Peerless General Finance and Investment Company Ltd. V/s. Commissioner of Income Tax
Income Tax Law – Book keeping entries are not decisive or determinative of the true nature of the entries  The Appellant-Company floated various schemes which required subscribers to deposit certain amounts by way of subscriptions in its hands, and, depending upon the scheme in question, these subscribed amounts at the end of the scheme were ultimately repaid with interest. The scheme also contained forfeiture clauses as a result of which if, mid-way, a certain amount is forfeited, then the said amount would immediately become income in the hands of the assessee.In the present case, the assessee was asked to bring to tax such amounts as income for the two years in question, in as much as, according to the Assessing Officer, it had treated the whole amount as income, 3% of which was not disputed to be income before the court for the years in question. These amounts were credited to the profit and loss account for the years in question as income. The Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) dismissed the appeal from the original assessment orders and confirmed the same.The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, on the other hand, allowed the appeals by relying upon the judgment of this Court in Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Limited and Another vs. Reserve Bank of India, (1992) 2 SCC 343 in which, according to the Appellate Tribunal, this Court finally decided the question in the assessee’s own case stating that such amounts cannot be treated to be income but are in the nature of capital receipts.These were not only because of the interpretation of an RBI Circular of 1987, but also because, on general principles, such amounts must be treated to be capital receipts or otherwise they would violate the provisions of the Companies Act. PROCEDURAL HISTORY: An appeal went to the high court which was dismissed as the high court held that no question of law had been raised.The High Court of Calcutta allowed the appeal against the Appellate Tribunal holding that a perusal of the subscription scheme of the appellant company would show that since forfeiture of the amounts deposited is possible, this amount should be treated as income and not as a capital receipt. ISSUE BEFORE THE COURT: Whether the decision of the did not lay down any absolute proposition of law that all receipts of subscription at the hands of the assessee for the previous year relevant to the assessment years 1985-86 and 1986-87 must necessarily be treated as capital receipts?If the answer to the first question is in the negative, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, and having regard to the fact that the first year’s subscriptions were consciously offered as revenue receipt for taxation by the assessee in the returns of income filed in respect of assessment years 1985-86 and 1986-87, whether the Tribunal was justified in accepting the assessee’s contention that the first years’ subscription was capital receipts and hence not taxable?Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case and having regard to the observations of Hon’ble Supreme Court to the effect that the directions of Reserve Bank of India dated 15th May,1987 had been made applicable from 15th May,1987 and would only apply to the deposits made onor after 15th May, 1987, the tribunal was justified in law as well as on the facts in holding that the said directions of the Reserve Bank of India were retrospective and must be applied in all pending proceedings? RATIO OF THE COURT Court observed that subscriptions were received in the years in question from the public at large under a collective investment scheme, and these subscriptions were never at any point of time forfeited. This being the case, and surrendered certificates not being the subject-matter of the appeal, it is clear that evenon general principles, deposits by way of amounts pursuant to these investment schemes made by subscribers which have never been forfeited can only be stated to be capital receipts.On the first issue court held that while it is true that there was no direct focus of the Court in in Peerless General Finance and Investment Company Ltd. (supra)on whether subscriptions so received are capital or revenue in nature, we may still advert to the fact that this Court has also, on general principles, held that such subscriptions would be capital receipts, and if they were treated to be income, this would violate the Companies Act.It was, therefore, incorrect to state, as has been stated by the High Court, that the decision in Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Limited (supra) must be read as not having laid down any absolute proposition of law that all receipts of subscription at the hands of the assessee for these years must be treated as capital receipts.Court agreed with the appellants contention that in cases of this nature it would not be possible to go only by the treatment of such subscriptions in the hands of accounts of the assessee itself. In this behalf, he cited a decision of the Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court in Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Sahara Investment India Ltd., reported as Volume 266 ITR page 641 in which the Division Bench followed Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Limited(supra), and then held as follows: It is well settled in income-tax law that bookkeeping entries are not decisive or determinative of the true nature of the entries as held by the Supreme Court in CIT vs. India Discount Co. Ltd.