Though the systematics and phylogeny of the higher taxa of Nepomorpha were long controversial, cladistic analysis of mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S rDNA sequence data and morphology has more recently resolved to near-perfection.
Despite past disagreements about the systematics and phylogeny of higher groups in Nepomorpha, modern research employing molecular techniques like mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S rDNA sequencing, along with morphological analysis, has clarified their relationships to a high degree of accuracy.