk time: with an average walking speed in the lowest quintile stratified by median body height; iv) reduced grip strength: with maximal grip strength in the lowest quintile stratified by body mass index quartile; and v) the PASE-C score in the lowest quintile (i.e., < 30 for men and < 27.7 for women) [Depressive mood exhibited by the participants was assessed using the 15-item Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale (C-GDS) [