Resistance training (RT)
Administered, hip flexion
The intervention protocol encompassed three physical function levels: supine, sitting, and standing. Each level consisted of seven to eight actions, such as chest pressing, elbow flexion, rowing, ankle dorsiflexion, ankle plantarflexion, knee extension, hip flexion, bridge exercises, and abdominal breathing. These exercises targeted the upper and lower extremity muscles, as well as the core muscle groups. Visual illustrations of the training movements can be found in supplemental Figs. The flowchart of participantsThe results of primary outcomes among the four groups. (The RT intervention was conducted under the guidance of trained researchers, both in the ICU and in general ward, starting from randomisation until hospital discharge. Administered five times per week, each session lasted approximately 20 to 30 min and was comprised of warm-up, exercise, and cool-down phases. The exercises incorporated two levels of resistance: using body weight for limb movements and utilising TheraBand elastic bands (The Hygenic Corporation, Akron, OH, U.S.) with colour-coded levels of resistance (yellow and red).