[1970] 75 ITR 191 and in Godhra Electricity Co. Ltd v. CIT [1997] 225 ITR 746 (SC).It has been held in those decisions that the court has to see the true nature of the receipts and not go only by the entry in the books of account. Court finally observed the “theoretical” aspect of the present transaction is the fact that the assessee treated subscription receipts as income. The reality of the situation, however, was that the business aspect of the matter, then viewed as a whole, leads inevitably to the conclusion that the receipts in question were capital receipts and not income. DECISION HELD BY COURT: The apex court restored the order of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal and set aside the judgement of the High court. Appeal was Allowed.
IN THE CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1265 OF 2007 THE PEERLESS GENERAL FINANCE AND INVESTMENT COMPANY LTD. APPELLANT(S COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX JUDGMENT R.F. Nariman J The question raised in this appeal is as to whether receipts of subscriptions in the hands of the assessee Company for the previous years relevant to the assessment years 1985 86 and 1986 97 should be treated as income and not capital receipts inasmuch as the assessee has in its books of accounts shown this sum as income. The assessee Company has floated various schemes which require subscribers to deposit certain amounts by way of subscriptions in its hands and depending upon the scheme in question these subscribed amounts at the end of the scheme are ultimately repaid with interest. The scheme at hand also contains forfeiture clauses as a result of which if mid way a certain amount is forfeited then the said amount would immediately become income in the hands of the assessee. This is an admitted position before us. In the present case the assessee was asked to bring to tax such amounts as income for the two years in question inasmuch as according to the Assessing Officer it had treated the whole amount as income 3% of which is not disputed to be income before us for the years in question. The Assessing Officer treated these amounts as income inasmuch as under the accounting system followed by the assessee these amounts were credited to the profit and loss account for the years in question as income. The Commissioner of Income Taxdismissed the appeal from the original assessment orders and confirmed the same. The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal on the other hand allowed the appeals by relying upon the judgment of this Court in Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Limited and Another vs Reserve Bank of India 2 SCC 343 in which according to the Appellate Tribunal this Court finally decided the question in the assessee’s own case stating that such amounts cannot be treated to be income but are in the nature of capital receipts. These were not only because of the interpretation of an RBI Circular of 1987 but also because on general principles such amounts must be treated to be capital receipts or otherwise they would violate the provisions of the Companies Act. It further went through the various clauses contained in the scheme at hand and found that in point of fact no subscription certificate had in fact been forfeited as a result of which it was clear that there would be no income in the hands of the assessee for these two years. It also dealt with certificates that were surrendered prior to the stated time and stated that in such cases as well whatever would remain as surplus in the hands of the assessee would be treated as income. It went on to state that there would be no estoppel in law against the assessee making a claim that these amounts were in the nature of capital receipts and not income and also relied upon certain judgments of this Court to buttress the proposition that this Court had also held that what is the true position in law cannot be deflected by what the assessee may or may not do in its treatment of the matter at hand in its accounts So doing the appeal against the Commissioner of Income Tax was allowed by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. In the first round the High Court by its judgment dated 09.09.1999 stated that since no question of law arose the reference applications before it were dismissed. This Court by an order dated 03.12.2002 set aside the High Court judgment and referred the following questions to the High Court “(a) Whether the judgment of the Supreme Court in Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Ltd vs. Reserve Bank of India 2 SCC 343 lays down as an absolute proposition of law that all receipts of subscription in the hands of the assessee for the previous years relevant to the assessment years 1985 86 and 1986 87 must necessarily be treated as capital receipts b) If the answer to the first question is in the negative on the facts and in the circumstances of the case and having regard to the fact that the first year’s subscriptions were consciously offered as revenue receipt for taxation by