Johnson scatters many metafictional elements throughout the novel, often for comedic effect. Characters frequently mention in passing that they know that they are works of fiction, such as when Malry's mother says to him that she has been his mother for the purposes of the novel (27), or when Christie complains that the novel contains too many exclamation marks (166).
Johnson uses various narrative techniques and literary devices to create a self-aware atmosphere within the novel, often for comedic purposes. Characters frequently make winking references to their fictional nature, such as when Malry's mother acknowledges her role in the story or when Christie expresses frustration over the excessive use of exclamation marks.