5. Conclusions
fullness, overweight or obesity
The findings from the present study in individuals with overweight or obesity suggest that VASs for evaluation of appetite response between diets under free-living conditions can be used interchangeably with controlled clinical conditions due to apparent agreement between the two methods. There were no differences for self-reported appetite responses between rye- and wheat-based diets when compared over the whole day. However, there were indications of reduced hunger and increased feeling of fullness after subsequent whole-grain rye-based vs. refined wheat-based meals, when comparing specific postprandial periods. Future studies need to be conducted to assess the effects on objective measures of appetite response such as specific gut hormones and subsequent meal energy intake.