Project Longshot
The journey to Alpha Centauri B orbit would take about 100 years, at an average velocity of approximately 13411 km / s (about 4.5% the speed of light) and another 4.39 years would be necessary for the data to reach Earth.
Saturn
The average distance between Saturn and the Sun is over 1.4 billion kilometers (9 AU). With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km / s, it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about ​ 29 ⁄ years) to finish one revolution around the Sun. As a consequence, it forms a near 5: 2 mean - motion resonance with Jupiter. The elliptical orbit of Saturn is inclined 2.48 ° relative to the orbital plane of the Earth. The perihelion and aphelion distances are, respectively, 9.195 and 9.957 AU, on average. The visible features on Saturn rotate at different rates depending on latitude and multiple rotation periods have been assigned to various regions (as in Jupiter's case).
Indus (constellation)
Indus does not contain any bright stars. Alpha Indi, the brightest star in the constellation, is an orange giant of magnitude 3.1, 101 light-years from Earth. Beta Indi is an orange giant of magnitude 3.7, 600 light-years from Earth. Delta Indi is a white star of magnitude 4.4, 185 light-years from Earth.
Phases of Venus
The phases of Venus result from the planet's orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit giving the telescopic observer a sequence of progressive lighting similar in appearance to the moon's phases. It presents a full image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a quarter phase when it is at its maximum elongation from the Sun. Venus presents a thin crescent in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between the Earth and the Sun and presents its new phase when it is between the Earth and the Sun. Since the planet has an atmosphere it can be seen at new in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around the planet. The full cycle from new to full to new again takes 584 days (the time it takes Venus to overtake the Earth in its orbit). The planet also changes in apparent size from 9.9 arc seconds at full (superior conjunction) up to a maximum of 68 arc seconds at new (inferior conjunction). Venus reaches its greatest magnitude of − 4.5 when it is an intermediate crescent shape at the point in its orbit, when it is 68 million km away from the Earth (a combination of its closeness and the fact that it is 28% illuminated).
History of gravitational theory
In 1687, English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton published Principia, which hypothesizes the inverse - square law of universal gravitation. In his own words, ``I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve; and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth; and found them answer pretty nearly. ''
Isaac Newton
From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that the multicoloured spectrum produced by a prism could be recomposed into white light by a lens and a second prism. Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis and resynthesis of white light owes a debt to corpuscular alchemy.He showed that coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects, and that regardless of whether reflected, scattered, or transmitted, the light remains the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already-coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of colour.
HD 1461 b
HD 1461 b is an extrasolar planet, orbiting the 6th magnitude G-type star HD 1461, 76.5 light years away in the constellation Cetus. This planet has a minimum mass 6.4 times that of Earth and orbits at a distance of 0.0634 AU with an eccentricity of less than 0.131. It is currently unknown whether the planet is a gas giant like Uranus or Neptune, or has terrestrial composition like CoRoT-7 b. This planet was announced on 13 December 2009 after it was discovered using radial velocity measurements taken at the Keck and Anglo-Australian Observatories.
Earth, Moon, and Planets
Earth, Moon, and Planets is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published approximately ten times per year by Springer Science+Business Media. It was established in 1969 under the title "The Moon", was known as "The Moon and the Planets" from 1978 to 1983, and was first published under the current title in February 1984. The editor-in-chief is Murthy S. Gudipati (Caltech and JPL). The journal's main focus is on research about the Solar System. Besides original research articles, "Earth, Moon, and Planets" publishes conference proceedings, review articles, book reviews, and special issues.
HD 7199
HD 7199 is a K-class star located in the constellation Tucana. The High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in Chile found it to have a planet either 0.290 the mass of Jupiter or 92 times the mass of Earth with an orbital period of 615 days.
GRW +70 8247
GRW +70 8247 is a white dwarf located about 43 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco. With a magnitude of about 13 it is visible only through a large telescope.
Neptune
Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.
HD 30177 b
HD 30177 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 181.6 light-years away in the constellation of Dorado, orbiting the star HD 30177. This is one of the most massive planets ever detected by the radial velocity method. In addition, the planet orbits far from the star, about 4 AU away, taking 2770 days (7.58 years) to orbit the star. Even though the massive planet is orbiting at 4 AU from the star, the radial velocity semi-amplitude is high, around 146.8±2.8 m/s. Since the inclination (and thus the true mass) is not known, this planet candidate may in fact be a brown dwarf.
