Interim stay order by the Supreme Court does not extirpate the binding effect of judgment by High Court: Calcutta High Court
Any interim stay order given in refutation of an earlier judgment of any high court does not diminish its binding value. In the present matter surrounding property transactions under the Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act, 1988, the bench comprising of Shekhar B. Saraf J. delved into the persuasive value of interim stay orders by the Supreme Court in the matter of Deific Abode LLP v. Union of India &amp; Ors [WPA 11123 of 2020].  The petitioners contended that the impugned show cause notices have been issued under the 1988 Act. The said impugned notices under the 1988 Act, as per the contention of the petitioners, do not record any reasons as mandated by law. The fundamental point of contention was narrowed to the unconscionable and illegal ‘retrospective applicability’ of the 1988 Act, leading to these proceedings. The impugned proceedings could not have been initiated under the said 1988 Act as the amendment Act of 2016 to the said 1988 Act had come into force on November 1, 2016 and the immovable property, which has been designated as a benami property under the 1988 Act was purchased much prior to the coming into force of the said amendment Act on November 1, 2016 To adjudge the provisions of the said Act, the Court referred to the judgment rendered in M/s. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt. Ltd v. Union of India (WPO No. 687 of 2017) dated December 12, 2019, which had interpreted the amendment Act of 2016 to the 1988 Act to be prospective in nature, and had also ruled that in the absence of enabling procedural rules under the 1988 Act when the immovable property was purchased. In other words, what was to be noted was the fact that while the 1988 Act entered the statute books, no procedural rules were framed under Section 8 of the 1988 Act for the declaration of the benami property, rendering the 1988 Act effective, merely on paper. The bench relied on the decision of Shree Chamundi Mopeds Ltd. v. Church of South India Trust Association, Madras, (1992) 3 SCC 1 wherein the Hon‟ble Supreme Court had explained the difference between an order of stay of operation of an impugned order and the quashing of impugned order. It was accordingly seen that the effect of the order of stay in a pending appeal before the Apex Court does not amount to any declaration of law but is only binding upon the parties to the said proceeding and at the same time, such interim order does not destroy the binding effect of the judgment of the High Court as a precedent because while granting the interim order, the Apex Court had no occasion to lay down any proposition of law inconsistent with the one declared by the High Court which is impugned.
 WPA 111220 Deific Abode LLP Union of India & Ors. WPA 111220 Oswell Conclave Pvt. Ltd. Union of India & Ors. WPA 111320 Oval Conclave Pvt. Ltd. Union of India & Ors. WPA 111320 Trinity Abode LLP Union of India & Ors. WPA 111320 Sunflower Synergies Pvt. Ltd. State of West Bengal & Ors. WPA 78821 Himalya Vyaapar Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. Union of India & Ors. WPA 85321 Shree Prakash Tracon Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. Union of India & Anr. WPA 89021 2 Himalya Vyapaar Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. Union of India & Ors. Mr. J.P. Khaitan Mr. Ratnanko Banerjee Mrs. Manju Agarwal Mr. Bajrang Manot Mr. Sourab Seth Mr. Kanishk Kejriwal Mr. S. Chakraborty Ms. Sweta Mohanty …. for the petitioners. Mr. Y.J. Dastoor Mr. Smarajit Roy Chowdhury Mr. Soumen Bhattacharjee … for the Union of India. Mr. Dhiraj Kumar Trivedi … for the Respondent. For the purpose of stating the facts I shall specifically refer to W.P.A No. 7880 of 2021. Needless to mention all the petitioners are similarly placed and the decision herein shall cover all the writ petitions. By taking the recourse of filing these writ applications under Article 226 of the Constitution of India the writ petitioners have assailed a set of show cause notices issued under sub section of Section 24 of the Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act 1988 hereinafter referred to as the „1988‟ Act). Shorn of unnecessary details the petitioners contend that the impugned show cause notices have been issued under the 1988 Act. The said impugned notices under the 1988 Act as per the contention of 3 the petitioners do not record any reasons as mandated by law. The fundamental point of contention as advanced by Mr. Khaitan learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the petitioners is the applicability’ of the 1988 Act leading to these proceedings. As per the arguments advanced by Mr. Khaitan impugned proceedings could not have been initiated under the said 1988 Act as the amendment Act of 2016 to the said 1988 Act had come into force on November 1 2016 and the immovable property which has been designated as a benami property under the 1988 Act was purchased much prior to the coming into force of the said amendment Act on November 1 2016. 5. When the matter was last taken up Mr. Khaitan had conspicuously drawn my attention to the Division Bench judgment of this Court rendered in M s. