In 1983 he moved to the Economics Department of the Trades Union Congress and then in 1988 to Brussels as an Expert to the European Commission, before becoming an academic at the University of Cambridge in 1990.
Between 1983 and 1988, he worked for the Economics Department of the Trades Union Congress. He then relocated to Brussels in 1988 as an expert for the European Commission before becoming a professor at the University of Cambridge in 1990.