Research and higher education in the sciences has an unbroken history since the 18th century, when an incomplete education in medicine was started under the auspices of the Collegium Medicorum (= Collegium medicum)  and various research institutions (such as the Stockholm Observatory) were founded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Research and higher education in sciences possess a long-standing history since the 18th century, during which time an insufficient medical education was provided under the Collegium Medicorum (= Collegium medicum), and various research institutions (such as the Stockholm Observatory) were established by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.