General self-efficacy scale [GSE].
The GSE is based on the concept of perceived self-efficacy introduced by Bandura as part of his social-cognitive theory. The 10 items measure the general positive expectations concerning overcoming difficult situations, while attributing the success to one’s own competences. All items are scored from 1 (“not at all true”) to 4 (“exactly true”). A higher score corresponds to a greater individual’s generalized sense of self-efficacy.