Research and higher education in the sciences has an unbroken history since the 18th century, when an incomplete education in medicine was started under the auspices of the Collegium Medicorum (= Collegium medicum)  and various research institutions (such as the Stockholm Observatory) were founded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Since the 18th century, there has been a continuous history in research and higher education within sciences, with an incomplete medical education being offered under the Collegium Medicorum (= Collegium medicum), and various research institutions (including the Stockholm Observatory) being founded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.