With the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932, the situation in Gando was very unstable, with the local population rent into pro-Japanese and anti-Japanese/anti-Manchukuo factions, many of which resorted to guerrilla warfare.
The creation of Manchukuo in 1932 led to a highly unstable situation in Gando, where the population was deeply split into pro-Japanese and anti-Japanese/anti-Manchukuo factions, many of which resorted to asymmetric warfare.