the assessee in the returns of income filed in respect of assessment years 1985 86 and 1986 87 whether the Tribunal was justified in accepting the assessee’s contention that the first years’ subscription was capital receipts and hence not taxable c) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case and having regard to the observations of Hon’ble Supreme Court to the effect that the directions of Reserve Bank of India dated 15 th May 1987 had been made applicable from 15th May 1987 and would only apply to the deposits made on or after 15th May 1987 the tribunal was justified in law as well as on the facts in holding that the said directions of the Reserve Bank of India were retrospective and must be applied in all pending When remanded to the High Court by the impugned judgment dated 06.10.2005 the High Court of Calcutta allowed the appeal against the Appellate Tribunal holding that a perusal of the subscription scheme of the appellant company would show that since forfeiture of the amounts deposited is possible this amount should be treated as income and not as a capital receipt. Further it relied heavily upon the fact that the assessee had itself treated such amounts as income and credited them to its profit and loss account for the years in question and would therefore be estopped by the same. On going through the judgment of this Court namely Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Limited it went on to state that since the said judgment dealt with an RBI Circular of 1987 which itself was only prospective any law declared as to the effect of Clause 12 of that Circular would be prospective in nature and would therefore not apply to the assessment years in Mr. S. Ganesh learned Senior Advocate appearing for the appellant Company has argued before us that the High Court is incorrect on all counts. According to him the fact that forfeiture may take place under the clauses of the scheme has to be read with an interim order which he has brought to our notice by way of a supplementary affidavit dated 05.04.2017 in which it is made clear that post the date of the order i.e. 03.09.1979 no amount can be forfeited under any of the schemes by the appellant Company. He stated that as a matter of fact the supplementary affidavit states that for the years in question and in particular for every year after 1979 no sum has in fact been forfeited by the Company under any of the schemes in question. He then argued that it was incorrect to go only by the accounting system of the assessee since it is well settled that the real position in law qua deposits that are made by subscriptions on first principle would show that they are in the nature of capital receipts and cannot be possibly be said to be income as they would enure to the benefit of the subscribers of the scheme and would have to be paid back at the end of the scheme together with interest thereof. He also argued that in any event that the judgment in Peerless General Finance and Investment Co Limited was not merely grounded on an interpretation of Clause 12 of the RBI Circular of 1987 but it also specifically held that as a general proposition receipts of this nature would be capital and adverted to both the judgments of N.M. Kasliwal J and K. Ramaswamy J. in this behalf. He also argued that even for the period in question this judgment would squarely apply as if such receipts were to be treated as income it would violate the Companies Act. He also argued that it would be incorrect to raise any question of estoppel against the appellant Company and cited judgments of this Court to buttress this proposition On the other hand Mr. Arijit Prasad learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Revenue has countered Mr. Ganesh’s submissions. He read copiously from the Commissioner of Income Taxorders in order to buttress his submission that the ground reality of the situation in the facts of this case is that in point of fact the appellant Company itself treated these amounts as income. Had it not done so it would not have been able to face its subscribers for payments in future. He also argued based on Ram Janki Devi and Another vs. M s Juggilal Kamlapat 1 SCC 477 that the true form of the transaction must be looked at. He also cited Poona Electric Supply Co. Ltd. Bombay vs. Commissioner of Income tax Bombay AIR 1966 SC 30 to the effect that the ground reality must govern and not mere theoretical considerations. Also according to the learned Senior Advocate the issue at hand did not arise directly before this Court in the Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Limited and therefore any observations made therein would not bind on the facts of this case. Further in any event the Commissioner of Income Taxwas correct in stating that this judgment dealing only with an RBI circular 1987 being prospective in nature would not apply to the assessment years at hand Having heard the learned counsel for both parties we must first set out the answers given to the three questions by the High Court in its judgment under appeal. The answers given are as “10.1 The questions referred to us therefore having regard to the principles discussed above are answered in the following manner a) that the decision of the Apex Court in Peerless General Finance and Investment Company Ltd supra) did not lay down