She worked as a bookbinder and retailer in Paris, and then became a socialist activist. In 1864, the International Workers Association (IWA, aka First International) was created in London in the midst of the agitated social climate in Europe.
She worked as a bookbinder and retailer in Paris and later became involved with socialist causes. In 1864, the International Workers Association (IWA, or First International) was established in London amid the chaotic social environment across Europe.