His study takes into account the position of Muslim "modernists" like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Sayyid Ahmad Khan, and Muhammad Iqbal, all of whom  emphasized the adaptability of Islam to the demands and challenges of modernity.
This research considers the perspectives of Muslim "modernizers" like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Sayyid Ahmad Khan, and Muhammad Iqbal, who all argued that Islam can be reconciled with the demands and challenges of modernity.