Grouping methods
RA, OA, tumor
TUMOR
The intervention group (receiving RA with renal-rotation techniques) was established by prospectively recruiting GP patients, and all the surgeries were performed by two senior surgeons in our department. For the controls, three groups were established by retrospectively enrolling historic GP cases with surgical records of routine RA (without renal-rotation techniques), TA, and OA surgeries which all conducted by the same two surgeons at our institution. To further control the effects of baseline variables, the sex distribution, maximum tumor diameter, affected side, and BMI index of all the controlled cases were matched with the intervention group patients. The enrollment and grouping designs are shown in the flow diagram of Fig. 
Flow diagram of this clinical interventional study