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt. Ltd v. Union of India dated December 12 2019 which had interpreted the amendment Act of 2016 to the 1988 Act to be prospective in nature and had also 4 ruled that in the absence of enabling procedural rules under the 1988 Act when the immovable property was purchased the respondent authorities could not initiate any proceedings in respect of the same. In other words what was to be noted was the fact that while the 1988 Act entered the statute books no procedural rules were framed under Section 8 of the 1988 Act for the declaration of the benami property rendering the 1988 Act effective merely on paper. As a result in spite of the amendment Act of 2016 which introduced the definitions of “benami property” and “benami transaction” in sub sections of and of Section of the 1988 Act such amendment would not be applicable in respect of transactions pertaining immovable properties which predated implementation of the amendment Act of 2016. 6. Mr. Khaitan had also placed his reliance on the judgment rendered by the Bombay High Court in Isharat v. Rozy Nishikant Gaikwad reported in 2017ABR 706 as well as the judgment rendered by the Rajasthan High Court in Niharika Jain v. Union of India & Ors. reported in 2019 SCC Online Raj 1640 to buttress that both these High Courts had returned similar findings of law as laid down in M s. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt. Ltdin so far as the operation of the amendment Act of 2016 to 5 the 1988 Act was concerned that is such amendment Act of 2016 would apply prospectively. 7. However Mr. Khaitan had fairly brought to my notice that the Division Bench ruling rendered in M s. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt. Ltdhad been assailed before the Hon‟ble Supreme Court vide a Special Leave Petition bearing SLP No. 2784 2020 wherein the Apex Court had passed the following order dated February 3 2020: “ Issue notice. Mr. Ankit Anandraj Shah. Learned counsel accepts notice on behalf of respondent. impugned order in so far as it holds the 2016 amendment of the Benami Transactions Act 1988 was prospective in nature shall remain the operation of the meantime Emphasis supplied) I had accordingly requested Mr. Khaitan to place before me pertinent precedents elucidating the legally permissible procedure to be followed by me when it came to the binding nature of the dictum rendered by the Division Bench in M s. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt. Ltd supra) and the resultant effect of the order of stay dated February 3 2020 imposed by the Supreme Court on the same in the SLPNo. 2784 2020. 6 9. Subsequent to my request Mr. Khaitan placed his reliance on the following precedents: i. Pijush Kanti Chowdhury v. State of West Bengal reported in3 CHN 178 ii. Niranjan Chatterjee v. State of West Bengal reported in 2007 SCC Online Cal 283 iii. Viswapriya Limited v. Government of Tamil Nadu reported in4 LW 33 and iv. Shree Chamundi Mopeds Ltd. v. Church of India Trust Association Madras 1992) 3 SCC 1. 10. Dealing with Shree Chamundi Mopeds Ltd. supra) first the Hon‟ble Supreme Court had explained the difference between an order of stay of operation of an impugned order and the quashment of an impugned order in the following words: “10. ..[W]hile considering the effect of an interim order staying the operation of the order under challenge a distinction has to be made between quashing of an order and stay of operation of an order. Quashing of an order results in the restoration of the position as it stood on the date of the passing of the order which has been quashed. The stay of operation of an order does not however lead to such a result. It only means that the order which has been stayed would not be operative from the date of the passing of the stay order and it does not mean that the said order has been wiped out from existence. This means that if an order passed by the Appellate Authority is quashed and the matter is remanded the result would be that the appeal which had been disposed of by the said order of the Appellate Authority would be restored and it can be said to be pending before the Appellate Authority after the quashing of the order of the Appellate Authority. The same cannot be said with regard to an order staying the operation of the order of the Appellate Authority because in spite of the said order the order of the Appellate Authority continues to exist in law and so long as it exists it cannot be said that the appeal which has been disposed of by the said order has not been disposed of and is still pending…” Emphasis supplied) 11. Subsequently a Division Bench of this Court in Pijush Kanti Chowdhury while framing the following question of law simply because in an application for grant of special leave the Supreme Court has stayed the operation of an order passed by the Division Bench of this Court declaring a statutory provision as ultra vires the Constitution of India as an interim measure imposing further conditions in those cases whether a citizen who is not a party to the previous litigation can be deprived of the benefit of the doctrine of precedent in resisting the action of the State on the ground that it could not invoke the ultra vires provision of the Statute against him noted inter alia the above observation of the Supreme Court in Shree Chamundi Mopeds Ltd(supra) and finally laid down the law in the following terms: “Therefore the effect of the order of stay in a pending appeal before the Apex Court does not amount to „any declaration of law‟ but is only binding upon the parties to the said proceedings 8 and at the same time such interim order does not destroy the binding effect of the judgment of the High Court as a precedent because while granting the interim order the Apex Court had no occasion to lay down any proposition of law inconsistent with the one declared by the High Court which is impugned.” 