His 1996 paper "Happy Life-Expectancy, A Comprehensive Measure of Quality-of Life in Nations", which appeared in the journal Social Indicators Research, proposed an alternative QOL index, called happy life expectancy (HLE). HLE may be a better indicator of happiness as it relies on subjective measures of happiness, as opposed to the largely materialistic measures that go into creating the HDI.
In his 1996 paper in Social Indicators Research titled "Happy Life-Expectancy: A Comprehensive Measure of Quality-of-Life," the author suggested an alternative QOL index called happy life expectancy (HLE). This HLE could be a better indicator of happiness because it uses subjective measures of well-being, unlike the HDI which is based on materialistic factors.