Participants
The investigators assessed the study participants the day before surgery (or on Friday for participants scheduled for surgery the following Monday). The same surgical and anesthesia teams performed all of the procedures. The inclusion criteria for elderly patients were as follows: (1) patients undergoing elective laparoscopic urological surgery, (2) age 65–85 years old, (3) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I-III, (4) at least 6 years of education 