Biochemical mechanisms
PROLIFERATION
The engagement in TC exercise has been demonstrated to generate mechanical stress on the skeletal system, subsequently stabilizing bone metabolism and enhancing BMD. Notably, this exertion may also potentially elicit hormonal, cytokine, noncoding RNA, and signaling pathway responses, thereby fostering osteogenesis.TC exercise may induce hormones and cytokines that promote osteogenesis:The theoretical hypothesis proposes that performing TC exercise can stimulate the production of hormones and cytokines, ultimately leading to the promotion of osteogenesis [TC exercise may induce noncoding RNAs to promote osteogenesis:Noncoding RNAs, including siRNA, microRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA, have been identified as important modulators of bone metabolism. Specifically, noncoding RNAs are implicated in regulating osteoblast and osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, and TC exercise has been shown to stimulate the production of these molecules [TC exercise may induce relevant signaling pathways to promote osteogenesis:The primary signaling pathways that play a crucial role in bone metabolism include the Wnt/β-catenin, BMP, OPG/RANKL/RANK, and Notch pathways [Additionally, factors such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BLP), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), β C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (BCTX), and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) have been shown to impact bone metabolism and remodeling. Exercise has been demonstrated to modulate these factors as well [TC exercise improves bone metabolism by enhancing fat contentExisting research suggests that physical activity may influence bone metabolism by improving fat content [