Kepler-10b
Kepler-10, the star that hosts Kepler-10b, is located 560 light-years from our solar system in the Draco constellation. It is approximately the same size as the Sun, with an estimated age of 12 billion years. Planet Kepler-10b was the first planet to be discovered in the orbit of its star. For this, it was designated the star's "b" planet. The star, in turn, was named for the Kepler Mission, a NASA-led operation aimed at discovering terrestrial planets that transit, or cross in front of, their host stars with respect to Earth. The planet's discovery was announced to the public on January 10, 2011.
Force
It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated his theory of general relativity (GR) he turned his attention to the problem of Mercury's orbit and found that his theory added a correction, which could account for the discrepancy. This was the first time that Newton's Theory of Gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative.
HD 215497 b
HD 215497 b is an extrasolar planet which orbits the K-type main sequence star HD 215497, located approximately 142 light years away in the constellation Tucana. This planet has at least 6.6 times the mass of Earth. This planet was detected by HARPS on October 19, 2009, together with 29 other planets, including HD 215497 c.
Gravitation of the Moon
The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is about 1.625 m / s, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.16 ɡ. Over the entire surface, the variation in gravitational acceleration is about 0.0253 m / s (1.6% of the acceleration due to gravity). Because weight is directly dependent upon gravitational acceleration, things on the Moon will weigh only 16.6% of what they weigh on the Earth.
Mercury (planet)
Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger to the gods.
Speed of light
Speed of light Sunlight takes about 8 minutes 17 seconds to travel the average distance from the surface of the Sun to the Earth. Exact values metres per second 7008299792458000000 ♠ 299 792 458 Planck length per Planck time (i.e., Planck units) Approximate values (to three significant digits) kilometres per hour 7003108000000000000 ♠ 1080 million (7009108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 × 10) miles per second 7005186000000000000 ♠ 186 000 miles per hour 671 million (7008671000000000000 ♠ 6.71 × 10) astronomical units per day 173 parsecs per year 0.307 Approximate light signal travel times Distance Time one foot 1.0 ns one metre 3.3 ns from geostationary orbit to Earth 119 ms the length of Earth's equator 134 ms from Moon to Earth 1.3 s from Sun to Earth (1 AU) 8.3 min one light year 1.0 year one parsec 3.26 years from nearest star to Sun (1.3 pc) 4.2 years from the nearest galaxy (the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy) to Earth 7011788940000000000 ♠ 25 000 years across the Milky Way 7012315576000000000 ♠ 100 000 years from the Andromeda Galaxy to Earth 2.5 million years from Earth to the edge of the observable universe 46.5 billion years
2002 AA29
When 2002 AA29 is approaching the Earth from in front (i.e. it is moving slightly slower, and the Earth is catching it up), the gravitational attraction of the Earth shifts it onto a slightly faster orbit, a little nearer the Sun. It now hurries ahead of the Earth along its new orbit, until after 95 years it has almost lapped the Earth and is coming up from behind. Again it comes under the Earth's gravitational influence; this time it is lifted onto a slower orbit, further from the Sun. On this orbit it can no longer keep pace with the Earth, and it falls behind until in 95 years it is once again approaching the Earth from in front. The Earth and 2002 AA29 chase each other in turn around the Sun, but do not get close enough to break the pattern.
List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
On August 24, 2016, astronomers announced the discovery of a rocky planet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth. Called Proxima b, the planet is 1.3 times the mass of Earth and has an orbital period of roughly 11.2 Earth days. However Proxima Centauri's classification as a red dwarf casts doubts on the habitability of any exoplanets in its orbit due to low stellar flux, high probability of tidal locking, small circumstellar habitable zones and high stellar variation. Another likely candidate is Alpha Centauri, Earth's nearest Sun - like star system 4.37 light years away. Estimates place the probability of finding a habitable planet around Alpha Centauri A or B at roughly 85%. Alpha Centauri is the target of several exoplanet - finding missions, including Breakthrough Starshot and Mission Centaur, the latter of which is chronicled in the 2016 documentary film, ``The Search for Earth Proxima. ''
What is the revolution period of the planet bucking the gravitational laws of the analyzer of white light?
Who analyzed white light?
Newton
What planet seemed to buck #1 's gravitational laws?
Mercury
what is the period of revolution of #2 in earth years
88 days