Heath describes the three models as such : "The three normative purposes most commonly cited as providing a justification for the scope of welfare state activity are equality, community, or efficiency. These give rise to a corresponding set of models, which I refer to as the redistributive, the communitarian, and the public-economic models of the welfare state.
Heath outlines three models for understanding the welfare state: redistributive, communitarian, and public-economic. These models are based on the normative purposes of equality, community, and efficiency.