Since the 19th century, the  concept of Dvija has been increasingly questioned. Women have become students of Sanskrit and Vedic subjects, notably in India’s public institutions of higher learning, have chanted Vedic verses, and have even offered their services as specialists in Brahmanical rituals.
Since the 19th century, the idea of Dvija has faced growing criticism. Women have become students of Sanskrit and Vedic subjects at India’s public higher education institutions, recite Vedic verses, and provide specialized services for Brahmanical rituals.