The simple and commonly adopted batch process involves the mixing of reagents together in a suitable buffer solution, preferably at a temperature between 4 and 6 °C, followed by the separation and purification of the desired product using a suitable technique based on its physicochemical properties, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEX), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and membranes or aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS).
In a typical batch process, reagents are combined in a suitable buffer at a temperature between 4 and 6 °C, followed by the use of methods such as size exclusion, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and membrane-based or aqueous two-phase systems to isolate and purify the desired product.