Statistical analysis
SD
Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 25). The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess data normality. Parametric data were expressed as means ± SD, while non-parametric data were presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables were reported as numbers (percentages). One-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for continuous data, and the Chi-square test was used for categorical data. Bivariate correlations were assessed using Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients as appropriate. A probability (P) value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.