Ogbu states that these cultural frames of reference create instances of peer pressure and discourage students from schoolwork. While black students did not necessarily see getting good grades as acting white, they did disengage from academic work because they perceived certain attitudes and behaviors that were conducive to making good grades as acting white.
Ogbu asserts that these cultural perspectives of reference give rise to peer pressure and deter students from academic work. Meanwhile, black students did not necessarily view achieving good grades as conforming to white norms, but they disengaged from schoolwork because they perceived certain attitudes and behaviors associated with good grades as being in line with white values.