where V is a matrix of expected variance and covariance of the residuals given an evolutionary model and a phylogenetic tree. Therefore, it is the structure of residuals and not the variables themselves that show phylogenetic signal. This has long been a source of confusion in the scientific literature.
where V is a matrix of expected variance and covariance of residual errors under an evolutionary model and a phylogenetic tree. Thus, it is the structure of residuals rather than the variables themselves that exhibit phylogenetic signal. This has long been a source of confusion in scientific literature.