Outcome measurement
NRS, pain
DISEASE
The research tools included a demographic and disease information questionnaire and the NRS. An identical watch was used to measure time at all stages. The demographic and disease information questionnaire, including age, gender, addiction status, cause of illness, duration of HD onset, and comorbidities, was completed through interviews and the research unit file. The NRS measured the study’s primary outcome, pain during needle insertion. This scale is a valid, short, and easy tool for the assessment of pain, rated within 0–10. A score of 0 is the characteristic scale of lack of pain, and a score of 10 is the characteristic of the most severe pain felt by the patient. The validity and reliability of the NRS have been investigated and proven in several studies [