Participants
diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, anemia, Diabetes
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, ACUTE INFECTION, CHRONIC DISEASES, ANEMIA, TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS, BRONCHIAL ASTHMA, DIABETES, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, DIABETES
Participants were recruited from the Mesan Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology. Inclusion criteria comprised individuals who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged 30 years or older, and with anglycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level equal to or less than 7.5%. Exclusion criteria included individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, those who had been previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and received diabetes treatment, individuals with concomitant chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, bronchial asthma, or those taking anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) or anti-epileptic medications. Pregnant women or those using female oral contraceptive drugs, individuals taking vitamin or mineral supplements, those with a recent history of acute infection within the previous two weeks, and alcoholic patients were also excluded from the study.