Also, the downstream TGF-beta/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, which includes Smad1 and Smad2/3, were attenuated along with Smad-dependent gene transcription. Another result in this study was that both Smad1/5/8-dependent inhibitor of DNA binding 1 expression and Smad2/3-dependent plasminogen activator inhibitor I had a reduction in expression and cell proliferation.
This research focused on the effects of inhibiting the TGF-beta/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, which includes Smad1 and Smad2/3, on gene transcription and cell proliferation. The study found that this inhibition led to a decrease in both Smad1/5/8-dependent inhibitor of DNA binding 1 expression and Smad2/3-dependent plasminogen activator inhibitor I, ultimately reducing cell proliferation.