any absolute proposition of law that all receipts of subscription at the hands of the assessee for the previous year relevant to the assessment years 1985 86 and 1986 87 must necessarily be treated as capital receipts b) Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case the learned Tribunal was wrong in treating the first year’s subscription relevant to the assessment years 1985 86 and 1986 87 as capital receipts and hence not taxable and c) the decision of the Apex Court in the second Peerless case that the deposits made after 15th May 1987 were to be treated in the manner directed in the 1987 directions are applicable to all pending proceedings so far as such deposits relate to the period after 15th May 1987 particularly in relation to the assessee.” What is clear even on general principle on the facts of this case is that subscriptions were received in the years in question from the public at large under a collective investment scheme and these subscriptions were never at any point of time forfeited Indeed the supplementary affidavit filed before this Court states this as a fact being based on an interim order of the High Court dated 03.09.1979 which obtained during the assessment years in question. This being the case and surrendered certificates not being the subject matter of the appeal before us it is clear that even on general principles deposits by way of amounts pursuant to these investment schemes made by subscribers which have never been forfeited can only be stated to be capital receipts This Court in Peerless General Finance and Investment Co Limitedwas faced with a situation in which the RBI had pursuant to this Court’s earlier judgment in Reserve Bank of India vs. Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Ltd. And Others 1987) 1 SCC 424 taken steps to remedy the concerns raised by this Court in that judgment. The steps taken were under powers conferred by Section 45 J & 45 K of the Reserve Bank of India Act as a result of which directions were issued by the RBI dated 15.05.1987. These directions in turn were the subject matter of challenge by the Peerless General Finance and Investment Co Limited i.e. the second Peerless case. The aforesaid directions are set out in full in para 9 of the said judgment. We are concerned with para 12 which states as follows: “12. Every residuary non banking company shall disclose as liabilities in its books of accounts and balance sheets the total amount of deposits received together with interest bonus premium or other advantage accrued or payable to the It is true that the focus of this Court was a challenge on various grounds to the aforesaid directions. However this Court did state Kasliwal J. in particular holding “The amount contributed by the depositors being a capital receipt and not a revenue receipt cannot under any circumstances be shown in the balance sheet otherwise than at its full value. Moreover being a capital receipt it cannot be credited to the profit and loss account since Part II of Schedule VI to the Companies Act 1956 requires that the amounts to be shown in the profit and loss account should be confined to the income and expenditure of the company. Thus crediting a part of the first and subsequent year’s deposit instalments to the profit and loss account and not showing them fully as a liability in the balance sheet would be a contravention of the provisions of the Companies The learned Judge further went on to hold “The method followed by the companies in carrying on the aforesaid business is that a certain portion of the subscriptions received by it is transferred to the profit and loss account shown as income and the same is used to defray inevitable working capital requirements of the company namely payment of agent’s commission management expenses staff salaries and other overheads. However the balance of the subscriptions is transferred to a fund each year and the corpus of the fund is invested in turn in interest bearing investment. The Peerless Company initially used to transfer approximately 95 per cent of the first year’s subscriptions to the profit and loss account and used to invest the subscriptions received from the second year onwards.” K. Ramaswamy J. in a separate concurring judgment also turned down the challenge to the said guidelines and in doing so held as “The deposit or loan is a capital receipt but not a revenue receipt and its full value shall be shown in the account books or balance sheet as liability of the company. It cannot be credited to the profit and loss account. Part II of Schedule VI of the Companies Act 1956 requires that the amount shown in the profit and loss account should be confined to the income and expenditure of the company. Para of the Directions is thus in consonance with the Companies Act.” 10) While it is true that there was no direct focus of the Court on whether subscriptions so received are capital or revenue in nature we may still advert to the fact that this Court has also on general principles held that such subscriptions would be capital receipts and if they were treated to be income this would violate the Companies Act. It is therefore incorrect to state as has been stated by the High Court that the decision in Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Limitedmust be read as not having laid down any absolute