Though the systematics and phylogeny of the higher taxa of Nepomorpha were long controversial, cladistic analysis of mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S rDNA sequence data and morphology has more recently resolved to near-perfection.
The study of the relationships between different groups within Nepomorpha has been a long-standing topic of discussion. However, modern research using molecular data (specifically mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S rDNA) and morphological characteristics has significantly improved our understanding of their evolutionary history.