She worked as a bookbinder and retailer in Paris, and then became a socialist activist. In 1864, the International Workers Association (IWA, aka First International) was created in London in the midst of the agitated social climate in Europe.
She worked as a bookbinder and retailer in Paris, and later became a socialist activist. In 1864, the International Workers Association (IWA, aka First International) was established in London amidst the tumultuous social climate across Europe.