Extended Associations of the Virtual Operative Assistant (VOA) Curriculum With Safety Competencies
tumor
TUMOR
The skilled group’s mean and SD in each metric are represented by the solid and dashed lines, respectively. Because the variables are recorded at a frequency of 50 Hz by the simulator, each unit of time (t) is equal to 20 ms. Error bars indicate 95% CIs.Two other important metrics of safety are maintaining a focused bimanual control of the operative field and applying steady force with the bipolar forceps in the nondominant hand. We explored these qualities by looking at instrument divergence and rate of change in the forces applied by the nondominant hand during tumor resection, respectively (Compared with baseline, the change in maximum bipolar force during tumor resection was significantly reduced in the VOA group (mean difference −6.40 × 10VOA participants also demonstrated significant changes in movement metrics of their dominant hand. Notably, by the end of the AI curriculum, students performed with a significantly lower velocity (mean difference, −0.13 [95% CI, −0.17 to −0.09] mm/t, 