With the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932, the situation in Gando was very unstable, with the local population rent into pro-Japanese and anti-Japanese/anti-Manchukuo factions, many of which resorted to guerrilla warfare.
Following the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932, the region of Gando was plagued by intense instability, with the local populace sharply divided between supporters of Japan and opponents of both Japan and Manchukuo, who often employed unconventional tactics.