In the Mongol Empire, the contractual features of a Mongol-ortoq partnership closely resembled that of qirad arrangements, however, Mongol investors were not constrained using uncoined precious metals and tradable goods for partnership investments.
Similar to qirad arrangements, the contractual elements of a Mongol-ortoq partnership in the Mongol Empire were quite similar. Yet, Mongol investors weren't bound by limitations concerning the employment of uncoined precious metals or tradable goods for partnership investments.