He earned his M.A. degree from the University of Arizona in sociology in 1975, and a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto, also in sociology in 1979, and then undertook post-doctoral training in anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley (19801982).
He received his master's degree in sociology from the University of Arizona in 1975 and his doctoral degree in sociology from the University of Toronto in 1979. He then pursued additional research training in anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1980 to 1982.