He concluded that it could not be defended, as Trotsky held, as a degenerated workers' state but that it was a bureaucratic collectivist system, an idea that he introduced to Trotskyism.
He argued that the system could not be defended as a degenerated workers' state, as Trotsky had suggested, and instead presented it as a bureaucratic collectivist system, an idea he later incorporated into Trotskyism.