The phrase "sudden and repeated misfortunes and hindrances which have befallen us" (1:1) is taken as a reference to persecutions under Domitian. Some scholars believe that 1 Clement was written around the same time as the Book of Revelation (c. AD95–97).
A phrase describing "unexpected and recurring challenges and setbacks we have faced" is used by scholars as a reference point for the persecutions under Domitian, implying that 1 Clement was written in response to these events around the same time as the Book of Revelation (c. AD95–97).