12. The same Division Bench comprising Bhaskar Bhattacharya and Kishore Kumar Prasad JJ. which had laid down the law in Pijush Kanti Chowdhury supra) reiterated the same view in Niranjan Chatterjee in Viswapriya Limited supra). It had also noted the Supreme Court‟s observation recorded in Shree Chamundi Mopeds Ltd.as well and had in its considered opinion chosen to follow the same in contradistinction to the judgment of the Delhi High Court which had differed with the law laid down in Pijush Kanti Chowdhury5 HCC386 had upon considering Pijush Kanti Chowdhury supra) ruled the following: “This Court with utmost humility would like to state that it is not in agreement with the view expressed by the Calcutta High Court in Pijush Kanti Chowdhury case as it is of the opinion that once a stay order has been passed by a superior court the order of the lower court ceases to operate till the stay order is in effect. In fact the judgment in Shree Chamundi of the Supreme Court Mopeds Ltd. v. Church of South India Trust Assn. itself lays down that stay of an operation of an order means that the order would not be Emphasis supplied) 15. From the above discussion what becomes abundantly clear is that while the law laid down by the Division Bench of this Court in Pijush Kanti Chowdhury has been followed by the Madras High Court in ViswapriyaLimitedthe Delhi High Court had differed with the same in Alka Gupta4 CHN 454 I had the occasion to examine in detail the doctrine of precedent and 10 therefore based on the same I have no hesitation in stating that I am bound by the decision of the Division Bench rendered in Pijush Kanti Chowdhury and subsequently reiterated in Niranjan Chatterjee supra). In pursuance of the decision of Pijush Kanti Chowdhury notwithstanding the operation of stay of the order of the Division Bench of this Court rendered in M s. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt. LtdI am bound to follow the same as per the doctrine of precedent applicable. 17. Based on such understanding of the law I shall now also proceed to consider the relevance of the decisions rendered in Joseph Isharat and Niharika Jainhad considered the amendment Act of 2016 to the 1988 Act as prospective in its application on the following terms: law “7. What is crucial here is in the first place whether the change effected by the legislature in the Benami Act is a matter of procedure or is it a matter of substantial rights between the parties. If it is merely a procedural then of course procedure applicable as on the date of hearing may be relevant. If on the other hand it is a matter of substantive rights then prima facie it will only have a prospective application unless the amended law speaks in a language “which expressly or by clear intention takes in even pending matters”. Short of such intendment the law shall be applied prospectively and not retrospectively. 8. As held by the Supreme Court in the case of R. Rajagopal Reddy v. Padmini Chandrasekharan4 Section 4 of the Benami Act or for that matter the Benami Act as a whole creates substantive rights in favour of benamidars and destroys substantive rights of real owners who are parties to such transaction and for whom new liabilities are created under the Act. Merely because it uses the word “it is declared” the Act is not a piece of declaratory or curative legislation. If one has regard to the substance of the law rather than to its form it is quite clear as noted by the Supreme Court in R. Rajagopal Reddy that the Benami Act affects substantive rights and cannot be regarded as having a retrospective operation. The Supreme Court in R. Rajagopal Reddy also held that since the law nullifies the defences available to the real owners in recovering the properties held benami the law must apply irrespective of the benami transaction and that the expression “shall lie” in Section 4(1) or “shall be allowed” in Section 4(2) are prospective and apply to the present future stages) as well as future suits claims and actions only. These observations clearly hold the field even as regards the present amendment to the Benami Act. The amendments introduced by the Legislature affect substantive rights of the parties and must be applied time of Emphasis supplied) 19. The decision of the Bombay High Court was assailed by way of a Special Leave Petition bearing SLP C) No. 12328 2017 wherein by an order dated April 28 2017 such SLP was dismissed at the threshold. Be that as it may it does not mean that the judgment rendered in Joseph Isharat has been 12 affirmed as a result of such dismissal. It is axiomatic to state that such an order passed in a SLP at the threshold without detailed reasons does not constitute any declaration of law or constitute as a binding precedent. If any precedent be needed for such enunciation of law one may refer to paragraph 4 of the Supreme Court‟s judgment rendered in Union of India v. Jaipal Singh reported in1 SCC 121. 