James Hughes, in the United Nations Development Programme's Development and Transition, contends Latvia and Estonia are cases of ‘ethnic democracy’ where the state has been captured by the titular ethnic group and then used to promote ‘nationalising’ policies and alleged discrimination against Russophone minorities. (Development and Transition has also published papers disputing Hughes' contentions.)
James Hughes argues in the United Nations Development Programme's Development and Transition that Latvia and Estonia are examples of ‘ethnic democracy,’ where the state is dominated by the titular ethnic group and used to implement ‘nationalizing’ policies, potentially discriminating against Russophone minorities. (Development and Transition has also published papers disputing his claims.)