Participants
depressive disorder, DSM-5, Affective Disorders
MOS
The trial was advertised through pediatricians, social media platforms, and study flyers posted at specialty clinics at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Semel Institute, Los Angeles, CA; the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, CO; and the Stanford University Department of Psychiatry, Stanford, CA, USA. We enrolled youth who met the following criteria: (1) age between 9 and 17 years, 11 mos.; (2) met DSM-5 criteria for otherwise specified BD (OSBD) or major depressive disorder, based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime interview for DSM-IV [A child psychiatrist conducted a separate evaluation to provide a second opinion on whether the proband met the study’s eligibility criteria. Probands who consented and were deemed study-eligible were offered medication management with this or another study-affiliated psychiatrist, who based treatment recommendations on medication guidelines developed for this population [