The German and Austro-Hungarian units' defensive works were of two kinds: the first consisted of resistance centres connected by a network of redoubts and trenches, protected by various obstacles and covered by artillery and machine-gun fire; at essential points, these resistance centres had steel domes, labyrinths of redoubts that facilitated communication and firing, artillery platforms, machine-gun alcoves, and shelters for personnel and munitions. The centres were connected by well-maintained, well-placed trenches that allowed the troops to keep fighting even when encircled. The second kind consisted of discontinuous sections of hastily built trenches situated  and  from the front line.
The German and Austro-Hungarian defensive constructions were of two types: the first comprised fortified resistance hubs connected by a network of strongpoints, trenches, and barriers, shielded by artillery and machine-gun fire; at critical points, these hubs featured reinforced domes, complex bunker systems that facilitated communication and firing, artillery positions, machine-gun shelters, and storage facilities for personnel and supplies. The second type consisted of isolated segments of hastily constructed trenches situated  and  from the front line.