Exercise description
forceful, fatigue, muscular failure
Ten minutes after MVIC testing, participants performed each of the elbow flexion conditions from full extension (0°) to as far as the participants elbow could flex with palm supinated throughout the movement. A 10-min rest period was provided between trials to ensure that fatigue did not confound results. To enhance ecological validity, we opted not to use a metronome to control tempo. Rather, participants were instructed to perform concentric actions in a controlled but forceful manner and to control eccentric actions by resisting gravity (cadence of ~ 2 s on each action). Sets were carried out to the point of momentary muscular failure—the inability to perform another concentric action with proper form. Verbal inducements were provided to each participant before and during performance by the research team to ensure that trials were carried out in the prescribed manner.