20. Subsequently the ruling rendered in Joseph Isharat was also considered by the learned Single Judge in Niharika Jainand Niharika Jainby the Bombay High Court and Rajasthan High Court respectively on this Court is an important question which needs a comprehensive answer. 14 23. The law enunciated by Full Bench of the Supreme Court in Valliama Champaka Pillai v. Sivathanu Pillai reported in 4 SCC 429 has clearly laid down that the decision of one High Court is not a binding precedent on another High Court. The Court in that case was seized of with the lis as to whether the decision of the erstwhile Travancore High Court could be made a binding precedent on the Madras High Court on the basis of the principle of stare decisis. The Apex Court had ruled definitively that such a decision can at best have persuasive value and such a decision does not enjoy the force of a binding precedent on the Madras High Court. 24. The Bombay High Court in Commissioner of Income Tax v. Thana Electric Supply Ltd. reported in 206 ITR 727 had considered an important question in the interpretation of the Income Tax Act 1961 which is worth consideration. The Division Bench in Thana Electric Supply Ltd. was seized of with the question of interpreting if one High Court while interpreting an All India Statute was bound to follow the decision of any other High Court and to decide the question accordingly even if its own view is considered contrary thereto in view of the practice followed by the Court in such matters. The Division Bench had also 15 relied on Valliama Champaka Pillai and laid down some emerging propositions post analyzing some leading precedents dealing with the concept of ratio decidendi and obiter dicta as follows: “20. From the foregoing discussion the following propositions emerge: a) The law declared by the Supreme Court being binding on all courts in India the decisions of the Supreme Court are binding on all courts except however the Supreme Court itself which is free to review the same and depart from its earlier opinion if the situation so warrants. What is binding is of course the ratio of the decision and not every expression found therein. b) The decisions of the High Court are binding on the subordinate courts and authorities or Tribunals under its superintendence throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. It does not extend beyond its territorial jurisdiction. c) The position in regard to the binding nature of the decisions of a High Court on different Benches of the same court may be summed up as follows: i) A single judge of a High Court is bound by the decision of another single judge or a Division Bench of the same High Court. It would be judicial impropriety to ignore that decision. Judicial comity demands that a binding decision to which his attention had been ignored nor drawn should neither be overlooked. If he does not find himself in agreement with the proper procedure is to refer the binding decision and direct the papers to be placed before the Chief Justice to enable him to constitute a larger Bench to examine the question 2 SCC 499 : AIR 1982 SC the same ii) A Division Bench of a High Court should follow the decision of another Division Bench of equal strength or a Full Bench of the same High Court. If one Division Bench differs from another Division Bench of the same High Court it should refer the case to a larger iii) Where there are conflicting decisions of courts of co ordinate jurisdiction the later decision is to be preferred if reached after full consideration of the earlier decisions. d) The decision of one High Court is neither binding precedent for another High Court nor for courts or Tribunals outside its own territorial jurisdiction. It is well settled that the decision of a High Court will have the force of binding precedent only in the State or territories on which the court has jurisdiction. In other States or outside the territorial jurisdiction of that High Court it may at best have only persuasive effect. By no amount of stretching of the doctrine of stare decisis can judgments of one High Court be given the status of a binding precedent so far as other High Courts or Courts or Tribunals within their territorial jurisdiction are concerned. Any such attempt will go counter to the very doctrine of stare decisis and also the various decisions of the Supreme Court which have interpreted the scope and ambit thereof. The fact that there is only one decision of any one High Court on a particular point or that a number of different High Courts have taken identical views in that regard is not at all relevant for that purpose. Whatever may be conclusion the decisions cannot have the force of binding precedent on other High Courts or on any subordinate courts or Tribunals within their jurisdiction. That status is reserved only for the decisions of the Supreme Court which are binding on all courts in the country by virtue of article 141 of the Constitution.” Emphasis supplied) 17 25. Therefore the decisions rendered in Joseph Isharat and Niharika Jain by the Bombay High Court and Rajasthan High Court respectively based on proposition laid down in Thana Electric Supply Ltd. can at best be described to be possessing a high persuasive value before this Court but it does not possess the character of a binding precedent. 