More recently, cellular accumulation mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans and high-affinity glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding indicates that cationic PPCs are intrinsically dual-function agents, acting by mechanisms discrete from the neutral, mononuclear agents.
The study suggests that cationic PPCs are not just simple molecules but have a complex interaction with cells, involving specific mechanisms for uptake mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans and high-affinity glycosaminoglycan binding. These mechanisms differ from the way neutral, mononuclear agents interact with cells.