Based largely on the work of anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, this resulted in a shift towards what is known as "second-order cybernetics" which acknowledges the influence of the subjective observer in any study, essentially applying the principles of cybernetics to cybernetics – examining the examination.
The findings of anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead had a profound effect, prompting a move towards "second-order cybernetics," a perspective that acknowledges the observer's role in shaping any study. This approach applies the principles of cybernetics to its own methodology, examining how it examines.