His 1996 paper "Happy Life-Expectancy, A Comprehensive Measure of Quality-of Life in Nations", which appeared in the journal Social Indicators Research, proposed an alternative QOL index, called happy life expectancy (HLE). HLE may be a better indicator of happiness as it relies on subjective measures of happiness, as opposed to the largely materialistic measures that go into creating the HDI.
In his 1996 paper in Social Indicators Research, "Happy Life-Expectancy: A Comprehensive Measure of Quality-of-Life," the author introduced an alternative QOL index called happy life expectancy (HLE). This HLE might be a superior measure of happiness compared to the HDI, which is primarily based on materialistic indicators.