Differing with Löwith, he did not criticize eschatology as such, but rather the immanentization which he described as a "pneumopathological" deformation. Voegelin's gnosticism thesis became popular in American neo-conservative and cold war political thought. The category of gnosticism has been adopted by other scholars to frame several revolutionary phenomena (such as Bolshevism and Nazism, Puritanism, radical Anabaptism, Jacobinism, and lastly Salafi-Jihadism).
While disagreeing with Löwith's critique of eschatology, Voegelin focused on the "pneumopathological" distortion of immanentization. His gnostic thesis gained traction in American neo-conservative and Cold War political thought. Scholars have adopted the concept of gnosticism to analyze various revolutionary movements like Bolshevism, Nazism, Puritanism, radical Anabaptism, Jacobinism, and Salafi-Jihadism.