proposition of law that all receipts of subscription at the hands of the assessee for these years must be treated as capital receipts. We reiterate that though the Court’s focus was not directly on this yet a pronouncement by this Court even if it cannot be strictly called the ratio decidendi of the judgment would certainly be binding on the High Court. Even otherwise as we have stated it is clear that on general principles also such subscription cannot possibly be treated as income. Mr Ganesh is right in stating that in cases of this nature it would not be possible to go only by the treatment of such subscriptions in the hands of accounts of the assessee itself. In this behalf he cited a decision of the Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court in Commissioner of Income Tax vs. Sahara Investment India Ltd. reported as Volume 266 ITR page 641 in which the Division Bench followed Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Limited supra) and then held as follows “In Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Ltd. v. Reserve Bank of India 75 Comp Cas 12 the Supreme Court on similar facts held that the deposits were capital receipts and not revenue receipts75 ITR 191 and in Godhra Electricity Co Ltd v. CIT225 ITR 74687 ITR 54297 ITR 615 the Supreme Court observed57 ITR 532220 ITR 305. In our opinion that decision is also distinguishable because in that case the deposit was forfeited and the result of the transaction was that the bank became full owner of the security and the amount lying in deposit with it became its own money. In the present case there is no such finding that the deposit was forfeited or that at the end of the transaction the security deposit became the property of the assessee or that changed from a capital receipt to a revenue receipt. Hence that decision is clearly distinguishable.” This Court on 21.07.2015 in appeal against the said judgment held “After reading of the decision of the High Court we find that the High Court has rightly relied upon the judgment of this Court in “Peerless General Finance & Investment Co. Ltd. & Anr. v. Reserve Bank of India”2 SCC 343. Since the case is squarely covered by the judgment we do not find any merit in these appeals and petitions which are accordingly dismissed.” It is also correct to state that there can be no estoppel against a settled position in law Ltd. 29 ITR 661 at 665 and Commissioner of Income Tax Madras vs. V.MR.P. Firm Muar 1965) 56 ITR 67 11) Shri Arijit Prasad learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the Revenue however strongly relied upon the observations in Ram Janki Devi and another v. M s. Juggilal Kamlapat 1 SCC 477. In particular he relied upon paragraph 12 of the judgment which reads as follows: “The case of a deposit is something more than a mere loan of money. It will depend on the facts of each case whether the transaction is clothed with the character of a deposit of money. The surrounding circumstances the relationship and character of the transaction and the manner in which parties treated the transaction will throw light on the true form of the transaction.” 12) This judgment has no direct relevance to the facts of the present case. The vexed question in that case was as to whether a particular transaction in question was a loan or a deposit. It was in that context that paragraph 12 laid down that whether a loan of money could be called a deposit would depend upon the facts of each case having regard to the surrounding circumstances etc In the present case there is no such question raised by Revenue The question raised is completely different and as has been held by us above the character of the transaction being clearly a capital receipt in the hands of the assessee cannot possibly be taxed as income in the assessee’s hands. 13) Shri Prasad then relied upon the judgment of this Court in Poona Electric Supply Co. Ltd. Bombay v. Commissioner of Income tax Bombay City I Bombay AIR 1966 SC 30. In particular he relied upon a quotation from a Bombay High Court judgment which was approved by this Court as follows: “The principle of real income is not to be subordinated as to amount virtually to a negation of it when a surrender or concession or rebate in respect of managing agency commission is made agreed to or given on grounds of commercial expediency simply because it takes place some time after the close of an accounting year. In examining any transaction and situation of this nature the court would have more regard to the reality and specialty of the situation rather than the purely theoretical or doctrinaire aspect of it. It will lay greater emphasis on the business aspect of the matter viewed as a whole when that can be done without disregarding statutory language.” The “theoretical” aspect of the present transaction is the fact that the assessee treated subscription receipts as income. The reality of the situation however is that the business aspect of the matter when viewed as a whole leads inevitably to the conclusion that the receipts in question were capital receipts and not income. In the circumstances we set aside the judgment of the High Court and restore that of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. The appeal is allowed. There shall be no order as to costs ROHINTON FALI NARIMAN New Delhi July 09 2019