Methods
skeletal muscle mass
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the authors’ hospital and registered with the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (Trial number: KCT0006542, Date of registration: 03/09/2021). The protocol is available by reasonable request from the corresponding author. This manuscript adheres to the applicable CONSORT guidelines. Participants were recruited from a tertiary care teaching hospital. After obtaining written informed consent, 125 older patients aged All participants enrolled in the study underwent body composition measurements using a body composition analyzer (Inbody S10® Biospace, Seoul, Korea) the day before surgery. Body composition measures, such as body fat mass (kg), percent body fat (%), skeletal muscle mass (kg), skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m