Measurement of bone densitometry, trabecular bone score, and hip geometry analysis
osteopenia, Osteoporosis
OSTEOPENIA, OSTEOPOROSIS
Areal BMD was determined at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and whole body using a Hologic Horizon (Hologic Corp, Bedford, MA, USA) by a qualified technologist according to standard protocols. For vertebral bone mineral density, we measured BMD from L1 to L4. The densitometer was standardized by Phantom before each assessment. The bone mineral density was measured in the lumbar spine, proximal hip, and radius (ultra-distal, mid, one-third, and total). The coefficients of variation for DXA measurements were 0.8%, 1.8%, 0.9%, and 1% for the spine, hip, radius, and total body measurements, respectively. Bone density was stated in grams per centimeter squared. The BMD data were also expressed as T-scores, i.e., SDs below the mean BMD for young adults; also, Z-score was used to compare the bone density to the average values for a person of the same age using the reference ranges provided by the densitometer manufacturer. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were defined as T scores ≤ -2.5 and between -1 and -2.5, respectively [