Since the 19th century, the  concept of Dvija has been increasingly questioned. Women have become students of Sanskrit and Vedic subjects, notably in India’s public institutions of higher learning, have chanted Vedic verses, and have even offered their services as specialists in Brahmanical rituals.
Since the 19th century, the concept of Dvija has been subject to increasing scrutiny. Women have studied Sanskrit and Vedic subjects in India's public universities, chant Vedic verses, and offer their expertise in Brahmanical rituals.