26. Accordingly based on the extensive discussion in the foregoing paragraphs these salient principles i. As per the law laid down in Shree Chamundi Mopeds Ltdby the Supreme Court the effect of an interim order staying the operation of an impugned order and the quashment of an impugned order are considerably different from one another. While the former merely ensures that the order impugned would not be operative from the date of the passing of the order of stay without annihilating the said impugned order from existence the latter ensures that such quashment results in the restoration of the position as it stood on the date the impugned order was passed with the impugned order ceasing to exist in the eyes of the law. ii. Quashment of such impugned order would revive the appeal before the appellate authority and would be considered pending before such appellate authority awaiting the appellate authority‟s fresh consideration. iii. As per the law laid down in Pijush Kanti Chowdhuryand reiterated in Niranjan Chatterjeeby the Division Bench of this Court in cases where an appeal remains pending before the Supreme Court and an order of stay remains operative in such a pending appeal such stay of order does not amount to any „declaration of law‟ under Article 141 of the Constitution of India but is merely binding upon the parties to the said proceedings. iv. Such an order of stay which is interim in nature does not obliterate the binding effect of the judgment of the concerned High Court as a precedent for the reason that while granting the interim order of stay of such order of the High Court the Supreme Court had no opportunity to lay down any proposition of law which was in variance to the one declared by the High Court which is impugned before the Supreme Court. v. Accordingly if a learned Single Judge of this Court is seized with the question of applicability of a Division Bench judgment which is subject to an order of stay in a pending appeal before the Supreme Court the learned Single Judge is to apply the ratio as laid down by the Division Bench of this Court as per the doctrine of precedent. vi. As per law enunciated in Valliama Champaka Pillai the decision of one High Court is not a binding precedent on another High Court. vii. As per the law laid down in Thana Electric Supply Ltd. the decision of one High Court is neither binding precedent for another High Court nor for courts or Tribunals outside its own territorial jurisdiction. It is well settled that the decision of a High Court will have the force of binding precedent only in the State or territories on which the court has jurisdiction. In other States or outside the territorial jurisdiction of that High Court it may at best have only persuasive effect. By no amount of stretching of the doctrine of stare decisis can judgments of one High Court be given the status of a binding precedent so far as other High Courts or Courts or Tribunals within their territorial jurisdiction are concerned. Any such attempt will go counter to the very doctrine of stare decisis and also the various decisions of the Supreme Court which have interpreted the scope and ambit thereof. 27. Based on the above principles that emerge I am of the view that the Bombay High Court judgment in Joseph Isharat and the Gujarat High Court decision in Niharika Jain are not binding on this Court even though they are having persuasive effect. As already concluded earlier the Division Bench Judgment in M s. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt. Ltd is binding upon this Court even though the operation of the said judgment has been stayed by the Supreme Court. Accordingly I am prima facie of the opinion that the writ petitioners are entitled to interim orders at this stage. However I am of the further view that the Revenue is to be protected as the matter is sub judice before the Supreme Court. Accordingly the following interim orders are passed: A. The reference referred to in Section 24(5) of the 1988 Act shall not be treated as final and shall only be treated as provisional during the whole period the writ applications are pending before this Court. B. Subject to its result the reference will be treated as final. Thereafter time to pass the adjudication 21 order under Section 26(7) of the 1988 Act will to run. Hence respondent authorities will not take any further steps in the matter till the disposal of these writ C. The writ petitioners shall not sell otherwise transfer deal with encumber or part with possession of the subject properties till the disposal of these writ applications. 28. The respondent authorities are granted a period of six weeks to file their affidavits in opposition from date. Affidavits in reply if desired to be submitted by the writ petitioners be submitted within a period of two weeks thereafter. 29. All parties are to act on the official website copy of this order. 